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Bereaved people often report having sensory and quasi-sensory experiences of the deceased (SED), and there is an ongoing debate over whether SED are associated with pathology, such as grief complications. Research into these experiences has been conducted in various disciplines, including psychiatry, psychology, and anthropology, without much crossover. This review brings these areas of research together, drawing on the expertise of an interdisciplinary working group formed as part of the International Consortium for Hallucination Research (ICHR). It examines existing evidence on the phenomenology, associated factors, and impact of SED, including the role of culture, and discusses the main theories on SED and how these phenomena compare with unusual experiences in other contexts. The review concludes that the vast majority of these experiences are benign and that they should be considered in light of their biographical, relational, and sociocultural contexts.

An ethos of violence based on political ideologies aiming to delegitimize an adversary is a psychosocial barrier to solving lasting conflicts, such as in Colombia. Beyond the signing of a peace agreement, the cessation of political violence implies modifying the complex symbolic dynamics constructed by various opposing actors to legitimize acts of direct violence. This research evaluates whether a new rhetoric that encourages the development of a peace culture has replaced the ideological rhetoric of various social actors involved in dialog and negotiations to end the armed conflict between the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia–People’s Army (FARC-EP). To this end, a textual analysis of the ideological rhetoric disseminated through Twitter® by several actors in Colombian society was conducted to identify the expressions used (semantic analysis) to legitimize or delegitimize those involved in the conflict in the last negotiation year (2016). The outcome indicates that the agenda of topics revolves around peace, and although the ideological differences between the negotiation table (i.e., the government and FARC-EP) and the opposition party are evident in the published messages, all the actors are striving to develop a rhetoric of tolerance and coexistence. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Engagement in collective action is essential in the scenario of a secessionist struggle. In this scenario, two groups contend for an incompatible goal and one of them is favoured by the current status quo. Therefore, this context represents an excellent opportunity to compare the motives for participation among two groups whose situation and objectives differ drastically. We examined the motivations to participate in collective action of Catalan participants in the days leading to the independence referendum held in Catalonia (Spain) on the first of October 2017 (n = 719). As hypothesized, participation predicted by different motivations for each group. Regarding participation in the referendum, Catalan identity was the only predictor among pro-independence ranks, while those against independence showed a solidarity-based motivation. This work contributes to the literature by adapting previously researched collective action motivations to the context of a secessionist contention and providing evidence of their effect. Crucially, the motivations are different between supporters and opponents of independence, highlighting the need for examining the status and the stance on the system of groups when studying collective action The authors belong to the Galician Competitive Research Group GRC/GPC2016-017-GI-1456, COSOYPA, and to the CRETUS Strategic Partnership (AGRUP2015/02). These programmes are co-funded by FEDER (UE) and the Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria of the Xunta de Galicia (Spain) SI

This study brings together the level of objective knowledge on water-related issues and other variables of psychological and situational nature. A random sample of 459 participants was employed, selected proportionally based on sex and age. In this sample, knowledge on the water-related issues tended to be low, particularly related to the direct source of water in the household, the type of services involved in the management, and consumption itself. In order to understand both the relationship with knowledge on water and the relative importance of all the other factors, a regression model was formulated. The highest standardised effect was for sex, followed by occupation, political leaning, and water-related emotions. The best level of knowledge was attained if the residents were male, if they were actively employed or unemployed, if their political leaning was towards the left, and if they demonstrated greater emotional involvement with the water use. Consequently, the design of programmes would need to consider that the information flow must be greater for citizens as a whole, particularly for certain groups such as women and students. It should contribute to the realistic perception of water as a problem and to seek emotional involvement This research was funded by VIAQUA, Gestión Integral de Aguas de Galicia, S.A.U. SI

Metaphors provide easy-to-understand explanations for threatening and unexpected events and can guide behaviour. Some groups have used the metaphor of war in the current pandemic. However, this metaphor is inadvisable because it omits fundamental factors such as mutual care or empathy and causes breakdowns in both social behaviour and the democratic system.

The recent economic crisis shaped a new wave of protest in Europe mobilisingthousands of people. Austerity measures brought not only the ‘usual suspects’ onto the streets, they also awoke less frequent demonstrators. What brought all these people to the streets? Are their motivations the same for participation in all demonstrations? We compare participants in two types of mobilisations against austerity: those called particularistic (which are reactions to particular anti-austerity issues), and those universalistic (which address much broader issues such as questioning the political system). We also compare two typologies of participants taking into account their participation history: regular and occasional protesters. Employing a two-by-two design defined by type of demonstration (Particularistic vs. Universalistic) and the individual’s participation history (Occasionals vs. Regulars), we found that the differences between demonstrations were smaller than those within types of protesters. Nevertheless, even in this period of hardship, motivation to participate in particularistic or universalistic protests differ depending on the perceptions of political system, ideological positioning and organisational embeddedness. Interaction analyses showed that different levels of identity, trust in institutions and satisfaction withdemocracy are crucial in driving people to participate in different types ofdemonstrations as occasionals or regulars.

Este trabajo explora los motivos que conducen a la participación en acciones de resistencia pacífica bajo condiciones de violencia armada. Fundamentados en los marcos de acción colectiva, se analizó el papel que ejercen la identidad, el agravio, la ira, la esperanza, la satisfacción moral y la eficacia sobre la implicación en acciones de resistencia pacífica. Participaron 739 personas que viven en medio del conflicto armado colombiano, con diferentes niveles de implicación en los movimientos de resistencia pacífica. Análisis de correlaciones y de regresión muestran que todas las variables correlacionaron significativamente con el nivel de implicación en acciones de resistencia, a excepción de la ira, y que las mejores predictoras son la eficacia, la esperanza-satisfacción moral y la identidad. Mediante un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, se analizó el papel que ejercen las variables para motivar acciones de resistencia pacífica. Los resultados evidencian paths directos y significativos. El agravio es incorporado al modelo como una variable exógena que actúa sobre la identidad para potenciar su influencia motivadora de la participación. La identidad potencia el papel mediador de la esperanza-satisfacción moral y de la eficacia. Los hallazgos hacen un aporte novedoso a la teoría tradicional que explica el surgimiento de las acciones colectivas, pues incorporan emociones positivas y poco estudiadas en el contexto de la movilización, tal y como son la esperanza y la satisfacción moral This paper explores the motives leading to the participation in pacific resistance actions underthe conditions of armed violence. Based within the framework of collective action, the roles of identity, grief, anger, hope-moral satisfaction, and efficacy were analysed on their implications on the actions of pacific resistance. The participants were 739 people living in the middle of the Colombian armed conflict, with different levels of involvement in pacific resistance movements. Correlation and regression analysis shows that all variables are significantly correlated to the level of involvement in resistance actions, except for anger. The best predictors in a regression equation are efficacy, moral hope-satisfaction, and identity. We used a structural equation model to analyse the role of these variables in motivating non-violent resistance actions, and the results show direct and significant paths. Grief is incorporated in the model as an exogenous variable that acts on identity, in order to potentiate its important motivational influence for the participation in resistance actions. The identity potentiates the mediator role of moral satisfaction-hope and efficacy. These findings are a novel contribution to the traditional theory, which explains the emergence of collective actions, since it incorporates positive and less-studied emotions within the mobilisation context, such as hope and moral satisfaction SI

Industrial processes are not just concerned with efficiency but also with their traceability and accountability. Nowadays, the proper evaluation of parameters in the quality domain is gaining momentum. Even as holistic systems concerned with the provision of these services are a hot topic, there is a gap on the provision of such systems for traceability under the premises of reusability and low deployment costs. The authors of this work were compelled to provide with such system based on the use of semantic technologies. Interested readers can find a thorough description of models and methods leading to the proposed platform. Discussions about worthy features related to the use of semantic technologies are also included along with lessons learned for further attempts.

Current predictive models of collective action have devoted little attention to personal values, such as morals or ideology. The present research addresses this issue by incorporating a new axiological path in a novel predictive model of collective action, named AICAM. The axiological path is formed by two constructs: ideology and moral obligation. The model has been tested for real normative participation (Study 1) and intentional non-normative participation (Study 2). The sample for Study 1 included 531 randomly selected demonstrators and non-demonstrators at the time of a protest that took place in Madrid, May 2017. Study 2 comprised 607 randomly selected participants who filled out an online questionnaire. Structural equation modelling analysis was performed in order to examine the fit and predictive power of the model. Results show that the model is a good fit in both studies. It has also been observed that the new model entails a significant addition of overall effect size when compared with alternative models, including SIMCA. The present research contributes to the literature of collective action by unearthing a new, independent path towards collective action that is nonetheless compatible with previous motives. Implications for future research are discussed, mainly stressing the need to include moral and ideological motives in the study of collective action engagement. This research was jointly funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (grants for excellence projects 2015: PSI2015-66608-P) and by the Board of Culture, Education and University Regulation of the Galician Government (grant no. ED431B 2016/017). The research was also funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and the European Social Fund through grants in 2016 for predoctoral contracts (BDNS: 316231) awarded to MD. The article was also co-authored within the framework of the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE) and supported within the framework of a subsidy by the Russian Academic Excellence Project 5-100 awarded to DG SI

Collective action and protest have become a normalized political behavior that in many cases defines the political agenda. The reasons why people take to the streets constitute a central subject within the study of social psychology. In the literature, three precedents of protest that have been established as central to the study of this phenomenon are: injustice, efficacy, and identity. But political action is also deeply related to moral values. This explains why in recent years some moral constructs have also been pointed out as predictors of collective action. Moral variables have been introduced into the literature with little consideration to how they relate to each other. Thus, work in this direction is needed. The general aim of this research is to differentiate moral obligation from moral norms and moral conviction, as well as to compare their ability to predict collective action. In order to do so, the research objectives are: (a) conceptualize and operationalize moral obligation (Study 1, N = 171); (b) test its predictive power for intention to participate in protests (Study 2, N = 622); and (c) test moral obligation in a real context (Study 3, N = 407). Results are encouraging, showing not only that moral obligation is different to moral conviction and moral norm, but also that it is a more effective predictor working both for intention and real participation. This work therefore presents moral obligation as a key precedent of protest participation, prompting its future use as a variable that can enhance existing predictive models of collective action. Results regarding other variables are also discussed This research was partly funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Social Fund (grants for excellence projects 2015: PSI2015-66608-P) and by the Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia (grant no. ED431B 2016/017). The research was also funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Social Fund through the 2016 grants for predoctoral contracts (BDNS: 316231) SI

This study aimed to further the understanding of the processes involved in activism, as a form of collective action, based on differences in the quality of moral judgment and political ideology. It began with the assumption that differences in the quality of moral judgment can lead individuals to engage in different forms of collective action: activism or radicalism. Therefore, the associations among the variables political ideology, social identity, perception of social justice, activist identity and commitment, personal political salience, perception of efficacy and life purpose were analyzed. Path modelling was used to construct two models of political action: one based on conventional moral judgment and conservative political ideology, and the other based on post-conventional moral judgment and egalitarian political ideology. These two models were tested on samples of Brazilian and Spanish youths. The results confirmed the validity of using developmental social psychology to understand activism as a form of political action. The results confirmed the central hypothesis that differences in the quality of moral judgment and in political ideology are related to willingness to engage in qualitatively different types of actions: young people with conventional moral judgment and conservative political ideology declared their intention to engage in activism, while young people with post-conventional moral judgment egalitarian political ideology reported the intention to engage in both activist and radical actions.

In times of crisis, political mobilizations increase. Many of them compete to impose a determined diagnosis of the situation. This work analyses this issue, taking into consideration two of the movements that have had a greater incidence during the crisis in Spain: The Catalonian National Assembly and the Marches for dignity. The objective is to know how the categories of aggrieved ingroup and outgroup responsible were identified and how both these movements defined the emotional climate at that moment. This work includes two studies. In the first one, an analysis of the categories identified in the manifestos published by these two movements was carried out. The results show that the Marches for dignity constructed a more inclusive ingroup identity and show a more negative emotional climate than the Catalonian National Assembly. The second study includes a sample of 919 participants and non-participants in 2 demonstrations called by those organizations. In this case MANOVAs of 2 (Type of demonstration: Catalonian National Assembly, Marches for dignity) × 2 (Type of participants: participants, non-participants) were performed. Results show that participants in both demonstrations have a higher level of injustice than non-demonstrators. Furthermore, demonstrators in Marches for dignity have a more negative perception of emotional climate than non-demonstrators. However, and contrary to the hypothesis, demonstrators of the Catalonian National Assembly have a more positive perception of emotional climate than non-demonstrators. The work explains these results in the socio-political context in which each of these movements acts and highlights the relevance of comparative investigation designs to further the knowledge of political mobilization dynamics This work was supported by Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia (2016-PG055) and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (AP2010-5126) SI

The objective of this study is to ascertain how political context and participants’ union membership affect the motivation to participate in a protest. The study compares participants of two demonstrations in Spain on different dates, organized by the same trade unions, with the same objectives (opposition to a new labor law). The design of the study compares political context (demonstrating before or after the labor reform) and union membership (unionist/non-unionist). This provides an excellent frame of analysis as to how these factors affect the variables that motivate participation in a protest: anger, efficacy, identity, satisfaction with democracy and trust in institutions. The results confirm that political context mainly affects the variables identity and efficacy, whereas the union membership factor influences trust in political institutions, identity and satisfaction with democracy. Furthermore, analysis shows how the interaction between political context and union membership affects feelings of anger, trust and satisfaction with democracy.

Latin American Political Psychology (PPL) is a field of knowledge composed of multiple theoretical and methodological references. However, some theories were not included in its repertoire, such as Group Operational Conception of Pichon-Rivière (GOCP). The aim of this article is to discuss possible contributions of GOCP to PPL. As a method we carried out a theoretical study on the work of Pichon-Rivière and PPL. As results, 1) we found aspects that distanced PPL from GOCP, such as biased interpretations, or its non-mention; 2) we conducted theoretical and political approaches between GOCP and a key author of PPL, Martín-Baró; and 3) we translated the group operation of Pichon-Rivière to the PPL, elaborating a psycho-political cartography of the different social positions. We conclude that the repertoire elaborated by GOCP can contribute to the PPL in the constitution of a field of analysis of collectives and social movements., La Psicología Política Latinoamericana (PPL) es un campo de saberes heterogéneo, formado por múltiples referenciales teóricos y metodológicos. Sin embargo, algunas teorías no fueron incluidas en su repertorio, tal como la Concepción Operativa de Grupo de Pichon-Rivière (COGP). El objetivo de este artículo es discutir posibles contribuciones de la COGP a la PPL. Como método realizamos un estudio teórico sobre la obra de Pichon-Rivière y la PPL. Como resultados, 1) encontramos características que alejaron la PPL de la COGP, como interpretaciones sesgadas, o su omisión; 2) realizamos aproximaciones teóricas y políticas entre la COGP y un autor fundamental de la PPL, Martín-Baró; y 3) traducimos el funcionamiento del grupo de Pichon-Rivière a la PPL, proponiendo una cartografía psicopolítica de los distintos posicionamientos sociales. Concluimos que el repertorio elaborado por la COGP puede contribuir a la PPL en la constitución de un campo de análisis de colectivos y movimientos sociales.

Introducción: el uso de las llamadas apps o aplicaciones móviles está revolucionando el modo de trabajar en la práctica clínica. Aunque, actualmente es posible identificar gran cantidad de estas, en la revisión de la literatura no se hallan opciones como la propuesta por los autores.Objetivo: desarrollar una herramienta de uso sencillo que permita una orientación diagnóstica sobre el estado nutricional, con soporte normativo, disponible en diferentes plataformas móviles y pensanda para la ayuda al profesional sanitario en la praxis clínica.Métodos: Se realizó un consenso de expertos (grupo nominal y técnicas documentales) utilizando un método mixto mediante dos rondas presenciales (reunión de los participantes y aprobación de propuestas) y tres rondas enmascaradas (revisión del material de forma individual). El análisis se aplicó al ámbito de los diferentes niveles asistenciales.Resultados: Se desarrolló una aplicación móvil basada en algoritmos consensuados que permite dar una orientación diagnóstica sobre el estado nutricional y dar soporte en la toma de decisiones mediante algoritmos basados en los criterios médicos ampliamente aceptados en el ámbito de la nutrición.Conclusiones: la Herramienta de Evaluación Nutricional HEN se presenta como un apoyo a la práctica clínica habitual, facilitando el abordaje del estado nutricional de los pacientes en cualquier medio y entorno sanitario.

Procedures from the healthcare domain involve highly critical actions as they may pose a risk for patients' life. Therefore, a large effort is devoted to the standardization in clinical praxis and to the control of quality for these protocols in order to minimize hazards. In this line, this work is compelled to provide an ICT-based support to carry out these controls in a simple and effective manner. Using a methodology based on HACCP and taking advantage of Semantic tools, a holistic platform of services for traceability and control of processes has been designed and implemented. The applied paradigm is based on the use of Control Points as singular points to generate traces using observations and measures relevant for the processes considered. Based on those, it is possible to offer services for advanced querying and knowledge inference. The local deployment just requires regular mobile phones or tablets making this solution cost-effective and easily replicable.

This paper investigates the motivational dynamics in political protest. In addition to the classic variables (anger, politicized identity and efficacy), we are including that of the moral obligation to participate. To test the viability of this new proposal, university students' intention to participate in different protest acts were analyzed. The structural equation analysis shows that moral obligation has a direct influence on the intention to participate and acts as a mediator between the other variables and the criterion variable. Politicized identity also has a direct effect, although less significant, on the intention to participate, as well as having a significant bearing on the other three predictive variables. Finally, efficacy and anger have an influence on the intention to participate through moral obligation. This data points towards the necessity to include moral obligation in the explanatory models of collective action.

The following article tries to show an approach to the work of a traffic accident investigator/reconstructionist, not only by a theorical perpective but also practical. Therefore, through the exposure of a specific case study, provides a picture of the real problems facing the researcher of an accident reconstructionist, whatever their dependence (police officer, member of varsity, expert , etc) which also must have the knowledge corresponding to the applicable regulations, such as auto mechanics or related to the dynamics of movement. It is currently under creation and deployment of multidisciplinary teams working together researchers from different disciplines, able to carry out reviews of higher quality at the expense of the figure of the lone researcher.

En este artículo se presenta una propuesta de normalización para la representación de protocolos hospitalarios a través de diagramas de flujo. En el ámbito clínico se desarrollan procesos de gran complejidad que, si no se gestionan adecuadamente, podrían dar lugar a consecuencias fatales para los pacientes o el personal sanitario implicado. Utilizar una notación clara que formalice las tareas que deben realizarse es un aspecto fundamental para mantener los riesgos controlados. En la práctica, el lenguaje de flujogramas más utilizado desde hace años debido a su sencillez y versatilidad es el definido por la norma ISO 5807:1985. No obstante, este lenguaje resulta insuficientemente expresivo para representar todos los aspectos importantes de un protocolo sanitario. Durante los últimos años este tipo de protocolos han aumentado su complejidad con el fin de dar un paso hacia adelante en el control de aspectos críticos que influyen en la seguridad de los medicamentos, pacientes y personal sanitario. En esta línea, una práctica muy común ha sido la implantación de la metodología APPCC (Análisis de Peligros y Puntos Críticos de Control). Durante el modelado de estos protocolos (dado que la notación de flujogramas tradicional no es suficientemente expresiva) cada centro hospitalario ha adoptado una propuesta propia que complementa los elementos incluidos en la norma ISO (International Organization for Standardization). Con esta práctica se obliga a que el personal tenga que familiarizarse con la notación definida ad-hoc para ese centro que, además de no estar estandarizada, cae en ocasiones en definiciones ambiguas y poco formales. En la propuesta de normalización presentada en este artículo se plantean nuevos estereotipos gráficos fácilmente integrables en la notación ISO y diseñados para representar los aspectos críticos de la metodología APPCC. Para la definición de estos nuevos elementos se han priorizado una serie de requisitos que tienen en cuenta tanto los aspectos relativos a las herramientas software ya existentes como la simplicidad para los usuarios finales en la práctica diaria. Al mismo tiempo se tratan de evitar ambigüedades asegurando que los elementos introducidos no interfieren con la notación base contenida en la norma ISO original. En definitiva, esta propuesta de normalización consigue enriquecer el lenguaje ISO5807:1985 con mecanismos de expresión suficientes para representar la información básica relacionada con la seguridad de los protocolos reduciendo las ambigüedades y facilitando una notación estandarizada.

Background: Despite several reports in the literature of baclofen toxicity in patients with renal dysfunction, the drug is being used for many patients. Methods: Herein we report a case of baclofen-induced encephalopathy in a patient with pre-end-stage renal disease and review the literature regarding the magnitude of baclofen toxicity in patients with renal insufficiency. A Medline search for studies in English was performed. Twenty-one case reports involving 41 patients (including our patient) were identified. Results: The majority of patients were elderly (62.5% above 60 years) males (56.3%) on dialysis (62.9%). Neurotoxicities were almost always present at presentation. Manifestations of baclofen toxicity usually started 2–3 days after starting baclofen; however, periods as long as 16 weeks have been reported. The daily dose of baclofen ranged from 5 to 60 mg with a mean dose of 20 mg. Hemodialysis (HD) was the most common treatment modality used for drug elimination (65.7%). The recovery time ranged from 2 h in patients who received HD, to 8 days with conservative treatment. Conclusion: The literature does not mention a clear recommendation about baclofen safety and dose adjustment, or a minimum level of kidney function below which the drug should not be used.

As eGovernment becomes a very active research area, a lot of solutions to solve citizens' needs are being deployed. These solutions, even of a high quality, suffer from some drawbacks. Most of them related to the lack of interoperability among different Public Administrations or the difficulties to locate or invoke the desired service. To deal with these issues, a semantic-based approach centered in citizens is proposed. This paper tackles the provision of a front-end solution to access services in Public Administrations. A complete software interface within a holistic model of service is deeply discussed.

The provision of comprehensive support for traceability and control is a raising demand in some environments such as the eHealth domain where processes can be of critical importance. This paper provides a detailed and thoughtful description of a holistic platform for the characterization and control of processes in the frame of the HACCP context. Traceability features are fully integrated in the model along with support for services concerned with information for the platform users. These features are provided using already tested technologies (RESTful models, QR Codes) and low cost devices (regular smartphones).

Currently, political violence is a central issue in the world-wide social agenda. This paper describes the psychosocial logic that legitimizes that violence, analyzed as a challenge for social and political psychology, implying that we have to work toward the construction of a culture of peace. Additionally, diverse concepts about peace are discussed. Finally, the transcendental role played by mass media in this dynamic and particularly the framing theory, are analyzed. Moreover, this paper considers how mass media and news are determinant factors in the beliefs, relational frames, and construction of feelings and are, thus, a barrier to coping and peacefully solving the conflicts that end in political violence.

The present study approaches the environmental assessment of landscapes in two steps: first, through the determination of the relevant characteristics that influence the perception of a sample of galician landscapes, in north-western spain, using both quantitative data and categorical data; and second, by obtaining a list of predictors of scenic beauty for a sample of landscapes. Predictors were related to two of the most fertile approaches to landscape assessment: the psychophysical and cognitive paradigms, the latter including five different models to explain landscape preference. Our results support the existence of a classification criteria that is common to most subjects. The criteria followed by subjects to derive this classification were: presence/absence of water, artificiality of landscape, powerfulness of landscape, and human presence in the landscape. With respect to assessment of scenic beauty, our results showed that both the psychophysical and the cognitive paradigm were able to explain to a high degree the preference scores. The relationships found between predictors from both paradigms indicate that it would be possible to integrate them into a more general model of landscape assessment.

This study analyses the role played by emotions in protest. In the current explanatory models, anger is the sole emotion associated with these actions. But is anger the only motive capable of mobilising citizens to defend a cause? We believe not. Hence, we postulate that anger, along with other emotions of positive valence, must act jointly to facilitate protest. To test this hypothesis, a questionnaire was applied to 316 university students in a setting of cut-backs in education. The results highlight several interesting aspects. Firstly, anger correlated significantly and positively with the positive emotions. Secondly, the mediation analysis performed showed: a) the relevance of positive emotions for explaining the intention to participate; and b) the influence of anger on the intention to participate is fundamentally through positive emotions. We will also discuss the role of emotions and the need to extend the motives involved in political actions.

This chapter presents an analysis of the eight large action areas proposed by the United Nations for the development of a culture of peace and their corresponding indicators applied to Colombia, during the first term of President Alvaro Uribe (20022006), whose government was characterised by a “Democratic Security Policy”. Based on the description of the social situation, an explanation of how it affects the psychological situation of the Colombian population is developed. An example shows that the context is related with psychosocial elements that would explain the tendency towards social political conflict. From this analysis it can be concluded that there are indirect sources of violence which have been institutionalised and that must be transformed if the substrate is to be removed from the conflict. A number of the psychosocial strategies which could contribute to the construction of a peace culture are presented.

Individual differences scaling (IDS), like other types of multi-dimensional scaling, is a useful technique for identifying and characterizing the ‘subjective’ internal scales on which people judge different types of object. IDS is of particular interest in environmental psychology research, since it facilitates evaluation of the extent to which the importance of such scales differs among subjects or groups of subjects. In the work reported here, IDS was used to identify the factors underlying subjects' perceptions of neighbourhoods in A Coruna, a city of about 260000 inhabitants in northwest Spain. Our results suggest that the most important internal scales underlying subjects' perceptions of neighbourhoods are ‘social status’, ‘standard of maintenance’ and ‘spaciousness’.

This paper reports the results of a study to validate, using LISREL, a structural model relating dimensions characterizing the user's perception of buildings (evaluation, temperature, noise, air and space) to user satisfaction with those buildings and their environments as workplaces. Eighty-three lecturers, students and administrative staff at the Psychology Faculty of the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) were administered an ad hoc 13-item questionnaire on their perception of, and satisfaction with, the faculty building. The model fitted the data satisfactorily. User satisfaction with the building was best predicted by affective evaluation; the physical dimensions of perception were much less determinant.

The effect of a large scale oil spill disaster on the academic achievement and classroom behavior of children and adolescents who lived on the Galician coast (Spain) is studied from an ecological perspective. 430 participants divided into three age groups of 5, 10, and 15 years of age, were studied. The participants came from three areas differently affected by the disaster. Dependent variables were academic achievement and classroom behavior of the participants after the Prestige disaster. Degree of exposure and other protective or risk factors were investigated as well. Repeated measures ANOVA to assess the main effects of the oil spill and hierarchical regression analyses to assess the contribution of the protective/vulnerability factors were performed.The results indicate that the effects of the disaster were relatively scarce. Some protective factors accounted for a certain degree of variance of different schoolroom behaviors. These results point to the intervention of protective factors in the adaptation to the disaster.

In a nationally representative sample of 1,073 British adults, the roles of sociological and psychological variables as predictors of voting participation was investigated. The total variance explained was 18.4%. The psychological variables were more strongly associated with electoral participation than the sociological ones. The relationship between these two sets of variables was considered. The main predictor of electoral participation was the degree of party allegiance, which explained 10.4% of the variance. These results emphasize the role of political parties in mobilizing voters.

Studies of political participation have traditionally differentiated conventional from non-conventional, legal from illegal, modes of participation. In this paper we to develop a more complex scheme, using the technique of multidimensional scaling (MDS). We look at the perceptions that individuals hold about different forms of political participation that range from voting to armed violence and include other legal or illegal manifestations. The results show the existence of two meaningful underlying dimensions. The first relates to ‘within-system’versus ‘out-of-system’activities; the second relates to ‘progressive’versus ‘conservative’activities. A cluster analysis is then used to develop a typology of political participation.

Having overcome the prejudice that equated emotion with irrationality, collective action theories are beginning to incorporate emotional variables. Nonetheless, these are restricted to negative ones, fundamentally anger. This is due to the fact that collective action is associated exclusively with protest, when this does not necessarily have to be the case. The aims of the present work are twofold: a) to analyse the structure of emotions with regard to the Spanish Government’s decision to negotiate with ETA; and b) to verify the impact of these emotions and of ideology on the intention to participate in demonstrations supporting or protesting against said decision. The results show that emotions can be organised into three factors: anger, enthusiasm and anxiety. Anger and enthusiasm account for a high percentage of variance in the attention to demonstrate. Ideology, although to a lesser extent, also has a significant influence Después de superado el prejuicio que equiparaba emoción con irracionalidad, las teorías de la acción colectiva empiezan a incorporar las variables emocionales. Sin embargo, las emociones a las que aluden se limitan a las negativas y, fundamentalmente, a la ira. Esto obedece a que la acción colectiva se asocia exclusivamente con la protesta. Pero las acciones colectivas también pueden ser proactivas. Por este motivo, en esta investigación nos propusimos un doble objetivo: a) analizar la organización de diferentes emociones en relación a la decisión del Gobierno de España de negociar con ETA y b) conocer la incidencia de esas emociones y de la ideología, en la intención de participar en acciones de apoyo o protesta a dicha decisión. Los resultados muestran que las emociones se organizan en tres factores: ira, entusiasmo y ansiedad. La ira y el entusiasmo explican un porcentaje muy elevado de la varianza de la intención de movilizarse. La ideología, aunque en menor medida, también muestra un peso significativo Este artículo es resultado de una investigación financiada por el Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia de España Ref. SEJ2005-02302/PSIC SI