Search

It would be hard to assert that one can understand an entire building by looking at a part so small as a piece of ornament, but after constructing through drawing, a number of these pieces of ornament, and doing the same for Sullivan’s late commissions, I believe that it can now be asserted that Sullivan was designing buildings that were architectural ornament at a large scale. Sullivan’s belief in his own creative will, fueled by the power of nature, learned from the lectures of Asa Grey, the poetry of Whitman, the drama of Richard Wagner’s music Nietzsche’s “Übermensch,” Goethe’s “Urpflanze” and his utopian ideal of Chicago seems to have been the key to the visceral power of his architectural ornamental that can only be described as fantastic and a career achievement. But Sullivan went farther than the design of ornament according to the formal methods documented his last publication, “A System of Architectural Ornament according to Man’s Powers.” Most of his last series of architectural commissions show evidence that he was attempting to construct whole buildings according to the same formal methods used in making the ornament. This paper will present an overview of Sullivan’s principles of ornament and the primary ornament types he employed across his fifty-year career, and will focus on the medallion type of ornament and its role in the development of Sullivan’s commissions following his break from Dankmar Adler in 1895 and its pivotal role during his last period of practice, 1907- 1919 in transforming inert buildings into vibrant containers of human energy

1. Interactions among neighbours can alter demography and traits of commingled species via adaptation or plasticity in phenotypic expression, and understanding these two mechanisms in diverse communities is important for determining the ecological and evolutionary consequences of plant–plant interactions. 2. We reciprocally transplanted perennial species (Arenaria armerina and Festuca indigesta) among patches of two foundation shrub species and open ground to assess whether origin microsite (defined as the spatially distinct abiotic and biotic conditions associated with the two shrubs and open ground) determines germination, recruitment and growth that, in turn, promotes fine‐scale distribution of species among microsites. In addition, we tested the effect of origin microsite on traits, competitive ability, drought tolerance and outlier loci to assess whether origin microsite conditions drove differences in traits, strategies and adaptive loci. 3. Germination was consistently greater for seeds planted back into their origin microsite relative to seeds sourced from foreign microsites, although this effect was weakened for recruitment. Plant growth was best in open sites regardless of origin microsite. In the greenhouse, A. armerina had conserved traits within origin microsite but distinct trait values among origins, specifically plants from the most productive microsite (e.g. sufficient light, high nutrients and improved water availability) had distinct trait values. Festuca indigesta had conserved trait responses among microsites while within microsite, individuals had significant trait plasticity to different environmental conditions. The combined field and greenhouse results suggest that fine‐scale distributions are supported by local adaptation among microsites of A. armerina and phenotypic plasticity of F. indigesta. 4. Synthesis. Adaptation or plasticity in phenotypic expression has different implications for demographic rate and persistence of species in changing environments. Local adaptation to neighbours suggests that reductions in foundation species diversity could concomitantly lead to reduced genetic diversity of commingled species while a plastic response indicates a more robust and broad response to changing climatic and biotic conditions. ISSN:0022-0477

Soil microbial communities affect species demographic rates of plants. In turn, plants influence the composition and function of the soil microbiome, potentially resulting in beneficial feedbacks that alter their fitness and establishment. For example, differences in the ability to stimulate soil enzyme activity among plant lineages may affect plant growth and reproduction. We used a common garden study to test differences in plant‐stimulated soil enzyme activity between lineages of the same species across developmental stages. Lineages employed different strategies whereby growth, days to flowering and seed size traded‐off with plant‐stimulated soil enzyme activity. Specifically, the smaller seeded lineage stimulated more enzyme activity at the early stage of development and flowered earlier while the larger seeded lineage sustained lower but consistent enzyme activity through development. We suggest that these lineages, which are both successful invaders, employ distinct strategies (a colonizer and a competitor) and differ in their influence on soil microbial activity. Synthesis. The ability to influence the soil microbial community by plants may be an important trait that trades off with growth, flowering, and seed size for promoting plant establishment, reproduction, and invasion.

While there is a global shift towards smaller families, some groups maintain relatively high fertility rates. The 2013 New Zealand census data were used to investigate the nature of fertility between ethnicities in New Zealand. The NZ Deprivation Index 2013 was used as a measure of socioeconomic status to determine the relationships with fertility. The results mirror research outside of New Zealand in that socioeconomic status is inversely correlated to fertility. Using crude average fertility rates, sole-ethnicity Pasifika and Māori ethnic groups still have substantially higher fertility than sole-ethnicity Europeans and Asians ethnic groups, even when simultaneously accounting for age, socioeconomic status, education, and religious affiliation. Christians have more children than individuals reportedly without any religion, and fertility rates drop on average for mothers who have higher formal qualifications. Our findings suggest that cultural, or other ethnic-specific factors differentially affe...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to report the experiences of redress seeking and organisational responses for targets of bullying. Design/methodology/approach A phenomenological research design was adopted. In total, 22 primary teachers (seven males, 15 females) in Ireland were self-selected for interview, following an advertisement detailing the study in a national teacher union magazine. Data were analysed utilising an interpretative phenomenological analysis framework. Findings All those interviewed had made official complaints as per available procedures for addressing workplace bullying in their schools. All participants had engaged in Stages 1 and 2 of the official complaints procedures including uptake of recommended counselling. Three participants ceased engagement at Stage 2. In total, 18 participants had engaged in Stage 3 with 12 ceasing engagement at this stage. Seven participants had proceeded to Stage 4. It is noteworthy that no participant articulated satisfaction with the outcome, but conversely all had articulated further upset and acceptance of the reality that redress would not be forthcoming. These participants who had exercised agency in attempting to seek redress were met with power abuses and cultures of collusion. Research limitations/implications This is a small-scale study with self-selecting teachers. The data point to some problematic assumptions underpinning anti-bullying policies in small organisations. Originality/value This paper contributes to discourses of power/agency in workplace bullying. It challenges researchers and policy makers to elucidate more carefully the issues surrounding seeking redress for bullying.

INTRODUCTION: This article aims to provide an overview of the experiences of Korean immigrant parents raising children with disabilities in Aotearoa New Zealand, primarily focusing on their experience of disability services and systems.METHODS: As the present exploratory study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of immigrant parents’ experiences and perceptions, a qualitative approach was employed to collect rich and lived information from participants. Ten participants were recruited and interviewed among Korean parents of children with disabilities and professionals working with those families.FINDINGS: Lack of trust among Korean parents living in Aotearoa New Zealand was frequently discussed by the participants in the present study. Lack of information around available services and alternative support and cultural barriers were often identified to have a significant impact on Korean parents’ experiences with services. A sense of obligation to integrate into the host society and the services provided was also evident. Further, there was a contradictory perception between parents and associated professionals in relation to services’ expectations of Korean parents. CONCLUSIONS: From analysis of the findings, three main themes emerged: experiences of services and its relations with trust, cultural values and expectations, and looking to the future. The study suggests that there is a need for professionals, service providers and government to consider ways to build trusting relationships with Korean parents and their children with disabilities, and makes a number of recommendations.

The provision of community-based child welfare services (CCW) in a managerialist climate in Aotearoa New Zealand (ANZ) necessitates constantly renegotiated contractual partnerships, service targeting and measured outcomes. Reflective supervision is essential to counter the perceived negative impacts of managerialism on CCW work. Within this environment, there is a struggle to ensure supervision provides reflective spaces for social workers to develop in their work with service users despite the demands of meeting organisational imperatives. This article reports on a qualitative study which critically analyses the espoused theory and theories-in-use [Argyris, C., & Schon, D. (1974). Theory in practice: Increasing professional effectiveness. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.] about reflective supervision held by social workers practising in the demanding environment of CCW. In the first phase of the research reported here, nine key informants who had both considerable experience in CCW and academic ex...

The stress-gradient hypothesis predicts a higher frequency of facilitative interactions as resource limitation increases. Under severe resource limitation, it has been suggested that facilitation may revert to competition, and identifying the presence as well as determining the magnitude of this shift is important for predicting the effect of climate change on biodiversity and plant community dynamics. In this study, we perform a meta-analysis to compare temporal differences of species diversity and productivity under a nurse plant (Retama sphaerocarpa) with varying annual rainfall quantity to test the effect of water limitation on facilitation. Furthermore, we assess spatial differences in the herbaceous community under nurse plants in situ during a year with below-average rainfall. We found evidence that severe rainfall deficit reduced species diversity and plant productivity under nurse plants relative to open areas. Our results indicate that the switch from facilitation to competition in response to rainfall quantity is nonlinear. The magnitude of this switch depended on the aspect around the nurse plant. Hotter south aspects under nurse plants resulted in negative effects on beneficiary species, while the north aspect still showed facilitation. Combined, these results emphasize the importance of spatial heterogeneity under nurse plants for mediating species loss under reduced precipitation, as predicted by future climate change scenarios. However, the decreased water availability expected under climate change will likely reduce overall facilitation and limit the role of nurse plants as refugia, amplifying biodiversity loss., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas by MINECO, Grant/Award Number: CGL2014-59010-R; Schweizerischer National fonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Grant/Award Number: P2ZHP3_161986, P300PA_167758, PBBEP3_128361 and PZ00P3_148261; Spanish Government, Grant/Award Number: RYC-2012-12277; MINECO

Social work and social services are in a period of significant change built around three key terms; investment, vulnerable, and outcomes. Those terms are not simple neutral descriptors. Rather, they are shaped in critical ways by the neoliberal framework which informs them. The framework is critically examined here by exploring how it is reflected in the specific meanings and implications of each of the three terms. Social work practice and social services delivery will be heavily influenced by the political and ideological framing of investment, vulnerable and outcomes. The paper takes up some of these implications and raises a series of questions for children and families, for practitioners and for agencies. The responses to those questions will be critical for social work and for those with whom and for whom social workers work.

Two countries on the opposite side of the globe – Sweden and New Zealand– similarities and differences! This article is an introduction to the following articles about aspects of social services in Sweden. These articles, written from a Swedish perspectives and context, give some pictures of the welfare sector in the areas of elderly care, psychiatric care and disability care which hopefully will be of interest especially for New Zealand readers. To build the understanding of the Swedish model this introductory article starts with a theoretical approach to welfare systems. To understand the context in which services are delivered, it is necessary to both give some basic facts about the countries and about services – regulation, conditions, or- ganisations and implementation, including how services have developed historically and influenced the current situation – and to include comments and reflections from a New Zealand perspective. These external comments and reflections are also a way to broaden the interest and value for New Zealand readers as well as for international readers in general and, not least, Swedish readers.

Social investment has been the leit motif for the development of a range of social service provisions in Aotearoa/New Zealand for the last decade. It involves a particular approach, using data to target decisions and inform directions for such key areas as social security, care and protection of children and delivery of social services. There are serious questions about the statistical base which informs the approach and the implications for disadvantaged, marginalised and targeted populations, while poverty is neglected, sidelined and/or treated as resulting from individual failure. The Aotearoa/New Zealand model of social investment represents a significant departure from needs based, equity informed welfare provision.

Species distributions are driven by abiotic conditions that filter species with specific traits and physiological tolerances and match them with their suitable environment. Plant–plant interactions can constrict (through competition) or loosen (through facilitation) the strength of these environmental filters, which in turn inhibit or enhance establishment and recruitment of plant species at a finer spatial scale. Although competition is often the focus of community assembly processes that further impede the entry of plant species into a site, facilitation is also important for potentially loosening environmental filters (especially climatic filters such as temperature and precipitation), ultimately enhancing species occurrence beyond their physiological optimum. We used multiple data sets from the arid site of Rambla del Saltador Valley to test the hypothesis that facilitation by a nurse-plant promotes the presence of herbaceous, beneficiary species beyond their environmental optimum relative to open sites. Furthermore, we propose that the median elevation and community composition of herbaceous species expands with the age of the nurse-plant, and we tested this hypothesis by examining 105 beneficiary species under 50 nurse-plant shrubs varying in age from 6 to 48 years old. We found nurse-plants both facilitate herbaceous species occurrence beyond their median elevation and support more diverse and a distinctly different composition of species in contrast to open sites. Specifically, herbaceous species that originate from a median elevation more than 600 to 700 m above the site only existed beneath nurse-plants, and below this median elevation, half the species only occurred below the nurse-plant. Moreover, the richness and elevation provenance of the herbaceous species increased with increasing nurse-plant age. Our results highlight the importance of facilitation for alleviating physiological strain (in support of the strain hypothesis) and mediating regional species distributions, which has implications for understanding species movements and community assembly at larger-scales under hotter and drier climates., This work was funded by the Spanish Research Agency (AEI) (CGL2017-84515-R). MOB was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation through an Advanced Postdoc Mobility Fellowship (P300PA_167758). This work contributes to the University of Zurich Research Priority Program on Global Change and Biodiversity (URPP-GCB).

More frequent and severe El Nino Southern Oscillations (ENSO) are causing episodic periods of decreased rainfall. Although the effects of these ENSO-induced droughts on tree growth and mortality have been well studied, the impacts on other demographic rates such as reproduction are less well known. We use a four-year seed rain dataset encompassing the most severe ENSO-induced drought in more than 30 years to assess the resilience (i.e., resistance and recovery) of the seed composition and abundance of three forest types in a tropical dry forest. We found that forest types showed distinct differences in the timing, duration, and intensity of drought during the ENSO event, which likely mediated seed composition shifts and resilience. Drought-deciduous species were particularly sensitive to the drought with overall poor resilience of seed production, whereby seed abundance of this functional group failed to recover to predrought levels even two years after the drought. Liana and wind-dispersed species were able to maintain seed production both during and after drought, suggesting that ENSO events promote early successional species or species with a colonization strategy. Combined, these results suggest that ENSO-induced drought mediates the establishment of functional groups and dispersal types suited for early successional conditions with more open canopies and reduced competition among plants. The effects of the ENSO-induced drought on seed composition and abundance were still evident two years after the event suggesting the recovery of seed production requires multiple years that may lead to shifts in forest composition and structure in the long term, with potential consequences for higher trophic levels like frugivores.

It is said we are in trouble, we humanists. “The humanities are under pressure all over the world, Rens Bod begins (xii). James Turner ends, “Without question, the humanities now face greater flux than they have routinely endured in the past century” (385). The trouble and the flux seem to take two forms. There is the usual business of intellectual disciplines forming and re-forming, of new paradigms restructuring institutions, a process that one might regard as discomforting but sometimes healthy. But there is the other business of universities being governed by anti-intellectuals, aficionados of the spreadsheet, counted beans, and the alumni dinner. These predators roam campuses, sneer at libraries, abolish departments, and plan the day when, the cost-effective triumphant, scholarship will be little more than a digital ghost. At the University of Essex, lately Marina Warner was coldly informed of this new order, defined by a “Tariff of Expectations” (seventeen targets to be met) and a “workload allocation” handed down from on high. There was an indifference to what had gone before, what creative people had once hoped for for Colchester. “That is all changing now,” the executive dean for humanities briskly explained. “That is over.” The past, that is. Fed up, Warner resigned, hearing too loudly “the tick of the deathwatch beetle” in the fabric of the house she wished to inhabit, a university that valued scholarship and the life of the mind, as it once had.

In this paper we explore different configurations of loop sizes in two-dimensional high temperature superconductor (HTS) Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) Arrays. Fixing the number and loop sizes, we changed the placements of the loop sizes to see the effects on the voltage-flux response. We find an asymmetry in the voltage-flux response of the anti- peak feature when the large and small loop sizes are organized on opposite sides of the array. Additionally, we investigate increasing the number of junctions in parallel to mitigate the effects of the junction critical current spread on the voltage-flux response.

A quantitative content analysis of recently published research in information behavior is compared with previous analyses to create a 30-year profile of work in the field. Variables of particular interest include research methods employed, user groups studied, relative interdisciplinarity, theoretical frameworks applied, attention to affect, and attention to systems design.Une analyse quantitative de contenus de recherches sur le comportement informationnel publiés récemment a été comparée à des analyses réalisées précédemment afin d’aboutir à un profil sur trente ans du travail accompli dans le domaine. Les variables offrant un intérêt particulier comprennent : les méthodes de recherche utilisées, les groupes d'utilisateurs étudiés, une relative interdisciplinarité, les cadres théoriques appliqués, l’attention aux affects, et l’attention aux conceptions de systèmes.*** Awarded Best Overall Conference Paper ***

Long-term outcomes of hypospadias surgery, particularly urinary function, have not been examined thoroughly. Uroflowmetry can be used to evaluate long-term functional outcomes by assessing flow shape and the rate of micturition. We assessed urethral function using uroflowmetry in adolescents after undergoing hypospadias repair in infancy and compared this with age matched controls.After human research ethics committee approval (HREC 28111A), 17 boys 13 to 15 years old with no history of urological or neurological disorders underwent uroflowmetry (65 separate voids) to determine standard values for boys of this age. Then 60 boys age 13 to 15 years who had undergone treatment for hypospadias in early infancy were seen for long-term followup and underwent uroflow assessment.Standard urinary flow rates were established in the 13 to 15-year-old control group and represented on a nomogram. In the boys who underwent hypospadias surgery the urine flow rates were significantly lower compared to the control nomogram (p0.0001), with half the patients having uroflow rates below 1 SD from the control mean but without symptoms. Boys with significant preoperative chordee were more likely to have poorer urinary flow (p0.04). A poor urinary flow rate also was significantly associated with post-void residual bladder volume (p0.03). There was no correlation with original meatal location, number of operations, presence of postoperative complications, current anatomy and lower urinary tract symptoms (eg post-void dribble, hesitancy, incontinence).At long-term followup after hypospadias surgery urinary flow rates were significantly lower compared to age matched controls but still fell within the normal range. In the hypospadias cohort there was no significant association with lower urinary tract symptoms and poor urinary flow. Detection of poor urinary flow may indicate incomplete bladder emptying. The presence of severe chordee preoperatively is a significant risk factor for poor urinary flow rates on long-term followup.

Increased participation in the paid work force is one of the major goals of welfare reform in New Zealand. This goal is unlikely to be achieved given the high proportion of lone parents without a school qualification and labour market demands for skills. The outcome will be even worse outcomes for lone parents and their children, most of whom are below the poverty line, and greater surveillance of beneficiaries.

The paper reports on how a child protection agency capitalized on the knowledge acquired at the Improving Educational Outcomes for Children in Care conference to launch the development of a long term strategy to promote educational success for the children in its care. After attending the conference a team from the agency completed a review of current agency strategies and an analysis of the presentations given by practitioners and researchers. As a result the team was able to identify immediate steps that will be taken. It also found that a number of themes ran through the presentations that will become the pillars underpinning the development of a long term plan. The themes are: the importance of transitions; a commitment to strong collaboration between the child welfare and education systems; enhanced educational support for children in care; the cultivation of an expectation of success; the importance of caregiver involvement; and the creation of a culture of education.

Introduction to:Powles, Guy, Ombudsman. (1968). Guest editorial. New Zealand Social Worker, News and Opinions, 4(4), 3-5.Jack, Miss Avery, (1968). Finland. New Zealand Social Worker, News and Opinions, 4(4), 9-13.

Academic library home pages are not only access points to the resources and services of a library, they are virtual representations of the library itself. The content placed on the page, where it is placed, and the amount of space allotted are all choices that send a message about the character of the library, the resources a user should start with, and the library's attitude toward its users. This study explores the messages being sent by the content selection and design of the home pages of 49 of the 50 largest academic libraries in the United States. By looking at the area allocated to different content types and the number and location of different content types, the researchers discovered that design elements and promotion/public relations receive a large amount of page space. The researchers also identified the prominently positioned multi-search box as the apparent de facto standard access point to library resources. Many sites are clearly designed to direct users to specific, presumably important ...

A Lidded Bowl from Vume ... In African villages, it is said that you make your best pots when you are slightly hungry. A small lidded bowl from Vume,1 (see figure 12) a serving dish made for food, which Peter Whitehead had seen in the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A), was created by the En glish potter Michael Cardew at Vume in Ghana. The dish fascinated Whitehead. He found himself compelled to go back to the museum again and again to confront it, to discover why it had begun to haunt him. The shape was ambiguous: in two parts. When separated, there were two separate bowls, each of which could be filled with food. The compulsion to return to this object of mystery, he had felt once, when as a student at Cambridge University he had seen a sculpture in the Fitzwilliam Museum, a head of Princess Meritaten of the Eigh teenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, daughter of the Pharaoh Akhenaton and his wife Nefertiti. Staring at the Cardew lidded bowl, which was one pot, but also two, Whitehead sensed that if he were to become a serious potter, he would always be striving to re- create this pot- until the day he died. The number of coincidences between Whitehead and Cardew seems remarkable. Peter Whitehead was born in the slums of Liverpool and brought up in a one- parent family. He became head boy of a prestigious public school and won a scholarship to study physics at Cambridge. Cardew's two elder brothers were sent to Westminster School, but there was not enough money for Michael, so he was sent to the local grammar school, from which he won a scholarship to Oxford (almost unheard of in the 1920s) to study classics. These are the kinds of stories politicians and academics love to hear. At college, both Whitehead and Cardew discovered other things far more interesting than their studies, which they duly neglected. Both were threatened with expulsion and realized that they had better make a token effort to mollify their long- suffering tutors to snatch a degree of sorts (instead of the firstclass honors that had been smugly predicted for them). Forty years later, Whitehead's career had been as colorful as it had promised to be brilliant: from filming the Rolling Stones and student riots in America, to hunting falcons in the freezing wastes of Alaska (and being hunted in turn by the U.S. Army for doing so), to breeding them in Saudi Arabia. But perhaps the strangest part of the story is still to come. It is a story I tell here, even though it is one almost too improbable to command respect as a proper academic study. It tells of how Whitehead found in pottery the strength to put behind him the threat of death, when an emergency qua druple heart bypass operation after a massive heart attack failed and he became inoperable- how he coped, late in life, with the problems of trying to make serious pottery and developing exactly what he wanted in his newly chosen field. In describing what Whitehead has made and achieved in this quest to create pottery, we must return to the source of his energy, through the potters Michael Cardew and the great Japa nese potter (and Whitehead's mentor) Shoji Hamada, back to the uninhibited work of peasant potters, to the basic values in the pottery made in traditional, unspoiled African villages. In some of these villages, potters today are making pottery as fine, aesthetically, as any ever made. Whitehead's work is equally original and distinctive, deriving much of its quality from inner considerations, a deliberate lack of concern for commerce. Yet given present Western attitudes, it is more than likely that what ever Whitehead makes, however unique, his work will be overlooked in the official circles of the world of ceramics. Whitehead had just finished his last novel, Girl on the Train, in 2000, when his bypass operation suddenly failed and he was rushed back to the hospital with life- threatening complications. After a prolonged, complicated angiography when he came close to having a second operation, there was a fraught dialogue with the hospital's chief surgeon, who explained that there was, physically, nothing more to be done. …

You may recall the old song by Kurt Weill and Maxwell An derson, which begins, "It's a long, long time from May to December, but the days grow short, when you reach September." I did, when read ing these two books together, since (in terms of their intellectual careers) Michael Kreyling might be said to have reached September, and Jennifer Greeson is still in May. The former writes as one of the South s preemi nent literary critics, a little battle-scarred, a touch elegiac, and not too bothered about loose ends. The latter seems self-confident, intellectu ally ambitious, and very concerned to be systematic. There is not much of a conversation between May and September, since neither mentions the other, though Kreyling is more conscious of the existence of younger voices who have challenged and changed his subject matter than Gree son seems to be of older voices, who merit a repudiation. Perhaps to her credit, Greeson writes as though all scholars agree with one another, even across generations. At issue is the existence and pertinence of the South, though Krey ling and Greeson approach the matter from very different perspectives. The former came of age when few doubted the compelling reality of southern culture and when positivist moralists governed, and the ur gent necessity was to reconceive allegiance to a South that Kreyling once

This visual essay reports on the production of the photographic text Mum's got to sell the house. The project arose from qualitative action research based upon the strategies of collaborative memory work within the family. The analysis of the project presented here posits that the photograph, and indeed the practice of photography, can be positively understood as the site for the production and representation of memory, one which is future oriented and active in the construction of identity and agency.

Effective services for children must be grounded in the sound conceptualization and measurement of need. The concept of need is often misunderstood because it is used in different ways. Defining need as both a requisite and a goal is desirable. The conceptualization ought to rest on an acceptance that not only are objective and universal needs to attain physical health and autonomy requirements for all human beings, but subjective needs may also sit alongside of universal needs. The ecological/developmental perspective is best suited as a framework for assessing the needs of children. One of its tenets, the importance of understanding the interaction of risk and protective factors, is highly relevant to assessing needs. An assessment of the interaction of risk and protective factors operating in a child’s life reveals the requisites and goals necessary for child development. The proposed approaches to the conceptualization and measurement of need when combined will be conducive to better assessment and intervention by social workers with children.

Rehabilitation counseling has played a significant role in the public rehabilitation program since its inception. Rehabilitation educators have also been critical in this partnership. This article reviews current trends in the relationships between public rehabilitation agencies, university programs, accreditation bodies, and others to discuss future potential paths. Also reviewed are current expectations for skills and opportunities for rehabilitation counselors in the state/federal vocational rehabilitation programs. Opposing alternatives for how these relationships may affect the future of rehabilitation counseling practice are suggested.

For some time, there has been reason for imagining that we live in neo-Victorian times. We are awash in restless evangelicals, profligate of stern and apocalyptic advice. We have had praying leaders who imagine that foreigners, usually with beards, require reform and invasion. Celts threaten secession and the Union is extolled. There is much talk of families, education, and the anxieties of class. Our novels grow long and vexed, and even have plots. Historians seek the common reader and write meandering narratives, full of metaphor, which may be purchased at railway stations.

This essay seems to make two central claims: the first, implied by the phrase "moral turn," invites us to accept that recently there has been a growing interest among historians in utilizing morality; the second is that historians ought so to use morality. It will best to say, at the outset, that I am unconvinced by both propositions.The first claim is intriguing, but strikes me as the less developed. "Moral turn" is a diachronic phrase, like its referent "linguistic turn," the latter being an intellectual development with discernible origins and a traceable course, fixable in time and place, doubtless various in its manifestations but with an intellectual core. On the whole, even at the time, one could tell who was turning, when, and from what to what; this was a selfconscious project. Is this true of the "moral turn"? Professor Cotkin does offer the sketch of a chronology; in the late 1980s and early 1980s he discerns a reviving interest in morality, occasioned by culture wars and postmodernism, and this tendency was "accelerated" by events in Bosnia, Rwanda, and New York, to produce a body of historical work that selfconsciously engaged morality. Is this plausible? The issue here is not whether one can identify historians from the late 1980s to the present who considered themselves to be moral agents. Cotkin convincingly identifies several such-Lawrence Levine, Harry Stout-although he also quietly assimilates moral philosophers (A. C. Grayling, Jonathan Glover) to his cast of historians, by way of amplifying the case. The question, rather, is whether a propensity for moral enquiry became more common in 2005 than in 1975, or indeed in 1675 or 275 BC, and hence whether anyone was turning anywhere, or whether most were moral commentators already. I see little in this essay that, on this score, is persuasive. For good or ill, it seems to me that an engagement with morality has been fairly constant in historical scholarship since almost any period one might care to name. Tacitus, the Venerable Bede, Ibn Khaldun, Machiavelli, Ranke, Acton, and Beard all presumed that morality was a legitimate preoccupation of the historical imagination.The moral impulse has been especially strong in American historical writing, which perhaps looms larger in Cotkin's analysis than his larger philosophical purpose might warrant. I doubt, for example, that in most cultures beyond the United States the immediate events of 9/11 raised any moral issues not already familiar, and the human cost of genocide in Rwanda and massacre in Bosnia produced fewer responses than one might have expected, doubtless because a knowledge of the futile savagery of humanity was already woven into the social presumptions of many, who knew something of the Somme, Auschwitz, and the Khmer Rouge, let alone the Sack of Jerusalem or Tamerlane. By such standards, I would doubt what Cotkin claims few doubt, that "our age is marked by especially deep moral fissures and challenges." On the contrary, I would have thought that, taken all around, we live in quiet times, at least for the moment. Regrettably, a weekly death toll of a few thousand is a quiet time. As for the "vituperative and endless debates on reproductive rights, gay marriage, affirmative action, and capital punishment" that so irritate Cotkin, they seem to be but the necessary white noise of a functioning democracy.The second claim is more developed, but less clear, at least to me. I am very unsure whether Cotkin is recommending that historians be moral agents or whether he merely wants historians to have opinions about the moralities of others. The latter recommendation seems fairly uncontentious, at least for certain kinds of political and social history, since morality is a preoccupation of most societies, and it would be hard to avoid encountering in the past events which and people who were not somehow involved in moral issues. Other kinds of history, perhaps including intellectual history or art history, may less insistently present moral problems. …

No consensus exists regarding the precise role of testicular biopsy in prepubertal boys, although it is considered useful for assessing the potential consequences of undescended testes on fertility. Current scientific knowledge indicates that surgeons should broaden indications for this procedure. For example, the use of immunohistochemical markers such as OCT/3-4, TSPY, Kit ligand (SCF) and ALPP (PLAP) has considerably facilitated the detection of germ cell tumour precursors, such as carcinoma in situ and/or gonadoblastoma. These markers are very important for evaluating malignancy risk in undervirilized patients with 46,XY disorders of sexual development. Testicular histology is also of considerable value in the prediction of both fertility potential and risk of cancer in individuals with undescended testes, particularly those with intraabdominal undescended testes. New possibilities for the preservation of fertility after gonadotoxic chemotherapy - even for prepubertal boys - are emerging. Cryopreservation of testicular tissue samples for the preservation of fertility - although still an experimental method at present - is appealing in this context. In our opinion, testicular biopsy in prepubertal boys is a minor procedure that can provide valuable information for predicting the risk of malignancy and fertility, and might be useful in fertility preservation in the near future.

Providing affordable, durable, and quality homes has always been one of the greatest challenges faced by society. Over the years, significant research efforts have taken place to help meet the challenge of providing adequate housing. In recent years, there has been a renewed emphasis on housing technology research due to the Partnership for Advancing Technologies in Housing ~PATH! program initiatives at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development ~HUD! and the National Science Foundation ~NSF!. In 2003, the NSF-PATH program sponsored a year-long effort to

Concern at widening health and wealth inequities between communities accompanying processes of globalization in recent years are reflected in contemporary definitions of health promotion, premised on the stratagem of individuals and communities increasing control over factors that determine health, thereby improving their health status. Such community empowerment practice is commonly accepted within the health promotion literature as encompassing intrapersonal, interpersonal and socio-political elements. Less articulated and understood, however, are the processes whereby the identities and cultures of marginalized communities intersect with and reverberate through these levels of action. The potential of identity and culture as important individual and community resources within social action takes on further significance within global-ized contexts, which simultaneously expose marginalized communities to dominant cultural power relations while affording members new avenues for cultural expression. In this paper we highlight culture and identity as important aspects of the empowerment process, drawing on the experiences of migrant Tongan and Samoan women throughout a social action process in Aotearoa/New Zealand. In particular, narratives of identity and culture within storytelling as an empowerment practice are explicated, as is the articulation of identity and culture within more structurally orientated power relations throughout subsequent activities related to policy advocacy.

I am commissioned here to discuss the influence of John Shelton Reed. But on whom? On historians of the American South, like myself? I am not sure John Reed has had any influence on historians, at least in the direct sense. Though his writing is suffused with a sense of history, there is remarkably little formal history in his work. Is it, instead, the case that his influence has lain in transmitting from his own discipline insights, theory, and technique, by which southern studies has been enriched? Has Reed brought us riches from the world of sociology, which have made us see things anew? Well, not really. Reed seems barely engaged with his own discipline, as if he does a bit of sociology now and again so that they will not revoke his citizenship and deport him to some Devil's Island for disaffected social scientists. Indeed, he is inclined to abuse the trade of sociology, laments that regional sociology is dead, except for him, tells other sociologists off for writing atrociously. Certainly, he has his polling data; all those graphs and maps and indices that define the shifting landscape of southern identity. These facts he has passed along to us. And they are useful. It is pleasant to have a graph or a table. It is nice and formal. We can know, for example, that in Duluth in 1976 the ratio of southern to American entries in the names of businesses listed in the Yellow Pages was zero, but by 1988 had risen to .03, whereas in Winston-Salem it had fallen from .84 to .81. You may wish to know this. I myself do not find it positively repulsive as a piece of information, but it does seem to me the intellectual equivalent of a pretzel nugget. In truth, this is not a good time to be an emissary from sociology. The discipline, once so promising, has lost adherents and drifted to the margins of the intellectual world. How many historians now read any sociology? Be honest. When did any of you last look at a sociological journal? When did you last pick up a book entitled New Perspectives on Sociology and History? When was there last such a book? Who would send a history graduate student to take courses in a sociology department? Does your local university still have a sociology department? No, not a good time. Why should we, then, care for John Shelton Reed's influence on historians and other critics who study the South? Well, we probably should not. I think he has had some role in reassuring modern South-watchers that their subject matter is not disappearing, a disquiet that much troubled historians of the South in the 1950s and 1960s. Any old graph helps to fend off the prospect--grim to some (not to me)--that studying the South will become like studying Merovingian ascetics, the contemplation of vanished flagellations and unintelligible tombs. John Reed is important for other reasons, more compelling, more elusive. As he himself has been at pains to insist, the South requires constant reinvention to survive. What matters is less the land or the climate or some hard positivist thing called the South, than the social psychology of the persons who claim the title of southerners. This is a matter of will. Those with such wills are important. Reed has been among the most successful modern reinventors of the tradition, one of the people who help us see what they say is around us. But, first, upon his own testimony, he needed to invent the South for himself, being an east Tennesseean to whom such matters were not self-evident except from the standpoint of Massachusetts and New York, where he was educated. Such a route has made him unusually sensitive to the processes of migration, modernization, change. Unlike many southern conservatives, who see the South as a sort of rock that survives the erosion of time and Yankees, Reed views the South as created by the social processes of time and change, as what erodes as well as what is eroding. At least, he argues this in principle, though it is at odds with another Reed notion, the South as a folk culture. …

When I went to the University of Cambridge as an undergraduate in 1966, the South was deemed there to be a very minor part of the puzzle of American culture. American literature was Henry James, Melville, Emerson, Hemingway, Fitzgerald, but mostly Henry James of southern authors only Faulkner had a significant hearing, though he was seen as a steamy exoticism, a sort of Henri Rousseau with a knowledge of the sexual utility of corncobs, not as one of the foremost modernists. As for history, the South was relevant to understanding the coming of the Civil War, as a problem to be deprecated, but little more. American history was told as a succession of whiggish reform movements, of Jeffersonian and Jacksonian democracy, of Populism, Progressivism, and the New Deal. The South did not fit in, except as the occasional obstacle. To be interested in the South then was to be against the grain. Matters are very different now, not only in Cambridge but elsewhere in Europe, even in Japan. The existence of the Southern Studies Forum as a branch of the European Association of American Studies--as far as I know, the only affiliation of that association devoted to a component part or aspect of American culture--is testimony to a growth of interest, evidenced by four conferences and three volumes of proceedings.(1) There are scholars in Odense who write about Walker Percy, in Berlin who concern themselves with John Esten Cooke, in Vienna who read Flannery O'Connor, in Genoa who are experts on women's clubs in Charleston, in Newcastle who do the history of rhythm and blues, in Australia who write on southern Baptists. When I was in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, in November of 1997, a whole conference of Japanese scholars had descended upon the place. In the summer of 1998, there was a meeting at the University of Warwick tided "New Orleans in Europe," with no less than thirty speakers. What is going on? Of course, much is explicable by the powerful cultural position of the United States in the postwar world, the more so since the collapse of the Soviet alternative. Self-evidently, the world grows crowded with American popular and high culture. Coca-Cola, Levi jeans, baseball caps, T-shirts, CNN, Elvis, Duke Ellington, Bill Gates, all these are familiar almost everywhere. This influence has deepened in the last twenty years. In 1973 my wife and I caught a bus in the eastern part of Crete, in the Lasithi region beyond Sitia and towards Kato Zakros. Behind us a small girl sat down, evidently on her way to school. She looked on us with wonder, as though we had come from another world, as indeed we had. With kindness towards strangers, she offered a part of the food she had for her lunch, and we, awkwardly and mutely, accepted it. I find it hard to imagine such a scene happening now, for the child would probably be wearing an outfit emblazoned with a Chicago Bulls logo. The ancient condescensions of European culture have perceptibly weakened. I do not mean that Parisian intellectuals have swapped their Haut-Medoc for Dr Pepper. I do mean that the presence of American culture in the formative years of European intellectuals has made it natural to take seriously interpreters of America who make that culture intelligible because they help to explain not only what America is, but what Europe is. For American culture is part of the fabric of European culture in ways that it was not in the nineteenth century, or far less so. That intermingling is, no doubt, deeply contentious, but it is at least arguable that American culture is now very close to being central to world culture and many--whether scientists, philosophers, historians, musicians, or literary critics -- whether they admit to it or not, behave as though the United States were pivotal. And this occurs despite the fact that both sides are somewhat in denial about the phenomenon: the world for its old anti-American instincts, America because so much of its eschatology is founded upon a sense of being at the end of things, of time and space, not in the middle of things. …

Methods: Needs for services for people with ischaemic heart disease were assessed for two defined county populations. Current clinical, epidemiological and health services research evidence were used to prepare technical descriptions of services. Data on needs and evidence of effective services were assembled into an interconnected matrix of information to advise the negotiations between the county authorities (the purchasers) and general practitioners, community services and hospitals (the providers).Results: Negotiations between purchasers and providers resulted in agreed specifications to commission services for people with ischaemic heart disease(IHD). Contracts for IHD services for 1996/7 will be based upon this method which applies to specific conditions instead of the previous historical cost and volume method. Use of the method has allowed target outcomes for services to be defined and agreed between the parties.Conclusion: Condition specific programmes of care appear to be feasible, relevant and potentially beneficial. It is possible to gain the co-operation of both managers and clinicians in defining service specifications, which are related to measured need and scientific evidence of effectiveness, for people with ischaemic heart disease. Initial failings of the market, in particular confrontation between purchasers and providers, can be reduced.J Epidemiol, 1996 ; 6 : S89-S92.

In its final report the Welfare Working Group (WWG) asserts that ‘Our welfare system has major deficiencies that need to be corrected if we are to achieve the outcomes New Zealanders expect from the welfare system. Addressing these issues requires innovation and fundamental change to the welfare system, rather than further piecemeal change’ (WWG, 2011, p.i). The report fails to meet all these aims because of: (1) its imprecision and lack of clarity about key terminology; (2) the agenda which it set, including the terms of reference under which it worked; and (3) the assumptions it made about the purpose and role of income support systems and the values on which those systems should be based.

Children’s rights and active citizenship have been significant policy emphases and developments in recent years but the relationship between the two has not been actively explored in relation to the implications for child poverty. Recent policy developments in New Zealand and Sweden are drawn on here to explore this relationship. The article argues that an emphasis on active citizenship does not lead to improvement of rights for all children. Too many children are left in poverty because active citizenship is focused on the lives of adults, not the needs and rights of children. Advancing children’s rights requires attention to the position of all children, not just those who live in households where the adults meet active citizenship requirements.

When strongly motivated individuals band themselves together for the purpose of achieving worthwhile objectives, they succeed almost in direct proportion to the qualifications of their selected leaders. -AJHP v17 1960 tribute to GNF Dennis B. Worthen, Lloyd Scholar at the Lloyd Library and Museum in Cincinnati, OH, has done our profession a service of great importance by initiating the series published in the Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, “Heroes of Pharmacy.” The first 28 profiles of pharmacy's early heroes have also been compiled in a book by the same title published by the American Pharmacists Association (APhA). A hero, according to Worthen's definition, is an individual “who sacrifices his or her self-interests to make the profession more than it had been. It is the person who is willing to champion change and advancement in both the clash of opposition and the yawn of disinterest.” He continues that “a professional hero is a positive role model. Heroes stick to principles in spite of the pressure to be expedient. Heroes have a vision of what the profession needs to be and the courage and conviction to make it be.” Pharmacy lost another hero on August 3, 2008, when Gloria Niemeyer Francke quietly ended her battle with cancer. Unlike 27 of the 28 heroes remembered in the APhA compilation, this hero was female. But just like those that had been named before her, many of her accomplishments were “firsts.” Gloria Niemeyer Francke was the first professional secretary of what would become the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. Gloria Niemeyer Francke was the first female Remington Medalist and therefore the first woman to receive both the ASHP Harvey AK Whitney Award and the Remington Honor Medal from APhA. She was the first woman to have her name associated with a national pharmacy award. Appropriately it is named the Gloria Niemeyer Francke Leadership Mentor Award, and she lived to see it presented to 14 outstanding individuals who meet the criteria of promoting and encouraging pharmacists to attain leadership positions through example as a role model and mentor. Dr. Francke graduated from pharmacy school in the 1930s when few women studied pharmacy and rose quickly to serve first as an assistant director at a hospital pharmacy and then as a staff member at APhA working for the section of hospital pharmacy. She and her beloved husband Donald Francke joined forces to advance clinical pharmacy education and practice, working to establish a leading doctor of pharmacy degree program as well as a residency training program in Cincinnati in the early 1970s. Gloria had faced discrimination early in her career and saved the short letter from one leading corporation to which she had applied for employment shortly after graduation. The pharmaceutical company simply stated that they did not hire women! Appreciating the pain of discrimination, it is not surprising to learn that Dr. Francke marched with Dr. Martin Luther King in Selma, AL, in the 1960s. Gloria wasn't afraid to tackle difficult or sensitive issues and she did so purposefully yet with amazing grace and a fabulous sense of humor. As the number of female pharmacy students and graduates rose quickly in the late 1970s she accepted responsibility to staff the APhA Task Force on Women in Pharmacy. Many in the largely male-dominated profession at the time voiced concern that women would not step up into leadership and management roles traditionally held by men. The APhA report captured the central issues of concern and set forth a series of broad and bold recommendations to insure that pharmacy would not become “a pink collar profession.” Gloria remained on the APhA staff long enough to translate many of the recommendations into action and acted as a conscience for the profession's progress on equality for all licensed pharmacists. Her reach was much broader than across US pharmacy. Dr. Francke actively participated in international pharmacy programming through groups like the International Pharmacy Federation known as FIP. Her vision for advances in hospital pharmacy and for leadership from all pharmacists, especially women, made her an international hero. She traveled alone or accompanied by a friend to meetings in Brazil and Beijing, China, until a year before her life on this earth ended this summer. Her life in pharmacy will continue through her legacy of leadership development that transcends area of practice. Frigyes Karinthy may receive credit for the popular 6 degrees of separation concept in pop culture and network theory, though Gloria was well aware of how her life was affected by hundreds of scholars, teachers, and mentors. Her Remington Medal Award lecture listed by name the 7 Remington medalists she worked with, beginning with Glenn Jenkins, her Dean at Purdue who wished a new era in pharmacy characterized by excellence in professional practice, teaching, and research. It is notable that Rebecca Snead, the last Francke Award recipient before Gloria's death, identifies the first Francke Medalist among her mentors and shares mentoring relationships with the authors as well. The courageous principles and bold vision found in Gloria's life of personal sacrifice for the betterment of pharmacy have never been more important as pharmacy seeks new leadership, advocates, and educators amid economic uncertainty and competing proposals for health care reform. Wherever difficult and sensitive issues in medication use are debated around our small, flat world, here's hoping they are debated by pharmacists connected by and committed to the lessons learned from an unsung hero: Gloria Neimeyer Francke.

Using Jones' (1995) model of control, intensity (level) and direction (interpretation) of symptoms associated with competitive trait anxiety were examined as a function of sport type and competitive experience. Participants from gross explosive and fine motor-skill sports (n = 162) completed a trait version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (Martens et al., 1990a) including intensity and direction subscales (Jones & Swain, 1992). Main effects for experience and sport type were reported with gross explosive sports indicating symptoms associated with competitive anxiety as more facilitative to performance than fine motor-skill sports. Experienced performers also reported more-facilitating interpretations of symptoms than their less-experienced counterparts. The findings provide support from a dispositional context to suggest that sport type and the level of competitive experience influence interpretation of symptoms usually experienced in pressure situations. Implementation of activation, relaxation or restructuring interventions contingent upon the nature of the sport is recommended with consideration of the development of confidence-building strategies in less-experienced performers.

Conjectures of Order: Intellectual Life and the American South, 18101860. By Michael O'Brien. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. Pp. xvii, 1354. Abbreviations, introduction, illustrations, tables, bibliography, acknowledgments, index. $95.00, in two volumes.) In Michael O'Brien's telling, the intellectuals of the Old South were complex, vibrant, profound, often cynical, sometimes prescient, perpetually ill-at-ease, and always longing for order. It bears noting at the outset, that to the considerable extent the southern intellectuals were conflicted, O'Brien finds little to connect their intellectual and emotional turmoil to latent-or apparent-guilt over the enslavement of other southerners. It seems to have been more the weight of modernity that so distracted and distressed southern thinkers. Living in an era of roiling and rampant change-economic, social, scientific, cultural, and political change-they groped for a means of finding, or creating, order in the midst of such chaos. These thoughtful southerners believed that relentlessly progressive modern science and philosophy would allow no certitude and that order had to be constructed from what they perceived as the best-if imperfect-western ideals and traditions. If the destabilizing forces about them, in science, economics, philosophy, religion, and politics summoned a sense of distress, these innovations also provided the incentive for extraordinary intellectual inquiry on the part of the thinking men and women of the South. It is among O'Brien's salient achievements that he grasps fully-and reveals in great detail-the intellectual energy of the South as it ranged itself adamantly, if ineffectively, against modernism. O'Brien makes no attempt to obscure or minimize the dark contours of southern intellectual life; he offers nothing like a glib or stylized assessment. But he does reveal a southern mind-the thinking part of that mind -that was far more critical and creative than has often been recognized. And in allowing southern intellectuals to largely speak for themselves, O'Brien allows readers to measure for themselves the real or imagined failings of the modernity that so many southern thinkers viewed with such disdain and dismay. In their novels, their science and theology, their political musings and formulations, these thoughtful, reflective southerners offered an alternative conjectured order of their own, even as their world was about to collapse. This is not to imply that O'Brien finds a stark or simple unanimity among the slave-state intellectuals. For instance, he is careful to mark the philosophical and theological divergences between a James Warley Miles and a James Henley Thornwell. …

[Graphic][1] ![Graphic][2] Does the whole of your life really flash across your mind in an instant as you lose consciousness while drowning? Most of us must have wondered what it is like to die since death is one of the two certainties in life, along with taxation. It might be supposed that we can never know. However, there are many people who have recovered after losing consciousness in situations in which most others would have continued to death, and it is reasonable to suppose that their last thoughts might be the same as those of patients in similar situations who do not recover. These are commonly described as “near death experiences.” Some of these, which are recalled subsequently, are surprisingly clear and detailed. This programme is based on a number of anecdotal accounts of … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif

FORTY OR SO YEARS AGO, "the regional historian [was] likely to be oppressed by a sense of his unimportance" and to believe his moment was passing before the pressure of sweeping nationalisms.1 Feeling unimportant is something of a character trait for Southerners in American culture, but this pessimism proved not to be prescient, although the vitality of the regionalist idea has remained conflicted and uneven. Of late, historians of the American West have grown more interested in the idea, and the Midwesterners show signs of life, but the New Englanders are mostly indifferent, and those in the "Middle States" long since gave up the ghost. As usual, the Southerners have been most eager, most endowed with regional organizations, study centers, periodicals, publishers, tourist pilgrimages, and bric-'a-brac. Indeed, the South seems often to be looked to by other regions as a model of how to invent and sustain an identity, when the Western by comparison seems diffuse and the Midwestern etiolated.2 So a historian of the American South comes to these articles on European and Asian regionalism with mixed feelings, greatly pleased to see such intelligent synthesis, but mildly puzzled at the notion that all this is news. In Mississippi, regionalism is not "a less-than-familiar perspective." Professor Applegate skillfully rehearses the multifarious ways in which regionalism can be understood. Many echo how Southern history has been configured. Seeing locality as a safely subsidiary form of nationalism was the meaning of Henry Grady's "New South" and the "local-color" school of the late nineteenth century, while Howard Odum and his disciples around the 1930s published big, fat books on American and Southern regionalisms. Earlier, there had been Southerners, such as John C. Calhoun, who spoke of "Southern rights" but were Unionist, and who thought localism to be an underpinning of a federal nationality. There had been others, secessionists such as Jefferson Davis, who concluded that American nationalism had failed and who grounded a new state on a different landscape of localities. Abraham Lincoln in the Gettysburg Address described the South as the site of the reactionary and counter-revolutionary, and many Southerners have thought him right and watched their neighbors for the un-American thing. That national politics is an aggregation of particularist politics was something James