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Adolphe Quetelet was a Belgian polymath who aimed to advance aggregate-level statistical tools as a unifying framework for all scientific disciplines. In doing so, Quetelet adopted the astronomer's Law of Error (i.e., the normal distribution curve) and applied it to the study of moral and social phenomena in developing his notion of physique sociale (social physics). Quetelet further focused his attention on l'homme moyen (the average man) and, as such, argued that the average value of a distribution should be of primary concern in the study of human attributes. In the present article, I examine the influences that these ideas had on the methodological practices of late 19th- and early 20th- century psychologists. I illustrate how the dominant methodological approach implemented by psychologists in the early 20th century was deeply rooted in the demography of Quetelet's social statistics. In particular, I argue that psychologists' adoption of the Neo-Galtonian model of research was successful because it embraced Quetelet's determinism, emphasis on average values, and grouping of distributions based on type. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Leibniz's concept of monads had of great importance for the development of the idealistic conception. Through Kant and his "Physical Monadology" she infiltrated into modern German philosophy. However, not only modern idealists referred to the concept of monads. Especially, that many scientific disciplines, which emanated from philosophy, related to the scope of idealistic notions, for example: psychology or sociology. German psychology and its creators have many often referred to monads theory. Freud, Fromm and Jung presented even their own point of views on this topic. Later theories, such as Lowe's theory, also refer to the concept of monads. These relations and the historical connections between monad theory and modern German psycho-philosophy are shown in this work.

Authorship of a scientific paper is important in recognition of one’s work, and in the academic setting, helps in professional promotion. Conflicting views of authorship have led to disputes and debates in many scientific communities. Addressing ethical issues in medical research and publishing, and conforming to the requirements of international organizations and local research ethics boards (REBs), has become an essential part of the research endeavor. Ethical issues of biomedical authorship have been a matter of debate for years. Authorship problems may involve problems with integrity, including ghost authorship and guest authorship. Some scientific disciplines, such as engineering or social sciences, may not have a firm guideline for authorship criteria; however this article reviews the criteria of authorship recommended by related international organizations of biomedical field and discusses common scenarios that may lead to authorship disputes and misconducts as well as issues related to authorship in multicenter studies. The paper also discusses possible scenarios that might be legitimate to make changes in authorship lists.

Data sharing is one of the cornerstones of modern science that enables large-scale analyses and reproducibility. We evaluated data availability in research articles across nine disciplines in Nature and Science magazines and recorded corresponding authors’ concerns, requests and reasons for declining data sharing. Although data sharing has improved in the last decade and particularly in recent years, data availability and willingness to share data still differ greatly among disciplines. We observed that statements of data availability upon (reasonable) request are inefficient and should not be allowed by journals. To improve data sharing at the time of manuscript acceptance, researchers should be better motivated to release their data with real benefits such as recognition, or bonus points in grant and job applications. We recommend that data management costs should be covered by funding agencies; publicly available research data ought to be included in the evaluation of applications; and surveillance of data sharing should be enforced by both academic publishers and funders. These cross-discipline survey data are available from the plutoF repository.

Life experiences influence our research and motivate us to ask scientific questions and shape research goals. Here, Trends in Molecular Medicine authors share their journey in science. Their portraits highlight the diversity of scientists and that there is no standard career in science. We hope that these inspiring stories will help to build bridges of understanding between science and society, and motivate others to join the melting pot of scientific disciplines united in Trends in Molecular Medicine.

Nowadays scientific evaluation is becoming increasingly important and necessary in many cases, such as faculty hiring, funding and promotion. Among existing evaluation metrics for individual performance, h-index is the most famous indicator and achieves a prominent role since its publication. However, h-index is inapplicable to comparing individuals from different scientific disciplines, primarily because it cannot handle the huge difference in collaboration habits and citation practices across disciplines. Such a shortcoming of h-index is rooted in its arbitrary definition, comparing two quantities with quite different scales, i.e., citation count for scientific impact and publication count for productivity. To combat this problem, we propose a new evaluation measure, $$h_u$$ -index, which unifies citation count and publication count into the same scale. We theoretically analyze the relationship between $$h_u$$ -index, h-index and other variants of h-index. We also study the behavior of $$h_u$$ -index in empirical cases and researcher ranking tasks. Experimental results demonstrate that $$h_u$$ -index has superior performance than h-index and achieves a better comparison of individuals across disciplines.

A basic human right - the right to life, even today faces numerous questions when it comes to its scope. One of those questions is the issue of the right to abortion, which is the subject of numerous controversies among lawyers, philosophers, medical workers, theologists, as well as among citizens in the broadest sense. Debates that exist in various scientific disciplines indicate the complexity of these issues that needs to be legally regulated at the domestic and international level. For that reason, it is necessary to follow and study the judgments of international bodies that have been passed in connection with this issue. As the most developed system of Human Rights protection has been established within the European Convention on Human Rights, and at the same time the most relevant for our country, in this paper the author studies the current practice of the European Court of Human Rights related to the right to abortion. It is evident, from the case law presented in this paper that the Court had a very delicate and difficult task to balance between diametrically opposing rights and interests of various interested parties. The Court's judgments show a consensus only regarding the question of the existence of the right to abortion in cases where the right to life and health of women is endangered. Opponents of abortion claim that in this case, it is not the right to abortion, but the right to life of a woman and that only then an abortion is allowed and justified to be performed, as well as that it is a conclusion that can be deduced from the Court's case law. However, the author of this paper believes that even though the practice of the court is quite neutral, it still tends more towards granting the right to safe abortion.

Resumen : La ciencia linguistica no dejo una marca particular, facilmente identificable en el constructo de dignidad humana consagrado en la Declaracion Universal de los Derechos Humanos . Su contribucion fue mas bien indirecta, inspiradora y principista, pero significativa porque hizo un doble aporte. Primero, se sumo a otras fuentes que respaldaron el discurso de los derechos humanos en la idea de dignidad como rasgo distintivo de los seres humanos. Segundo, contribuyo al razonamiento dialectico que ese discurso construyo entre semejanza y diferencias para articular las dimensiones de la persona: miembro de la especie, integrante de una sociedad, e individuo autonomo. Sobre lo primero, la Linguistica y la Sociolinguistica ofrecieron conocimientos cientificos sobre las particularidades de la especie humana que hacen a sus miembros seres dignos de reconocimiento y proteccion. Enfatizaron nuestra unidad como especie singular ( homo loquens , hombre que habla) a la vez que distinguieron nuestras diferencias como individuos y grupos sociales hablantes de distintas lenguas. Asi, el estudio cientifico del lenguaje y las lenguas permitio conocer mejor a sus hablantes, sus facultades y creaciones, y a caracterizarlos como individuos libres, iguales y tambien cooperativos, en cuanto constructores de sociedades. Sobre lo segundo, estas disciplinas ejemplificaron un discurso elaborado que reconocio nuestra semejanza esencial como familia humana –la facultad del lenguaje— en oposicion y a la vez en complementacion con nuestras diferencias evidentes como sociedades e individuos hablantes –las distintas lenguas naturales del planeta y las distintas variedades de cada lengua natural—. Articularon los dos reconocimientos en un discurso dialectico e integrador, que no nego las tensiones entre ellos, pero tampoco las presento como irresolubles. Las explico y propuso politicas superadoras, sociales y educativas. De tal forma impulsaron su desarrollo como ciencias y tambien el discurso de los derechos humanos. Palabras clave: Linguistica. Sociolinguistica. Linguistica educativa. Dignidad. Derechos humanos. Pandemia. Abstract: Linguistic science did not leave a particular, easily detectable mark in the human dignity construct acknowledged by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Its contribution was mainly indirect, inspirational, and of principle but significant since it made a double contribution. First, it added to other sources supporting the human rights discourse in the notion of dignity as a distinctive feature of human beings. Second, it contributed to the dialectical reasoning the human rights discourse developed between similarity and differences in order to articulate the various dimensions of a person: member of the human species, participant of a society, and autonomous individual. About the first, Linguistics and Sociolinguistics put forward scientific knowledge about the particularities of the human species that make its members creatures deserving recognition and protection. They emphasized our unity as a singular species ( homo loquens , speaking man) while at the same time distinguished our differences as individuals and social groups speaking different languages. Therefore, the scientific study of language and natural languages allowed a better understanding of their speakers, their faculties and creations, and their portrayal as individuals who are free, equal and also cooperative as society builders. About the second, these scientific disciplines displayed a complex discourse recognizing our essential similarity as members of the human family –the faculty of language— in contrast with our visible differences as societies and speakers –the different world languages, and the different varieties within each language. Both recognitions were articulated in an including and dialectic discourse, which neither denied the tensions between them nor presented them as unsolvable. Such a discourse explained the tensions while proposing comprehensive social and educational policies to deal with them. In such a way these sciences further their development, and the development of the human rights discourse. Key words: Linguistics. Sociolinguistics. Educational Linguistics. Dignity. Human Rights. Pandemic

— Optimizing Tourism Awareness Groups (Pokdarwis) Towards Tourism Village in Karanggupito Village, Kendal District, Ngawi Regency. not to be aware of tourism in its natural potential, do not know the mapping of the area and business of guava and durian products, do not have a way of developing the quality of guava and durian fruit, and the diversification of healthy, hygienic and quality processed products in the context of economic empowerment of villagers. Limitations faced by the community build awareness and mindset of the community on natural tourism owned by the village and the large variety of plants, especially guava and durian trees which are one of the local wisdom possessed by the Karanggupito. Village community. Yodha Tama Youth Organization through integrated approaches, involving various scientific disciplines, every stage of the activity plan always involves citizens as partners and program implementers in an effort to encourage the progress of the village through the superiority of guava and durian as tourist icon icons with the aim of developing a group of people independently both economically and socially in terms of mapping the development and change area of Bukit Argo Munung tourism to become a tourist destination icon in Ngawi Regency. Keywords—: tourism awareness group (pokdarwis); tourism village; bukit tourism argo munung.

There is growing consensus that the scientific disciplines of psychology and cognitive neuroscience are in a state of crisis because a staggeringly high number of experimental studies have proven d...

The ocean is a lifeline for human existence, but current practices risk severely undermining ocean sustainability. Present and future social−ecological challenges necessitate the maintenance and development of knowledge and action by stimulating collaboration among scientists and between science, policy, and practice. Here we explore not only how such collaborations have developed in the Nordic countries and adjacent seas but also how knowledge from these regions contributes to an understanding of how to obtain a sustainable ocean. Our collective experience may be summarized in three points: 1) In the absence of long-term observations, decision-making is subject to high risk arising from natural variability; 2) in the absence of established scientific organizations, advice to stakeholders often relies on a few advisors, making them prone to biased perceptions; and 3) in the absence of trust between policy makers and the science community, attuning to a changing ocean will be subject to arbitrary decision-making with unforeseen and negative ramifications. Underpinning these observations, we show that collaboration across scientific disciplines and stakeholders and between nations is a necessary condition for appropriate actions.

Introduction. Retrospective studies of the human-society-environment system are increasingly ranked among the interdisciplinary problems of philosophy, ecology, paleography, history, ethnology and other scientific disciplines. Scientists are beginning to understand that the current ecological conditions require increased interest not only towards the environment as such but also towards deep historical research of the relationship between man and nature, require further studies and preservation efforts for natural, historical, and cultural heritage. Goals. The paper analyzes archaeological sites and places of worship for the possibility of correlating their locations with real geoactive zones through the example of the Barguzin Valley, and seeks to identify features of the territory, comparing it to separate Mongolia-based places of worship. Materials and Methods. The work attempts to apply an interdisciplinary approach in characterizing the origin of sites of worship from the standpoint of different disciplines, such as geology, geography, history, archeology, ethnology, and folkloristics. Results. The interdisciplinary approach to the research of places of worship makes it possible to once again highlight challenges faced by scholars engaged therein more broadly, and involve materials that have not been previously examined in this perspective. Nowadays, this constitutes a most urgent problem in contexts of aggravated man-nature relations, violations of harmonious ties, and increased anthropogenic impacts in certain areas for extensive use of natural resources contrary to opinions of the local population.

Throughout the scientific disciplines in academia, there are two paramount indicators that are used as proxies for the quality of researchers: publishing peer-reviewed journal papers, and winning r...

In principle, humour studies would be significantly enhanced by a comprehensive understanding of laughter and amusement. Members of various scientific disciplines, however, often approach laughter from distinct, rather narrow, experimental or observational paradigms, and rarely make direct challenges to broader theories that are generaly accepted as incomplete, but also difficult to falsify. Evaluating, comparing, and ranking such theories is possible, however, using the concept of explanatory scope. To better establish the range of questions a comprehensive theory of laughter must resolve, I reviewed 525 peer-reviewed journal articles and recorded a total of 852 topics addressed by the authors. These were categorized into 29 themes. The list provided should allow scholars to more effectively assess the strengths and weaknesses of existing laughter theories and help guide future endeavours to more fully understand this important behavior.

The issue of work in itself is a problem that can be analyzed on many levels and looked at through the prism of many scientific disciplines. Economics in her nature is a social science that studies the state of world economic life using mathematical methods. A fascinating issue for understanding work in economics is the business cycles, which clearly affect unemployment patterns around the world. The nature of economics, which is concerned with studying human activities in times of recession and, just as in times of prosperity, sets the course for politicians, entrepreneurs but also ordinary workers. This is made possible by analysing and observing the behaviour in the economic markets of the world. This article is leaning towards unemployment and employment in France since the beginning of the 21st century, since France is one of the leading economies, alongside Germany, in the European Union.

About half of graduate and postgraduate students and one-third of faculty in the field of neuroscience are women The proportion of women neuroscientists tend to decrease as they progress through the career ladder Their responsibilities and their opportunities to secure research funding also tend to be lower compared to men, as in most scientific disciplines and professions The multiple factors contributing to the under-representation of women in higher-level roles have historical, social, and cultural roots A process of forgetfulness of pioneer women from the last century prevented the field from having role models in which upcoming generations of women neuroscientists could have identified Maria Manasseina, Cecile Vogt, Augusta Dejerine Klumpke are only some early pioneers who have recently been rediscovered The available data show that the profiles of women neuroscientists are overlooked and their remarkable findings receive less recognition Conscious and unconscious gender biases also affect the evaluation and recruitment process The presence of cultural and institutional barriers continues to hinder equal opportunities in all aspects of the scientific and academic career The initiatives launched so far to increase awareness of such barriers and diversity in the workplace have produced a slight improvement but further action should be taken and supported to improve the condition of women in neuroscience

The paper explores an Islamic institution in contemporary Malaysia. It studies the roles of the Mufti and the State mufti office as actors in issuing and informing religious edicts (fatwas) in Perlis, a northern state of Peninsular Malaysia. As an autonomous state institution coupled with the official state’s subscription to Ahlul Sunna wal Jama’ah as a principle in interpreting Islam, the state has issued fatwas that are perceived to embrace the religious nuances of contemporary realities. The paper examines the fatwas issued by Perlis’s Mufti Office on establishing paternity claim, unilateral conversion and child custody, child vaccination, and woman leaving marital home. The fatwas unveil a meticulous process that involves consulting relevant experts in both the religious scholarly fields and the modern scientific disciplines. The fatwas indicate deep appreciation and use of centuries old Islamic religious body. The fatwas also reflect the state’s religious institution’s commitment to and understanding of protecting the basic rights of individuals as much as serving the public good. Keywords: fatwa, State Administration of Islam, Perlis, Malaysia, Mufti Office. Abstrak Artikel ini meneroka Institusi Keislaman dalam konteks Malaysia masa kini. Artikel ini meneliti peranan Mufti dan Pejabat Mufti sebagai pihak bertanggungjawab penting dalam mengeluarkan dan memaklumkan fatwa di Perlis, sebuah negeri di utara Semenanjung Malaysia. Sebagai institusi yang berautonomi, dan disokong oleh pegangan rasmi kerajaan negeri Perlis dengan fahaman Ahlul Sunna wal Jama’ah, Pejabat Mufti telah mengeluarkan fatwa yang dilihat mencakupi nuansa realiti masyarakat masa kini. Artikel ini meneliti teks fatwa yang dikeluarkan oleh Pajabat Mufti Perlis tentang isu-isu berkaitan dengan penentuan paterniti, pertukaran agama sebelah pihak dan penjagaan anak, pemvaksinan anak, dan isteri yang meninggalkan rumah. Berdasarkan penelitian, fatwa-fatwa telah disepakati melalui proses teliti dan cermat dengan merujuk kepada pakar-pakar dalam bidang agama dan saintifik. Selain itu, fatwa-fatwa ini mendedahkan tentang penghargaan mendalam terhadap legasi keilmuan Islam. Tambahan, fatwa-fatwa ini juga mencerminkan iltizam institusi keIslaman negeri dalam melindungi hak-hak individu serta melindungi kebaikan umum. Kata Kunci: fatwa, pentadbiran Islam negeri, Perlis, Malaysia, Pejabat Mufti.

The use of the concept of a mental image includes several knowledge fields and different scientific disciplines. Its use in contemporary social research has become more apparent in communicative and media studies in general, as well as its abundance in the fields of philosophy, psychology, social psychology and other Knowledge.

ObjectivesTo help people make decisions about the most effective mitigation measures against SARS-CoV-2 transmission in different scenarios, the likelihoods of transmission by different routes need to be quantified to some degree (however uncertain). These likelihoods need to be communicated in an appropriate way to illustrate the relative importance of different routes in different scenarios, the likely effectiveness of different mitigation measures along those routes, and the level of uncertainty in those estimates. In this study, a pragmatic expert elicitation was undertaken to supply the underlying quantitative values to produce such a communication tool.ParticipantsTwenty-seven individual experts from five countries and many scientific disciplines provided estimates.Outcome measuresEstimates of transmission parameters, assessments of the quality of the evidence, references to relevant literature, rationales for their estimates and sources of uncertainty.Results and conclusionThe participants’ responses showed that there is still considerable disagreement among experts about the relative importance of different transmission pathways and the effectiveness of different mitigation measures due to a lack of empirical evidence. Despite these disagreements, when pooled, the majority views on each parameter formed an internally consistent set of estimates (for example, that transmission was more likely indoors than outdoors, and at closer range), which formed the basis of a visualisation to help individuals and organisations understand the factors that influence transmission and the potential benefits of different mitigation measures.

Studies of primate personality have become increasingly common over the past three decades. Recently, studies have begun to focus on the health, welfare and conservation implications of personality, and the potential applications of incorporating quantitative personality assessments into animal management programmes. However, this literature is dispersed across a multitude of settings and scientific disciplines. We conducted a review of nonhuman primate personality studies relevant to these issues published since 2010, following on from an earlier review. The databases ScienceDirect, PubMed and Web of Science were used to identify relevant articles. After eliminating irrelevant or duplicate papers, 69 studies were selected. Our review reveals that, while primate personality research is carried out on a range of species, there is strong taxonomic bias. While 28 species appeared within the reviewed literature, 52% of studies were carried out on just five species. Further, the most common research focus (43%) was validating new assessment methods or describing personality in different species, rather than exploring the links between personality and animal welfare using existing validated methods. However, among the remaining studies that did explore the role of animal personality in husbandry, health, and welfare, we identified progression towards integrating personality data into various aspects of animal management. Evidence suggests the assessment of personality may benefit social group management, enrichment practices, training protocols, health and welfare monitoring, and conservation planning for endangered species. We argue that further research which develops our understanding of primate personality and its influence in these areas will provide a valuable tool to inform animal management practices.

Lee et al. (2019) recently proposed a number of quantitative modeling techniques and practices culminating with a recommendation for the creation of registered model reports. In addition to increasing transparency, trust, and robustness of modeling practices, registered model reports seem likely to increase the visibility and dissemination of quantitative models to researchers from other scientific disciplines (including other behavioral and non-behavioral sciences). In addition to the recommendations proposed by Lee et al. (2019), interdisciplinary communication and collaboration will be improved if researchers include the function of the quantitative model within registered model reports. Here, the function of a quantitative model refers to the contexts (e.g., questions, data types) and goals (e.g., description, prediction, exploration) surrounding the scientist’s use of a model. Explicitly specifying the function of a model will allow for more accurate and fair tests of quantitative models and appropriate tests of model generalizability to novel research questions.

Biomedical research faces a scarcity of scientists able to work effectively at the interface of diverse scientific disciplines; we reflect on our experience over ten years of interdisciplinary training through our Masters of Research in Translational Medicine, preparing a new generation of researchers for post-genomic interdisciplinary medical research.

As major world languages – Chinese, Spanish and Portuguese, for instance – become the medium of university networks, it may be the right time to take stock of the influence that English has had over the way the disciplines of humanities and sciences have been shaped, directed and evaluated, in particular in the second half of the 20th century. This paper is an attempt to understand some of the textual, linguistic and historical determinants of Disciplinary English (DE) specifically in the spectrum of technical subjects. DE is now a way of meaning which has become associated with objective authority. From this association, DE has shaped our disciplinary knowledge and spread across to registers of bureaucratic and political subject matter. The discussion also considers innovative potential in disciplinary discourses, in particular what Halliday regarded as the “knight’s move” in text: this is the related, analogical effect of Hasan’s “symbolic articulation” in verbal art and grammatical metaphor in the language of technical disciplines.

Durante el siglo XVIII se pusieron en marcha diferentes proyectos, por parte de distintos autores, cuyo fin era el de solucionar los diversos problemas de la nación y de sus ciudadanos, promovidos con un sentimiento filantrópico y nacional. El polígrafo gallego José Cornide fue un personaje relevante en la cultura del setecientos español, principalmente por sus investigaciones acerca de la historia y la geografía. En este caso vamos a estudiar una faceta poco conocida de su obra, en concreto sus aportaciones dentro de las líneas del utilitarismo y proyectismo mencionado anteriormente. Obras como las que analizaremos en este capítulo, entrañan ambiciones tales como la instrucción de la población (Historia de los peces), la defensa de los derechos de sus conciudadanos (Pesca de la sardina) o la reivindicación de alguna disciplina científica ante las autoridades del estado (Memoria sobre las minas), con el auxilio y precisión de sus reflexiones y observaciones históricas, hábito latente en toda la producción literaria del eximio coruñés. During the eighteenth century different projects were launched, by different authors, with the aim of solving the diverse problems of the nation and its citizens, promoted with a philanthropic and national feeling. The Galician polygraph José Cornide was a relevant figure in the culture of the 1700s in Spain, mainly for his research on history and geography. In this case, we will deal with a so far unknown facet of his work, specifically his contributions within the lines of utilitarianism and projectism mentioned above. Works like the ones we will analyze in this chapter, involve ambitions such as the education of the population (History of the fish), the defense of the rights of their fellow citizens (Sardine fishing) or the demand of some scientific disciplines before the state authorities (Memoria sobre las minas), with the help and precision of his reflections and historical observations, latent habit in all the literary production of the distinguishible coruñés.

Artificial, informatical neural network is one of the developed forms of implementation of the artificial intelligence systems in various fields of human activity, and therefore in medicine, where it is primarily used in order to minimize the possibility of professional error and improve the qualitative and predictive analysis of complex medical and clinical data. Although welcomed with skepticism, the application of artificial intelligence systems in medicine in a short time led to a significant increase in quality of established health care, and later to the creation of opportunities for implementation of a large number of algorithmic models for early diagnosis and screening of a large number of malignant and chronic non-communicable diseases. The usage of artificially intelligent diagnostic systems in Serbia is not yet sufficiently represented, and the necessity of their rapid implementation in order to modernize the existing practice is indicated by numerous researches confirming the success of their application, especially in the field of preventive medicine, as well as in many clinical and scientific disciplines.

Science videos on YouTube attract millions of viewers each month, but little is known about who the content producers are, how they work and what their motivations and qualifications are. Here, we analyze the characteristics of 622 French YouTube science channels and 70,795 science videos in French, and complement this analysis with a survey of 180 of these youtubers. We focus on three questions: who are the science communicators (sociodemographics, resources, and goals), what are the characteristics of their channels, and are there differences between institutional and non-institutional communicators. We show that French science communicators on YouTube are mostly young men, highly qualified and usually talking about their topic of expertize. Many of them do not earn enough money to make a living out of this activity and have to use personal money to run their channels. At the same time, many are not interested in making this activity their main source of income. Their main goal is to share science and stimulate curiosity, as opposed to teach and entertain. While a small number of channels account for most of the views and subscribers, together they are able to cover a lot of scientific disciplines, with individuals usually focusing on a couple of fields and institutions talking about more diverse subjects. Institutions seem to have less success on YouTube than individuals, a result visible both in the number of subscribers and engagement received in videos (likes and comments). We discuss the potential factors behind this discrepancy, such as the lack of personality of institutional channels, the high number of topics they cover or the fact that institutions usually have an additional goal compared to individuals: to present and promote the institution itself. A video version of this article has been recorded and made available here: https://stephanedebove.net/youtube

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have shown immense potential as a one-stop solution for three major sustainability issues confronting the world today—energy security, global warming and wastewater management. MFCs represent a cross-disciplinary platform for research at the confluence of the natural and engineering sciences. The diversity of variables influencing performance of MFCs has garnered research interest across varied scientific disciplines since the beginning of this century. The increasing number of research publications has made it necessary to keep track of work being carried out by research groups across the globe and consolidate significant findings on a regular basis. Review articles are often the nodal points for beginners who are required to undertake an exploratory survey of literature to identify a suitable research problem. This ‘review of reviews’ is a ready-reckoner that directs readers to relevant reviews and research articles reporting significant developments in MFC research in the last two decades. The article also highlights the areas needing research attention which when addressed could take this technology a few more steps closer to practical implementation.

Citations are important building blocks for status and success in science. We used a linked dataset of more than 4 million authors and 26 million scientific papers to quantify trends in cumulative citation inequality and concentration at the author level. Our analysis, which spans 15 y and 118 scientific disciplines, suggests that a small stratum of elite scientists accrues increasing citation shares and that citation inequality is on the rise across the natural sciences, medical sciences, and agricultural sciences. The rise in citation concentration has coincided with a general inclination toward more collaboration. While increasing collaboration and full-count publication rates go hand in hand for the top 1% most cited, ordinary scientists are engaging in more and larger collaborations over time, but publishing slightly less. Moreover, fractionalized publication rates are generally on the decline, but the top 1% most cited have seen larger increases in coauthored papers and smaller relative decreases in fractional-count publication rates than scientists in the lower percentiles of the citation distribution. Taken together, these trends have enabled the top 1% to extend its share of fractional- and full-count publications and citations. Further analysis shows that top-cited scientists increasingly reside in high-ranking universities in western Europe and Australasia, while the United States has seen a slight decline in elite concentration. Our findings align with recent evidence suggesting intensified international competition and widening author-level disparities in science.

The fascial continuum is a topic for which all clinicians and other healthcare professionals come into contact on a daily basis, both consciously and without having the idea that the tissues they deal with can fall within the concept of fascia. The Foundation of Osteopathic Research and Clinical Endorsement (FORCE) organization includes many clinicians and health professionals, as well as researchers in different scientific disciplines. The goal is to dissect some concepts related to daily practice, such as fascial tissue, from a scientific point of view and impartially. Proof of the impartiality of FORCE is the fact that it does not sell any fascial products, no tools, and, above all, all the fascial terminology used has no copyright: research and knowledge are the right of anyone who wishes improvement for the good of the patient. The article aims to review the themes that could add new elements for a broader view of the meaning and nomenclature of the fascial system.

The chapter is devoted to offer a short introduction to computational ontologies and the ontological turn in philosophy. It also includes the advancement of the ontology of geography, that is that part of the (philosophical) ontology mainly focused on (1) establishing what kinds of geographical entities exist, (2) developing a theory of spatial representation, and (3) arguing how the geographic descriptions of reality emerging from common sense can be combined with descriptions derived from scientific disciplines. As a second step, this preliminary analysis is taken to provide a helpful device in showing the importance of geographical common sense conceptualizations and in defining how non-expert subjects conceptualize geospatial phenomena in response to a series of different geographical phrased elicitations.

This chapter provides a short profile of Angelo Secchi’s life and scientific activity as an introduction to his contributions in many scientific disciplines.

In 2000, a controversial article about hormones and gender roles was published to stimulate debate about whether and how biological knowledge should be integrated in sociological research. Two decades later, this so-called biosociology debate is more relevant than ever, as biological knowledge has become widespread across societies and scientific disciplines. Hence, we as sociologists are regularly confronted with biological explanations that challenge our own explanations. Whether this happens in the scientific arena, the classroom, media, or even at social events, these situations often force us, individually, to take a stance on whether to meet such explanations with dialogue or opposition. One could therefore expect that sociologists have an interest in discussing these issues with their peers, but their lack of participation in the biosociology debate suggests otherwise. This paper explores possible reasons for this absence and how sociologists’ views on biosociology are influenced by key agents – sociological associations and journals. Smith’s “A Sacred project of American Sociology”, and Scott’s “A Sociology of Nothing” served as theoretical tools in the paper. A qualitative content analysis of presidential addresses of four sociological associations was conducted. The analyses suggest that sociologist avoid biosociology for widely different reasons, including fear that biosociology legitimizes oppression. This avoidance is probably reinforced by the leftish politization of the sociological discipline and the rightish politization of society. Overcoming obstacles to engagement in biosociology is required to safeguard the scientific integrity of sociology and enable sociologists to provide relevant contributions to research on the Covid-19 pandemic and climate change.

The talk was centred around terms as linguistic units. An overview of scientific literature in 1920-2020 on the topic was proposed. As is clear from the analysis, the key authors pertaining to the domain come from Russia and former Soviet countries. The biggest figure and the founding father of the Russian and Soviet terminology schools was Dmitriy Semyonovich Lotte (b. 1898- d. 1950). He headed the Union’s governmental chamber responsible for systematising and classifying the abundant terminological lexis that existed in branches of industry at the time. His main books were published in 1933-1961, his work “The basics of compiling scientific and technical terminological systems” being the classic guide for terminologists of all time. Historically, it was terminology for machine- and automobile-building that initiated developing a scientific method to deal with nomenclatures and thematic words at large. As of today, the overwhelming majority of scientific disciplines and applied studies have formed their respective terminological vocabulary and boast complete systems. Modern authors contributing to the advancement of terminology as a science are digging into the matters of digitising various corpora and scrutinising the psycholinguistic layers of terms.

To simultaneously overcome the limitation of the Gini index in that it is less sensitive to inequality at the tails of income distribution and the limitation of the inter-decile ratios that ignore inequality in the middle of income distribution, an inequality index is introduced. It comprises three indicators, namely, the Gini index, the income share held by the top 10%, and the income share held by the bottom 10%. The data from the World Bank database and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Income Distribution Database between 2005 and 2015 are used to demonstrate how the inequality index works. The results show that it can distinguish income inequality among countries that share the same Gini index but have different income gaps between the top 10% and the bottom 10%. It could also distinguish income inequality among countries that have the same ratio of income share held by the top 10% to income share held by the bottom 10% but differ in the values of the Gini index. In addition, the inequality index could capture the dynamics where the Gini index of a country is stable over time but the ratio of income share of the top 10% to income share of the bottom 10% is increasing. Furthermore, the inequality index could be applied to other scientific disciplines as a measure of statistical heterogeneity and for size distributions of any non-negative quantities., Comment: 9 pages, 2 tables, 7 figures

Opredelitve in pristopi k preučevanju socialnega kapitala so v znanstvenih vedah (na primer geografiji, sociologiji, zgodovini, politologiji, antropologiji) raznoliki in celo protislovni, koncept socialnega kapitala pa je zato kritiziran zaradi teoretske nekonsistentnosti. Koncept socialnega kapitala se kot predmet preučevanja različnih znanstvenih ved nekritično in brez utemeljitev označuje kot »interdisciplinarni«. Prispevek z namenom osvetlitve interdisciplinarnosti koncepta, vsebinsko analizira 17 opredelitev socialnega kapitala. Z vsebinsko analizo je prepoznanih šest gradnikov socialnega kapitala, ki so med seboj tesno prepleteni in ne omogočajo enoznačne določitve pomenskega jedra. Opisani so raziskovalni pristopi iz geografije in sorodnih ved, ki so zasnovani na teh opredelitvah. Pristopi odsevajo, da se socialni kapital krovno uporablja kot hevristični model za teoretsko, metodološko in epistemološko sicer zelo raznolike raziskave. Raziskav, ki bi bile zasnovane primerjalno, primanjkuje, prezrto pa je tudi preučevanje na lokalni ravni. Koncept socialnega kapitala je razširjen v številnih znanstvenih vedah, vendar pa so raziskave z interdisciplinarno zasnovo dokaj maloštevilne. // The definitions and research approaches of the social capital are diverse and even contradictory in the scientific disciplines (i.e. geography, sociology, history, political sciences, anthropology). The concept of social capital as a research object of various scientific disciplines is often criticized due to its theoretical inconsistency and labelled as an interdisciplinary approach uncritically and without any references in the scientific literature. Paper aims to enlighten interdisciplinarity of concept through 17 definitions of social capital, which are assembled through literature review. The content analysis points out six building blocks of social capital, which are tightly connected; there is no simple identification of the semantic core of definitions. The research approaches in geography and related disciplines, which are conceptualized based on those definitions, are also described. The research approaches reflect a diversity, as social capital is used as a heuristic model for theoretical, methodological and epistemological diverse researches. Through the literature review, lack of comparative researches on a local level is identified. The concept of social capital is extended in many disciplines, but there are only a few interdisciplinary conceptualized researches.

Words are the building blocks of science. As our understanding of the world progresses, scientific disciplines naturally enrich their specialized vocabulary (jargon). However, in the era of interdisciplinarity, the use of jargon may hinder effective communication amongst scientists that do not share a common linguistic background. The question of how jargon limits the transmission of scientific knowledge has long been debated, but rarely addressed quantitatively. We explored the relationship between the use of jargon and citations using 21,486 articles focusing on cave research, a multidisciplinary field particularly prone to terminological specialization and where linguistic disagreement among peers is frequent. We demonstrate that the use of jargon in the title and abstract significantly reduces the number of citations a paper receives. Given that these elements are the hook to readers, we urge scientists to restrict jargon to sections of the paper where its use is unavoidable.

Like many scientific disciplines, neuroscience has increasingly attempted to confront pervasive gender imbalances within the field. While much of the conversation has centered around publishing and conference participation, recent research in other fields has called attention to the prevalence of gender bias in citation practices. Because of the downstream effects that citations can have on visibility and career advancement, understanding and eliminating gender bias in citation practices is vital for addressing inequity in a scientific community. In this study, we sought to determine whether there is evidence of gender bias in the citation practices of neuroscientists. Utilizing data from five top neuroscience journals, we indeed find that reference lists tend to include more papers with men as first and last author than would be expected if gender was not a factor in referencing. Importantly, we show that this overcitation of men and undercitation of women is driven largely by the citation practices of men, and is increasing with time despite greater diversity in the academy. We develop a co-authorship network to determine the degree to which homophily in researchers’ social networks explains gendered citation practices and we find that men tend to overcite other men even when their social networks are representative of the field. We discuss possible mechanisms and consider how individual researchers might incorporate these findings into their own referencing practices.

In this article we study the question of free will from an interdisciplinary angle, drawing on philosophy, neurobiology and physics. We start by reviewing relevant neurobiological findings on the functioning of the brain, notably as presented in (Koch 2009); we assess these against the physics of (in)determinism. These biophysics findings seem to indicate that neuronal processes are not quantum but classical in nature. We conclude from this that there is little support for the existence of an immaterial ‘mind’, capable of ruling over matter independently of the causal past. But what, then, can free will be ? We propose a compatibilist account that resonates well with neurobiology and physics, and that highlights that free will comes in degrees – degrees which vary with the conscious grasp the ‘free’ agent has over his actions. Finally, we analyze the well-known Libet experiment on free will through the lens of our model. We submit this interdisciplinary investigation as a typical case of naturalized philosophy: in our theorizing we privilege assumptions that find evidence in science, but our conceptual work also suggests new avenues for research in a few scientific disciplines.; En este artículo estudiamos la cuestión del libre albedrío desde una perspectiva interdisciplinar, combinando filosofía, neurobiología y física. Comenzamos revisando hallazgos relevantes en neurobiología acerca del funcionamiento del cerebro, en especial los presentados en (Koch, 2009); estos resultados son evaluados en relación con la física del (in)determinismo. Tales hallazgos en biofísica parecen indicar que los procesos neuronales no son de naturaleza cuántica, sino clásica. De aquí concluimos que hay poco apoyo a la existencia de una ‘mente’ inmaterial, capaz de gobernar la materia independientemente del pasado causal. Pero, ¿en qué puede consistir entonces el libre albedrío? Planteamos una propuesta compatibilista que concuerda con la neurobiología y la física, y en la que se destaca que el libre albedrío se da en grados, dependiendo de la comprensión consciente que el agente ‘libre’ tenga de sus acciones. Finalmente, analizamos el famoso experimento de Libet sobre el libre albedrío desde la perspectiva de nuestro modelo. Presentamos esta investigación interdisciplinar como un ejemplo típico de filosofía naturalizada: en nuestro teorizar privilegiamos asunciones con apoyo en la evidencia científica, aunque nuestro trabajo conceptual también sugiere nuevos caminos para la investigación en varias disciplinas científicas.

© 2020, Springer Nature B.V. Integrating information from across multiple sources is an important science literacy skill that involves the following: identifying intra- and intertextual ties, modeling relationships between sources and claims and making an evaluation of the claims made. Tasks that involve reading, interpreting and synthesizing multiple sources have been well explored particularly in the epistemic cognition literature. Interdisciplinarity is a growing area of interest in science education, in terms of the ways we induct students into interdisciplinary ways of thinking and working, including the synthesis of knowledge from across scientific disciplines. While interdisciplinary contexts frequently involve connecting multiple sources from different disciplines, how students complete these text-integration tasks has not been well investigated. This paper develops a model of interdisciplinary text integration for science literacy, drawing on dimensions of epistemic cognition. We exemplify the application of this approach in a specific case of environmental science graduate students, drawing on student syntheses to illustrate how our approach can be used to differentiate between students’ written syntheses.

In an ideal world, there are equal opportunities for women to enter and progress in all scientific disciplines without bias or prejudice. Here, we share our experiences in building communities of women parasitology and offer easy-to-implement guidelines for scientists and institutions to overcome unconscious bias and create environments with better gender equality and diversity.

Forty years of research in the DOK trial resulted in more than 120 peer-reviewed publications investigating effects of farming systems on a wide range of scientific disciplines within agronomic and environmental research. It is the oldest still existing system comparison trial comparing organic and conventional agricultural practice worldwide. The field trial has been subject to applied and fundamental research but the presentation of findings from the DOK trial is beyond the scope of this chapter. Instead, we give detailed insights into the history of implementation of the DOK trial and show how the evolution of agricultural practices influenced the management practices applied in the experiment. From a scientific point of view, changing experimental treatments in the course of an experiment is a challenging task. Yet, following a system approach and the development of organic and conventional farming necessitate a periodical reevaluation of practices implemented within the treatments to mirror changes in large-scale farming. To reflect on these developments and to present in-depth insight on the history of management of the DOK trial, we review and discuss changes implemented in management practice during the course of the last 40 years.

The central tenet of Perceptual Control Theory (PCT) is that ‘behavior is the control of perception’. From this tenet, a series of further elements are utiized to provide the necessary conceptual and mathematical detail for building and testing functional models of the behavior of humans, animals and purposeful machines. This chapter traces the elements of PCT, and their empirical scrutiny and critique, across multiple scientific disciplines to converge on a contemporary evaluation of the scientific status of PCT as an interdisciplinary theory of behavior. The chapter concludes with key recommendations for future research and the development of the theory.

During the first centuries of the birth of the Muslim empire, many scientific disciplines were well developed. Subsequently, several new areas of knowledge had emerged. Thus, there was the birth of algebra and combinatorial analysis in mathematics and the birth of cryptanalysis in cryptology. There were some very important discoveries in several scientific fields such as in physics, in chemistry and in medicine. In this paper, we will overfly the development of certain scientific disciplines in Morocco by highlighting the application of the results of these disciplines in the socio-economic world.

It is quite common sense in the scientific community working on resilience that the asset of the term ‘resilience’ lies in its multidisciplinarity as well as in the difficulties to define it so that it at least provokes dialogue and communication between scientific disciplines. In contrast to some ‘official’ definitions of ‘resilience’, there does not exist – as far as the author can see – an official or generally accepted definition of the term ‘resilience management’ in the current scientific literature. But for some years the term has been used ever more often both by Anglophone and German-speaking expert groups (Wink 2016a; Kluge 2004; Gunther et al. 2009; Gunther 2009).

The goal of this research was to determine the changes in frequency and characteristics of media reporting of different scientific disciplines in the socio-historical context in which they arise. The research was conducted using the method of content analysis, which comprised Croatian daily newspapers with the highest readership in two time periods: ’socialism‘, from 1986 to 1988, and ’democracy‘, from 2006 to 2008. The constructed week method was used to select a total of 885 articles. The findings confirm the specificities in media communication of particular scientific disciplines in different socio-political contexts, as well as a tendency of levelling media practices in line with global trends, such as growing orientation towards medicalisation and socio-spatial domination of ’Western‘ news., Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi promjene u učestalosti i obilježjima medijskog izvještavanja o različitim znanstvenim disciplinama u društveno-povijesnom kontekstu u kojem nastaju. Istraživanje je provedeno metodom analize sadržaja koja je obuhvatila najčitanije hrvatske dnevne novine u dva vremenska razdoblja: „socijalističkom“, od 1986. do 1988., i „demokratskom“, od 2006. do 2008. Korištena je metoda konstruiranog tjedna za odabir ukupno 885 članaka. Nalazi potvrđuju specifičnosti medijske komunikacije pojedinih znanstvenih disciplina u različitim društveno-političkim kontekstima, kao i tendenciju ujednačavanja medijskih praksi u skladu s globalnim trendovima, kao što su rastuća orijentacija prema medikalizaciji i socioprostorna dominacija „zapadnjačkih“ vijesti.

While women's representation in STEM fields has increased over the past several decades, some fields have seen a greater increase women's participation than others. In the present research, we explore how women's participation in STEM disciplines influences labeling of those disciplines as hard vs. soft sciences. Study 1 found that increasing perceived participation of women in a STEM discipline increased the likelihood that participants would label it a soft science. Study 2 found that among people who did not work in science, this tendency to associate women's participation with soft science was correlated with endorsement of stereotypes about women's STEM competency. And Studies 3A and 3B showed that labeling disciplines as soft sciences led to the fields being devalued, deemed less rigorous, and less worthy of federal funding. These studies show that stereotypes about women's STEM competency can impact perceptions of fields in which women participate, with consequences for how scientific disciplines are perceived.

Different scientific disciplines such as physics, genetics or biochemistry crossed over into molecular biology in the last century. The Polish state didn't existed at the beginning of XX century, but the territory for a large number of scientists was not a limitation in delineating new routes, making fundamental discoveries or training the new generation of distinguished people of sciences. We want to tell the story of roots of molecular biology from the Polish perspective and outline its importance, by bringing closer the most essential discoveries of elite scientists in different fields of life science, associated with Poland and its territory.

The article includes an analysis of the reconstruction of social functions of contemporary university with the category of uncertainty assumed as the axis of narration. A number of contexts were presented of creating a trajectory of uncertainty disintegrating both the identity of individual professors and the university as an institution. They include, inter alia, the creation of new forms of competition between individuals, scientific disciplines, and higher education institutions, as well as strategies of assessment which reduce the identity and activity of academics to points, strategies of permanent reporting and specific mcdonaldization of the didactic and research functions of a university. At the end, a question was posed regarding the possible ways of acting of the university and professors in the age of uncertainty. Tekst zawiera analizę rekonstrukcji społecznych funkcji współczesnego uniwersytetu, przy czym jako oś narracji przyjęto kategorię niepewności. Przedstawiono szereg kontekstów tworzenia trajektorii niepewności dezintegrujących zarówno tożsamość poszczególnych profesorów, jak i uniwersytetu jako instytucji. I tak omówiono między innymi wytwarzanie nowych form rywalizacji zarówno między jednostkami, dyscyplinami naukowymi, jak i placówkami edukacji wyższej. Zaprezentowano strategie wskaźnikowania, które redukują tożsamość i działania akademików do punktów, strategię nieustannego sprawozdawania, jak również swoistą makdonaldyzację dydaktycznej i naukowej funkcji uniwersytetu. Na zakończenie postawiono pytanie odnoszące się do możliwych sposobów działania uniwersytetu i profesorów w epoce niepewności.

Scientific collaboration (SC) has become a widespread feature of modern research work. While many social network studies address various aspects of SC, little attention has so far been given to the specific factors that motivate researchers to engage in SC at the individual level. In our article, we focus on the types and practices of SC that researchers in Slovenia engage in. We consider this topic by adopting a quantitative and qualitative methodological approach. The former was conducted through a web survey among active researchers, and the latter through in-depth interviews with a selected group of top researchers, i.e. intellectual leaders. Results show the extent of individual SC depends on the perceptions of researchers of the benefits of SC. Qualitative interviews additionally provide broader reflections on certain policy mechanisms that could better motivate Slovenian scientists to scientifically collaborate in the international arena.

Registered reports present a substantial departure from traditional publishing models with the goal of enhancing the transparency and credibility of the scientific literature. We map the evolving universe of registered reports to assess their growth, implementation and shortcomings at journals across scientific disciplines.