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The October coup of 1917 and the Civil War negatively affected the fate of the country's population, particularly the Russian intellectuals. Representatives of the academic class, intellectuals, who are least adapted to disasters, had to fight for physical survival having left scientific work. The supply of food to university professors was carried out on a residual basis and was a "drop in the sea." The purpose of the article is to reveal the attitude of the leader towards the people of science, as well as the assistance provided by the republican power to alleviate the fate of Kazan scientists. Documentary evidence suggests that the government was indifferent to the fate of outstanding scientists. The catastrophic situation in the Tatar Republic is confirmed by the premature death of creators of science and culture such as N.F. Katanov, A.A. Shakhmatov and many other professors of Kazan universities due to the hunger.

The dissolution of the Soviet Union and 1992–96 Tajik civil war resulted in huge human and economic losses. Nevertheless, contemporary data suggest the persistence of investments in human capital in the region most affected by famine and least favoured since the cessation of hostilities, Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast. Famine-affected women have greater stature and final educational attainment, later ages at marriage and lower fertility than do those in the neighbouring border province, Khatlon. Educational interactions between adults and children under age six are much more frequent. The continued emphasis on human capital after economic collapse is consistent with a locational imperative for households to earn incomes outside of agriculture, and with a higher relative status of women in non-agrarian societies.

The article analyzes the state of orphanages in Zaporizhzhia province during the mass artificial famine of 1921–1923 to explain the dynamics of how they were created and why they were closed, to characterize the attitude of Zaporizhzhia party nomenclature towards the aid for children starving in the orphanages. Statistics on the number of children's shelters and the number of children in them are summarized; on the basis of archival documents the author's tables of calculating the dynamics of movement of a contingent in shelters of Zaporizhzhia province are made; social and living conditions of children who were brought up there are disclosed.The mass artificial famine of 1921–1923 had devastating consequences for the starving provinces of Ukraine: the Bolshevik prodrozkladka exhausted the Ukrainian peasantry, and the famine was especially raging in the southern Ukrainian provinces, where more than 40% of the population were affected. The situation was aggravated by the systematic arrival in Ukraine of children from the Russian provinces, as a result of which the orphanages of the USSR were overcrowded, and the level of their provision with food and industrial goods was characterized by poverty.In 1921–1923, the Bolshevik Communist regime deliberately created a situation in which Ukrainians died en masse from artificial starvation. However, it was noted that the government had claimed responsibility for the crime. This was probably done unknowingly, but the presence of reports describing the poverty of shelters and recording the mass mortality of children suggests that officials were aware of the causes of the famine and its nature, and knew the names of its organizers. However, a caste of communist party nomenclature had already begun to form, which, under the guise of propaganda rhetoric, sought to seize control of food resources and people. In our opinion, the aggravating factor was the fact that Bolshevik officials appointed the management of shelters not on a professional but on a class basis. In Ukraine, the mass artificial famine of 1921–1923 significantly adjusted the juvenile policy of the Soviet system. It became distorted by ideology, corruption and bureaucracy, and children were turned into zombies by communist judgments.

This essay is an experiment in family history, inspired by a journey to scatter my father’s ashes on Scattery – the island in the Shannon estuary where my grandmother was born and raised. It explores how my family’s story illuminates the history of small Irish islands and of two much bigger islands, Ireland and Britain. Island stories replay in microcosm, and with great intensity, broader narratives of Irish and British history since the famine. But they also muddy these narratives with the idiosyncratic, granular experiences of a precise and bounded place. They put human flesh and bones on abstract nouns like family, community, modernity, emigration and exile. In every island story – Scattery as my father’s idyllic land of endless summer, Ireland as the home of sturdy children and happy maidens, Britain as proud island nation taking back control of its borders – lies a fantasy of homogeneity and readability. Even the smallest islands have multilayered histories; and then, as they disperse their peoples across the world as small islands do, those histories keep multiplying. Our journey back to the island may have begun as a search for origins but it ended up revealing the heterogeneity and unrecoverability of the past.

Women, in general, have been victims of so many oppressive factors such as domestic violence, gender inequalities, and patriarchal oppression in all the contexts such as personal, social, cultural, and professional. Furthermore, they often bear the brunt of natural calamities such as tsunami, famine, drought, wildfire, and hurricane and manmade disasters like war, industrialisation, urbanisation and so on, when compared to men. Many ecofeminists and researchers have studied the homogeneity between women and nature, similarity in their traits, their subjugation by the oppressive powers, and their resultant plight, under various discriminative factors such as race, caste, class, religion, culture, and colonialism. This paper aims to explore the additional challenges faced by women refugees climate refugees as portrayed in Kokilam Subbiah’s Mirage, through the lens of ecofeminism. Throughout the novel, Kokilam Subbiah has captured the lives of women refugees through the metaphorical representation of nature. This study also attempts to underscore the parallelism between the refugee women and nature and how they are closely intertwined with each other in their victimisation and resilience and endeavours to study the veracity and universality of Warren’s premise of “naturalizing women” and “feminizing nature” with reference to the novel Mirage. Keywords: climate refugees; naturalising women; feminising nature; patriarchy; women refugees

We revisit the link between demographic pressure and economic conditions in pre-Famine Ireland and harness highly disaggregated parish-level data from the 1841 census in our analysis. The results indicate that on the eve of the Great Irish Famine of the 1840s, population pressure was positively associated with two measures of poverty—illiteracy and the prevalence of poor-quality housing. Malthus mattered in the sense that our results indicate that a “no population growth” scenario between 1800 and 1841 would have led to a 6% improvement in poor-quality housing and a 4% reduction in illiteracy. However, the strength of this relationship is reduced when additional explanatory factors are considered, and factors relating to location and economic geography offer greater explanatory power. Incorporation of data from the 1821 census reveals that in the two decades before 1841, population growth was fastest in areas under less population pressure, supporting the notion that preventive check forces were at play. These findings are consistent with some elements of Malthusian theory, although ultimately they refute the notion that overpopulation was the principal cause of pre-Famine Irish poverty.

This article examines whether economic inequality intensified the adverse effects of harvest, price, and income shocks during a famine. Using a parish-level longitudinal dataset from the Finnish famine of the 1860s, it shows that a substantial proportion of the excess mortality experienced during the famine resulted from a decline in agricultural production, a decline in incomes, and a surge in food prices. The findings indicate that the adverse effects of food output fluctuations were intensified by increasing income inequality and decreasing average income, while the market-transmitted shocks were weakened by a contraction of disposable income. The results are corroborated with multiple alternative estimation techniques, including the introduction of spatial spill-overs. The results show that even a pre-industrial famine affecting an impoverished society was meaningfully defined by the distribution of incomes. peerReviewed

Africa in the 21st century is still troubled by myriads of problems. These problems include neo-colonialism, modern slavery, ethnicism, racism, xenophobic attacks, environmental degradation, human trafficking, sexual exploitation, war, famine, terrorism, conflicts, etc. All these problems gravely impede human security. Human security is more than military or national security and refers to all that constitutes the good life and makes life more abundant for the people. Human securities include the access to food, portable water, education, good environment, human rights, etc. Resolving and combating these problems will require concerted efforts on the part of many if not all African nations in the continent and Diaspora. Some of these problems cut across national boundaries. Problems like terrorism, illegal migration, human trafficking, sexual exploitation, xenophobic attacks, etc cut across national borders. Though Pan-Africanism may have waned in strength it can be repositioned to harness African cultural and historic values to combat its contemporary problems in the 21st century. A hermeneutic method will be used to interpret the meaning and import of Pan-Africanism and human security. A critical analytic method will be used to discuss the issues. The paper finds and concludes that Pan-Africanism can be re-positioned to enable Africa combat the problems facing her.

The article is intended to introduce the reader to the historical and polemical contexts of the seminal essay “Famine, Affluence and Morality” (1972) by Peter Singer, which appears in Russian for the first time. The authors analyze Singer's argumentation in the perspective of the development of his views, determine the relevant historical and philosophical context of the paper, and outline the key lines of criticism of Singer's approach. This allows us to look more closely at the problem of global poverty and the individual moral obligations of affluent agents.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to provide an evidence-based and fully examined unique and original account of the decline and fall of Germanicus, and the role the food crisis of Egypt in the early years of the principate of Tiberius played in that decline and fall. Methodology: No doubt, that decline and fall may have arguably saved the Roman Empire from civil was between Tiberius and Germanicus in time, but this article finds that Germanicus’ swift intervention in Egypt saved Egypt, and perhaps parts of the empire, from potential acute food shortage and even famine and starvation. In terms of methodology, these issues are explored throughout this article, as are the relationship between Tiberius the Roman Senate, and the aftermath of the AD17 earthquake in the Roman province of Asia, and their relating influences over decline and fall of Germanicus, as well. Findings: Still, this article finds that Germanicus’ swift salvation of Egypt from famine and starvation rivalled Tiberius’ rebuilding of the province of Asia after AD17 too closely, earning the emperor’s rebuff and rebuttals, leading to the young Prince’s fall from imperial favour, and hence, his premature death.

Background Weight for height has been used in the past as an indicator of obesity to report that prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine of 1944–1945 determined subsequent obesity. Further evaluation is needed as unresolved questions remain about the possible impact of social class differences in fertility decline during the famine and because being overweight is now defined by a Body Mass Index (BMI: kg/m2) from 25 to, Key messages We examined the relation between undernutrition in early life and young adult body size in men born at the time of the Dutch famine of 1944–1945. To avoid possible biases arising from the decline in conceptions during the famine we concentrated on births to women who were already pregnant during the famine. We found a 1.3-fold increase in being overweight at age 19 for men exposed in early gestation but not for men exposed later in gestation. This points to an especially sensitive period in fetal development. The increase was limited to sons of manual workers, consistent with more limited access to food in this group. Our findings suggest that a body size increase in young adulthood foreshadows the long-term increase in later type 2 diabetes and mortality after early gestation famine.

The biblical story of Joseph is a narrative that offers several notable ethics. Of interest in this essay is Joseph’s response to the scarcity created by a regional famine consuming Egypt and Canaan in which Joseph makes slaves of the Egyptians while enriching himself and Pharaoh. The narrative underscores an uncomfortable truth: in the presence of scarcity, horrific acts are likely even among godly characters. The essay offers lessons on how we, as individuals, governments, and religious bodies, can respond to the scarcity that will likely accompany climate change while avoiding actions that either oppress or sanction the oppression of the masses. In addition, the essay delves into how democracy can be an asset in combating scarcity and oppression, insomuch as democracy is a vehicle for a population that is resourced and informed by truth.

The article shows the implementation of the policy of subjection of the peasants of the border Olevsk district in Polissya by the Soviet authorities through the use of terror-famine. Based on the materials of the State Archives of Zhytomyr Region, which were first introduced into scientific circulation, and the involvement of the available source and historiographical array, it has been proved that the Holodomor was used as genocide in the villages of the district, as well as throughout Ukraine, and exterminated the population only in 1933. The concept of “famine” or “terror-famine” should be applied to mass deaths in 1932, a well-planned action by the authorities to exterminate the number of peasants who resisted the government’s policies and thus force everyone else to work on the collective farms with “full efficiency”. Having studied in detail the content of the materials of the Olevsk Party Committee and the reports of the 19th Olevsk Border Department, the author reconstructs the course of collective farm construction in the “Olevsk border area”, emphasizing that the resistance of the peasants was fierce. This provoked the authorities to use artificial famine against the dissatisfied in order to build ideal farms, demonstrative for foreign neighbors, on the border.

This article offers a brief summary of the complex factors leading to the famine in Bengal in the 1940s and discusses its longer-term impacts—the afterlife, so to speak—of famine. This episode of starvation claimed as many as five million lives in Bengal, and had long lasting social, political, and economic consequences. Several different paradigms emerged that impacted the socio-political landscape of Bengal in the midst of the famine. Famine studies often focus on causality and on peaks of starvation deaths. However, periods of mass starvation such as the famine in Bengal do not simply end when mass starvation ends. Rather, famine inscribes itself into a famine society in elaborate fashion, impacting post-famine societies in abiding ways for generations to come.

The purpose of the research is to publish the names of individual figures of the party-state nomenclature and employees of repressive and punitive bodies belonging to the cohort of perpetrators of the Holodomor-Genocide of the Ukrainians, as well as to analyze their role in committing this crime. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematization, scientificity, verification, an authorial objectivity, the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special historical (historical genetic, historical typological, historical systemic) methods. The scientific novelty is that for the first time the material on the compilation of future lists of perpetrators of the Holodomor-Genocide of the Ukrainians in 1932 – 1933 has been analyzed, which is an important aspect of domestic famine studies at the present stage. The Conclusions. Studying and compiling the lists of perpetrators of the Holodomor-Genocide of the Ukrainians is an important and promising area of research, because it deals with the institution of commissioners, which arose as a result of a deliberate criminal intent by the top party leadership of the USSR to subdue the Ukrainians by making them starve. In this crime case, it is a collective subject of the crime – from the organizers among the top Soviet leadership to the party-state nomenklatura and representatives of the repressive and punitive bodies of the USSR, which should be the subject of a comprehensive and full-fledged research, with a view to compiling and publishing as complete and authentic list as possible of all perpetrators of this crime. This case requires the need to broaden the view on the Holodomor-Genocide of the Ukrainians and to move to another level of the research – to generalized, synthetic studies, which led to the models modernization of historical knowledge and brought the Ukrainian famine to a higher, generalizing level of understanding. Key words: Holodomor-Genocide of the Ukrainians, lists of perpetrators, party-state nomenclature, repressive and punitive bodies of the USSR.

This article explores what contribution poetry and the arts can make to the human experience in a time of pandemic. It argues that artistic productions can ‘enlarge the heart’ such that sorrow and anxiety are not removed or defeated but are, as in the biblical text, ‘woven […] into a larger imaginative story.’ This argument is made through close examination of three poems: T. S. Eliot’s “The Waste Land”, written in 1922 during the Spanish flu epidemic; “Quarantine” by Eavan Boland, set during the Irish Potato Famine of the 1840s; and Malcolm Guite’s “Easter 2020”.

Dadaab refugee camp, located in the northern part of Kenya, is currently the world’s largest refugee camp in both size and population. Having been in existence for more than 25 years since the outbreak of civil war in Somalia and the subsequent disintegration and demise of the Somali state, since its inception, the camp has been a home to refugees fleeing from war and famine, not only from Somalia but also from Uganda, Ethiopia, The Democratic Republic of Congo, Eretrea and Sudan. This paper analyses the news articles on the quest to close Dadaab refugee camp by the Kenyan Government. Applying the analytic and conceptual tools of critical discourse analysis (CDA), the paper argues that underlying the openly stated reasons for proposing a closure of the camp by the Government of Kenya are subtle and latent geopolitical and economic arguments which are majorly tangential to the refugee question itself; and also explicates how the identities of the refugees at Dadaab were constructed, reconstructed, contested, negotiated, enacted and reproduced through language as both the government of Kenya and the international community advanced their various positions with regard to the proposed closure. It emerges that the refugees themselves were reduced to mere passive observers in a process that was inherently meant to define and decide their destiny.

Purpose This paper aims to identify, classify and study emerging social and business trends associated with the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach By adopting the meta-synthesis method, the study scrutinizes, synthesizes and interprets the findings from a pool of publications. This approach results in identifying 53 key ideas that are classified under nine dominant trends. Findings The study identifies and examines nine major trends caused and intensified by the Covid-19 pandemic, i.e. the rise of authoritarianism, the new era of corporate welfare, deep imbalances in public finances, exacerbated inequalities, higher risks of poverty and famine, the dominance of giant corporations, the increasing influence of big tech, the accelerated innovation and the fluidity of work and organizations. The paper suggests that these trends are the continuation of the past three decades’ transformations, are contributing to the rising concentration of power and wealth and are leading to a new type of globalization marked by high connectivity and low tangibility. Originality/value The originality of this paper resides in adopting a multidisciplinary approach to analyzing various social and business dimensions of a complex phenomenon. While the study should not be viewed as a comprehensive investigation, it offers a groundwork for further research on Covid-19.

Bhabani Bhattacharya’s ‘He Who Rides a Tiger’ is yet another novel of man’s epic struggle against the unjust social equations which are as old as the ancient vedic civilization. It is the story of a blacksmith, Kalo, living in a small town, Jharana, in Bengal, and his daughter, Chandra Lekha. It is set against the backdrop of a widespread famine of Bengal of 1943. Though ‘He Who Rides a Tiger’ and ‘So Many Hungers’ treat the theme of hunger, exploitation and debasement of man, ‘He Who Rides a Tiger’ is no rehash of the latter novel. It launches a scathing critisism on the evil of caste system which has been the bane of Indian society. Arguably the writer’s best novel, it touches the pulse of the irony of Indian social life. The Indian social realities are presented withincreasing bitterness within the perspective of the freedom movement. Its greatness as a piece of literature lies in its assertion of tremendous potentialities of the spiritual growth of man, and a thorough exposure of an imperfect social system. How to cite this article: Singh AK. Bhabani Bhattacharya Vs ‘He Who Rides A Tiger’. J Adv Res Eng & Edu 2020; 5(1): 16-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2456.4370.202003

Very little is known about wealth-holding and its distribution in Ireland in the past. Here we employ death duty register data to analyse and identify a sample of the top wealth-holders in Ireland between the early 1820s and late 1830s. We examine the sources of their wealth and its regional spread, and compare them with their British counterparts. We also discuss the share of Catholics and Quakers among top wealth-holders.

Today, dietary guidelines, healthy-eating pyramids, and other nutritional advice are a familiar and expected feature of governance. It was not always so. What we eat has not always been of such interest to the state. That people ate was of course very important; since ancient times rulers have feared the disruptive effects of famine. The minutiae of what ordinary folk ate, in contrast, was rarely considered an important component of statecraft. Over the course of the eighteenth century, however, the diet of working people acquired an unprecedented importance within European notions of statecraft, because of its perceived capacity to foster or impede the development of a higher-quality population. This article reviews these developments, to show how during the Enlightenment, everyday eating habits acquired political relevance. Although scholars often identify the twentieth century as the period when food became an object of governance, food's important instrument of modern statecraft has a much longer history.

The subject of this interdisciplinary article is the case of British journalists Gareth Jones and Malcolm Muggeridge. In 1933 they were the first and the only ones to draw the world’s attention to the tragedy in the USSR: Soviet power destroyed the foundation of traditional Russian society, i.e. the peasantry — for the sake of the rapid industrialisation of the country, the socialisation of agriculture and the radical transformation of man. The price of this new “main revolution” (according to G. Jones) or experiment, which originated in the brains of “rootless urbanists” — Bolsheviks (Muggeridge) were human-induced famine, death of millions of peasants in Ukraine, Volga, Cuban, and Rostov-on-Don regions. But fascinated by the embodiment of the idea of utopia, as well as proceeding from the interests of Realpolitik, the West ignored this tragedy. The article examines the conflict between the personality — Jones and society, Soviet and Western, as evidence to the fact that “a man can be destroyed but not defeated” (Hemingway). The subject of “famine” was developed in the works of A. Koestler, G. Orwell, research of R. Conquest, D. Rayfield, who in their ideas and opinions followed Jones and Muggeridge. Views on Russia of the latter ones and of an influential New York Times correspondent in Moscow — Walter Duranty, who in 1932 got a Pulitzer prize for his deceitful reports denying the famine in the Soviet Union, are presented here as ethically and culturally opposite: Stalin’s apologist Duranty viewed Russia as a country of Asians, of born slaves; Jones and Muggeridge saw it as a tragic country which was losing its mighty human potential — peasantry and natural course of development, and both of them anticipated the collapse of the Soviet regime. And the Soviet civilization collapsed, though 60 years later, for it was doomed: it is impossible to build Heaven on blood — to achieve world harmony at the cost of “a tear of a child” (Dostoevsky), i. e. the suffering of innocent people.

The publication of documentary materials reflects the history of the organization and conducting of the retreat of the units of Admiral A.V. Kolchak’s Eastern Front and the evacuation of civilian refugees from Omsk and other cities in Siberia in November 1919 – January 1920. The article considers the issues of the technical condition and operation of the TRANSSiberian railway and, in particular, the functioning of the rolling stock. Those aspects for the history of the Civil War in the East of Russia to this day remain poorly studied. Evidence is provided on the state of the military, refugee and civil trains, and about the situation of passengers. Consistently and with the involvement of documentary material, the stages of the preparation and implementation of evacuation measures are described, and the reasons for the failure of planned decisions are analyzed. The article presents evidence on the consequences of full-scale disaster with the railway accident that became part of the Civil War history in Siberia. The materials from the State Archives of the Russian Federation that have not been widely used in scientific research and have not been published yet, as well as some previously published documentary evidence, were used. The study of that aspect of the Civil War history in Siberia allows to get an idea of not only the military, but also of the political importance that the TRANS-Siberian railway played in the absence of developed transport communications in the East of Russia.

In the article, the solution of the food problem has become much more difficult in recent times in line with the challenges posed by the trend of global agricultural development. The growth rate of food production is significantly lower than the growth rate of demand for it. As a result, chronic famine is on the rise in many areas. The problems of food shortages and the production of quality goods were analyzed, and practical recommendations were given to overcome them and improve the nomenclature of national goods.

Introduction. The issue of Kalmykia-Mongolia cooperation in the 1920s still remains understudied both in Kalmyk and Mongolian historiography. Ever since the Kalmyks migrated to Russia-controlled territories, relations with Mongolia became irregular enough and were largely reduced to pilgrimage contacts en route to Tibet. But the 1920s witnessed an intensification therein. The period proved extremely harsh and definitely dramatic to both the nations: Kalmyk Steppe became an operational theater of the Russian Civil War, and Outer Mongolia sank into the ‘pot’ of social transformations and struggle for independence. And it is in those tough times that Kalmyks arrived in Mongolia as military instructors to arrange the formation and training of troop units for the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Army. On the other hand, Mongolia delivered humanitarian aid to Kalmykia during the famine. Moreover, the Mongolian Government initiated a resettlement of starving Kalmyks to the country, with significant allowances to be funded. The military and humanitarian aspects have been examined by a number of Kalmyk and Mongolian researchers. Goals. The paper aims to provide additional data on the mentioned and other realms of cooperation during the period under consideration. Materials. The study analyzes new sources, archival materials, and scholarly works, including documents stored at the Central Archive of Russia’s Federal Security Service and ones introduced in Russia-Mongolia Military Cooperation. Results. The attachment of Kalmyks officers to Mongolian military units attests to that the Soviet Government recognized the exnomads should aptly adapt themselves to familiar conditions and cultural environment. Their primary objective was to help commanders of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Army create efficient military forces. And Mongolia did its best to support Kalmykia during the famine of 1921. In January of 1923, the Government of Mongolia initiated a resettlement of starving Kalmyks. Chronicles of relations show the key landmarks for the Soviet Government therein were ethnogenetic ties between the populations, linguistic and cultural affinities. Religious identity also proved an important unifying element.

The article analyzes official politics of memory of the Russian Federation regarding commemoration of famine victims from the beginning of 1930s. The research allows to get data of the Russian case that later can be compared with the data of the Ukrainian case. Analysis of politics of memory of the Russian state toward victims of the artificial famine has proven that Kuban’ is an unconditional leader among the Russian regions where memory about those events is still alive: about 20 of monuments have been revealed. To the contrary, only one village outside Kuban’ (i.e. other grain-producing regions of the Russian soviet republic) has one monument and one cross on a local cemetery. Such amount of memorial sites devoted to the victims of 1932-1933 famine contradicts thesis of the Russian historian V. Kondrashyn. He states that every Russian village still keeps memory about the given above famine. Therefore, the author tried to figure out what official politics of memory is behind creation of memorial space devoted to famine victims. Official politics of memory of the Russian state has put narrative on “the Great Victory” in the WWII in the foundation of contemporary state- and nation-building. The research has proven that this politics of memory influences articulation and reflections by the historians of 1930s events directly. On the other hand, narrative found in the informational space of the RF, indicates inability to break off with the soviet concept on history. This concept obviously has left no space for artificial famine organized by the top authorities. Finally, the research has proven that the researchers of local Kuban’ history realize marginal status in the RF of both famine victims commemoration and historical studies on the topic, as well as marginal and poor presence of the famine of 1932-1933 in collective memory of Russians. Still, despite this being the case, Russian historians reproach their Ukrainian colleagues for politicization of the topic and an attempt to commemorate their “dead” out of victims of the “common tragedy” of both “brotherhood” nations.

“Today, our world is experiencing a tragic famine of hope. How much pain is all around us, how much emptiness, how much inconsolable grief. Let us, then, become messengers of the comfort bestowed by the Spirit. Let us radiate hope, and the Lord will open new paths as we journey toward the future.” These challenging and uplifting words by His Holiness Pope Francis were part of an ecumenical service with the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and the Coptic Archbishop of London this year. Preaching during the impact of COVID-19 worldwide, Pope Francis’ message also frames the challenges and hopes of Anglican/Episcopal-Roman Catholic dialogue in the twenty-five years since Pope John Paul II's encyclical Ut Unum Sint (UUS), “That They May Be One.”

This article examines the education of the Orenburg regions non-Russian adults from the end of the 19th century until the end of the 1930s. It begins with a brief review of the relevant historiography and the sources. It goes on to analyse the data of the First General Census of 1897, which sheds light on the scope of the task of schooling that remained to be done among the provinces non-Russian nationalities. Already before the Revolution of 1917, local authorities and private individuals were active in cultural and educational work among this population by opening libraries as well as arranging readings and evening classes. At the same time, Zemstvos also strove to train the necessary teachers. During the early Soviet era, educational work was politicized. All educational activities were carried out using emergency methods, since the new government urgently needed a literate population. Due to the exigencies of the Civil War and famine, the authorities had no funds to spare and transferred the tasks entire financial burden to public organizations and private individuals, although in the early 1920s, education in the province practically stopped. However, as the national economy recovered by the mid-1920s, schools reopened. The next important step in eradicating of illiteracy among the non-Russian population came around 1937. The author concludes that in the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods, educating Orenburgs minorities faced major obstacles, namely the lack of funds, qualified personnel, as well as popular resistance.

The paper studies the activities of the All-Union Association “Torgsin” in Ukraine between 1931 and 1935. It proves that the Soviet state needed to mobilize financial resources for implementing the industrialization programme and, therefore, sought additional sources of income. The Soviet authorities elaborated complex measures for this purpose. The grain procurement policy caused mass famine in Ukraine. The establishment of the Torgsin system demonstrated a pseudo-concern of Soviet authorities about the starving population. The Torgsin trade network, founded in the years of mass famine in the early 1930s, extended to the territory of Ukraine and strengthened its organizational structure due to exporting food and industrial goods of high quality. It enabled the state to swindle gold, family values and antiques from the starving population in exchange for foodstuffs and trade currency with foreigners and Soviet citizens through the Torgsin network. W artykule przeprowadzono analizę działalności Wszechzwiązkowego Stowarzyszenia „Torgsin” na Ukrainie w latach 1931–1935. Jego utworzenie było to spowodowane tym, że państwo radzieckie musiało zmobilizować ogromne środki na realizację programu industrializacji i w związku z tym poszukiwało dodatkowych źródeł dochodu. Władze radzieckie opracowały skomplikowany system ich pozyskania. Państwowa polityka skupu zboża doprowadziła do wielkiego głodu na Ukrainie. Utworzenie systemu „Torgsin” było przejawem rzekomej troski władz sowieckich o głodującą ludność. Sieć handlowa „Torgsin” została utworzona w czasie wielkiego głodu, na początku lat trzydziestych XX w. Zorganizowanie sieci sklepów „Torgsin” na terytorium Ukrainy wzmocniło strukturę organizacyjną Stowarzyszenia dzięki pozyskiwaniu wysokiej jakości artykułów spożywczych i przemysłowych. W sklepach sieci realizowano politykę „eksportu wewnętrznego”, sprzedając towary za złoto oraz dewizy. Nabywcami sprzedawanych tam towarów mogli być cudzoziemcy oraz obywatele radzieccy. Umożliwiło to państwu sowieckiemu pozyskanie niemal za bezcen złota, dewiz, pamiątek rodzinnych i antyków od głodującej ludności Ukrainy w zamian za żywność sprzedawaną w sklepach sieci „Torgsin”.

Over the course of the nineteenth century, the Irish Catholic middle class became more powerful in both political and economic terms. It was this group that became the backbone of Irish nationalism as it emerged in the 1870s and 1880s. But how did the Catholic middle classes respond to what was the greatest disaster in Irish history, Ireland’s Great Famine of the 1840s? This article offers an account, based on a wide range of evidence, of the responses to the events of the Famine years, focusing especially on the role of the rural middle classes and the Catholic clergy, two of the most powerful elements within Irish political and social life. The overall argument is that, while it suited later nationalists to underline the universal nature of the catastrophe, suffering during the Great Irish Famine was concentrated in the ranks of the Catholic rural underclass, which was decimated by death and emigration.

The dominant ideology of the United States has stressed as a primary precept the nation’s willingness to accept and incorporate new peoples. Patriotic boosters have promoted the nation as the exemplary model of cultural pluralism and inclusion, but immigration has remained a topic of protracted debate. Controversy occurs because racial theory underpins America’s national ideology. The 19th-century Anglo-Saxon elite that governed, financed, and controlled the nation racialized many immigrant groups as inferior. Irish immigration to the United States in the decades following the Great Famine provides an example. A process of racialized incorporation is outlined, and an example is presented using archaeological remains from Albany, New York. Speculation is presented about the connection between racialized social position and cut-sponge-stamped ceramics.

The world, without exception, our country, is being hit by the Covid-19 outbreak, which until now is not clear when it will end. This epidemic is not only threatening public health, but also collapses all aspects of the world economy. From the scale of the country, corporations, SMEs, to individuals, are affected by this outbreak.Not surprisingly, all circles are struggling to find a way to survive these two great threats; the covid-19 outbreak and the economic crisis. For the Muslim community, the Prophet Muhammad peace and blessings of Allah be upon him is a role model in all aspects of life, because his teachings have presented everything that mankind needs, both in matters of the hereafter and in the world. Through qualitative research, the researcher tried to reveal the guidance of the Prophet Muhammad peace and blessings of Allah be upon himin facing and resolving the threat of economic crisis. By collecting the data from the Qur’an, hadith, and scholars' statements, the researcher tries to get a clear picture of these guidance.Hopefully, these guidance can be applied by the Muslim community in facing the threat of the economic crisis that is currently haunting the international community. From this research, it was revealed that the main cause of the economic crisis was human behavior that deviated from the guidance of Sharia.Therefore, faith in Allah the Exalted, the Lord of the universe, is a solid foundation as well as a source of inspiration for Muslims in facing all the dynamics of life, including the threat of economic crises. As it is revealed that the Islamic Sharia has arrangedcomplete solutions to solve the threat of the economic crisis.

Freshwater is not abundantly available in many parts of the planet. Drylands cover about 41.3% of the face of the earth and support more than 2 billion people. Drylands are susceptible to a wide variety of natural and/or human-driven disasters which could lead to human catastrophes such as famine and huge population displacements. Populated areas prioritize their interests by controlling and diverting the water resources available, consequently, they have negative effects on the delicate natural ecosystems in drylands. Moreover, global warming and desertification threaten the wildlife and force the remaining floral elements to face the dilemma of between migration and extinction. Cities, with their managed and irrigated green spaces are safe havens for many plants. In this paper, the necessity of turning cities in drylands to artificial protected areas is discussed and the various aspects of urban life to serve not only human population, but the endangered plant species are also addressed.

During the worst year of the Great Irish Famine, ‘Black ’47’, tens of thousands of people fled across the Irish Sea from Ireland to Britain, desperately escaping the starvation and disease plaguing their country. These refugees, crowding unavoidably into the most insalubrious accommodation British towns and cities had to offer, were soon blamed for deadly outbreaks of epidemic typhus which emerged across the country during the first half of 1847. Indeed, they were accused of transporting the pestilence, then raging in Ireland, over with them. Typhus mortality rates in Ireland and Britain soared, and so closely connected with the disease were the Irish in Britain that it was widely referred to as ‘Irish fever’. Much of what we know about this epidemic is based on a handful of studies focusing almost exclusively on major cities along the British west-coast. Moreover, there has been little attempt to understand the legacy of the episode on the Irish in Britain. Taking a national perspective, this article argues that the ‘Irish fever’ epidemic of 1847 spread far beyond the western port of entry, and that the epidemic, by entrenching the association of the Irish with deadly disease, contributed significantly to the difficulties Britain's Irish population faced in the 1850s.

Small-scale farmers in Tlogosari, Pagak, Malang have many limitations, especially economically. Instead of wanting to improve economic prosperity, small-scale farmer makes changes to the commodities they grow from sugar cane to sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria (L) or albizia). But the change in this commodity has an impact on changing the pattern of short to long harvests. This condition has increasingly resulted in the economic downturn of the farming family, coupled with the existence of the COVID-19 pandemic, making farmers increasingly powerless. This research focuses on the survival mechanism of small-scale farmers who switch commodities from sugar cane to sengon during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study uses James Scott's theory of the ethics of subsistence as a knife of analysis and uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. The research informants were determined by purposive sampling with the criteria of small-scale farmer informants who were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic due to the change of sugarcane commodity to sengon. The price of sengon during the COVID-19 pandemic dropped dramatically due to many factories closed, so farmers are also confused looking for sengon buyers. This condition makes small-scale farmers feel like poor famine. Faced with such conditions, smallholders do survival by other work, namely making gatot, tiwul, and corn grits (ampok) as a profitable employment opportunity in the future of COVID-19

El desplazamiento de grupos de personas por motivos de mejoras de las condiciones de vida para su familia ha constituido el flujo migratorio constante desde las épocas bíblicas, que se han visto acentuadas en gran medida por situaciones beligerantes, caos socio político, como la presencia de gobiernos autoritarios que no velan por el respeto del estado de derecho o periodos de sequía y hambruna que han desencadenado en los más lamentables desplazamientos de personas en el mundo. Actualmente es el caso de los ciudadanos venezolanos, que abandonan su país de origen ante la situación de crisis en la que viven y buscan mejorar su calidad de vida otros estados como el Perú. El advenimiento de grupos migratorios trae como consecuencia social la ejecución de actividades laborales informales. Las oleadas de migrantes foráneos unidos a los grupos coetáneos a las principales ciudades del Perú como Lima, ha incrementado la necesidad imperiosa de obtener puestos de trabajo en circunstancias poco favorables para el empleado, incrementándose la informalidad y las actividades independientes. Asimismo, esta situación socio-demográfica, acarrea hacinamiento, inseguridad, incremento de violencia, deficiencia en los servicios de salud, vivienda y educación, y aumento de la pobreza, creando una enorme preocupación a las autoridades gubernamentales, quienes deben plantear y sustentar soluciones a corto, mediano y mediano plazo. Palabras clave: Migración, inmigración venezolana, informalidad laboral, desempleo.

The contributions of the anthropologists towards nation building in the early years after independence of India is still an unexplored research agenda in the social sciences in general and anthropology and sociology in particular. Under this background, an exploration is made in this study to search the contributions of anthropologists towards nation building and it revealed that there were at least five pioneering researches which dealt with the three major challenges confronted by the planners in newly independent India, and the challenges before the nation were famine, resettlement of refugees and industrialisation and big dam building. Apart from methodology, all the five studies have immense contemporary policy relevance.

China’s Great Leap Forward of 1958–60, an attempt to increase agricultural production through increased labor inputs, resulted in the greatest famine in world history from 1959 to 1961. Most histories emphasize the political mistakes of this period, which were disastrous. But to understand how the political mistakes led to the famine, here I concentrate on the ecosystem mismanagement that led to drastic drops in food production. To explain these effects, I use the concept of the “Four Horsemen of the Ecopocalypse:” over-emphasis on single variables, cross-scale mismatches, top-down panaceas, and ignorance of system feedbacks, all of which eliminated the resilience of agro-ecosystems to both internal contradictions and external disturbances.

In the offered paper the issue of reliability of the information stated in peasant memoirs concerning events of Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine is considered. The level of possibilities for processing peasant memoirs as an independent historical source in complex historical researches is studied. Factors influencing the authenticity of memoirs are determined: self-censorship, aberrations of various kinds, the influence of the social and cultural environment, etc. The scheme of classification of peasant memoir sources by groups according to their internal features and signs is offered. Four groups of peasant personal sources are identified, depending on their information capabilities in studying of Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine issues. The peculiarities of peasant memoirs and trends of their further study are determined for each of the proposed groups. The conditions in which peasant memoir sources appear are analyzed. According to the results of a comparative analysis of peasant memoirs and data from The National Memory Book of Holodomor Victims 1932-1933 in Ukraine, several new names are identified that are absent in the previously collected information and need to be included in The National Memory Book. The studied peasant memoirs are a unique historical source, which allows to studying the events of Holodomor of 1932-1933 at first hand, from people who were the direct victims of the tragedy. Peasant memoirs contain valuable fragments of historical observations, reflect the likes and dislikes of the authors, their views, assessments, observations, distresses of soul, and allow a clearer understanding of the atmosphere that prevailed in the village at that time. Using of peasant memoirs in the study of Holodomor gives the opportunity to distinguish a new layer of historical information from the direct participants in the events of the famine of 1932-1933. Such evidence adds authenticity to the image of history and allows to trace the effects of Soviet education and propaganda on the individual and allows us to take a fresh look at the specifics of the little man’s relationship with the totalitarian Bilshovyk regime, and better understand peasant thinking and mid-20th century life.

Arapların salgın hastalıkları tarif etmek için kullandıkları “tâun” ve “veba” kavramları insanlık tarihini etkileyen büyük hadiselerdir. Tâunlar, ortaya çıktığı bölgelerde kısa sürede büyüyerek milyonlarca insanın ölmesine, devletlerinin ekonomik, siyasî, askerî ve ictimaî yapılarının bozulmasına neden olabilen ve toplumların hafızasında silinmez izler bırakan tarihî faktörlerden bir tanesidir. Bir anda ortadan kaldırılması mümkün olmayan bu tür salgınlar, sadece etkin olduğu dönemde değil sonrasında da kendilerini gösterirler. Kıtlık, yokluk, fiyat artışı ve siyasî buhranlar şeklinde olumsuz etkilerini toplumların üzerinde hissettirirler. İslâm tarihi kaynaklarına genel hatlarıyla bakıldığında birkaç önemli salgın dışında İslâm dünyasını etkileyen ciddi bir hadise meydana gelmediği izlenimi uyanır. Fakat kaynaklar derinlemesine incelendiğinde durum biraz farklılaşır. Özellikle Emevî iktidarı boyunca salgınlar öncü ve artçılarıyla sık sık kendisini göstermiştir. Hatta Emevîlerin iktidara gelişinde, iktidarı paylaşan kişilerin yönetimden uzaklaşmalarında ve Emevî iktidarının sonlanmasında tâunların ciddi etkileri olduğu görülür. Adeta Emevîler tâunla gelmiş ve tâunla gitmiş gibidir. Bunlar Abbâsîlerin iddia ettiği gibi bir ilahî ceza mıydı? Yoksa savaşların sık yaşandığı ortamda görülebilecek normal pandemik süreçler miydi? Benzer tarzdaki soruların cevaplandırabilmesi için bu makalede Emevîler dönemindeki salgınlar araştırılarak devlet üzerindeki muhtemel etkileri tespit edilecek ve bir neticeye ulaşılmaya çalışılacaktır. Böylelikle salgınların Emevîlerin yıkılışı üzerindeki etkileri de bir nebze aydınlatılacaktır.

The scarcity, high cost, and unreliable supply of healthy food in developing countries have resulted in the search for cheap and alternative sources of healthy and nutritious food. Wild edible plants (WEPs) are one of the alternative sources of healthy and nutritious food, and they are crucially important in supporting the global food basket in all parts of the world in general and in sub-Saharan Africa in particular. These wild edible plants have played a significant role in supplying food and nutritional requirements and increasing the health status of poor communities in many rural parts of the world. In Ethiopia, rural communities use wild edible plants as a means of survival especially during times of drought and famine and during other forms calamities and crises. Wild edible plants have high nutritional content, including proteins, vitamin B2, and vitamin C, which can be used as alternatives to conventional plant-based human diets. The available literature has revealed that some wild edible plants also have medicinal properties. Even though wild edible plants are important for food security, they are usually overlooked and perceived as food for poor families. This review indicates that fruits are the most commonly used WEPs, both for consumption and medicinal value, and most plant parts are eaten directly in raw forms. This review focuses on the commercial exploitation of wild edible plants as a source of dietary supplements and alternative medicines and as a means to generate income; it also focuses on consumer perception toward wild edible plants in Ethiopia. Despite easy accessibility and availability, the consumption of wild edible plants is challenged by numerous factors. This review suggests that nutrition policies have to promote the utilization of wild edible plants as one pillar of food and nutrition security. Bioactive compound contents and antinutritional factor contents of wild and medicinal plants need further investigation.

This paper is a library research that uses library material as a source of data, to examine Jesus' Words in Luke 21:11 about illness and hunger and find their relevance to the Church in the Pandemic Period. The primary data source in this study is the Gospel of Luke 21:11 which is exposition by the author, supported by secondary data sources namely documents, books and references that are relevant to the problems in this study, and see the current condition of the Covid-19 pandemic. The results of this study suggest how the attitude should be taken by the Church in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic: First, the church must be happy because it understands why illness and hunger are "permitted" to occur in our country and even the world. Second, the church today is not surprised, frightened and panicked in facing illness and economic crisis that has caused famine. Third, the difficult time is treated as an opportunity to witness. Fourth, the church must strengthen His people that whoever persists in faith in the Messiah in the midst of his suffering, he will have a true and full life, that is, eternal life. Keywords: Disease, Hunger, Jesus' Words, Luke 21:11, Church, Pandemic, Covid-19

The Green Revolution is credited with alleviating famine, mitigating poverty and driving aggregate economic growth since the 1960s. In Asia, high-input technology packages secured a tripling of rice output, with germplasm improvements providing benefits beyond US$4.3 billion yr–1. Here, we unveil the magnitude and macro-economic relevance of parallel nature-based contributions to productivity growth in non-rice crops over the period 1918–2018 (across 23 different Asia–Pacific geopolitical entities). We empirically demonstrate how biological control resolved invasive pest threats in multiple agricultural commodities, ensuring annually accruing (on-farm) benefits of US$14.6–19.5 billion yr–1. Scientifically guided biological control of 43 exotic invertebrate pests permitted 73–100% yield-loss recovery in critical food, feed and fibre crops including banana, breadfruit, cassava and coconut. Biological control thereby promoted rural growth and prosperity even in marginal, poorly endowed, non-rice environments. By placing agro-ecological innovations on equal footing with input-intensive measures, our work provides lessons for future efforts to mitigate invasive species, restore ecological resilience and sustainably raise output of global agrifood systems. Using a food systems approach, the authors show that scientifically guided insect biological control mitigated 43 pest targets between 1918 and 2018 in the Asia–Pacific region, allowing for yield-loss recoveries of up to 73–100% in non-rice critical crops, with strong impacts on rural economies.

The publishing industry in Africa is usually described in terms of ‘booklessness’, ‘hunger’ or ‘famine’. But does this language of scarcity reflect the realities of book production and consumption?...

Sarah Cameron has written a highly readable monograph on one of the most tragic events brought about by the creation of the Stalinist system. Her book provides the most nuanced and balanced picture...

One of the global strategic areas in the fight against hunger is the one related to food banks. The mission of food banks is to provide food to people that are in extreme poverty and famine. However, food banks do not have enough resources to supply food to the needy. Hence, hard decisions have to be made every day to determine who will be served, what kind of products, and how many of them will be supplied. In this work, we introduce an optimization model for the Food Bank Resource Allocation Problem, which takes into account inventory management, purchases, product-beneficiary compatibilities, balanced nutrition, and priority of beneficiaries. We also propose an adaptive heuristic to solve large instances of this problem. The mathematical formulation and the proposed heuristic are evaluated over a large set of instances that have been randomly generated based on a real situation of a local food bank. Computational results reveal that our heuristic is able to produce good quality solutions in short computation times.

This study investigates the impact of top executives’ Great Chinese Famine experience on firm financial disclosure quality. We find firms led by top executives who experienced the great famine in early life are less likely to conduct fraudulent financial reporting. The famine effect is more pronounced in state‐owned enterprises (SOEs), smaller‐cap, lower‐profitability level firms and firms with weaker external monitoring. Further evidence suggests that top executives with great famine experience show greater tendency to implement secured debt structure, effective internal control and spend less on entertainment and travel costs, which in turn reduce the likelihood of fraudulent financial reporting.

In British India in 1943, a rapidly escalating Allied coal crisis resulted in the lifting of a six-year-old ban on women’s employment underground. Over 70,000 low-caste and adivasi (indigenous) wom...

في عام 1929 وقعت أزمة اقتصادية عالمية حادة أصابت دول العالم بضربات في مقتل وقد بدأت هذه الأزمة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريکية حيث زادت بها المنتجات الزراعية والصناعية بدرجة کبيرة جدا ولم توفق إلى توزيعها في الأسواق العالمية فتوقفت حرکة النمو الصناعي والتجاري وحدث انهيار اقتصادي کبير في بورصة وول ستريت وتبعتها بقية الدول في أنحاء العالم فطالبت أمريکا برلين بأن تعيد إليها أموالها التي أقرضتها لها لکي تواجه الأزمة هي الأخرى في الوقت الذي طالبت فيه فرنسا بأن تستمر ألمانيا في دفع التعويضات وسحبت الأموال الأمريکية في الحال, فتأثرت بذلک دوائر الأعمال المالية في ألمانيا وإضطر البنک المرکزي الألماني إلى استخدام ماله الاحتياطي ، وعجز عن مد يد المساعدة إلى البنوک الأخرى فإضطر عدد منها إلى تصفية حساباته وغلق أبوابه وتفشت البطالة لاضطرار المصانع إلى الاستغناء عن معظم عمالها حتى أربى عدد المتعطلين عن 20 مليون عاطل وانتشرت المجاعة وعمت المظاهرات وعجز المستشارون الألمان في مواجهة هذا البرکان الثائر فأدت الأزمة الاقتصادية إلى سقوط جمهورية فايمار في ألمانيا. In 1929, a severe global economic crisis occurred and hit the countries of the world with hard strikes. This crisis began in the United States of America, where agricultural and industrial products increased to a very large extent and the US did not succeeded in distributing them in world markets, so the movement of industrial and commercial growth stopped and a major economic collapse occurred in the Wall Street Exchange and the rest of the countries around the world followed it. So America demanded Berlin to return the money, it lent to them in order to face the crisis too, as well as France demanded that Germany had to continue paying compensation and the American funds was regained immediately what affected circles of financial business in German and the central bank of Germany was forced to use its reserve money and was unable to help other banks. Number of them was forced to close their accounts and ended their business. Unemployment increased as the factories had to lay off of many workers in the factories. Until the number of unemployed was more than twenty million, as a result famine and demonstrations spread. German chancellors failed in facing this volcano; the revolutionary economic crisis led to the downfall of the Weimar Republic in Germany.

This paper revisits the question of the connection between the wars in Eastern Europe (beginning with gezeirot taḥ ve-tat in 1648) and the rise of Sabbateanism. It argues that the key issue is the ways in which the Ashkenazi Jews of Jerusalem dealt with the collapse of Polish-Lithuanian Jewish funding for the Land of Israel in the wake of the wars. Following 1648, an extended transregional philanthropic network began to support the relief efforts for Polish Jewry, diverting resources from the Land of Israel. Initially, this caused great suffering in Jerusalem, including a famine in which many, particularly women, died. In response, great pressure was put on the philanthropic network supporting Jewish settlement in the Land of Israel: the Ashkenazi women of Jerusalem tried to establish their own independent fundraising mechanism, while the men employed a Polish Jew, Nathan Shapira, to collect for them. A major kabbalist, Shapira found common ground with millenarian Protestants in north-western Europe, who saw in the suffering of the Jews in both Eastern Europe and the Holy Land a sign of the Messiah’s imminent return. When they sent money to Jerusalem, the local community—including Nathan of Gaza, then a student—was forced to consider its attitude towards them and their ideology. Nathan had grown up in the post-1648 expanded world of philanthropy and, after the appearance of Shabbetai Zvi, used many transregional fundraising strategies with great success to help spread the new messianic movement.