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PURPOSE: Dynamic text presentation methods may improve reading ability in patients with central vision loss (CVL) by eliminating the need for accurate eye movements. We compared rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) and horizontal scrolling text presentation (scrolling) on reading rate and reading acuity in CVL observers and normally-sighted controls with simulated CVL (simCVL). METHODS: CVL observers’ (n = 11) central scotomas and preferred retinal loci (PRL) for each eye were determined with MAIA microperimetry and fixation analysis. SimCVL controls (n = 16) used 4° inferior eccentric viewing, enforced with an Eyelink eye-tracker. Observers read aloud 4-word phrases randomly drawn from the MNREAD sentences. Six font sizes (0.50–1.30 logMAR) were tested with the better near acuity eye and both eyes of CVL observers. Three font sizes (0.50–1.00 logMAR) were tested binocularly in simCVL controls. Text presentation duration of each word for RSVP or drift speed for scrolling was varied to determine reading rate, defined as 50% of words read correctly. In a subset of CVL observers (n = 7), relationships between PRL eccentricity, reading threshold and rate were explored. RESULTS: SimCVL controls demonstrated significantly faster reading rates for RSVP than scrolling text (p < 0.0001), and there was a significant main effect of font size (p < 0.0001). CVL patients demonstrated no significant differences in binocular reading rate between font sizes (p = 0.12) and text presentation (p = 0.25). Similar results were seen under monocular conditions. Reading acuity for RSVP and scrolling worsened with increasing PRL eccentricity (μ = 4.5°, p = 0.07). RSVP reading rate decreased significantly with increasing eccentricity (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with previous work, reading acuity worsened with increasing PRL eccentricity. RSVP and scrolling text presentations significantly affected reading rate in simCVL, but not in CVL observers, suggesting that simCVL results may not generalise to pathological CVL.

Objective: To assess patients’ awareness of the availability of information related to orthodontics on social media, and to explore patients’ willingness to engage with social media to aid with orthodontic treatment. Design: Prospective cross-sectional survey. Setting: This survey was conducted at Croydon University Hospital orthodontic department. Participants: A total of 125 orthodontic patients, both new and in treatment. There were no exclusion criteria. Methods: All participants completed a questionnaire designed to explore their awareness, access to and utilisation of social media as well as their willingness to engage with social media to support orthodontic treatment. There were no age restrictions or exclusion criteria. Results: Of the patients, 99% had access to social media. Of these patients, 64% were aware that social media platforms were available to help with orthodontic treatment, 30% had utilised social media related to orthodontics, with the most popular platforms being Instagram (n = 17) and Snapchat (n = 12). Of the patients, 73% stated that they would be willing to use social media in the future to support orthodontic treatment. Conclusion: Social media can be engaging, accessible and versatile, and has been shown to be effective at improving patients’ knowledge regarding orthodontic treatment. As such, it may be used as a valuable tool for information provision to engage orthodontic patients. Awareness of the availability of orthodontics content on social media is increasing; however, only one-third of participants had previously used it to aid with orthodontic treatment. Given the availability of information on social media targeted at orthodontic patients there is a need to assess the quality of this information and if appropriate navigate patients towards high-quality, effective resources.

Increasing media choices due to online media diversification ensure that people without any interest in news avoid news media. This obstructs the construction of a shared social reality given the presence of politics news seekers and news avoiders. For mitigating these issues using media, incidental exposure to news on the Internet can be a powerful tool because it can bring news to the awareness of people who are politically disinterested. We studied the effects of the glimpsing a news screen for less than a few seconds while watching online television news, termed incidental brief exposure, on news knowledge. For evaluating the effects, we combined the logs of news-watching behavior on an online television (for incidental brief exposure) and the results of a questionnaire survey (for news knowledge and media repertories). We found that this incidental brief exposure mitigated the negative effect of social media usage on news knowledge. Although people with heavy social media usage have low news knowledge, heavy social media users with high frequently incidental brief exposure have more news knowledge than heavy social media users. As a possible scenario, memorizing news keywords due to incidental brief exposure may facilitate reading news related to these keywords when users incidentally encounter news on social media. On the other hand, the exposure did not moderate the effects of news media usage, such as mass media, curation sites, and online news sites. These findings suggest that incidental brief exposure while scrolling through videos, which is hardly noticed by users, enhances passive exposure effects in non-news media, such as social media.

This article approaches the paradigm of binge-watching from within a wider ecology of networked media forms and practices, which have collectively reinforced a relationship between staying home, staying connected, and staying safe during the pandemic. It explores how the short form video platform TikTok has strategically tapped into the pleasures associated with the binge model, in order to construct the nascent concept of binge-scrolling as one means of addressing the thorny problem of lockdown boredom. The piece suggests that the paradigm of bingeing now exists across a spectrum of media forms and practices, operating as one specific means of organizing time and attention in an age of digital psychopolitics.

In this article, we consider the problem of tracking the eye gaze of individuals while they engage in reading. In particular, we develop the ways to accurately track the line being read by an individual using commercially available eye-tracking devices. Such an approach will enable futuristic functionalities, such as comprehension evaluation, interest level detection, and user-assisting applications such as hand-free navigation and automatic scrolling. Furthermore, the proposed approach will pave the way to develop technology that may generate valuable feedback to content makers, such as web designers, authors, educators, and social media users. The existing commercial eye trackers provide an estimated location of the eye-gaze points every few milliseconds. However, these estimated gaze points are not sufficient to quantify reading progression—a specific eye-gaze activity. In this article, we propose algorithms to bridge the commercial gaze tracker outputs and informative eye-gaze patterns while reading. The proposed system consists of Kalman filters and hidden Markov models to parameterize these statistical models and to accurately detect the line being read. The proposed approach is shown to yield an improvement of 27.1% in line detection accuracy over line tracking using estimated eye-gaze points alone by the eye tracker.

On sait que la lecture d’une BD papier implique un dialogue entre le tabulaire et le linéaire. Alors que la première de ces deux notions renvoie à la spatialisation des images dans le cadre de la page, la seconde désigne la succession syntagmatique des vignettes, c’est-à-dire l’enchaînement consécutif des actions représentées. Le lecteur d’une BD papier oscille ainsi entre une saisie globale/tabulaire de la page, et un déchiffrement linéaire, case à case, du récit. L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser ce qu’il advient du couple linéaire/tabulaire sur support numérique. Notre hypothèse est la suivante : le numérique tend à minorer la tabularité du médium au profit d’une appréhension linéaire du récit. À partir d’une analyse d’ordre sémiologique, centrée sur la distribution des vignettes à l’écran, nous verrons que ce processus de linéarisation permet de distinguer deux grands paradigmes formels : d’une part les scroll-comics, soit les BD à défilement vertical ou horizontal ; d’autre part les BD-diaporamas, lesquelles reposent sur un mode de lecture exclusivement fondé sur le clic. Cela fait, nous montrerons que ces deux paradigmes accueillent en leur sein une grande diversité d’œuvres dissemblables quant à la forme (planches à dérouler usuellement réunies sous l’appellation « BD numérisées », case à case, turbomédia, etc.). Nous décrirons alors comment chacune de ces formes (6 au total : 3 pour les scroll-comics ; 3 pour les BD-diaporamas) privilégie le linéaire au tabulaire et redéfinit, par conséquent, les postures lecturales/interprétatives d’ordinaire associées au neuvième art.

The presentation of radiology exams can be enhanced through the use of dynamic images. Dynamic images differ from static images by the use of animation and are especially useful for depicting real-time activity such as the scrolling or the flow of contrast to enhance pathology. This is generally superior to a collection of static images as a representation of clinical workflow and provides a more robust appreciation of the case in question. Dynamic images can be shared electronically to facilitate teaching, case review, presentation, and sharing of interesting cases to be viewed in detail on a computer or mobile devices for education. The creation of movies or animated images from radiology data has traditionally been challenging based on technological limitations inherent in converting the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard to other formats or concerns related to the presence of protected health information (PHI). The solution presented here, named Cinebot, allows a simple “one-click” generation of anonymized dynamic movies or animated images within the picture archiving and communication system (PACS) workflow. This approach works across all imaging modalities, including stacked cross-sectional and multi-frame cine formats. Usage statistics over 2 years have shown this method to be well-received and useful throughout our enterprise. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s10278-020-00325-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Reading with central vision loss (CVL), as caused by macular disease, may be enhanced by presenting text using dynamic formats such as horizontally scrolling text or rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). The rationale for these dynamic text formats is that they can be read while holding gaze away from the text, potentially supporting reading while using the eccentric viewing strategy. This study was designed to evaluate the practice of reading with CVL, with passages of text presented as static sentences, horizontal scrolling sentences, or as single word RSVP. In separate studies, normally sighted participants with a simulated (artificial) central scotoma, controlled by an eye-tracker, or participants with CVL resulting from macular degeneration, read passages of text using the eccentric viewing technique. Comprehension was better overall with scrolling text when reading with a simulated CVL, while RSVP produced lower overall comprehension and high error rates. Analysis of eye movement behaviour showed that participants consistently adopted a strategy of making multiple horizontal saccades on the text itself. Adherence to using eccentric viewing was better with RSVP, but this did not translate into better reading performance. Participants with macular degeneration, and an actual CVL, also showed the highest comprehension and lowest error rates with scrolling text, and the lowest comprehension and highest errors with RSVP. We conclude that scrolling text can support effective reading in people with central vision loss and has potential as a reading aid.

The mouse is one of the wonderful inventions of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) technology. Currently, wireless mouse or a Bluetooth mouse still uses devices and is not free of devices completely since it uses a battery for power and a dongle to connect it to the PC. In the proposed AI virtual mouse system, this limitation can be overcome by employing webcam or a built-in camera for capturing of hand gestures and hand tip detection using computer vision. The algorithm used in the system makes use of the machine learning algorithm. Based on the hand gestures, the computer can be controlled virtually and can perform left click, right click, scrolling functions, and computer cursor function without the use of the physical mouse. The algorithm is based on deep learning for detecting the hands. Hence, the proposed system will avoid COVID-19 spread by eliminating the human intervention and dependency of devices to control the computer.

In this paper, we explore the effects of individual pressure level and time constraint on searchers' behaviors and their assessment of search experience within the framework of interactive information retrieval. A user experiment was conducted in which 40 participants individually searched for information in a laboratory setting under two conditions: with time constraint (TC) and with no time constraint (NTC). Participants filled in a Perceived Stress Scale questionnaire to measure their chronic pressure value (subjective stress), and their pressure value was recorded as their individual characteristic. The results showed that the more chronic pressure the searcher has, the more search efforts they devote, including more time in searching and more time to complete the search tasks, especially when there was no time constraint. Time constraint and searchers’ pressure value had a significant effect on users’ numbers of scrolling actions per minute. The results indicate that when given a time constraint, searchers with higher-pressure values tend to lower their reading or scanning speed, while searchers with lower-pressure values tend to accelerate their reading or scanning speed. The results suggested different people would react to the time condition change in different ways, especially people with higher pressure. Therefore, it is necessary to examine users’ search behaviors in person-in-situation frameworks to analyze the effects of contextual factors on users. This study contributes to our knowledge of how contextual factors and individual characteristics affect searchers’ behaviors and have implications for the design of IIR systems.

Significance Scrolling text can be an effective reading aid for those with central vision loss. Our results suggest that increased interword spacing with scrolling text may further improve the reading experience of this population. This conclusion may be of particular interest to low-vision aid developers and visual rehabilitation practitioners. Purpose The dynamic, horizontally scrolling text format has been shown to improve reading performance in individuals with central visual loss. Here, we sought to determine whether reading performance with scrolling text can be further improved by modulating interword spacing to reduce the effects of visual crowding, a factor known to impact negatively on reading with peripheral vision. Methods The effects of interword spacing on reading performance (accuracy, memory recall, and speed) were assessed for eccentrically viewed single sentences of scrolling text. Separate experiments were used to determine whether performance measures were affected by any confound between interword spacing and text presentation rate in words per minute. Normally sighted participants were included, with a central vision loss implemented using a gaze-contingent scotoma of 8° diameter. In both experiments, participants read sentences that were presented with an interword spacing of one, two, or three characters. Results Reading accuracy and memory recall were significantly enhanced with triple-character interword spacing (both measures, P ≤ .01). These basic findings were independent of the text presentation rate (in words per minute). Conclusions We attribute the improvements in reading performance with increased interword spacing to a reduction in the deleterious effects of visual crowding. We conclude that increased interword spacing may enhance reading experience and ability when using horizontally scrolling text with a central vision loss.

People often seek out information as a means of coping with challenging situations. Attuning to negative information can be adaptive because it alerts people to the risks in their environment, thereby preparing them for similar threats in the future. But is this behaviour adaptive during a pandemic when bad news is ubiquitous? We examine the emotional consequences of exposure to brief snippets of COVID-related news via a Twitter feed (Study 1), or a YouTube reaction video (Study 2). Compared to a no-information exposure group, consumption of just 2–4 minutes of COVID-related news led to immediate and significant reductions in positive affect (Studies 1 and 2) and optimism (Study 2). Exposure to COVID-related kind acts did not have the same negative consequences, suggesting that not all social media exposure is detrimental for well-being. We discuss strategies to counteract the negative emotional consequences of exposure to negative news on social media.

Eye tracking tools are used in software engineering research to study various software development activities. However, a major limitation of these tools is their inability to track gaze data for activities that involve source code editing. We present a novel solution to support eye tracking experiments for tasks involving source code edits as an extension of the iTrace community infrastructure. We introduce the iTrace-Atom plugin and gazel -- a Python data processing pipeline that maps gaze information to changing source code elements and provides researchers with a way to query this dynamic data. iTrace-Atom is evaluated via a series of simulations and is over 99% accurate at high eye-tracking speeds of over 1,000Hz. iTrace and gazel completely revolutionize the way eye tracking studies are conducted in realistic settings with the presence of scrolling, context switching, and now editing. This opens the doors to support many day-to-day software engineering tasks such as bug fixing, adding new features, and refactoring., 4 pages, 2 figures

Given concerns about the persuasive power of video misinformation on social media for health topics, we test two techniques - exposure to a news literacy video and user corrections - to limit the effects on misperceptions. An online sample of American adults from August of 2019 was randomly assigned to view two simulated Facebook videos. The first video manipulated the presence of news literacy concepts. The second video either promoted sunscreen use or made inaccurate claims regarding its dangers; scrolling comments either debunked or did not address the sunscreen misinformation in the video. Our results demonstrate that video misinformation heightened beliefs in sunscreen myths and reduced acceptance of sunscreen facts and intentions to wear sunscreen compared to a promotional video. Real-time user corrections were partially successful in reducing the effects of the misinformation video on beliefs but not intentions. Additionally, exposure to a news literacy video did not inoculate people to the misinformation. We discuss the implications of these findings for best practices regarding correcting video misinformation on health topics.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has led to a significant increase in the consumption of the internet for work, leisure time activities, and has also generated substantial amounts of anxiety, and uncertainty, which has lead individuals to spend a lot of time surfing the internet for the latest news on developments in the COVID‐19 crisis. This ends up as scrolling or surfing through a lot of pessimistic news items. This search for information during COVID‐19 is apparently influenced by a number of cognitive biases as well as mediated by poor affect regulation skills. Thus, there is a need to address these cognitive biases and promote affect regulation strategies across health settings.

To write about the convent, I turned to the picture postcard. Researching a book about Catholic girlhoods, I’ve found myself on eBay, scrolling through hundreds of images of convent school building...

Mobile devices are becoming an important platform for reading. However, existing research on mobile reading primarily focuses on low-level metrics such as speed and comprehension. For complex reading tasks involving information seeking and context switching, researchers still rely on verbal reports via think-aloud. We present StrategicReading, an intelligent reading system running on unmodified smartphones, to understand high-level strategic reading behaviors on mobile devices. StrategicReading leverages multimodal behavior sensing and takes advantage of signals from camera-based gaze sensing, kinematic scrolling patterns, and cross-page behavior changes. Through a 40-participant study, we found that gaze patterns, muscle stiffness signals, and reading paths captured by StrategicReading can infer both users' reading strategies and reading performance with high accuracy.

The paper introduces a fundamental technological problem with collecting high-speed eye tracking data while studying software engineering tasks in an integrated development environment. The use of eye trackers is quickly becoming an important means to study software developers and how they comprehend source code and locate bugs. High quality eye trackers can record upwards of 120 to 300 gaze points per second. However, it is not possible to map each of these points to a line and column position in a source code file (in the presence of scrolling and file switching) in real time at data rates over 60 gaze points per second without data loss. Unfortunately, higher data rates are more desirable as they allow for finer granularity and more accurate study analyses. To alleviate this technological problem, a novel method for eye tracking data collection is presented. Instead of performing gaze analysis in real time, all telemetry (keystrokes, mouse movements, and eye tracker output) data during a study is recorded as it happens. Sessions are then replayed at a much slower speed allowing for ample time to map gaze point positions to the appropriate file, line, and column to perform additional analysis. A description of the method and corresponding tool, Deja Vu, is presented. An evaluation of the method and tool is conducted using three different eye trackers running at four different speeds (60Hz, 120Hz, 150Hz, and 300 Hz). This timing evaluation is performed in Visual Studio and Eclipse IDEs. Results show that Deja Vu can playback 100% of the data recordings, correctly mapping the gaze to corresponding elements, making it a well-founded and suitable post processing step for future eye tracking studies in software engineering.

To predict users’ interests, the traditional recommendation system (RS) relies on exploring the explicit user-item ratings and macro implicit feedbacks (e.g., whether or not a user clicks the item). In this work, fine-grained post-click behaviors (e.g., mouse behaviors, keyboard events, and page scrolling events) are integrated to alleviate the data sparsity problem of explicit feedback and the data accuracy problem of macro implicit feedback. In the deployed article recommendation pipeline, a variety of post-click behaviors are combined to create a reading pattern model. The reading patterns are leveraged by the recommendation system to estimate users’ preference levels. As compared with existing click-based (macro implicit feedback) and dwell time-based (single micro implicit feedback) recommendation systems, the test performance of our designed reading pattern-based RS has been significantly improved in terms of rating prediction and ranking.

Recently, dynamic text presentation, such as scrolling text, has been widely used. Texts are often presented at constant timing and speed in conventional dynamic text presentation. However, dynamic text presentation enables visually presented texts to indicate timing information, such as prosody, and the texts might influence the impression of reading. In this paper, we examined this possibility by focusing on the temporal features of digital text in which texts are represented sequentially and with varying speed, duration, and timing. We call this “textual prosody.” We used three types of textual prosody: “Recorded,” “Shuffled,” and “Constant.” Recorded prosody is the reproduction of a reader’s reading with pauses and varying speed that simulates talking. Shuffled prosody randomly shuffles the time course of speed and pauses in the recorded type. Constant prosody has a constant presentation speed and provides no timing information. Experiment 1 examined the effect of textual prosody on people with normal hearing. Participants read dynamic text with textual prosody silently and rated their impressions of texts. The results showed that readers with normal hearing preferred recorded textual prosody and constant prosody at the optimum speed (6 letters/second). Recorded prosody was also preferred at a low presentation speed. Experiment 2 examined the characteristics of textual prosody using an articulatory suppression paradigm. The results showed that some textual prosody was stored in the articulatory loop despite it being presented visually. In Experiment 3, we examined the effect of textual prosody with readers with hearing loss. The results demonstrated that readers with hearing loss had positive impressions at relatively low presentation speeds when the recorded prosody was presented. The results of this study indicate that the temporal structure is processed regardless of whether the input is visual or auditory. Moreover, these results suggest that textual prosody can enrich reading not only in people with normal hearing but also in those with hearing loss, regardless of acoustic experiences.

We conducted 3 studies to learn about elements of satisfaction for leisure reading in low vision. Study 1 focused on alternative reading formats such as scrolling text and rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). Study 2 explored use and satisfaction with alternative formats over time using a tablet device. Study 3 meant to assess prevalence and perceptions of tablet devices as low vision aids for sustained reading. Nine low vision participants used a tablet to read with three presentation types (Page, Scroll, Modified RSVP) over a three-week period. Study 3 involved surveys administered to 73 participants 1–3 months after a vision consultation with a low vision professional in which multiple options for reading devices were demonstrated.

Previous studies found text in small Chinese Characters had better readability than larger ones, and concluded that the behaviors of scrolling text might degrade readability because of length increases of text in large character size. However, they did not manipulate sliding behaviors in the study. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore relations among sliding frequency, reading time, Traditional Chinese character size and page spacing. Results showed that both character sizes and screen sizes affect sliding frequencies. Texts written in 14 pt. characters had more sliding frequencies than 10 pt and 12 pt both which did not significant differ; and the sliding frequencies were the most when using the 0.5H page spacing size, followed by 0.25H and 0H. Besides, the correlation analysis showed no significant correlation between them. It indicated that the sliding frequency might be not a covariate when exploring effects of character size and page spacing on reading time. Finally, the effect of character size and page spacing on reading time was tested. Results showed no significant effects of character size on reading time. The reason might be that the legibility of texts written in these character sizes was high enough because participants could adjust their viewing distances to see them clearly. Besides, the reading time is significantly shorter when using the 0.25H than 0H, while the reading time does not differ significantly between 0.5H and 0H, and between 0.5H and 0.25H. It implied that the display area which is too large or small is harmful for text reading.

The paper introduces a LED display based on FPGA hardware circuit and VHDL language to function multiple-character scrolling display. The hardware is composed of power supply circuit, FPGA core board and LED dot-matrix driver module; the Intel® Quartus® Prime Design Software is used to edit the download configuration document by programming with VHDL language, compilation, synthesis and optimization. The test proves that the the content "Electromechanical sichuan agriculture and information technology " displayed by the LED display is artistic and right.

Gaze-based interaction approaches like the Multi Modal Interaction Concept for Efficient Input (M²ice) minimize the need for using pointing devices like a computer mouse in human computer interaction. While most core functionalities of pointing devices can be addressed in a more or less straightfor-ward manner, secondary functions like scrolling remain to be a challenge. This demo paper presents a gaze-based extension for the M²ice interaction concept that is realized by dividing the screen into distinct areas and combining scrolling areas with a reading area in the middle. The approach is compared to other gaze-based solutions.

At the beginning of the 21st century graphic novels faced a challenge. The appearance of comic strips on the internet creates more freedom. New features are provided to the creator and the reader. The remarkable form of graphic novels with the required choice of images and words is familiar to students of all levels due to their engagement with new technologies. Interactive graphic novels expand the boundaries of the novel with the particularity of using the audio-visual and verbal modes of expression. Interactive graphic novels immerse users into the storylines in an exciting way and allow them to become active participants in the content. They are not printed on good quality paper; interactive graphic novels are not books (not at least in the traditional, physical sense), but they maintain the same way of production and methodology. They are a hybrid type, with panels, visualisation and sound that resemble digital comics, videogames, but there is the "fell/sense" of reading. They have developed a complex vocabulary, visual, acoustic and verbal which has a significant influence on the understanding of the story. Larger narratives achieve the complexity and density of story. It is not just a "scrolling" process, that is it does not restrict the reader to a dull / restrictive navigation. It is especially important that they offer the user the freedom to navigate. The interactive collaboration of image, sound and word is a novel combination of elements in a web browser, offering a wealth of information, freedom of choice and practice of creativity. The subject matter is varied and the illustration does not depict the plot, but it is an integral part of the medium, as does the audio investment. Enrichment acts as a challenge that does not lead the reader to a surface reading. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.17.6.10

The concept of “leisure time” originally refers to times that one does not work, but mentally improves themselves. Reading, is the primary activity that helps people to improve themselves in this way. However, today, most of the youth see reading books as a tiring activity to do, and it is an undeniable fact that, especially young peoples’ leisure times are occupied by smartphone technology which provides them many facilities of entertainment. Accordingly, this study aims to search if there is a relationship between addictive smartphone usage and book reading attitudes of Turkish youth. Through implementing the survey method on 344 young participants, this study found that although females seem to have more positive attitudes towards book reading, smartphone addiction of youth does not reveal a difference in terms of gender or education level. More importantly, it is found in this study that addictive smartphone use has a negative impact on book reading attitudes of Turkish youth in general. This finding is significant considering the essentiality of reading books for youth, and decreasing rates of extra-curricular or off work book reading around the world. Keywords: Book reading attitude, Smartphone addiction, Leisure time, Youth

Reading on touchscreen mobile devices is common in modern society. However, it is difficult to determine which interaction mode has the best reading effect when reading texts of different lengths. Using memory tests, eye-movement data analysis, and task load scale, we studied the effects of paging and vertical scrolling modes on the memory level, visual fatigue, task load, and reading speed of 28 participants reading both long and short texts. The results showed that vertical scrolling has a better memory effect than paging mode when reading short texts, but there was no difference in effect when reading long texts; the blink frequency in paging mode is higher than in scrolling mode whether reading long or short texts; no significant differences were found in reading speed in scrolling or paging mode when reading short or long texts; and in task load, the mental and temporal demands in scrolling mode were lower than in paging mode whether reading long or short texts. Considering that most current mobile readings do not differ in interaction mode according to the length of reading material, our conclusions provide valuable design recommendations to designers working on mobile reading apps.

Parallax scrolling is a popular web technique used widely in product presentation websites, but its effect on user experience is unknown. Parallax scrolling allows the object displayed in the foreg...

DanMu , an emerging type of user-generated comment, has become increasingly popular in recent years. Many online video platforms such as Tudou.com have provided the DanMu function. Unlike traditional online reviews such as reviews at Youtube.com that are outside the videos, DanMu is a scrolling marquee comment, which is overlaid directly on top of the video and synchronized to a specific playback time. Such comments are displayed as streams of moving subtitles overlaid on the video screen. Viewers could easily write DanMu s while watching videos, and the written DanMu s will be immediately overlaid onto the video and displayed to writers themselves and other viewers as well. Such DanMu systems have greatly enabled users to communicate with each other in a much more direct way, creating a real-time sharing experience. Although there are several unique features of DanMu and has had a great impact on online video systems, to the best of our knowledge, there is no work that has provided a comprehensive study on DanMu . In this article, as a pilot study, we analyze the unique characteristics of DanMu from various perspectives. Specifically, we first illustrate some unique distributions of DanMu s by comparing with traditional reviews (TReviews) that we collected from a real DanMu -enabled online video system. Second, we discover two interesting patterns in DanMu data: a herding effect and multiple-burst phenomena that are significantly different from those in TRviews and reveal important insights about the growth of DanMu s on a video. Towards exploring antecedents of both th herding effect and multiple-burst phenomena, we propose to further detect leading DanMu s within bursts, because those leading DanMu s make the most contribution to both patterns. A framework is proposed to detect leading DanMu s that effectively combines multiple factors contributing to leading DanMu s. Based on the identified characteristics of DanMu , finally we propose to predict the distribution of future DanMu s (i.e., the growth of DanMu s), which is important for many DanMu -enabled online video systems, for example, the predicted DanMu distribution could be an indicator of video popularity. This prediction task includes two aspects: One is to predict which videos future DanMu s will be posted for, and the other one is to predict which segments of a video future DanMu s will be posted on. We develop two sophisticated models to solve both problems. Finally, intensive experiments are conducted with a real-world dataset to validate all methods developed in this article.

Accustomed though we are to films, files, moving-image apparatus, and books, media scholars often still find the concept of “data” jarring. As evidenced by any number of scenes of what might be called data montage—think of the reference library sleuthing in Spotlight (2015) or the now-iconic scrolling green type in The Matrix (1999)—we struggle to picture data, let alone begin to analyze it as a media object. Even in information studies and data science, fields in which data is a primary object of study, specific definitions of the term are contested and often unsatisfying. Does information become data when it is converted from undifferentiated content to structured form? When it is translated from text or image into machine-readable form? Or when marshalled as evidence or proof of results? The information scholar Christine Borgman has argued for the contingent and time-based nature of data: information becomes data not by virtue of any inherent property, but in the process of being transformed for use as evidence in support of a claim.1 The historian Daniel Rosenberg takes this line of argument further. Data, he contends, is “ specifically rhetorical”—the necessary prerequisite to any analysis or claim.2 These formulations of data are helpful, but to the media scholar, they omit some important features. We may select and arrange a series of sequences from a film or television show in support of an argument, but we almost never refer to this evidence as “data”—a fact that suggests that, …

Non-linear document navigation refers to the process of repeatedly reading a document at different levels to provide an overview, including selective reading to search for useful information within a document under time constraints. Currently, this function is not supported well by small-screen tablets. In this study, we propose the concept of structure-aware touch-based scrolling (SATS), which allows structural document navigation using region-dependent touch gestures for non-sequential navigation within tablets or tablet-sized e-book readers. In SATS, the screen is divided into four vertical sections representing the different structural levels of a document, where dragging into the different sections allows navigating from the macro to micro levels. The implementation of a prototype is presented, as well as details of a comparative evaluation using typical non-sequential navigation tasks performed under time constraints. The results showed that SATS obtained better performance, higher user satisfaction, and a lower usability workload compared with a conventional structural overview interface.

UID/SOC/04647/2019 In the contemporary context, there is a growing practice of reading higher education teaching support material using digital media tools, via scrolling text on a screen on multiple devices (e.g. tablets, iPads and computers). These materials can be either specifically prepared digital texts or scanned printed texts, as opposed to the tradition of reading on paper. Thus, the following question emerges, which functions as the leitmotiv of the present study: what is the pedagogical potential of digital reading by scrolling text? In order to answer this question, we analysed a variety of information addressing this topic, which was collected from multiple sources. The analysis of this information allows concluding that, sometimes, rather than by the intentionality or pedagogical potential of the academic learning reading processes, this practice seems to be justified by the possibility of implementing a technology that tends to meet the actors' expectations (mainly students). There is the need for some caution in the mobilisation of digital reading in each specific situation, insofar as this reading is not always - necessarily and under any circumstance - the most fruitful. Besides the specificities that differentiate digital reading from printed reading (such as concentration and the relationship with new technologies), students' traits, their motivation, their knowledge about the use of the reading device or the type of digital document are some of the key elements to take into account for the success of learning through this reading process in academic learning, which, in addition, cannot overlook the importance of the type of teacher-student relationship established. publishersversion published

Eye tracking is a frequently used technique to collect data capturing users' strategies and behaviors in processing information. Understanding how programmers navigate through a large number of classes and methods to find bugs is important to educators and practitioners in software engineering. However, the eye tracking data collected on realistic codebases is massive compared to traditional eye tracking data on one static page. The same content may appear in different areas on the screen with users scrolling in an Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Hierarchically structured content and fluid method position compose the two major challenges for visualization. We present a dual-space analysis approach to explore eye tracking data by leveraging existing software visualizations and a new graph embedding visualization. We use the graph embedding technique to quantify the distance between two arbitrary methods, which offers a more accurate visualization of distance with respect to the inherent relations, compared with the direct software structure and the call graph. The visualization offers both naturalness and readability showing time-varying eye movement data in both the content space and the embedded space, and provides new discoveries in developers' eye tracking behaviors.

As educational instructors, one of the many ways we garner feedback from the class is through asking questions between segments of the lesson. I must admit, there were times when I felt pressured when nobody raised their hand to contribute an answer. Could it be that my students have not learnt anything from the three-hour lecture I just gave? This practice for me has often been an ineffective gauge of students’ understanding, even if there were students who raised their hand to proffer an answer. Firstly, students who were quick thinkers and fully engaged with the class would often participate in answering questions and respond actively. On the downside, their willingness to answer might lead to the end of the thought process for other students who needed more time to come to a conclusion for themselves. It might have also given me, the instructor, an illusion that the entire class had fully understood the concepts I was trying to convey during the lesson. Having students use their smartphones in class to assess their own understanding of concepts has been very important to me. I’ve had students taking selfies, face-timing their friends, and scrolling through social media during lessons (to name a few). How much better would it be for me to be in control of what they see on their smartphones for the sake of learning!

Background High-quality clinical notes are essential to effective clinical communication. However, electronic clinical notes are often long, difficult to review, and contain information that is potentially extraneous or out of date. Additionally, many clinicians write electronic clinical notes using customized templates, resulting in notes with significant variability in structure. There is a need to understand better how clinicians review electronic notes and how note structure variability may impact clinicians' note-reviewing experiences. Objective This article aims to understand how physicians review electronic clinical notes and what impact section order has on note-reviewing patterns. Materials and Methods We conducted an experiment utilizing an electronic health record (EHR) system prototype containing four anonymized patient cases, each composed of nine progress notes that were presented with note sections organized in different orders to different subjects (i.e., Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan, Assessment, Plan, Subjective, and Objective, Subjective, Assessment, Objective, and Plan, and Mixed). Participants, who were mid-level residents and fellows, reviewed the cases and provided a brief summary after reviewing each case. Time-related data were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Surveys were administered and interviews regarding experiences reviewing notes were collected and analyzed qualitatively. Results Qualitatively, participants reported challenges related to reviewing electronic clinical notes. Experimentally, time spent reviewing notes varied based on the note section organization. Consistency in note section organization improved performance (e.g., less scrolling and searching) compared with Mixed section organization when reviewing progress notes. Discussion Clinicians face significant challenges reviewing electronic clinical notes. Our findings support minimizing extraneous information in notes, removing information that can be found in other parts of the EHR, and standardizing the display and order of note sections to improve clinicians' note review experience. Conclusion Our findings support the need to improve EHR note design and presentation to support optimal note review patterns for clinicians.

Navigating source code, an activity common in software development, is time consuming and in need of improvement. We present CodeGazer, a prototype for source code navigation using eye gaze for common navigation functions. These functions include actions such as "Go to Definition'' and "Find All Usages'' of an identifier, navigate to files and methods, move back and forth between visited points in code and scrolling. We present user study results showing that many users liked and even preferred the gaze-based navigation, in particular the "Go to Definition'' function. Gaze-based navigation is also holding up well in completion time when compared to traditional methods. We discuss how eye gaze can be integrated into traditional mouse & keyboard applications in order to make "look up'' tasks more natural.

We explored the relationship between goal specificity, flow experience and learning outcomes in educational computer games (ECGs). Our first aim was to analyze how goal specificity affects learning performances and reading activities in an ECG. Our second aim was to assess the effects of flow experience on learning with an ECG. Concerning our first aim, results indicated that a nonspecific goal, as opposed to one that is specifically defined in the task, enhances comprehension, but not memorization. It also affects reading strategies, leading to less scrolling back. Concerning our second aim, results highlighted a beneficial influence of flow experience on both memorization and comprehension. We did not observe any effect of goal specificity on flow experience. The results for goal specificity are discussed with respect to the dual space and cognitive load explanations. The relevance of using flow experience to assess motivation in ECGs is also addressed.

An eye-tracking study of 18 developers reading and summarizing Java methods is presented. The developers provide a written summary for methods assigned to them. In total, 63 methods are used from five different systems. Previous studies on this topic use only short methods presented in isolation usually as images. In contrast, this work presents the study in the Eclipse IDE allowing access to all the source code in the system. The developer can navigate via scrolling and switching files while writing the summary. New eye-tracking infrastructure allows for this improvement in the study environment. Data collected includes eye gazes on source code, written summaries, and time to complete each summary. Unlike prior work that concluded developers focus on the signature the most, these results indicate that they tend to focus on the method body more than the signature. Moreover, both experts and novices tend to revisit control flow terms rather than reading them for a long period. They also spend a significant amount of gaze time and have higher gaze visits when they read call terms. Experts tend to revisit the body of the method significantly more frequently than its signature as the size of the method increases. Moreover, experts tend to write their summaries from source code lines that they read the most., Comment: Accepted at ICSE 2019

Introduction This scientific literature contains many reports of studies concerning Internet use by young people, but there are few studies grouping Internet users according to styles of using it. This article is aimed at extracting models of Internet use by young people, and establishing whether these models are connected with their social capital. Method The empirical data come from the sociological quality study carried out among students from 294 municipalities in Poland (N = 8350), in the period from October 1, 2018 to January 12, 2019. The models of using the Internet by youth were established on the basis of factor analysis with the use of the main components method. The analysis of multiple linear regression several times was used for establishing whether the Internet use models are connected with the student’s social capital. Results Three models of using the Internet were distinguished: active online, passive online and Internet gamer. These models are significantly connected with students’ personal social capital, and the family’s economic capital. Conclusions It was demonstrated that the Polish youth most frequently spend time on the Internet contacting friends, following You Tube channels, listening to music, as well as passively scrolling through social networks. The study allowed for distinguishing models of using the Interned with a significant specificity of functioning. It was demonstrated that the active online model concerns the older respondents who are financially supported by their families. The gamer online model more frequently concerns boys rather than girls. Such variables as gender, financial support from parents or guardians, as well as the grade (form) level turned out to be significant predictors for the distinguished models.

Reading scientific papers in portable document format (PDF)-columned formats on computer screens is sometimes daunting and unfriendly. This is mainly due to the fact that PDF-columned texts are often truncated from the top or the bottom of pages so that readers have to scroll up–down repeatedly in the same page to get the whole text read. To make the reading process as smooth as possible, PDF viewers should be designed as responsive tools with responsive layouts that should automatically adapt the amount of readable text to the sizes of the displaying monitors so that readers will not waste time in repetitive vertical and horizontal scrolling movements within the same page. Here, I discuss such a problem-solving proposal that could be implemented in PDF viewers to improve the readability of PDF-columned texts and to make the reading process as flexible and painless as possible

Compared to the early versions of smart phones, recent mobile devices have bigger screens that can present more web search results. Several previous studies have reported differences in user interaction between conventional desktop computer and mobile device-based web searches, so it is imperative to consider the differences in user behavior for web search engine interface design on mobile devices. However, it is still unknown how the diversification of screen sizes on hand-held devices affects how users search. In this article, we investigate search performance and behavior on three different small screen sizes: early smart phones, recent smart phones, and phablets. We found no significant difference with respect to the efficiency of carrying out tasks, however participants exhibited different search behaviors: less eye movement within top links on the larger screen, fast reading with some hesitation before choosing a link on the medium, and frequent use of scrolling on the small screen. This result suggests that the presentation of web search results for each screen needs to take into account differences in search behavior. We suggest several ideas for presentation design for each screen size.

Background The complexity of health care data and workflow presents challenges to the study of usability in electronic health records (EHRs). Display fragmentation refers to the distribution of relevant data across different screens or otherwise far apart, requiring complex navigation for the user’s workflow. Task and information fragmentation also contribute to cognitive burden. Objective This study aims to define and analyze some of the main sources of fragmentation in EHR user interfaces (UIs); discuss relevant theoretical, historical, and practical considerations; and use granular microanalytic methods and visualization techniques to help us understand the nature of fragmentation and opportunities for EHR optimization or redesign. Methods Sunburst visualizations capture the EHR navigation structure, showing levels and sublevels of the navigation tree, allowing calculation of a new measure, the Display Fragmentation Index. Time belt visualizations present the sequences of subtasks and allow calculation of proportion per instance, a measure that quantifies task fragmentation. These measures can be used separately or in conjunction to compare EHRs as well as tasks and subtasks in workflows and identify opportunities for reductions in steps and fragmentation. We present an example use of the methods for comparison of 2 different EHR interfaces (commercial and composable) in which subjects apprehend the same patient case. Results Screen transitions were substantially reduced for the composable interface (from 43 to 14), whereas clicks (including scrolling) remained similar. Conclusions These methods can aid in our understanding of UI needs under complex conditions and tasks to optimize EHR workflows and redesign.

Purpose: Visual search using volumetric images is becoming the standard in medical imaging. However, we do not fully understand how eye movement strategies mediate diagnostic performance. A recent study on computed tomography (CT) images showed that the search strategies of radiologists could be classified based on saccade amplitudes and cross-quadrant eye movements [eye movement index (EMI)] into two categories: drillers and scanners. Approach: We investigate how the number of times a radiologist scrolls in a given direction during analysis of the images (number of courses) could add a supplementary variable to use to characterize search strategies. We used a set of 15 normal liver CT images in which we inserted 1 to 5 hypodense metastases of two different signal contrast amplitudes. Twenty radiologists were asked to search for the metastases while their eye-gaze was recorded by an eye-tracker device (EyeLink1000, SR Research Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada). Results: We found that categorizing radiologists based on the number of courses (rather than EMI) could better predict differences in decision times, percentage of image covered, and search error rates. Radiologists with a larger number of courses covered more volume in more time, found more metastases, and made fewer search errors than those with a lower number of courses. Our results suggest that the traditional definition of drillers and scanners could be expanded to include scrolling behavior. Drillers could be defined as scrolling back and forth through the image stack, each time exploring a different area on each image (low EMI and high number of courses). Scanners could be defined as scrolling progressively through the stack of images and focusing on different areas within each image slice (high EMI and low number of courses). Conclusions: Together, our results further enhance the understanding of how radiologists investigate three-dimensional volumes and may improve how to teach effective reading strategies to radiology residents.

Recent meta-analyses (Delgado et al., 2018; Kong et al., 2018; Clinton, 2019) show that reading comprehension on paper is better than on screen among (young) adults. Children's screen reading comprehension, however, is underexplored. This article presents an experiment measuring the effect of reading medium on younger (10-year old) readers' comprehension, carried out in Norway in 2015. In a within-subjects design, students (n = 1139) took two comparable versions of a reading comprehension test – one on paper, and another digitally, with test version and order of medium counterbalanced. Probabilistic test theory models (two-parameter logistic (2 PL) and partial credit models) were employed for both versions of the test, allowing direct comparisons of student achievement across media. Results showed that the students in average achieved lower scores on the digital test than on the paper version. Almost a third of the students performed better on the paper test than they did on the computer test, and the negative effect of screen reading was most pronounced among high-performing girls. Scrolling and/or misplaced digital reading habits may be salient factors behind this difference, which sheds further light on children's reading performance and how this may be affected by screen technologies. Implications of these findings for education and for reading assessment are discussed.

As medical students, our vocabulary expands exponentially to accommodate written exams and clinical assessments, but nothing prepared me for the slang I encountered on the wards in my foundation years. It was here that I first came across the term “Bibi-itis.” A decade later I found it was still being used. It happened in the doctors’ office. I was scrolling through a list of patient referrals on my computer wondering out loud what undiagnosed entity awaited me in the emergency department. Beside me, my colleague asserted that the crucial diagnostic clue could be found in the patient’s name. In fact, he went on, that based on my race and my gender, if my name appeared on a list of …

Today, radiologists diagnose three dimensional medical data using two dimensional displays. When designing environments with optimal conditions for such a process various aspects like contrast, screen reflection and background light have to be considered. As shown in previous research, applying virtual environments in combination with a Head-Mounted Display for diagnostic imaging provides potential benefits to reduce issues of bad posture and diagnostic mistakes. However, there is little research in exploring the usability and user experience of such beneficial environments. In this work we designed and evaluated different means of interaction to increase radiologists' performance. Therefore we created a virtual reality radiology reading room and employed it to evaluate three different interaction techniques. These allow a direct, semi-direct and indirect manipulation for performing scrolling- and windowing- tasks which are the most important for a radiologist. A study including nine radiologists was conducted and evaluated using the User Experience Questionnaire. Results indicate that direct manipulation is the preferred interaction technique, it outscored the other two control possibilities in attractiveness and pragmatic quality.

Despite the ubiquity and rapid growth of mobile reading activities, researchers and practitioners today either rely on coarse-grained metrics such as click-through-rate (CTR) and dwell time, or expensive equipment such as gaze trackers to understand users' reading behavior on mobile devices. We present Lepton, an intelligent mobile reading system and a set of dual-channel sensing algorithms to achieve scalable and fine-grained understanding of users' reading behaviors, comprehension, and engagements on unmodified smartphones. Lepton tracks the periodic lateral patterns, i.e. saccade, of users' eye gaze via the front camera, and infers their muscle stiffness during text scrolling via a Mass-Spring-Damper (MSD) based kinematic model from touch events. Through a 25-participant study, we found that both the periodic saccade patterns and muscle stiffness signals captured by Lepton can be used as expressive features to infer users' comprehension and engagement in mobile reading. Overall, our new signals lead to significantly higher performances in predicting users' comprehension (correlation: 0.36 vs. 0.29), concentration (0.36 vs. 0.16), confidence (0.5 vs. 0.47), and engagement (0.34 vs. 0.16) than using traditional dwell-time based features via a user-independent model.

Some individuals actively avoid social media advertising, for instance by scrolling over ads or ignoring ads. Therefore, this research aims to identify distinct profiles of individuals avoiding social media advertising. We build upon the advertising avoidance model and take a person-centered approach, using latent profile analysis to identify different profiles of individuals, who avoid social media advertising. We identified three distinct profiles of individuals, differing in their perception and their level of avoidance: unconcerned users, playful avoiding users and goal-oriented users. We contribute by characterizing individuals avoiding SMA, so that companies can use these profiles to derive different strategies how to deal with different profiles.