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This essay examines continuities between Franklin’s electrical science and his moralist arguments in order to propose that Franklinist natural philosophy was teleological, calling upon hypothetical purposes in nature, and that this teleology can explain its extraordinary popularity in France.

Using the career of Humphry Davy, the era’s most famous natural philosopher, I examine the Romantic construction of the scientific genius and explore, beyond it, several of the cultures in which en...

Objetiva-se discutir o argumento de que a filosofia civil hobbesiana se submete a um fundamento moral sem vincular-se aos princípios da física ou da filosofia primeira. Para demonstrar esse pressuposto, utiliza-se a reconstrução do argumento de Strauss pelo qual expõe a antítese moral entre a vaidade e o medo como determinante para atribuir o fundamento moral à filosofia civil, sem uma vinculação com as determinações da filosofia natural. Sendo assim, postula-se que o princípio moral regulador das ações que viabilizam a preservação da vida consiste no medo justo da morte violenta. Desse modo, torna-se possível evidenciar o fato moral fundamental no qual a filosofia de Hobbes se baseia, isto é, o direito natural e não o dever, colaborando na ênfase de um novo fundamento de moralidade.

The mathematical investigations of natural phenomena in the seventeenth century led to the inventions of calculus and probability. While we know the works of eminent natural philosophers and mathematicians such as Isaac Newton (1643-1727), we know little about the learned women who made important contributions in the seventeenth century. This article features Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia (1618-1680), whose intellectual ability and curiosity left a unique mark in the history of mathematics. While some of her family members were deeply involved in politics, Elisabeth led an independent, scholarly life, and she was a close correspondent of René Descartes (1596-1650) and Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716).

Whilst hydrology is a Greek term, it was not in use in the Classical literature, but much later, during the Renaissance, in its Latin form, hydrologia. On the other hand, Greek natural philosophers (or, in modern vocabulary, scientists) created robust knowledge in related scientific areas, to which they gave names such as meteorology, climate and hydraulics. These terms are now in common use internationally. Greek natural philosophers laid the foundation for hydrological concepts and the hydrological cycle in its entirety. Knowledge development was brought about by searches for technological solutions to practical problems as well as by scientific curiosity. While initial explanations belong to the sphere of mythology, the rise of philosophy was accompanied by the quest for scientific descriptions of the phenomena. It appears that the first geophysical problem formulated in scientific terms was the explanation of the flood regime of the Nile, then regarded as a paradox because of the spectacular difference from the river flow regime in Greece, i.e. the fact that the Nile flooding occurs in summer when in most of the Mediterranean the rainfall is very low. While the early attempts were unsuccessful, Aristotle was able to formulate a correct hypothesis, which he tested through what appears to be the first scientific expedition in history, in the transition from the Classical to Hellenistic periods. The Hellenistic period brought advances in all scientific fields including hydrology, an example of which is the definition and measurement of flow discharge by Heron of Alexandria. These confirm the fact that the hydrological cycle was well understood in Ancient Greece, yet it poses the question why correct explanations were not accepted and, instead, why ancient and modern mythical views were preferred up to the 18th century.

Margaret Cavendish was an unusually public figure in early modern England. She published widely under her own name on several secular subjects, including natural philosophy, inequality of the sexes, and educational theory. This article explores the development of Cavendish's educational theories through a detailed account of her life, which took place in three discrete stages. First, it examines her youth, when she was informally educated by family members and private tutors. It then follows her education as she traveled to Europe with her embattled queen and met her husband, William Cavendish. And finally, it shows that with William's support and patronage, Cavendish returned to England at the Restoration as a confident and mature female author. In doing so, this article addresses questions related to Cavendish's pedagogical beliefs, why those beliefs sometimes differed from her own experiences, and how she communicated these ideas through her literature.

Recent studies on the functions performed by natural and mathematical sciences in Renaissance courts have shown how closely and extensively the domains of medicine, astrology and politics interacted with each other. The dedicatory letters to Cardinal and Prince-Bishop Bernardo Cles printed in works of medicine, astronomy and natural philosophy by scholars like Marco Antonio Rozoni (1524), Sebastian Münster (1527), Luca Gaurico (1531) Pietro Antonio Mattioli (1533) and Ludovico Nogarola (1536) reveal how much attention Ferdinand I’s Supreme Chancellor, a prelate and politician of unquestioned authority and power, devoted to such influential domains of natural science. In particular, they suggest that Bernardo was not unfavorable to a view of natural knowledge inspired by the anti-astrological skepticism of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. What is more, his intellectual proximity to learned physicians working in the wake of Nicolò Leoniceno’s medical humanism lends credit to the image of a patron, and a ruler, who was oriented to rely preferably on natural knowledge grounded in repeatable sensorial experience.

Purpose This paper aims to present some “natural philosophy” that may be associated with multivibrator. The motivation is given by the exposition work (Mathis, 2019) of Wolfgang Mathis. Design/methodology/approach Considering the multivibrator’s states as a realization of Boolean Logic, the author discusses the logical basics in the scope of physical realization, and Brouwer’s concern regarding the “tertium non datur” principle. Findings A mechanical multivibrator with Coulomb friction is treated to enrich the standard set of the traditional examples. The associated energy analysis lies on the border of Newton’s and Lagrangian’s mechanics. Research limitations/implications It is the author’s own work. The author is limited by his modest abilities, given to him by the Great Lord. Practical implications Teaching and improving engineering understanding of the oscillatory systems. Originality/value Together with Mathis (2019), the present paper outlines the topic of multivibrator as a field having significant heuristic and pedagogical value.

In 2019 a collection of letters from the nineteenth-century natural philosopher Robert Were Fox was discovered in his home at Penjerrick in Cornwall. Fox came to the attention of scientific audiences for experimentally establishing that temperature increases with depth beneath the Earth's surface, and later secured fame for his magnetic dipping needle, developed to measure terrestrial magnetic phenomena. The newly uncovered Penjerrick letters constitute a valuable archival discovery with important historical ramifications for our understanding of Fox's work and its place within nineteenth-century science. As well as highlighting the central role of networking in promoting provincial science, the letters reveal the prominence of the Cornish mine as a site of experiment within British scientific culture. These venues presented Fox with unique spaces in which to scrutinize nature, but such philosophical investigations were unverifiable within a laboratory and appeared susceptible to inaccuracies arising from the working conditions of this uncontrollable environment. Nevertheless, the Cornish mine was crucial to the development of Fox's dipping needle, which became the premier device for making magnetic observations at sea in the 1840s. In this article, I demonstrate the epistemologically problematic nature of the mine as an experimental space that was to take on a central role in the worldwide magnetic survey that historians have described as the ‘Magnetic Crusade’.

Histories of philosophy do not even dedicate a paragraph to Paolo Sarpi. He is usually considered solely as a historian and polemicist, at most as a fine political thinker, but historians of early ...

Today the importance of epistolary networks for intellectuals in early modern Europe is well appreciated. Nevertheless, connections reaching outside the canon of celebrated humanists and scientists in the Republic of Letters are little studied. This article examines how Charles de Bovelles (1479-1567) used letters to establish a philosophical persona and publicize his contemplative approach to natural philosophy. Scrutinizing how Bovelles created an epistolary community comprising university alumni and men in religious professions, the article sheds new light on the culture of contemplation in the early sixteenth century.

The article analyzes the scientific career of Alexander von Humboldt. The scien­tist researched the junction of science and philosophy, set up experiments to study organic life, testing his theory of “life force”. The result of his work was the essay “On irritated muscle and nerve fiber”. The philosophical essay “Life-Force, or the Genius of Rhodes” reveals Humboldt's literary talent. In this essay, in literary form, the problem of “life force” and understanding the essence of life was raised. And it’s not by chance, since Humboldt’s texts have a complete aes­thetic character, which allowed him as a scientist to capture life itself as the phe­nomena of nature. Being and nature, according to the scientist, are not divided into separate parts and their separation is purely objective, while nature itself is one unit. This understanding of the integrity of nature (including humans) is also at the heart of the project of the model of university education, which he and his brother Wilhelm von Humboldt founded in Berlin and whose main principle was the unity of basic research and teaching. Subsequently, such an attitude allowed universities to simultaneously become scientific centers of their country, per­forming, among other things, state tasks. The article notes that Humboldt’s sci­entific research was highly appreciated not only by his contemporaries philoso­phers but also by writers, such as Goethe and Schiller.

The article reveals the issues of revival (renaissance) of natural philosophy and natural philosophical approach to the connection of being, matter and consciousness as a methodological basis in determining the connection between nature and society, laws of existence and laws of society (including human rights and laws). Separating law and legislation, the authors emphasize not only the systemic relationship of various social norms and laws, but also the full hierarchy of norms of social regulation. The purpose of this study is to establish the integrity and unity of all Being, with which law and legislation are inextricably linked. The publication is based on an integrative research methodology. For the first time in the legal and philosophical-legal literature the question of Universal (space) laws as a source of law and law is raised, which determines the scientific novelty of the presented material. The conclusions emphasize that today there is the latest synthesis of philosophy, natural, social and human sciences and knowledge derived from them. In connection with this methodological process, it is necessary to consider law and laws (legal) in the relationship, integrity and unity with the universal (space) and natural laws.Keywords: legislation; law; ethics; being; metaphysics; society; thinkers about being.

I suggest that it is fruitful to read Hume's Enquiry concerning Human Understanding as a concise exposition of an epistemic ideal whose complex philosophical background is laid down in A Treatise of Human Nature. Accordingly, the Treatise offers a theory of cognitive and affective capacities, which serves in the Enquiry as the foundation for a critique of chimerical epistemic ideals, and the development of an alternative ideal. Taking the "mental geography" of the Treatise as his starting point, this is the project Hume pursues in the Enquiry. The epistemic ideal Hume spells out in the Enquiry is an alternative to competing ideals: the Aristotelian, the Cartesian, and the Newtonian, and can be read as an exposition of the epistemic ideal of modern science. Although the spell of the Aristotelian and the Cartesian ideals had been in decline for several decades by the 1740s, they had not fully lost their grip on the philosophical imagination. Yet, it was the Newtonian epistemic ideal that became dominant in Scotland and Britain by then, guiding inquiry in moral and natural philosophy, as well as in medical theory. Hume offers a critique of these ideals. He shows that Aristotelian and Cartesian epistemic aspirations rest on mistaken views on human cognitive capacities. And albeit the Newtonian ideal is not prone to this mistake by Hume's standards, its epistemic expectations extend far beyond the limits of those capacities. Hume's epistemic ideal can be read as a correction, limitation and refinement of the Newtonian ideal: it sets epistemic aims and propagates methods for the production of fallible, limited and potentially useful knowledge that falls short of the great epistemic expectations of Newton and many Newtonians - but it conforms to what we expect from modern science.

The problem of representation of the concepts of nature is one of the most important for the Ukrainian ethnos due to its traditional natural philosophy. Nowadays, there is no works devoted to the verbalization of the conceptual sphere “nature” in social networks, which demonstrate the dynamics of processes in the linguistic consciousness of the ethnic group. Accordingly, our scientific work is relevant.

Albert’s anthropology places the human being at the top of a hierarchy of living things in virtue of a unique feature – namely the intellect – that offers the possibility of transcending the changing realm of nature and of assimilating its possessor to their divine creator. Even though Albert, throughout his works, often defends the independence of the human intellect from matter and consequently from the body and senses, his works on natural philosophy seem to offer a different perspective. In De animalibus, Albert considers the brain to be the divine member of the body responsible for the operations of sensation and, to a certain degree, of intellection. Thus, the entire humoral activity of the human body has a direct influence on the activity of the intellect, his divine nature notwithstanding. Accordingly, the main purpose of the present study is to point out how the classical humoral theory is integrated by Albert the Great in his physiological consideration for an explanation of the intellect placed between the murky boundaries of natural philosophy and metaphysics.

In this study, firstly, some evaluations will be made for the definition of idleness and its relationship with the concepts of parasitism and laziness will be evaluated. Thus, both the general meaning and basic characteristics of idleness will be revealed and the virtue of self-sufficiency, which is its basis, will be the subject of the study. In this context, the virtue of self-sufficiency will be exemplified mainly by the Cynics, starting with the pre-Socratic natural philosophers. While discussing the relationship between freedom and self-sufficiency on the basis of individuality, Aristotle and some Existentialist philosophers will also be pointed out. In short, the main thesis of the article is that idleness is misunderstood as a concept and its contributions to philosophy and social life are ignored. Thus, in the article, the liberation of idleness from the negative meaning understood only as laziness and its reflection on art, philosophy and practical life as a free and independent lifestyle will be based on the virtue of self-sufficiency., Bu çalışmada öncelikle aylaklığın tanımına yönelik bazı değerlendirmeler yapılacak ve onun, asalaklık ve tembellik kavramları ile olan ilişkisi değerlendirilecektir. Böylece hem aylaklığın genel anlamı ve temel özellikleri ortaya çıkarılacak hem de onun dayanağı olan kendine yetme erdemi ana hatlarıyla araştırmaya konu edilecektir. Bu bağlamda kendine yetme erdemi, Sokrates öncesi doğa filozoflardan başlayarak başta Varoluşçular olmak üzere çağdaş filozoflara kadar gelen çizgide temel işlevi açısından ele alınacak, ancak ağırlıklı olarak Kinikler üzerinden örneklendirilecektir. Özellikle özgürlük ile kendine yetme erdemi ilişkisi bireysellik zemini üzerinden tartışılacaktır. Bu bağlamda Egzistansiyalist felsefede kendine yetme, benliğin inşasını mümkün kılan ve varoluşsal özü yaratan bir yaşama tercihi ve özgürlük anlayışı olarak ayrıca ele alınacaktır. Kısacası makalenin temel tezi, aylaklığın kavram olarak yanlış anlaşıldığı, felsefe ve sosyal hayata yaptığı katkıların göz ardı edildiği yönündedir. Böylece, makalede aylaklığın sadece tembellik olarak anlaşılan negatif anlamdan kurtulması ve kendine yetme, özgür ve bağımsız yaşama tarzı olarak sanat, felsefe ve pratik hayata yansımaları özellikle kendine yetme erdemi üzerinden temellendirilmiş olacaktır.

Avicenna (Ibn Sina) greatly influenced later medieval thinking about the earth and the cosmos, not only in his own civilization, but also in Hebrew and Latin cultures. The studies presented in this volume discuss the reception of prominent theories by Avicenna from the early 11th century onwards by thinkers like Averroes, Fahraddin ar-Razi, Samuel ibn Tibbon or Albertus Magnus. Among the topics which receive particular attention are the definition and existence of motion and time. Other important topics are covered too, such as Avicenna's theories of vacuum, causality, elements, substantial change, minerals, floods and mountains. It emerges, among other things, that Avicenna inherited to the discussion an acute sense for the epistemological status of natural science and for the mental and concrete existence of its objects. The volume also addresses the philological and historical circumstances of the textual tradition and sheds light on the translators Dominicus Gundisalvi, Avendauth and Alfred of Sareshel in particular. The articles of this volume are presented by scholars who convened in 2013 to discuss their research on the influence of Avicenna's physics and cosmology in the Villa Vigoni, Italy.

Reading Margaret Cavendish’s fiction The Blazing World (1666) alongside her philosophical tract Observations upon Natural Philosophy, which was published together as a companion piece, this article examines Cavendish’s unique view on the relationship of soul and body as well as its gendered implications. In Observations, Cavendish puts forth her philosophy of nature, now called “vitalist materialism,” which suggests that everything in nature is corporeal, self-moving, self-knowing, and self-living. In The Blazing World, Cavendish complements Observations and uses the genre of fiction to explore uncertainties and ambiguities regarding the questions of the gendered nature of the body and soul. Firstly, this essay focuses on the difference between immaterial spirits and corporeal human souls as explained in The Blazing World and draws a tentative conclusion that Cavendish views the mind and soul as gendered. However, through a close reading of two scenes where female souls merge together in one body, and two female souls enter into the male body, this article argues that Cavendish comes up with a fictional human body that rejects gender essentialism as a way to envisage a more empowered mode of women’s existence. Therefore, Cavendish’s creation of a “hermaphroditical” body, justified by her system of natural philosophy, functions as an effective counter-attack on the seventeenth-century discourses that had accused masculine women as unnatural and monstrous.

This special issue eruditely demonstrates the deep interconnections between British antiquarianism, natural philosophy and medicine in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. These stimulating papers, representing the state of the field, include: analysis of classical antecedents for balneology; Sir Isaac Newton's attempts to restore the prisca sapientia and use of mathematics to reform knowledge of antiquity; editors and autograph collectors who preserved the still extant correspondence (and hence the intellectual geography and networks) of early modern antiquaries; and the re‐enactment of ancient landscapes and relics using geological theory and three‐dimensional museum exhibits. As Susan Pearce pointed out, Jeremiah Milles, in his presidential address to the Society of Antiquaries in 1781, remarked that ‘History, Science and Art may claim an equal share in the Attention and Labour of the Antiquary’.

The development of oral preaching and the genre of sermon in seventeenth-century Russia was primarily brought about by Ruthenian authors influenced by the Latin tradition, e.g., Ioannikiy Galyatovsky, Lazar Baranovych and Simeon Polotsky. These authors incorporated their general knowledge of cosmology, astronomy and astrology into their homilies, which present a valuable insight into the intellectual background of the period through the prism of cosmological elements used mostly as parts of rhetoric constructions. While the functions of the particular elements of natural philosophy varied in different authors, they shared certain concepts common to both scholastic thought and Baroque aesthetics. Despite being considerably distant from seventeenth-century science, the homilies also served educational purposes and may be perceived as a step towards the Westernisation and secularisation of Russian culture.

The articles analyzes the original concept of immortality, presented by F.M. Dostoevsky in a handwritten sketch written on April 16, 1864, the day after the death of the writer’s first wife. The authors argue that this concept was created under the influence of the ideas of German romantic natural philosophy, in particular G.T. Fechner’s work of The Book of Life After Death (1836). According to the pantheistic ideas of Dostoevsky and Fechner, every person after death continues to exist in the earthly world. Having lost a limited biological body in death, a person can get a more extensive “cosmic” body, covering significant areas of the material universe. His personal spirit continues to exist in mankind, and the degree of his influence depends on what kind of spiritual success he achieved during his lifetime. In the concept of Fechner and Dostoevsky, posthumous life can be very different: great personalities (Goethe, Shakespeare, Napoleon, etc.) acquire an even more significant being than during life, and they continue to influence humankind, which, developing in history, strives for an absolute “synthesis” -the merger of all people into an organic whole and at the same time the merger with the universe. Individuals who, during their lifetime, confined themselves to their selfish interests can even disappear. In this concept, God is defined as “universal Synthesis,” i.e., the goal of the world process and the final merging of everything with everything. Jesus Christ is understood as an absolute, perfect man who, after death, does not resurrect in his previous bodily form, but completely dissolves in humankind and acts as a force guiding it toward unity and synthesis with the material world.

Following Freud's admission of his own 'dependence on Spinoza's doctrine', the present paper extends psychoanalytic discernment of a bright line from Baruch Spinoza's natural philosophy across the evolution of natural and social sciences to Freud's development of psychoanalysis and forward, to contemporary psychoanalytic thinking. The lens through which these developments unfold is a close reading of Spinoza's first, incomplete methodological statement, the Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect. Tracking both the developing form and textual literary context from which this Spinozan inquiry proceeds, we recognize specific anticipations of contemporary psychoanalytic phenomena.

يهدف هذا البحث الموسوم بـ "الطبيعيات عند أبي الريحان البيروني " إلى الوقوف على أهم جوانب الفلسفة الطبيعية عند أبي الريحان محمد بن أحمد البيروني (362هـ /973م—440هـ/ 1048م) , کما تبين الدراسةأن البيروني تناول مبادئ الطبيعة(الهيولي والصورة) ولوحق الجسم الطبيعي( الزمان والحرکة و المکان والخلاء), وانتقاداته على الفلسفة المشائية المتمثلة في أرسطو ومن سار على نهجه من فلاسفة الإسلام کابن سينا , والطريقة المنهجية التي کان يعالج بها البيروني المشاکل الفلسفية والعلمية الکبرى التي عرض لها سواء التي واجهها بحکم کونه فيلسوفا والتي واجهها بحکم بکونه عالما. This research entitled“The Philosophy of Natural Sciences” by Abi Al-Rayhan Al-Biruni, aims to identify the most important aspects of natural philosophy for Abi Al-Raihan Muhammad bin Ahmad Al-Biruni (362 AH / 973 AD - 440 H / 1048 AD). The study also shows that Al-Biruni addressed the principles of nature (the matter and the form) And the affection of the natural body (time, movement, place and emptiness), and his criticism of the pedagogical philosophy represented by Aristotle and those who followed his approach from the philosophers of Islam as Ibn Sina, and the systematic way in which Al Biruni was dealing with the major philosophical and scientific problems that he presented to him whether he faced as a philosopher and which he faced By virtue of being a scientist.

This article explores the relationship of the discourse of secrets and courtly politics during Alfonso X's rule in Castile and Leon (1252–1284). This piece argues that Alfonso's imperial aspirations may be the key to better understand the reasons encouraging the complilation of the Liber Razielis at the Alfonsine court. In this work, we can find three main elements that were useful to legitimize Alfonso's project: the discourse of secrets and its relationship to the royal institution, the identification between the wise Solomon and Alfonso, and, finally, the use of natural philosophy as a means to portray the figure of the eagle as a defining element of the empire. Finally, this essay concludes that the figure of the eagle and the strategic meaning of Solomon also appear in several later works of the Alfonsine corpus in similar political terms.

This article aims to reconstruct the tradition of Gasparo Contarini’s physical treatise De elementis, comparing all the extant witnesses. In the second part of the article, it is explored how the treatise reached a widespread diffusion and success in the universities, thanks to its clear exposition of Aristotle’s doctrine. A special attention is devoted to those Renaissance philosophers and professors who quoted Contarini in order to defend Aristotle’s natural philosophy against the new theories of Telesio and Campanella.

Although natural philosophy underwent dramatic transformations during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, studying its evolution as a whole remains problematic. In this paper, we present a method that integrates traditional reading and computational tools in order to distil from different resources (the four existing Dictionaries of early modern philosophers and WorldCat) a representative corpus (consisting of 2,535 titles published in Latin, French, English, and German) for mapping the evolution of natural philosophy. In particular, we focus on gathering authors and works that were (directly or indirectly) engaged with the teaching of natural philosophy in the early modern academic milieu. We offer a preliminary assessment of the relevance of our corpus by investigating one aspect of this evolution, namely the trends in the acknowledgments of authorities linked with different and competing approaches to natural philosophy (scholastic, Cartesian, and Newtonian). The results not only corroborate existing knowledge, but they also show distinctive features and differences within these trends that were not observed previously, thus illustrating the heuristic potential of our computational method for corpus collection.

This article examines the connection between projects for shipboard ventilation and the shifting medical discourse about acclimatization in the British Empire during the eighteenth century. I argue that the design, use, and disuse of a class of shipboard “ventilators” proposed by natural philosopher Stephen Hales helps us to trace changing ideas about the ability of European bodies to acclimate, or “season,” to tropical environments. These ventilating machines appealed to British administrators because they represented an embodiment of providential and enlightened ideas that validated the expansion of overseas empire. In addition, they promised to increase labor efficiency by reducing the mortality and misery experienced by the sailors and enslaved people during long sea voyages. As skepticism about acclimatization grew in response to stubbornly high mortality rates in the West Indies, Hales’ ventilators fell out of favor – a development underscored by their dismissal as a potential solution for the appalling conditions found in the transatlantic slave trade. By examining ventilators’ nearly fifty-year career in naval and slave ships, this article will show the role of technology and the shipboard environment in the transition from enlightened optimism about acclimatization toward later attitudes of racial and environmental essentialism.

The historic centre of the city of Pilsen in western Bohemia, today a region of the Czech Republic, was constructed at the end of the thirteenth century, at a time when Gothic architecture was universal across most of western and central Europe. The Gothic style had emerged and developed during an era when social and economic changes were favouring the development of new urban settlements, and when the translation of ancient Greek natural philosophy, including astronomy, was giving rise to a new intellectual movement. This revival of the natural sciences was inevitably bound up with the Roman Catholic Church, since much of this knowledge had been preserved within monastic institutions and was now being used by theologians/natural philosophers who wanted to apply reason to theology. This paper’s analysis of the urban plan of the historic centre of Pilsen is an attempt to investigate the possible influence that the science of astronomy had on architectural thought and creativity in western Bohemia, and how this was represented in the light of scientific advancement.

The article claims that the assimilation of knowledge from the natural philosophy should help future professionals to form worldviews in the range of "man - nature", namely: to grasp the integrity of nature and its fundamentality rationally, to comprehend nature as a general, limiting concept that explains the scheme of understanding individual things; as a regulatory idea that allows us to understand all things and all objects in their unity and in different forms, to build a rational scientific picture of the world, by filling in the data of natural science and discovering the internal principles of interconnection and determination of things, to reveal different levels of nature as a whole – from inorganic nature to life in general and human life in particular. It is a fragment of a pragmatist-instrumentalist philosophicaleducational system, which consists in effective purposeful influence on the individual through a specific tool - philosophical knowledge. Here, natural philosophy becomes an instrument of intellectual discourse of the individual, and its study is a pragma (action) on the way to forming the world outlook of the individual and the universal picture of the world. It is the natural and philosophical knowledge that shapes the worldviews of the new (modern) personality, helping to understand the totality of the objective conditions of humanity's existence and to define its survival as a pressing problem of the present.

Studying humankind’s relationship to the earth involves broad and deep questions for students as today’s educators explore changing teaching methods. This article highlights benefits of a multidisciplinary approach to environmental education, drawing upon ancient natural philosophy as a coherent conceptual resource. The Greek philosopher Plotinus is introduced to show the application of ancient natural philosophy across all fields and on all levels of knowledge under a common banner. The significance of ancient natural philosophy is its conception of overall unity. This is the key. Unity is implicit in interrelationships between parts to whole on all levels of existence. From such a perspective, all life forms and other entities in the natural world can be understood as interrelated — just as James Lovelock demonstrated in describing the homeostatic state of natural processes on earth. On a similar reasoning, the diversity in people, societies and places can be appreciated physically and sociologically as belonging to one world. Several studies are cited to explore this overlap between ancient natural philosophy and honouring the connection and dependence of humanity on the fragility of the earth’s ecosystem.

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Inquisition was the institution most invested in the censorship of printed books in the Portuguese empire. Besides publishing the Indices of Forbidden Books, the Holy Office was also responsible for overseeing their implementation and ensuring their efficacy in preventing the importation, reading, and circulation of banned books. Overall, the sixteenth-century Indices condemned 785 authors and 1081 titles, including 52 authors and 85 titles of medicine, natural history, natural philosophy, astronomy, chronology, cosmography, astrology, and divinatory arts. By looking at the largest collection of early modern scientific books in Portugal, I will argue that a closer inspection of marginalia and ownership, and the establishment of a typology of expurgations is essential for the comprehension of the actual practices and the mechanisms of censorship. By examining the material evidence of censorship, in order to reconstruct expurgation practices, this paper reveals the processes and effectiveness of ecclesiastical control in the Portuguese Inquisition and highlights the differences between what inquisitors wrote in the Indices and what others put into practice.

So far it has never been clearly decided whether the treatise De natura rerum constitutes an authentic work by the physician and natural philosopher Theophrastus Bombast of Hohenheim, called Paracelsus (1493/94-1541) This article outlines the manuscript and printing traditions of De natura rerum, in which a recently discovered manuscript from 1571 is identified as the earliest source. The watermarks of this manuscript refer to the Tyrolean Inn Valley, where great alchemical expertise was available due to silver mining. A detailed examination of the content and style of the preface and the nine chapters indicates the involvement of at least three different authors. Some of these parts are definitely forgeries, while others cannot be judged with certainty as to their authenticity. On the other hand, three chapters, those on death, resuscitation and the signature of natural things, are most likely real writings of Paracelsus.

The article discusses the concept of natural philosophy of health. The author ana­lyzes historical and modern systems of healing. The author highlights such areas of healing as folk medicine, spiritual healing, natural medicine, experimental medicine. Today natural medicine is represented by Ayurveda, Chinese and Ti­betan traditions. As for Western Europe, natural medicine developed in the Antique and Arabic schools. Until Modern times healing and natural medicine existed in Ancient Russia. The author conducts a comparative analysis of the philosophi­cal foundations of the natural attitude to disease and healing. Plato’s works, Ayurvedic texts, ancient Russian literature and the Roerichs’ philosophy were the primary sources of the concept. The principles of naturalness and integrity are defined as systemically inseparable concepts. The author highlights the unity of the environment, body and consciousness as an axiom of the natural philoso­phy of health. The versatility of the concept of environment in modern condi­tions is explained through the unity of the Space, planetary geosystems, geosocial realities, existential realities. In the Roerichs’ philosophy, poisoning of the envi­ronment and poisoning of consciousness are considered as the main causes of the global crisis and existential threats to health. The author proves the illegitimacy of the narrow approach of positive experimental medicine to a human as a body. In the natural philosophy of health the holistic human nature encompasses spiri­tual, moral, mental, psychoemotional, and physical components. Spiritual health is regarded as the key to physical health. The author discusses the meanings of the concept “psychic energy” in the Roerichs’ philosophy. Health improve­ment (cleansing) of the mind, body and environment is the way to restore a har­mony between nature and man. Integration of medical practices based on the nat­ural philosophy of health is postulated as the future of humanistic medicine.

This article explores the emergence of Karl Marx’s concept of history over the period 1841 to 1846. Whereas in Marx’s view the productive forces shaped human history, it is argued in this article that Marx believed the productive forces in their turn were fuelled by psychological drives; in effect, Marx made the passions the deepest motive force of history. ‘Historical materialism’ as it crystallized in those early years was a theory of materialized subjectivity. Marx’s comments on various Antique and Modern philosophies of nature evince that he discerned important parallels between the developmental processes of human history and of nature. If Marx traced the dynamism of the productive forces to the human passions, he was adhering to an essentially Romanticist ontology of self-creative, impassioned nature.

This is a revised version of a paper presented at the APA Eastern Division's 115th annual meeting in New York on Monday January 07, 2019. It was presented at session 2O Author Meets Critics: Michael Jacovides, Locke’s Image of the World. The session chair was Antonia LoLordo (University of Virginia), the critics were Robert Pasnau (University of Colorado Boulder) and Kathryn Tabb (Columbia University), and the author was Michael Jacovides (Purdue University).

Purpose : This article aims to explain the philosophy dialectics of positivistic law and post positivistic law and elaborate on the dialectics of synthesis of thoughts of prophetic legal. Methodology : This research used a philosophical approach. The data were taken from secondary data using primary and secondary legal materials. The data were presented in an analytical descriptive manner, then analyzed in a normative juridical manner. Finding : The development of legal philosophy as an art of thought between empiricism, reality, rationality, and irrationality. Integration must be in presence to find the legal synthesis which is perceived capable of providing answers to the missing synthesis concerning the law. The basis of integration is conducted by retrieving the history and the thought schools development of natural philosophy, positivistic, non-systematic law and prophetic law. The synthesis of the thought schools of philosophical law is not only a reality built from the law itself but also the existence of extracurricular nullifications that can be synergized into near-perfect law. Benefit : The benefit of this research is to present the phenomena of various legal paradigms that develop simultaneously as a synthesis of legal development and as an answer to various problems of legal philosophy. The positivistic, non-systematic synthesis and the prophetic paradigm are the paths to near-perfect truth. Originality/Novelty : The prophetic paradigm developed within the framework of micro and macro realities are considered capable of providing answers to the reality of various criticisms that have existed so far. This prophetic paradigm has bonded micro, macro and transcendent realities which are divided into three categories; Theology, Humanity and Natural Sciences which are based on God’s verses on the Qur'an and Sunnah. Keyword : Philosophy of Law, Synthesis, Prophetic

portuguesAo longo do seculo XX diversos cientistas filosofos, exemplos daquele tipo de pensador que antes do surgimento do termo cientista na decada de 1830 era chamado de “filosofo natural”, defenderam que o valor da ciencia nao e utilitario, mas epistemico. A ciencia nao e apenas um meio de gerar tecnologia e inovacao, mas uma parte profunda da cultura, atraves da qual cosmovisoes sao produzidas, e respostas para questoes existenciais sao elaboradas. Neste artigo veremos como tal questao foi pensada por Niels Bohr, Henri Poincare e outros intelectuais. Para Poincare a ciencia era uma atividade intelectual altamente comprometida com os valores de busca da verdade, do bem e da beleza. EnglishThroughout the twentieth century various scientists philosophers, examples of that kind of thinker who before the emergence of the term scientist in the 1830s was called a "natural philosopher", argued that the value of science is not utilitarian, but epistemic. Science is not only a means of generating technology and innovation, but a deep part of the culture through which worldviews are produced, and answers to existential questions are elaborated. In this article we will see how such a question was thought by Niels Bohr, Henri Poincare and other intellectuals. For Poincare science was an intellectual activity highly committed to the values ​​of pursuit of truth, good and beauty.

In the first decades after the founding of the modern Roman Inquisition in 1542, Girolamo Cardano was the most prominent natural philosopher to face imprisonment and trial. A trove of Inquisitorial letters, decrees and censurae have survived, offering a detailed picture of how, in the early years of its existence, the Roman Inquisition placed theological boundaries around astrology and natural philosophy. This article will cover the trial and identify a critical point of contention: that Cardano allegedly naturalized heresy. It will suggest that we view the Cardano affair as a reaction against a natural philosophy threatening to constrain the Inquisition’s right to judge enemies and execute that judgment. Finally, this article will discuss how, in light of the Inquisition’s reading, we might consider Cardano’s astrology to accommodate Christian doctrine.

في هذا البحث سلطت الضوء على موقف ابن تيمية من الفلسفة من خلال موقفه من الفلسفة الطبيعية والأخلاقية، وبينت فيه اهتمام ابن تيمية المبکر في الفلسفة، کما بينت نقد ابن تيمية للفلسفة، وإنصافهم فيما أصابوا فيه، وبينت تفضيله لعلمي الحساب والهندسة على الفلسفة. کما بينت موقف ابن تيمية من النقل وهو النص المعصوم عن الله ورسوله، ورده لفرية التعارض بين العقل والنقل، وبينته نظريته في توافق العقل الصريح مع النقل الصحيح، کما بينت موقف ابن تيمية من العقل وأن العقل خلق الله والشرع أمره سبحانه وتعالى ولا تعارض بين الخلق والأمر، کما بينت موقفه من المنطق الأرسطي، وکيف أنه أول من نقد المنطق الأرسطي مع بيان أوجه النقد التي وجهها له. The presentresearch paper sheds light on Ibn Taymiyyah’s attitude towards philosophy through studying his approaches to natural philosophy and ethical philosophy. The study shows Ibn Taymiyyah’s early interest in philosophy, his criticism of philosophers, and his appreciation of their opinions when they are right. It also shows his interest in mathematics and engineering in preference to philosophy. It also indicates his attitude towards quoting texts, i.e. the infallible texts of the Qur᾿ān and the sayings of Allah's Messenger, his refutation of the false claim about contradiction between reasoning and quoting, and his theory about harmony between sound reasoning and accurate quoting. Ibn Taymiyyah stipulates that reason is Allah’s creation and that the Islamic law is His ordinance, Glory be to Him; and that there is no conflict between His creation and His ordinance. The study also illustrates Ibn Taymiyyah’s attitude towards the Aristotelian logic, as he was the first to criticize Aristotle’s logic, and it shows the facets of his criticism of it.

The works of the Scottish natural philosopher George Sinclair (c.1630–1696) received far more criticism than praise, as described by (Craik, A D D, ‘The hydrostatical work of George Sinclair (c. 16...

Whilst the ‘local culture’ of experimental natural philosophy in seventeenth-century England drew on ‘resources’ supplied by the gentlemanly identity of men like Robert Boyle, this culture found much of its distinctiveness in a series of exclusions having to do with faith, gender and class. My concern in this essay is less with these exclusions, and the distinctions they enabled, than with their surreptitious returns. Following from this, as a heuristic strategy, I will try to understand how Boyle and Co. used and reacted to, repressed and cathected, that which they sought to exclude. By charting the movements of exile and return across the contested frontiers of class, gender and faith, truth and lies, authenticity and performance, we can, I believe, fruitfully complicate our understandings of both the social history of truth, and the social history of our ‘post-truth’ predicament.

When I was a graduate student, I was warned about Benito Arias Montano: he was a pit into which I would fall and never come out. One of the great humanists of the sixteenth century and an outstandi...

Research on the molecular mechanisms controlling circadian rhythm in Western medicine is comparable to the study of a day-night rhythm in Chinese medicine (CM), as also focus on the same life phenomenon. By comparing the two, this paper elaborates on the differences between them in their respective issues of consciousness, ways of thinking, research methods and research results. Relatively speaking, Nobel Prize research has a stronger sense of the problems and concerns about the essence of "what", while CM focuses on "how a thing functions". The former mainly adopts experimental and mathematical methods, while the latter primarily depends on observation and understanding. The natural philosophy and natural science eventually lead to the results and the inevitable, quantitative and qualitative differences. Research on the life rhythm in CM should be proposed, scientific problems should be fully grasped, and research should be carried out with the aid of multidisciplinary new knowledge and new achievements through cross-disciplinary studies. On the basis of clinical epidemiological research and experimental research, a systematic review should be made of the human physiology of CM and the pathological rhythm model to explore the regulatory mechanism of time rhythm and create a new theory of time medicine.

Originally a speculative branch of natural philosophy, cosmology is an ancient field concerned with answering some of the big-picture questions about the origin and evolution of our universe. Our m...