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This paper presents a RASA model for modelling risk attitudes (RA) during tsunami disaster at three levels of situation awareness (SA): perception, comprehension and projection. The study identified human factors that influence risk attitudes on the basis of gender. The RASA data were gathered in a survey conducted in Malaysia among ninety participants (45 males and 45 females). The survey used a 75-item questionnaire to measure RASA on a 7-point rating scale. Patterns of communication by participants with significant others were also identified in terms of who and how they were contacted. The findings showed that Malaysians view and classify a high-risk hazard situation from a broad perspective following holistic thinking. Using the processed data, surveillance drones could be developed to map to the RASA database system. The purpose is to enable communities receive early warning information and evacuate before the tsunami reaches the coastal areas.

Objective: We examined preferences for different forms of causal explanations for indeterminate situations. Background: Klein and Hoffman distinguished several forms of causal explanations for indeterminate, complex situations: single-cause explanations, lists of causes, and explanations that interrelate several causes. What governs our preferences for single-cause (simple) versus multiple-cause (complex) explanations? Method: In three experiments, we examined the effect of target audience, explanatory context, participant nationality, and explanation type. All participants were college students. Participants were given two scenarios, one regarding the U.S. economic collapse in 2007 to 2008 and the other about the sudden success of the U.S. military in Iraq in 2007. The participants were asked to assess various types of causal explanations for each of the scenarios, with reference to one or more purposes or audience for the explanations. Results: Participants preferred simple explanations for presentation to less sophisticated audiences. Malaysian students of Chinese ethnicity preferred complex explanations more than did American students. The form of presentation made a difference: Participants preferred complex to simple explanations when given a chance to compare the two, but the preference for simple explanations increased when there was no chance for comparison, and the difference between Americans and Malaysians disappeared. Conclusions: Preferences for explanation forms can vary with the context and with the audience, and they depend on the nature of the alternatives that are provided. Application: Guidance for decision-aiding technology and training systems that provide explanations need to involve consideration of the form and depth of the accounts provided as well as the intended audience.

To critically evaluate, via a series of empirical studies, existing trust paradigms to explore their implications for trust in western and nonwestern cultures, and reveal situational moderators that influence the relationship between trustworthiness indicators and trust. Deliverables to include, but not limited to, model development, publications, empirical foundation for guidebook development.

The grantee evaluated the relative strength of Mayer's trustworthiness indicators in both a collectivistic and individualistic culture. The research proposed will examine influences of analytic-holistic thinking and power distance on trust, as characterized by the trustworthiness indicators, and the influence of personality variables on the relationship between cognitive load and trust.

Motivation - Organizations need to know how cognitive differences influence macrocognitive processes including information management and sensemaking. Research approach - To investigate the role of Analytic-Holistic thinking, 312 participants engaged in information management and sensemaking in the context of two unfolding scenarios. Findings/Design - Analytic-Holistic thinking directed initial sensemaking. Holistic thinkers were more influenced by information than were analytic thinkers and emphasized breadth over focus. People varied in their readiness to change their sense of a situation when faced with contradictory information. Limitations/Implications - While our scenarios were useful, more complex and possibly computer-based scenarios may better approximate naturalistic sensemaking and distributed teamwork. Originality/Value - We introduced a promising method for exploring sensemaking and information management and pioneered its use for investigating of analytic-holistic differences with implications for multinational collaborations. Take away message - In dynamic, complex domains, Analytic-Holistic thinking impacts sensemaking and information management and deserves continued attention.

In this comprehensive study of the early development of guilt, 106 children were observed in laboratory paradigms in which they were led to believe that they had damaged valuable objects, during two separate sessions at each of the assessments at 22, 33, and 45 months. The behavioral and affective components of guilt cohered significantly across the sessions, converged with each other, were stable across all the assessments, and corresponded modestly with maternal reports. Most components decreased with age, except for bodily tension, which increased. At 33 and 45 months, girls displayed more guilt than did boys. Children who were more fearful in typical fear-inducing paradigms also displayed more guilt. Children of mothers who relied on more power-assertive discipline, observed and self-reported, displayed less guilt. Guilt related positively to the development of self at 18 months and to moral self at 56 months. Children who displayed more guilt were less likely to violate rules of conduct at 56 months. A mediational model was supported: Fearful temperament contributed to guilt proneness, which in turn served to inhibit children's tendency to violate rules.