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Much of Tchaikovsky's music for the ballets Sleeping Beauty and Nutcracker exhibits what Harald Krebs calls metrical dissonance: the juxtaposition or superimposition of noncoincident pulses and rhythmic patterns. This article shows how the dances of the composer's collaborators, Enrico Cecchetti, Antonietta Dell'Era, Lev Ivanov, and Marius Petipa, respond to and participate in these metrical dissonances. The first part of the article defines metrical dissonance, the processes that transform it, and the related but distinct phenomenon of metric type. The second part presents four choreomusical analyses that draw on archival dance notation and videos of present-day performances.

This chapter examines the circumstances that led to Sheffield’s industrial and social decline in the 1980s and 1990s, the Socialist City Council’s battles with the Conservative Government and the legacy of the World Student Games that burdened Sheffield with a huge debt. The council’s reluctant acceptance of private investment led to a new-millennium revival of Sheffield’s infrastructure and the development of modern modes of work based on technology, the arts and retail, despite which the city is still one of the most demarcated in the country in terms of the contrast between the wealthy and the poor.

Following Corfield came Sheffield’s first British champion, Gus Platts, whose career was interrupted by the First World War. Invalided out of the front line after serving in Egypt and France, Platts continued to box, sometimes in defiance of the orders of his military superiors. Meanwhile, Platts’ former colleagues used boxing as a form of relaxation away from the real fighting, their equipment provided by a campaign led by a Sheffield newspaper, which in response received many letters of thanks from the trenches. Winning the title late in his career, Platts was a short-lived champion but post-retirement, in his role as a publican, he had to use skills learned in the ring as a deterrent to the excesses of the perpetrators of Sheffield’s infamous 1920s ‘Gang Wars’. Racial prejudice in boxing is also examined in this chapter.

Sheffield’s revival as a boxing centre can be put down to two men, neither of whom were natives of the city; in fact the pair were first- and second-generation immigrants. Irishman Brendan Ingle came to Sheffield to work and box in the early 1960s. Asked by a vicar to help keep the local youngsters under control, the task became his life’s work, and the number of kids he put on the ‘straight and narrow’ is inestimable. At the same time Ingle was frustrated by the methods of boxing training prevalent at the time, so developed his own novel approach. Here serendipity stepped in with the late 1970s arrival at his gym of Nottingham-born Herol Graham, whose own unique abilities were the embodiment of what became known as the ‘Ingle style’.

Where and how innate ability meets with social environment to produce athletic excellence has fascinated many both inside and outside academe. Focusing specifically on boxing, this chapter explores one renowned boxing gym in the English city of Sheffield seeking answers to what motivates and makes a pugilist. The answer the authors suggest lies in notions of inequality and redemption. A crucial factor in the making of a champion, however, is the philosophy of the institution that teaches and the acquired paternal wisdom of the gym owner.

After Hall’s retirement, Sheffield boxing went into a 30-year decline. Many tried to follow but never achieved great success. At this time, boxing had to contend with the campaigning of Edith Summerskill MP for the abolition of their sport. The 1950s and 1960s were times of immense change; the advent of television, car ownership, affordable consumer goods and pop music changed British society for good. ‘Going out’ became the fashionable thing to do; food and drink were therefore marketable like never before, especially to the increasingly confident and independent young of both sexes. At the same time, hundreds of thousands of immigrants arrived from the colonies. Britain saw its first race riots, but the newcomers also contributed greatly to Britain’s post-war economic revival, as well as introducing their exotic food to British tables and their offspring to British boxing rings.

Why does a practice as brutal as boxing appeal to so many people of such different social classes and backgrounds? History informs us that one-on-one combat and the warrior class have been objects of fascination and admiration since Ancient Greek times. Today revered boxers invite their likenesses to be captured in perpetuity in the form of statues, whilst at the same time more proponents of the fight game than might be considered normal suffer from mental instability and addiction. The subject of female contribution to boxing since the eighteenth century is introduced, as are the concepts of capital, sexuality and racism surrounding the fight game.

This chapter focuses on the men behind the scenes; those who make matches and promote events and those who prepare their boxers to fight in them. Dennis Hobson climbed from a Sheffield council estate via selling crockery and scrap metal to become one of the world’s best-known promoters, successfully challenging the hegemony of the American system. Dominic and John Ingle took over from their father and have maintained the reputation and success of their gym. The charity work of Sheffield trainer Glyn Rhodes saw him and his gym volunteers earn the honours Rhodes never attained in the ring. Veteran trainer Howard Rainey spends his time inventing contraptions to help both boxers and people with physical disabilities. Dave Coldwell overcame hardship and setbacks to become a globally renowned trainer and manager. A newcomer on the scene is Grant Smith, the kitchen fitter turned world champion trainer.

The relative backwardness of eighteenth-century German literature and the presumed ambivalence of German writers towards political power have traditionally been explained by the lack of a copyright law in Germany, which meant that German writers, in contrast to their British contemporaries, were often financially dependent on the state. This paper argues that the differences between British and German writers in economic terms have been overstated. British copyright law did not in fact serve the interests of writers to the extent that has traditionally been supposed. In Germany and Britain the situation of writers was determined more by the underlying economics of the publishing trade, especially the high cost of book production, which enabled publishers to pursue monopolistic practices and tilted the tables in favour of publishers and against writers. This argument has further implications for our understanding of the politics of German literature in the late eighteenth century.

Affording Our Future, the New Zealand Treasury's 2013 long-term fiscal statement, tests fiscal sustainability over the next 40 or so years through a series of projections. These projections endeavour to capture the effect of population ageing and other influences on the future government budget balances and public debt. This paper explains the modelling approaches, major assumptions, and sensitivities around the assumptions. It provides results for two scenarios: ‘Resume Historic Cost Growth’ and ‘Spending Path that Maintains 20% Net Debt’. The paper also discusses the costs of delay in addressing the fiscal pressures produced by an ageing population structure.

Fearful behavioral responses to handling (temperament) are undesirably associated with ADG and meat quality in infrequently handled Bos indicus cattle. It has never been assessed whether these relationships exist in calmer Bos taurus breeds in systems where handling is more frequent. Such systems predominate in some countries where beef production is a major agricultural activity. During fattening, 144 crossbred cattle from Limousin and Aberdeen Angus sires were assessed for temperament using 4 approaches: response to movement along a race (race score; 4 occasions), restraint in a crush (crush score; 4 occasions), flight speed from the crush (flight speed; 4 occasions), and isolation in a pen with a human (isolation score; 1 occasion in yr 1, 2 occasions in yr 2). Measurements of ADG were made between birth and slaughter and between 16 and 18 mo of age during fattening. Fattening occurred indoors on a complete mixed diet fed for ad libitum intake. Meat quality was measured by pH, color, and Volodkevitch shear force and by a sensory panel. The repeatability of temperament traits was 0.17 (race score), 0.35 (crush score), 0.51 (flight speed), and 0.36 (isolation score). The proportion of the total variance of temperament traits attributable to the sire and the social group was low (0.003 to 0.402). However, the sire did affect behavior in all tests apart from the crush score (ranging from P = 0.02 to P < 0.001). Correlations between behavior in the different tests (ranging from r = 0.21 to 0.54, and P = 0.02 to P < 0.001) apart from between-flight speed and isolation score indicate that fearful behavior was consistently shown across assessment methods. A calm response in the crush score test was associated with a greater ADG during fattening (P = 0.05), whereas a calm response during the isolation test was associated with a greater ADG in cold carcass weight (P = 0.02). Animals with a calm isolation score had less tender meat as judged by the sensory panel (P = 0.03), but no other effects were apparent between temperament and meat quality measures, although several tendencies (0.06 ≤ P ≤ 0.10) were found. Temperament did not appear to relate to meat quality in this study of frequently handled Bos taurus genotypes, which is in contrast to other studies using different beef production systems. Genetic correlations between temperament and meat quality under these conditions could, although not measured in this study, still exist in the absence of phenotypic correlations.

Kleist's 'tragic vision' is here related to the great historical tradition of melancholy, and specifically to the iconography established by Durer's Melencolia I. In readings of Der Findling, Die Verlobung in St. Domingo, and Michael Kohlhaas, the characters' perplexity is seen to culminate in melancholy. The cognitive stance of melancholy is validated by the chaotic nature of chance events. Suggestions are made for widening the focus to other aspects of the melancholy tradition with which Kleist came into contact.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of bearing twins on the health and performance of dairy cows. Data from twin-bearing Holstein Friesian cows at the Langhill Dairy Research Centre between January 1990 and July 2002 were compared to single-bearing cows to determine if there was any significant difference in milk production, feed intakes, health and fertility. There were 122 twin births (from 104 different cows) in the Langhill herd, a rate of 4.7% during the study period. The incidence of twinning was higher in high genetic merit cows (select genetic line cows) and increased with parity ( r = 0.870, P r = − 0.235, P r = 0.309, P r = 0.211, P

Several poems by the young Goethe dramatize melancholy consciousness. A common theme of these poems is the pathos of unattained sublimity, in which the modes of fruitful engagement with the world become problematic. Goethe is able to achieve exceptionally complex results in representing melancholy consciousness by means of estrangement in poetic diction (as proposed by Shklovsky) and ambiguity in metaphor, complex words, and syntax (Empson). These techniques are highlighted in close readings of two poems.

Developing countries are implementing a wide range of energy sector reforms. All of these involve a series of steps to set up credible contracting frameworks (e.g. regulatory offices, competition commissions). Evidence indicates such regimes are not succeeding in avoiding protracted, expensive renegotiations between private investors and the institutions designed to oversee the new regime. One potential solution is the increased use of options in privatisation contracts. Such options can be designed to decrease the incentive for requests to renegotiate from investors seeking solely to extract further concessions and to provide clear signals about the profitability of investment opportunities.

The dairy industry has made large advances in efficiencies over the past 60 years as a result of changes in breeding, nutrition and management practices [1]. To meet the growing demand for dairy products, which is projected to continue out to the year 2050 [2], milk production per cow has increased over the last thirty years primarily by genetic selection and better nutrition. Genetic selection has tended to focus on mostly production traits (kilograms milk, kilograms fat and protein) rather than fitness (lameness, mastitis, fertility and lifespan) traits, although most countries now include fitness traits in addition to production traits in modern breeding goals. The Holstein Friesian is a popular breed due to its high genetic potential to produce milk; however it is characterised by having a lower body condition score, and reduced fertility and survival compared to other breeds [3]. Even with these negative attributes, in tandem with efficiencies in production in recent decades have come reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and resource inputs per unit product [1, 4, 5], while emissions per unit area have increased.

The aim of this study was to assess the predisposing factors leading to uterine infection in dairy cows and evaluate its impact on the cow's performance. Performance indicators included feed intake, milk fat and protein composition, milk yield, fertility and culling. Data were studied from 2914 completed lactations from the Holstein Friesian Langhill Dairy herd between January 1990 and August 2005. There were 402 cases of uterine infection (from 321 cows) in the Langhill herd, a level of 13.8% during the study period. Calving assistance was highly associated with the incidence of uterine infection (chi(2)=106.63, P0.001). Failure to conceive (chi(2)=3.89, P0.05; chi(2)=11.20, P0.001) and culling (chi(2)=13.66, P0.001, chi(2)=8.55, P0.01) were also implicated with calving assistance and uterine infection, respectively. The main predisposing factors related to an incidence of uterine infection were calving assistance, twin births, malpresented calves, and retained placenta. First-time calvers and cows with a shorter gestation length were associated with more cases of uterine infections. Additionally, lower daily dry matter intakes and milk yields during the first 100 days in milk (DIM) were associated with higher incidence levels of uterine infection. Also, a higher incidence level of uterine infection was related to lower milk protein composition from 1 to 21 DIM and a poorer body condition from 101 to 300 DIM. Cows with poorer drying off body condition scores and longer lactation lengths were associated with a higher incidence level of uterine infection. Calving assistance was associated with male and twin births, first-time calvers and cows with oversized calves. Cows with an assisted calving were also associated with an increased number of days from calving to first service. The predisposing factors influencing the occurrence of calving assistance can be influenced by suitable management to reduce the chances of oversized calves, the detrimental effects of twin births (such as calving assistance and retained placentas) and prenatal knowledge of the calf's sex. The occurrence of uterine infection can be reduced by minimising the need for assistance at calving. Assistance should only be carried out when necessary and appropriate hygiene should be used to decrease the incidence of uterine infections from intervention and involuntary culling due to cows failing to conceive.

This paper presents a corpus study of evaluative and speculative language. Knowledge of such language would be useful in many applications, such as text categorization and summarization. Analyses of annotator agreement and of characteristics of subjective language are performed. This study yields knowledge needed to design effective machine learning systems for identifying subjective language.