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This article is set in a gated enclave of the new elite in Mysuru (formerly Mysore) city in the state of Karnataka in South India. Mysuru is a growing information technology centre that it is also undergoing urban transformation which includes international style fortified neighbourhood developments suitable for this class of highly qualified, globally mobile wealthy professionals predominantly engaged in the information technology sector. Residents in the neighbourhood seem to live in a world of their own, where they set their own rules and enforce their own sanctions. They have chosen to stay there to segregate themselves from the world outside. Ensconced in their comfortable high walled enclosures, they nevertheless allow the entry of a much polarized lower class into their homes as workers for various services, for sheer need of sustaining the grandeur of their daily lives. The neighbourhood association has become a powerful corporate and a potent tool for expression of everyday power. Using participant observation, interviews, narrative lore and other qualitative measures, the article probes the psyche of the new elite, their interaction with service classes, and the dynamics of power in the enclave. Narrating one incident as the prism that deflects several strands in the complex web of relationships, I have demonstrated the power of the residents’ welfare association as experienced, expressed and enacted in the everyday in that domain. I have argued that this power gets augmented through the fortification and essentially draws from ownership and control over spatial arrangements.

Studying the social aspects of pharmaceuticals is an inherent part of the field of social pharmacy. Ethnography as a methodology provides a lens to guide researchers on this endeavor by offering richer insights into “real world practices” of professionals, patients and relatives compared to other methods. With a focus on meaning making, ethnography goes beyond descriptions and promotes theory-informed interpretations. Therefore, this methodology can lead to new understandings of medicine use in practice and in policy making. This article provides a brief introduction to ethnography, especially in relation to doing participant observation and fieldwork. An example from an ethnographic fieldwork on Danish home care for frail elderly is used to illustrate how ethnography can be applied, while focusing on three key features of ethnographic analysis: Thick descriptions, analytical generalizability and reflexivity.

On the basis of participant observation and questionnaire data, we consider the cultural shaping of video gaming pleasure and distress in face-to-face gaming centers in Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. W...

The propose of this paper is to generate a research agenda on exploring the possible prospects of cultural exchanges in the context of trade routes along the Belt and Road Initiative by using cha chaan teng (茶餐厅), or Hong Kong style cafe, which has been a “by-product” of inter-cultural experiences in the 1950s in Hong Kong. Thus, the theoretical framework used for researching cha chaan teng, and constructing the research agenda are informed with the concepts of food, culture, and mobilities. Ethnographic in-depth interviews, systematic participant observation of cafes, content analysis of selected cha chaan teng websites were used to gain understanding of this cultural practice. Drawn on the past development of cha cha cheng, this paper suggests that Belt and Road Initiative can be seen as one of the many trade initiatives at the current time, and food consumption, adaptation, and invention along the routes are businesses which go along well with the movements of people and projects. It is reasonable to expect intriguing business opportunities and products through cultural exchanges, something similar to the development of cha chaan teng started in the past in Hong Kong. The research agenda advocate inter- and multidisciplinary theoretical approach and mixed methodologies to explore what new developments will be brought along the routes either something that will emerge as new, or something that will continue to synergize from the past practices. Hopefully, empirical findings will direct toward a culturally sensitive interaction, in which understanding, compassion, tolerance, and respect can be nurtured and developed.

This paper analyses the networks, experiences and aspirations of Nepalese workers in Southern Portugal's farms and greenhouses. The main research objective is to analyse how recruitment networks, which supported the move of Nepalese to Portugal, were established and have rapidly consolidated. These networks impacted not only the increase of irregular migration flows but also the migration experience and vulnerability in the country of destination, including the passive acceptance of a certain degree of exploitation. By highlighting the perspective of the migrants themselves, we examine the impact on their lives, both of the migration experience and of paying large sums to smugglers, usually obtained through indebtment, to enter Portugal. We relate this impact to a context of immigration where the existence of a large informal labour market facilitates these workers being hired as irregular migrants. The study employed secondary data, in-depth interviews and participant observation. As well as migrants, greenhouse owners and recruiters were also interviewed for the study. The main finding is that the disposition of Nepalese to migrate, in which the pressure of the family plays a key role, tends to be reinforced by the action of the networks of recruiting agents. Secondly, the costs of migration and labour exploitation tend to be accepted by the migrants as a way to fulfil their social aspirations and economic necessities. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Tanzania's President sent a plane to Madagascar in May 2020 to bring a shipment of Covid-Organics, a purported cure and prevention for COVID-19. The herbal remedy was described as a gift to help African countries in need. Drawing on preliminary data in English and Kiswahili from unstructured participant observation, social and legacy media available online and shared through contact channels, and ongoing conversations, we explore the Tanzanian policy response to COVID-19. What can the exemplary case of Covid-Organics in Tanzania help us to understand about South-South humanitarian assistance (SSHA) in times of crisis? We suggest that Covid-Organics has enabled the government to project a link to latent debates about Pan-Africanism and Julius Nyerere's legacy and Madagascar's SSHA has provided an opportunity for a public reflection on Africa's place in the world. For some, the remedy's ‘Africanness’ is its comparative advantage, even promising a continental renaissance. For others, the lack of scientific evidence or approval by global health authorities like WHO is delegitimizing. These findings suggest that receivers of SSHA make sense of it in both a broad, post-colonial discursive context and in a specific context of local contestation. If the promise of this particular form of aid is its ability to transcend deep divisions between North and South, the case of Covid-Organics suggests that SSHA draws on deep ideologies of Pan-Africanism; is increasingly important in crises that are global; and like other forms of humanitarianism, reflects elite politics and priorities rather than prioritizing the distribution of humanitarian goods and decreasing inequality.

Public space is an essential social infrastructure for the continuous negotiation of city life and democracy because it offers (ideally) an interactive platform for people from diverse social and cultural backgrounds and the forms of public life they cherish. This contribution inquires how public space’s design and materiality play a fundamental role in popular struggles for social justice. By focusing on the differentiated access of women to public space, the role of gender in its design, and appropriation through a feminist intersectionality lens, this article aims to understand better the complex interplay between urban space and its non‐human material agency vis‐à‐vis citizen mobilizations, movements, and socially engaged art interventions. Drawing from extensive participant observation and spatial analysis, the exemplary public space of Shahbag Chattwar (a public square/plaza) will shed light on the “gendered spatiality” of pivotal popular mobilizations and reclamations from the historical momentum of the 1952 language movement, over the 2013 contemporary Shahbag protests, and to the 2020 anti‐metro rail protests at the Dhaka University campus. Analyzing urban space as a “palimpsest,” this research reflects on both historic and ongoing scenarios of popular protests as they repeatedly occupy public space and leave spatial traces through spatial design and art. In sum, the article seeks to gain insight into public space as a principal site of contestation and negotiation of juxtaposed layers of gendered dynamics, civil rights, secularism, and fundamentalism.

La presente investigación parte de un proceso de intervención en las aulas de formación del profesorado que pretende generar un acercamiento a las posibilidades educativas del arte LGTB, cuyo objetivo consiste en reflexionar sobre la oportunidad de utilizar piezas ar-tísticas, incorporando cuestiones como la diversidad sexual y de género, fomentando así la superación del odio, la homofobia y la transfobia. Como metodología se plantea un estu-dio de caso en el que se analiza un taller impartido a dos grupos de la Facultat de Magisteri de la Universitat de València, incorporando la Investigación Educativa Basada en Artes. La recogida de datos se lleva a cabo durante la práctica docente, usando instrumentos de evaluación como diagnósticos, grupos focales y observación participante, fomentando el debate como fuente de argumentación al tratar cuestiones de diversidad sexual. Como resultado destaca la buena acogida de la temática por parte del alumnado, quienes reco-nocen haber superado estereotipos y tabús convencionales, propiciando con ello entornos inclusivos, lo cual repercute en la formación de docentes desde el respeto a la diversidad y la educación inclusiva. Como discusión final, expresar la conveniencia de asumir la falta de atención curricular hacia estas cuestiones. This research offers an intervention process in teacher training classrooms, generating an approach to the educational possibilities of LGTB art. The objective is reflecting the opportunity to use pieces of art, incorporating issues such as gender and sexual diver - sity, promoting the overcoming of hatred, homophobia and transphobia. As a method- ology, a case study is presented, analyzing a workshop given to two groups of students at the Faculty of Magisteri of the University of Valencia, also incorporating Arts-Based Educational Research. Data collection is carried out during teaching practice, using assessment instruments such as diagnoses, focus groups and participant observation, fostering debate as a source of argumentation when dealing with issues of sexual di- versity. As a result, we highlight the good reception of the subject by the students, who acknowledge having overcome conventional stereotypes and taboos, thereby promot- ing inclusive environments. All this improves teacher training by increasing respect for diversity and inclusive education. As a final discussion, it is convenient to assume the lack of curricular attention to these issues.

The objectives of this research were to describe the Ulur-ulur traditional ceremony, the procession, and the values of local wisdom contained in it. This research was a qualitative study using the snowball sampling method with passive participant observation techniques and interviews. The researchers conducted in-depth interviews with note-taking and one-on-one interview techniques, namely by asking questions to the informants one by one and then recording the answers from the informants. The data validated by the source triangulation method were then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman research method, which includes data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The research result shows that (1) the Ulur-ulur ceremony is one of the rituals that manifests the residents’ gratitude for the abundant water sources for the residents’ rice fields. (2) Ulur-ulur traditional ceremony procession consists of the preparation stage, jodhang procession, jamasan of Dewi Sri and Jaka Sedana statues, prayers and kajat, sowing flowers, and closes with a typical art performance of Tulungagung regency. (3) The practice of Ulur-ulur traditional ceremony has local wisdom values: religious, social, educational, historical, and economic values.

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a constituição “profissional” de carreiras esportivas de jogadoras das equipes sub-15 e sub-17 no Esporte Clube Pelotas/Phoenix, no interior do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, utilizando-se de observação participante e entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas em 2017. Ao longo deste estudo, identificou-se que fatores como recursos financeiros, mudanças no calendário de competições, apoio familiar, afetam diretamente as perspectivas de consolidação da carreira de jovens atletas. Conclui-se, pelos relatos ouvidos, que a constituição “profissional” da carreira dessas atletas era perpassada por atos de resiliência e rebeldia, tendo em vista que, para persistir na modalidade, precisavam constantemente reforçar seu desejo de continuidade na prática e, por vezes, estabelecer conflitos com os desejos de suas famílias de origem.

Purpose It is predicted that increasing numbers of citizens of the Pacific Island nation of Tuvalu will migrate to New Zealand in the coming decades due to the threat of climate change. Tuvaluans currently living in New Zealand face disparities in income, education and health. This study aims to understand the views of recent Tuvaluan immigrants to Auckland, New Zealand on health behaviors, health care and immigration. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews and participant observation using a focused ethnography methodology. Findings Participants explained that Tuvaluans in New Zealand do not fully use primary care services, have a poorer diet and physical activity compared to those living in Tuvalu, and struggle to maintain well-paying, full-time employment. Practical implications As Tuvaluan immigration to New Zealand continues, it will be important to educate the Tuvaluan community about the role of primary health-care services and healthy behaviors, facilitate the current process of immigration and provide job training to recent immigrants to improve their opportunities for full-time employment and ensure cultural survival in the face of the threat of climate change. Originality/value This paper contributes to a greater understanding of the challenges to be faced by Tuvaluan environmental migrants in the future and features a high proportion of study participants who migrated due to climate change.

Introduction: Institutional care for children is a global phenomenon. Despite its advantages, common threats have been described. In Peru, more than 70% of institutionalized children/adolescents have living parents who cannot take care of them. The study aims to understand the care/rearing of institutionalized girls in Arequipa, Peru. Methodology: Ethnographic design, with a sample integrated by 27 institutionalized girls. Data collected based on participant observation and semi-structured interviews. The analysis followed the Method of Constant Comparisons. Results: Five main themes were found: (a) The little house (foster home) is better than my house; (b) They take care of me—even when I am sick—; (c) But . . .; (d) What I have lived is what I am; (e) Happiness fits in this little house. Discussion: An ethnography of care/rearing practices could be helpful for a better understanding of the dimensions of the life of institutionalized girls living in developing countries.

Purpose: This article intends to examine the improvement in fighting against food insecurity in Cameroon since February 2008, a period marked with so-called hunger riots. In response to this, and in order to reply satisfactorily to this social crisis and the security that predates it, the government set up, at the end of 2008, the national food security programme (NFSP). This programme, which is the site of our empirical investigation, has undergone some vicissitudes and a marked evolution up to now. Methodology: Based on Using participant observation, non-reactive data collection techniques and socio-historical analysis, the article highlights the concept of the food security policy process, which does not escape the enlightening analytical framework of the advocacy coalition framework. It proposes, based on the analysis of the interpenetration of the NFSP by state and others institutional actors, to outline the contours of a category of negotiated and incremental food security policy process. Findings: Therefore to improve the food security policy process, a social division of labour is needed between the decision-making centre – the Inter-ministerial Committee on Food Security (CISA) and the Steering Committee (COPIL) – and the technical expertise centre – the Technical Group on Food Security (GTSA). Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The NFSP should play a more synthesizing role between these two centres in terms of the framework for the elaboration of the national food security policy strategy.

PurposeThis paper illustrates how Taiwan has tried to mobilize its prehistory Austronesian linguistic heritage and indigenous cultural memories to reposition itself in the Asia-Pacific. It examines how the attempt has gradually evolved into cross-border exchange and partnership based on the interconnectivity across the Pacific on different levels.Design/methodology/approachThe research is based on policy review of the Taiwan government's growing focus on indigenous culture in strategizing diplomacy and cultural policy from 2000 through 2021 and the researcher's participant observation in expert cultural heritage meetings (2018–2021). It is also complemented by semi-structured interviews with both selected state actors and civil actors.FindingsThe past connection among indigenous communities in Taiwan and the Austronesian peoples contributes to building up new cultural circuits across-borders based upon shared indigenous heritage and demonstrates the extraterritorial role of heritage, which can be the potential base for developing diplomacy.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is limited in not directly engaging with actors in the Pacific given limited time, budget and mobility under the coronavirus disease (COVID) pandemic. The author would like to follow on that in her future research.Originality/valueThe paper sheds light on the uneasy relationship between indigenous heritage making and nation building and its cultural implications. This study demonstrates that the state framework of heritage is not necessarily appropriate to deal with these complicated historical matters, especially when the notion of heritage per se is not decolonised in a settler state.

La irrupción del marketing digital en el sector turístico ha sido esencial en la evolución y mejora de su actividad simplificando muchos de los procesos propios de la mercadotecnia tradicional. Desde la declaración del Estado de Alarma en España a mediados de marzo del año 2020 y la consecuente imposibilidad de viajar, parte de los agentes turísticos han comprendido y valorado la utilidad de estas nuevas herramientas para promocionar y comercializar sus productos y servicios turísticos. El propósito de este trabajo es conocer y proponer las aplicaciones del marketing digital en la etapa de restablecimiento del turismo en Galicia, que puedan aplicarse a las oficinas de turismo de la comunidad gallega. Para ello, se ha recabado información mediante dos técnicas de investigación cualitativa, la observación participante y las entrevistas con expertos, al mismo tiempo que se ha realizado una amplia revisión de la literatura. La recuperación del sector residirá en la cooperación público-privada para la planificación de estrategias que permitan una supervivencia sostenible del turismo en Galicia. De manera específica, las oficinas de turismo tendrán que aplicarse en la mejora de sus servicios. Para ello, el marketing y la comunicación digital tendrán un papel importante en la recuperación de la demanda con el uso consciente de herramientas como las redes sociales.

Cisgender female sex workers (CFSW) continue to face structural barriers to HIV prevention. We analyzed the acceptability of the oral HIV self-test (HIV-ST) among CFSW as part of a pragmatic trial on HIV prevention in Brazil. Data from in-depth interviews conducted with 12 women from diverse sex worker contexts and participant observation were analyzed using thematic analysis. CFSW valued autonomy in their workplaces and saw the HIV-ST as a possibility for self-care. Some feared clients’ reactions, manager reprimands, and a positive result. HIV and sex work stigma largely drove self-care practices and perceived acceptability of the self-test. We argue that the autonomy offered by the self-test presents a paradox: increasing autonomy on the one hand while risking sidestepping structural dimensions of HIV vulnerability on the other. These nuances must be considered in interventions promoting the HIV-ST by considering the specificities of sex worker contexts, addressing stigma, and effectively involving CFSW and their organizations in intervention development.

Education is strategic to increasing human resources quality which is a determinant factor of national development. To achieve education goals, we need human resources. Human resources are a keys factor in an institution. Human resources will support organizations with their creation, talent, creativity, and support. Education plays an important role in increasing human resources. Human resources in education include principle, teachers, staff, and committees. Teacher plays an important role to decided education success to produce quality output. A teacher is the main key to learning success. The teacher is expecting to create learning education interaction and make innovation to learning quality improvement. The purpose of study is to analysis and finding increasing teacher performance through human resources in Islamic education Institution. The research method used descriptive qualitative. The data collecting method uses in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation. The result of the study the human resources at Pondok Pesantren Banyumas Jawa Tengah managed is well. The study has proven with planning, recruitment, teacher selection, placement process or orientation, teacher performance assessment, training, carrier development, compensation and allowance, teacher dismissal. Teacher performance is optimal yet, cause many teachers cannot finish their tasks on time, although discipline is a priority. While the implementation of human resources management did well and given an effect on increasing teacher performance. Many resistances increasing teacher performance is prepared lesson plan and learning media maximal yet

Most criminal justice research pertaining to social climate in U.S. prisons has focused on the experiences of incarcerated people and correctional officers, with no studies to our knowledge that explore correctional educators’ significant contributions to prison social climate. Utilizing results from semi-structured interviews and participant observation with correctional educators in institutions managed by eight different state prison administrations, the present study fills this knowledge gap by examining two questions. First, how do correctional educators characterize the life experiences and motivations of incarcerated people who are pursuing an education? Second, how do correctional educators variously regard their respective professional roles as influencing and/or intervening in incarcerated individuals’ lives? Taken together, these findings offer insights into the nuanced ways that correctional educators interpret and understand compound disadvantage among incarcerated people, prison social climate, and motivations for engaging in correctional education. Our recommendations indicate the utility of fostering a collaborative, peer-driven learning environment by including current and former prisoners in education and programming initiatives, and prioritizing sustainable education in a humane institutional environment through recruitment of skilled professional staff willing to engage in cross-professional dialogue.

Este trabalho, financiado pelo Ministério da Cidadania e pela Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), apresenta a experiência de pesquisa extensionista desenvolvida no acompanhamento do Projeto Cidadania em Ação, na área da Educação. O objetivo da pesquisa extensionista foi acompanhar, de forma participante, o oferecimento de esporte na faixa etária dos 6 aos 14 anos. A metodologia, de orientação qualitativa, envolveu observação participante, entrevistas e questionários. Para desenvolvimento do trabalho, foram acompanhados três núcleos do projeto, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, que atendiam prioritariamente a faixa etária foco do estudo. Este artigo apresenta a avaliação dos participantes sobre o desenvolvimento das ações. O estudo indica aspectos em que o Projeto atende às proposições iniciais, em sua ação educativa e de integração entre os participantes, assim como limites, indicados pelos participantes, no que se refere principalmente aos materiais disponibilizados.

Objetivo: promover la educación en Derechos Humanos desde la teoría crítica como aporte a la construcción de paz con los estudiantes de grado octavo del colegio Carlos Albán Holguín. Metodología: se tomó la etnografía educativa como método de investigación, utilizando instrumentos de recolección de información como diario de campo, observación participante, entrevista y encuesta. Resultados: se muestran los datos obtenidos de las encuestas, la comparación entre ellas y los resultados de los proyectos informativos que realizaron los y las estudiantes. Conclusiones: se muestran las reflexiones logradas con los y las estudiantes, notando la importancia de la educación y defensa de los Derechos Humanos; todo ello encaminado a la búsqueda de la paz.

Educational inclusion of foreign pupils has become a priority objective in recent years in many countries worldwide. Attending to the cultural diversity of pupils and providing an inclusive educational response is now a main goal of education systems. In this context, educational leadership is a key factor for school improvement. Management teams face the difficult mission of responding to the diversity of people that make up the educational community in a scenario marked by the expansive increase in migrant families and the scarcity of inclusive and intercultural government programmes. This article explores good management practices for cultural diversity management in six early childhood and primary education centres in Spain and Chile from an inclusive leadership approach. Factors that influence the development of inclusive leadership and the process deployed to carry out diversity management are examined. Through a qualitative methodology, six case studies were carried out using the interview, participant observation, and document analysis as instruments. The main outcomes show the importance of leaders in promoting an inclusive collaborative culture, in classroom practices focused on the knowledge and cultural capital of foreign pupils, the development of organisational and didactic strategies based on the recognition and participation of the educational community, its commitment to social justice, a management of diversity based on collaboration, and a shared concept of educational inclusion. The conclusions show four common dimensions in the good practices of each country: professional development of the community, school participation, inclusive school culture, and positive management of diversity., We are deeply grateful to the editors and unknown reviewers of this article for the valuable comments we received for writing this article. We would also like to thank the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competit‐ iveness (project CSO2013–43266‐R “Construyendo difer‐ encias en la escuela. Estudios de las trayectorias de las ATAL en Andalucía, de su profesorado y de su alum‐ nado”) who supported the research and the National Research and Development Agency (ANID) through the National Scientific and Technological Research Commission (CONICYT; Fondecyt projects 1190349 and 3200192). This article was translated by Neil Macowan Language Services.

Esta investigación responde a la pregunta: ¿Cuáles son las disputas que giran en torno al cierre de la escuela comunitaria Río Cenepa de Tauri? Se fundamenta en los postulados del modelo EG de Thévenot y Boltanski, y aplica una metodología de carácter cualitativo mediante tres técnicas de recolección de información: consulta documental, observación participante y entrevista a profundidad. El artículo introduce el Plan de Reordenamiento de la Oferta Educativa y el cierre de las escuelas comunitarias en Ecuador, y especifica los hallazgos sobre las disputas de los actores frente al cierre de la escuela. La situación inicial, las disputas, las pruebas y los acuerdos son las categorías de análisis identificadas en el proceso de cierre de la escuela Río Cenepa.

Background Socio-cultural factors may influence the uptake of breast cancer treatments. This study aimed to explore these socio-cultural influences on treatment decision-making for women in Ghana. Method An ethnographic approach was adopted. Observation was conducted of women newly diagnosed with breast cancer, nominated relatives, nurses and doctors at a breast clinic in Ghana. Semi-structured interviews followed participant observation. Thematic analysis was employed. Findings Over 16 weeks (July 2017–November 2017), 31 participants were observed and 29 took part in semi-structured interviews. Three overarching themes were identified: (1) unequal power relationships; (2) Language barriers and (3) structural constraints. Following a breast cancer diagnosis, essential information necessary for treatment decision making is ‘hidden’ from women due to an unequal patient-provider relationship. Patients acknowledged cultural behaviours of deference to experts. Doctors deliberately misrepresented treatment information to women to encourage them to undergo surgical treatment. Structural issues such as the lack of privacy during consultations hindered quality patient engagement with decision-making. High treatment costs and the lack of resources to assist women with fertility after treatment impeded open discussions around these issues. Language barriers included a lack of terms in the local Twi language to explain cancer and its treatment. There was also an absence of appropriate information materials. Conclusion Findings highlight the need for health professionals to be aware of the socio-cultural factors that limit access to quality information which is needed for informed treatment decision making. Policies that aim to provide adequate logistics; increase staffing levels; improve staff cultural awareness training and remove financial barriers are recommended.

This research focused on the development of pesantren, especially in the institutional and educational aspects using a social capital perspective. The pesantren used as a research site is Pesantren of Miftahul Ulum, Suren, Jember. To delve into the focus of this research, the researcher, thus, tried to understand and interpret the development of the pesantren from the perspective of social capital. To achieve these objectives, this research was conducted by using a qualitative approach with the type of phenomenology using a single site design. The data collection technique used was participant observation, so that researcher could participate in every Islamic boarding school's institutional and educational programs. This research finds that social capital is able to transform pesantren from institution with an isolative-traditionalist paradigmatic system to a modernist synthesis. Even the education system is from a dichotomous to a non-dichotomous system (a pattern of education that is oriented towards spiritualistic-humanist values); theocentric to theoanthropocentric pattern. This social capital is also a potential for pesantren as spiritual patrons and the vanguard of the source of values and morality of the surrounding community.

O presente estudo tem como objetivos analisar a concepção de avaliação que subsidia as práticas avaliativas, executadas por professores de Língua Portuguesa, no campo da leitura, nos ciclos finais da Educação de Jovens e Adultos, como também identificar as principais dificuldades do processo de avaliação da aprendizagem das práticas leitoras vivenciadas pelos discentes. A pesquisa está fundamentada na abordagem metodológica qualitativa. Para a geração e a coleta de dados foram utilizados como instrumentos a observação participante e a entrevista semiestruturada. Participaram como colaboradores, um professor e uma professora que atuam na Educação de Jovens e Adultos nos municípios de Cabedelo-PB e João Pessoa-PB, respectivamente. As dificuldades mais significativas identificadas pelos profissionais no processo avaliativo são a interpretação e a compreensão leitora dos alunos, resultante da ausência de instrumentos e critérios avaliativos capazes de possibilitar o acompanhamento eficaz da aprendizagem neste domínio.

This research article gathers the perceptions about how directors and pedagogical teams understand and experience leadership within five Junji preschools in Chile. Data were collected for from five semi-structured interviews and a participant observation. Findings suggest three forms of exercising leadership: pedagogical,supervisory, and administrative. In all cases, there are the same threats to leadership. The study uncovers some personal skills and characteristics common to the ways of leading. The article also highlights the context as a key element to the exercise of leadership, and the importance of modeling collaborative cultures, which consider the centrality of children's learning in preschool education.

We analyzed results from semi-structured interviews and participant observation with educators, clinical staff, and administrators who worked at nearly 100 different correctional facilities centrally managed by eight separate state prison systems to understand how the beliefs they hold about the life experiences and future trajectories of incarcerated people influence prison social climate. We found that staff who regard incarcerated people as past and/or future neighbors are more likely to foster a safe, mutually respectful prison social climate conducive to positive personal transformation. Envisioning prison social climate as a product of the relationship between staff and incarcerated people demonstrates how prisons and communities interact with each other to shape the past and future possibilities for people who are incarcerated. Our results offer six policy implications, to (1) mandate administrative-institutional commitment to creating a positive prison social climate in which correctional staff and incarcerated people are partners in rehabilitation; (2) expand existing program opportunities in prison to ensure widespread availability of educational, vocational, and therapeutic treatment programs; (3) increase representation of staff who share experiential and demographic characteristics with incarcerated people to reduce or eliminate unconscious bias; (4) generate public awareness of, and support for, rehabilitative measures proven to better prepare incarcerated people for release from prison; (5) increase community engagement by publicizing graduation and other positive events; and (6) foster a mutually supportive work environment among educational, clinical, and administrative staff.

This study examines the consumer multiculturation of Mexican immigrants in the context of their food consumption practices in the UK multicultural marketplace. Adopting a qualitative methodology involving interviews and participant observation allows participants to share their responses to global consumer culture constructions that equate Tex-Mex with ‘authentic’ Mexican food culture. Focusing on situated, dynamic interactions among multiple cultural elements – consumers, brands, marketing ideology - within multicultural marketplaces our research contributes to the theoretical development of consumer multiculturation by: (1) broadening the concept to embrace the intercultural dynamics of production (specifically crafting); (2) conceptualising creolisation cooking practices as a contextually contingent creative, productive and tangible means through which immigrant consumers exercise agency during consumer multiculturation; and (3) identifying clarifying practices that translate immigrant consumers’ home food culture for others, simultaneously problematising the cultural meanings of globalised foreign/ethnic food brands. We conclude the paper by discussing the implications for cultural branding strategy.

Research Question What lessons can be learned from counter-terrorism policing in a recent 3-year time period in which the UK suffered the loss of 41 lives by 12 terrorist attacks, with the concurrent successful disruption of 29 other attacks? Data A 2017 internal review into the 2017 attacks was undertaken by police and MI5, yielding 104 recommendations for improved practices. This list was later complemented by multiple reviews in 2018–2020 that led to more than 400 further recommendations for multiple counter terrorism partners. Methods Thematic analysis of these 500 + recommendations led to the author’s distillation, as a participant observer, of 8 key focal points for future efforts to prevent terrorist attacks. Findings Eight themes uniting the recommendations for developing future CT practice emerged from the internal reviews, raising complex issues of (1) data, (2) partnerships, (3) right-wing terrorism, (4) the 625,000 crowded public spaces in the UK, (5) online harm, (6) management of convicted terrorists, (7) domestic growth of terrorism replacing overseas direction and (8) earlier onset of terrorist commitments, from age 13. Conclusions These thematic findings led to four conclusions: (a) the Protect Duty will provide an improved framework for countering terrorism, (b) we must adapt to the changing nature of terrorists, (c) we must increase our efforts against online harm and (d) we must renew and sustain our commitment to the Prevent pillar of the CONTEST strategy, which is now and shall be fit for purpose.

Esse artigo apresenta e discute a relação subjetiva e intersubjetiva dos profissionais de saúde com crianças com condições crônicas complexas de saúde e suas famílias. É parte de uma pesquisa qualitativa, construída a partir do método etnográfico, numa enfermaria de pediatria de um hospital federal do Rio de Janeiro. Buscou-se entender a lógica e lacunas do cuidado hospitalar, principalmente voltada para as questões subjetivas das crianças. O estudo permitiu vários tipos de observação, que estão organizados em três tópicos: 1) Movimentos, atores e intervenções: observando o cenário, fruto de observação participante; 2) Olhar, compreender, interagir e respeitar: ouvindo quem cuida; 3) Aprender, compreender, interpretar e agir. As habilidades profissionais para o cuidado integral dessas crianças são construídas cotidianamente, baseadas nas necessidades de cada uma, englobando os aspectos físicos, subjetivos, coletivos e história de vida. A subjetividade e intersubjetividade são a alma propulsora da dinâmica da vida na enfermaria. Palavras-chave: Hospitalização; Pediatria; Doença crônica; Assistência hospitalar; Sistema de aprendizagem em saúde.

The research that gave rise to this text was carried out by means of an ethnographic case study at a state school in Rio Grande do Sul in Viamao, duration of one academic year, through participant observation, semistructured interviews and documentary analysis. The objective of this article is to identify the tensions and problems involved in the curricular construction process of the final years of elementary school in a state school in Rio Grande do Sul (RS). We understood that political and organizational decisions are key points of tension and problematic in curricular construction. These decisions imply the provision of continuous teacher training in the time and space of the school, as well as in the formulation of constant and different educational and curricular guidelines, and in turn resonate in the conditions and possibilities of autonomy of the school in the sense of its curricular construction.

As one of the countries with the largest Muslim population in the world (87.18%), Indonesia has the potential to become the center of the world's halal industry. Halal certification can increase the competitiveness of MSME products, especially related to product guarantees to provide comfort, security, safety, and certainty of the availability of halal products for the public in consuming and using the product. The purpose of this study is to analyze the problems and solutions for food and beverage SMEs (Ekraf) related to the Halal Certification Process and Perceptions of Halal Certification Costs with the Actor's Intention to obtain a halal certificate. The research method uses qualitative and quantitative approaches by using primary and secondary data. The qualitative approach was carried out through FGD, webinars and participant observation with key informants and supporting informants. The quantitative approach is carried out by distributing questionnaires to 100 business actors and then processing the Pearson Product Moment correlation data. The results of the study show (i) the halal certification process (by assisting) has a very strong correlation with the perpetrator's intention and is significant, (ii) the perception of the cost of halal certification (with the cost of halal certification that gets subsidized) has a strong correlation with the perpetrator's intention and is significant, ( iii) The Halal Certification Process has a strong correlation with the perpetrators' perceived Halal Certification Costs and is significant, (iv) The Halal certification process and the perceived cost of Halal certification with the perpetrator's intention are very strong and significant. The halal certification process and the perception of the cost of halal certification, both individually and jointly, are correlated with the intentions of food and beverage creative economy actors (MSMEs). In order to achieve this goal, the synergy between central and regional stakeholders and related parties is needed.

Objective: investigating whether the creation of the “Post-purchase” sector in a public University, in the south of Minas Gerais, can be understood as an entrepreneurial action. Method: qualitative and descriptive approach, supported by an observational study case. The data was obtained through participant observation, semi structured review and documentary research, and analyzed through the thematic analysis method, according to the proposed theoretical scheme. Originality/Relevance: displacing the focus of studies from highlighting the entrepreneurial individual to the entrepreneurial action itself, and exploring the “Post-purchase” theme in public organizations. This study is a way of providing the society with knowledge of the different innovative actions promoted by University which is being researched, as well as inspiring other public organizations to develop similar actions. Results: the creation of the sector enabled social results within the researched University, which manifested through the generation of qualitative benefits (changes in the perception had by providers, support to members of the university community, and positive impact in fulfilling material needs) and quantitative benefits (reduction of values included under Accrued Liabilities, improvement in budget execution and resource management, and improvement in the institution’s accounting ratios). Considering the characteristics being presented, it is concluded that this sector creation can be seen as an entrepreneurial action. Theoretical/Methodological contributions: beyond the contribution to the public entrepreneurship research field, this study proposes a theoretical scheme which can be applied to new empirical researches aiming to comprehend the occurrence of the entrepreneurial action in the public sector.

PurposeWhy are some lean workfloor teams able to improve their already high performance, over time, and others not? By studying teams' and leaders' behaviour-value patterns, this abductive field study uncovers a dynamic capability at the team level.Design/methodology/approachVarious methods were employed over three consecutive years to thoroughly examine five initially high-performing lean workfloor teams, including their leaders. These methods encompassed micro-behavioural coding of 59 h of film footage, surveys, individual and group interviews, participant observation and archival data, involving objective and perceptual team-performance indicators. Two of the five teams continued to improve and perform highly.FindingsContinuously improving high lean team performance is found to be associated with (1) team behaviours such as frequent performance monitoring, information sharing, peer support and process improvement; (2) team leaders who balance, over time, task- and relations-oriented behaviours; (3) higher-level leaders who keep offering the team face-to-face support, strategic clarity and tangible resources; (4) these three actors' endorsement of self-transcendence and openness-to-change work values and alignment, over time, with their behaviours; and (5) coactive vicarious learning-by-doing as a “stable collective activity pattern” among team, team leader, and higher-level leadership.Originality/valueSince lean has been undertheorised, the authors invoked insights from organisational behaviour and management theories, in combination with various fine- and coarse-grained data, over time. The authors uncovered actors' behaviour-value patterns and a collective learning-by-doing pattern that may explain continuous lean team performance improvement. Four theory-enriching propositions were developed and visualised in a refined model which may already benefit lean practitioners.

Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, realizada com discentes e docentes de cursos de bacharelado em música (habilitação canto) em duas instituições públicas de ensino, através da aplicação de entrevistas e observação participante. As falas transcritas foram analisadas na modalidade da Teoria Fundamentada. Conclui-se que aspectos como a fetichização do cantor e a multiatividade são alguns dos mais relevantes no processo de invisibilização social do cantor trabalhador e, ainda, sobre como esta invisibilização social determina perdas na qualidade de vida, manifestada em forma de frustração, perda da autoestima, estresse, instabilidade econômica, informalidade, precarização laboral e sobrecarga de trabalho para realizar sua performance artística (o canto) de um lado, e obter os meios de subsistência por outro.

Introdução: Quando se fala em saúde pública é crucial considerar dados epidemiológicos e métodos de avaliação da assistência, com o intuito de promover melhoria. Uma maneira de propiciar isso são os modelos lógicos, associam atividades, entradas de recursos, saídas de produtos e resultados. Objetivo: Construir um modelo lógico ilustrativo do funcionamento de uma Unidade de Saúde da Família e validar o seu conteúdo. Metodologia: Foi realizada revisão de literatura, observação participante e conversa com informantes-chave. Ademais, houve validação do conteúdo por profissionais atuantes na Unidade de Saúde da Família (USF) em uma roda de conversa. Resultados: Elaborou-se cinco dimensões (Gestão do Trabalho, Atividades não assistenciais, Atividades assistenciais, Educação permanente continuada e Atividades docentes assistenciais) relacionadas à missão e aos elementos de recursos (físicos, informação, parcerias e financeiros), caracterizando, assim, o modelo. Conclusões: Os impactos alcançados com a aplicação do modelo remetem a critérios de qualidade (legitimidade, empoderamento e resolutividade); ao modelo assistencial instituído (vigilância à saúde); a características do próprio modelo (Clínica ampliada, intersetorialidade, ações multiprofissionais), além da motivação profissional. Todavia, embora validado por USF específica, o modelo orienta-se por uma Política Nacional, podendo contribuir com outras realidades pertinentes à saúde.

Exhumations aim to restore victims’ dignity because they constitute a step towards their individualisation and recognition as members not only of a particular family but of the human family. This article aims to contribute to the critical assessment of how the notion of human dignity and dignification are used in the context of mechanisms of transitional justice, such as exhumations. It focuses on the Colombian case from an interdisciplinary perspective based on socio-legal studies. The research is based on participant observation, interviews, and thematic analysis of the uses of the term dignity and dignification in the texts of the laws and protocols for the exhumations of victims of the armed conflict in Colombia. It explores two dimensions of dignification, which in turn contributes to the understanding of the complex relationship between victims, the state, and institutions of transitional justice.

Christianity is a small but growing minority in Cambodia, accounting for only about 3% of the population yet growing there at a rate faster than in any other country in Southeast Asia. In Cambodian Christian communities, it is not uncommon to find more women than men in the churches. Cambodian boys often spend a brief period of their youth as novice monks at Theravada Buddhist monasteries, during which time they have the opportunity to become familiar with the Pali language and holy texts. Girls are not afforded this same opportunity, as there are no nuns (bhikkhuni) in contemporary Theravada. Within the Christian community in Cambodia, women carry out much of the service work in the churches, but only rarely are they invited to preach, let alone to become pastors—as is the case in much of the world. This article, based on interviews and participant observation with evangelical churches in Cambodia in 2019, demonstrates the ways in which ministry carried out by women has been characterized by courageous creativity, empowered through physical distance, and undergirded by a resoluteness of vocation.

The objective of this article is to analyze the traditional quilombola community of artisanal Fishermen and shellfish gatherers in Mare Island, Brazil, and their social, historical, economic and cultural exclusion, from the perspective of legal pluralism and environmental labor law, Which would have result in an invisibility process. This is a case study carried out in the Traditional Quilombola and Fishing Community of Mare Island, located in Brazil, in which Qualitative techniques were used, such as semi-Structured interviews and participant observation, in addition to the bibliographic and documentary review. It was found that the Elitist profile of the legal monoculture of the Brazilian State has not allowed Brazil to face problems of environmental management, artisan work management and management of Traditional communities per se, mainly due to the dictates of the globalized neo-Capitalist Economic order dominant, which are diametrically opposed to the needs and interests of traditional communities. It was noticed that, in practice, the Traditional Quilombola and Fishing Community of Mare Island Did not find an echo in the voices that insist on demonstrating the Exploitation of their ecosystem, the marginalization of their way of life and culture and the Invisibility of the socioenvironmental conflicts that they are going through.

This paper aims to reveal the aesthetic values and ideas contained in the musical art of Adok in Korong Ubun-Ubun, which acts as a means of aesthetic education for the performing arts community and the supporting community. As a virtue contained in Adok art, the aesthetic values and ideas make the position of Adok art different when compared to other traditional arts, so that the research is important. The research location was Jorong Ujuang Ladang, Korong Ubun-Ubun, Kanagarian X Koto Singkarak, Solok Regency. The object of research was Art Adok, focusing on the aesthetic aspects of the performance. This study uses an ethnographic approach and data collection techniques through participant observation. Minang values related to the value of taste (aesthetics) in Adok art contribute positively to the perspective of the supporting community so that they can change people’s perceptions and understanding of Adok art. The results of this study can also prove that the Adok art can be one of the presentations of Minang’s which the supporting community has not realized.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar los procesos de salud y enfermedad entre los pobladores de El Cajón (Catamarca, Argentina) y su vinculación con la biomedicina. Asimismo, estudiar las articulaciones entre la biomedicina y el sistema de salud tradicional. Materiales y métodos: Investigación cualitativa, mediante un abordaje etnográfico en el que la observación participante, la corresidencia y las entrevistas abiertas de sesiones múltiples cumplen un rol primordial. La pesquisa se ha centrado en los pobladores locales que regularmente asisten a la posta sanitaria, los enfermeros, los agentes sanitarios y los miembros del equipo de salud itinerante. La población total del lugar es aproximadamente 235 habitantes. Resultados: Se ha constatado que los procesos de salud y enfermedad no se limitan al cuerpo humano, sino que también en ellos intervienen el paisaje y los seres que lo pueblan. Se ha identificado que en la resolución de numerosas patologías resulta central la figura del especialista ritual. Se ha determinado que la gente valora y utiliza la biomedicina, aunque la asistencia a la institución hospitalaria suele ser rehuida. Conclusiones: Se ha identificado un uso combinado de ambos sistemas. En él influyen las valoraciones de las personas sobre la enfermedad de que se trate, pero también otros factores como la distancia hasta el centro asistencial y las relaciones interpersonales con los profesionales de la salud. Se resalta la relevancia del enfoque cualitativo para dar cuenta de las especificidades de las categorías locales, que resultan esquivas para un abordaje construido a partir de conceptos derivados del dualismo cartesiano. Abstract Objective: Identify the processes of health and disease among the people of San Antonio del El Cajón (Catamarca, Argentina), and the linkage of these dynamics to biomedicine. Additionally, study the articulations between the two systems. Materials and methods: Qualitative research, with an ethnographic approach in which participant observation, co-residence and multiple session open interviews play a primary role is privileged. The research has focused on local people who regularly attend the health center, nurses, health workers and members of the itinerant health team. The total population of the place is about 235 inhabitants. Results: It was found that the processes of health, disease and cure are not limited to the human body, but also the landscape and the creatures that inhabit it are involved. It has been identified that the figure of the ritual specialist is central in the resolution of many diseases. It has been determined that people value and use biomedicine, although attendance to the hospital institution is often shunned. Conclusion: A combined use of both systems has been identified. People’s valuations about the disease in question are influential, but other factors such as distance to the medical center and interpersonal relationships with health professionals are too. The relevance of a qualitative approach is emphasized in accounting for the specificities of local categories, which are elusive to an approach built from concepts derived from the Cartesian dualism.

Purpose This paper aims to draw on Seamon’s(2012a , 2012b , 2014 , 2015 , 2018 ) theories on the "processes of place attachment" to understand the influence of place attachment on community leadership and the management of four towns in the Barossa region of South Australia. Design/methodology/approach The research methodology combines photo-elicitation, participant observation and in-depth interviews with 12 community leaders across four town groups. Scannell and Gifford’s(2010) tripartite model for place attachment is used to segment qualitative interview data to understand the nature of place attachment of community leaders. This was followed by thematic analysis using Seamon’s(2012a , 2014 , 2018 ) six processes of place attachment to understand how the dynamics of place attachment as a series of processes interact to influence community leadership and place-based action. Findings The research revealed that community leaders in the Barossa region regularly confront a tension between the "Being" and "Becoming" of Place. It also suggests that place attachment for new residents is accelerated by engaging multiple place attachment processes; these can be measured using the research methodology in this study. The result is a tipping point where place leadership from new residents can accelerate towards the "Being of Place" showing a tendency towards protectionist behaviour commonly seen amongst long-term residents. Research limitations/implications Testing the findings in this paper in other rural regions and other cultural contexts will add further insight and validation of these findings. It is recommended that future research could further develop this approach through engaging multiple place-based community groups in the same town and across different locations to understand the pattern language of communities with more accuracy. Practical implications This study has enabled a deeper understanding of place-based community groups and their motivations to protect the status quo or promote change in the development and management of the place. Each community requires a tailored approach to place management and development to activate community resources and partnerships successfully. This research also provides knowledge on how to accelerate place attachment for new residents to improve their sense of belonging, value and purpose by engaging programs that engage all six place attachment processes. Social implications The research reveals that place relations are dynamic, complex and often political. Rural towns display a pattern language for how they engage networks and resources that government needs to understand to engage community stewardship of place – its social, environmental and economic setting. This research offers a method to better understand the pattern language of place attachment that drives community leadership and place management to help communities sustain themselves and adapt to change. Originality/value The research explores the inter-relationship between the place attachment of community leaders and their response to change from different types of community impacts such as bushfires or the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding these processes is valuable in informing place management partnerships between community, business and government.

This study offers a detailed and original assessment of the practices of prescription veterinary medicine use on UK dairy farms. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance as a global threat has necessitated an increasing focus on medicine use in agriculture. While an abundance of studies have recently emerged to demonstrate and evaluate strategies for medicine reduction, this paper seeks to understand the context and the on-farm culture within which treatment practices occur on a sample of UK dairy farms. Arguing that the experiential knowledge, on-farm culture and informal information flows are as important as ‘science’ in the practice of treatment decision making and drawing on extensive participant observation fieldwork combined with semi-structured interviews, this paper identifies and discusses three key themes that develop and, in places, challenge our current understanding of farmer treatment practices. These areas - treatment knowledge and understanding, a duty of care and autonomy of treatment practice - are seen to have complex effects on the use of veterinary medicines in dairy cattle and, as such, highlight critical areas for further research and opportunities for policy interventions aimed at improving responsible medicine use.

No presente estudo, buscou-se conhecer os aspectos relacionados a Privacidade e Autonomia na vida de um adulto com deficiência intelectual, bem como analisar se interferem na execução das atividades de vida doméstica, de vida comunitária e aprendizagem ao longo da vida. Dessa forma, utilizou-se como abordagem a pesquisa estudo de caso. Participaram da pesquisa um adulto (38 anos) com deficiência intelectual (DI) e sua mãe (63 anos). Tendo em vista a situação de pandemia do COVID-19, no ano de 2020/2021, a pesquisa foi realizada por meio da plataforma Google Meet, tendo três fontes de dados: a Escala de Intensidade de Apoios (SIS), aplicação I (2019) e II (2020), entrevista semi-estruturada aplicada com o adulto com DI e Protocolo de Observação Participante. Com isso, através da análise dos resultados do estudo, destaca-se a ocorrência de oportunidades do adulto expor seus sentimentos, planos futuros e desejos, quando a mãe não estava presente nos encontros. Em relação aos níveis de apoio em atividades que demandam Privacidade e Autonomia em relação a três domínios da SIS: vida doméstica, vida comunitária e aprendizagem ao longo da vida, foi evidenciado nos dados da aplicação II da SIS, uma diminuição dos índices de necessidade de apoio nos três domínios. Portanto, evidencia-se a importância de trabalhar as questões de Autonomia, Privacidade, Autodeterminação e Auto advocacia, no desenvolvimento de pessoas com DI na vida adulta.

Liminality refers to being “betwixt and between” (Turner, 1967). We draw on boundary theory to propose and elaborate upon the notion of “liminal researchers”—the in-between status we hold when we c...

Public Relations has an important role in educating and providing understanding to the public in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic as it is now. In this case, Public Relations acts as an intermediary between the government and the community by conveying policies related to the government's efforts to prevent the spread of COVID-19. This study aims to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of PR strategies in delivering information on COVID-19 using social media, such as: websites, Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with a case study approach. Then the withdrawal of research informants using purposive sampling technique, informants consist of people who are directly involved with the delivery of information on covid-19 by Public Relations, with qualitative data collection consisting of depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation. The results of the study show that there are several advantages, namely (1) wide reach and large number of followers, (2) fast information updates, and (3) presenting informative and educative content. The shortcoming in question is that the management of social media is not yet maximal, which is less interactive in responding to public comments through comments on social media. The limitation of this study is that researchers only focus on the PR strategy in delivering information about COVID-19 in Gorontalo Province through social media only and not at the level of other conventional media, namely through websites, Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube. The value and originality of this research is the delivery of information and efforts to prevent the spread of covid-19 which is conveyed through social media PR. The contribution of this research to future PR practices is a deeper implementation of the concept of digital PR, especially during a pandemic like now where everything is done online.

Drawing upon fresh archival research and participant observation, the author traces the emergence and transformative idea of the non-weaponized and peaceful use of space from the 1920s to today. Building on this, the case study questions much of the common wisdom surrounding humans’ relationship with space over the past century. Although the beginnings of the Space Age are usually thought to have closely coincided with the Space Race beginning in 1955, the paper goes further back to the Spaceflight Movement of the 1920s and 30s, tracing the emergence of the idea of space as part of the global commons. This societal-level movement was highly transnational and collaborative in nature, and pushed for the achievement of human spaceflight decades before the technology existed, at the same time advocating for space as a peaceful domain for all of humankind. Using a new approach that also provides the basic ontological assumption for Model 3 of the special issue framework, the author argues that the impetus to engage in space exploration was fundamentally ‘ultrasocial’, defined as a human predisposition to be other-regarding, empathic, and inclined toward seeking wide-scale cooperation, even among strangers.

English for Specific Purpose (ESP) runs to equip learners’ English language for their future needs in tertiary education. In the hotel industry, the laborers’ English capabilities are crucial as their duties deal with foreign guests. However, hotel employees’ English language inability was found in a small case. Thus, the ESP argues able to advance labor’s English language skills. This research aims to identify staff’s English needs in the front-desk department by identifying labors’ lacks, wants, and necessities. Furthermore, this paper also seeks the expected ESP course. The data were collected toward three staff and a hotel manager by using the qualitative method. Additionally, interview and participant observation has established in Kapal Garden Hotel, Indonesia. The result are 1.) Speaking and listening are primary skills for a front desk job. It is in line with work necessities that front desk staff’s duties are to communicate with foreign guests. The ESP course is expected to lead the students to pronounce vocabulary in hotels, respond to the conversation in the check-in and check-out situation, explain hotel facilities, direct the guest to a certain place, and understand the various foreign accents. 2.) The staff expects flexible teaching for ESP course design.

Analyses of household urban agriculture have demonstrated a wealth of personal, economic, social, moral or political uses for self-provisioned food, yet have often understood the practice itself as merely a production process. This 'means-to-an-end' perspective is especially pronounced in studies of locations undergoing economic hardship. Urban gardening in postsocialist Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union has been framed as an element of an informal economy, enabling household savings, access to informal networks and avoidance of industrial goods deemed ethically dubious. In this article, I present evidence from participant observation and interviews with urban gardeners conducted in 2014-2015 in Ljubljana, Slovenia, where urban agriculture proliferated during the European debt crisis that began in 2009. I interpret the material through an ecological perspective that focuses on labour in nature and highlights the interconnected, situated role of the gardener. My analysis of gardening styles, behaviours, attitudes and life-narratives of long-term urban growers challenges the utilitarian interpretation by arguing that urban agriculture in Ljubljana is in fact a means in itself-not an informal economy, but a narrative practice. While undertaken to ameliorate the effects of economic hardship, household urban agriculture first and foremost promotes individual wellbeing and restores a stable sense of self. I outline a series of self-making benefits of working with cultivated, edible nature that helped gardeners reconstruct their biographies after their previously established self-making processes collapsed in the economic downturn.

Background: In comparison to adult-centred research in physical activity, there are far fewer studies which concentrate on hearing children’s voices in physical activity research (Noonan et al. 2016). Additionally, despite a number of studies which utilise a child-centred approach, the number of papers which concentrate on the complexities when conducting research with young people are extremely limited. Purpose: To consider power relationships between adult researchers and young participants. Also, to provide empirical examples of considerations related to an organic research process and the complexities that may arise in research with children. Data Collection and Analysis: An ethnographic approach is deemed useful when conducting research with children (Davis and Watson 2017), but particular considerations need to be taken into account as an adult conducting research with young people. The data for this paper was drawn from a year-long ethnographic study with junior korfball players (aged 11-13 years of age). The study involved participant observation where the researcher’s role was ‘coaches’ help’. Nine semi-structured interviews took place 10-months into the study, and numerous informal conversations occurred throughout the research. Some of Foucault’s ideas related power were utilised to discuss the way relationships were negotiated with children to maintain a child-centred approach to the research. Final Thoughts: Adopting an organic approach to research may help reduce young participants’ perceptions of adult power. Adopting a Foucauldian lens can also heighten awareness of power divisions and aid the researcher’s sensitivity to their own use of techniques of power whilst in the field. Additionally, an organic approach can also help facilitate child-centred research which empowers participants and supports their voices being heard.