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Recent studies introduced the suicide crisis syndrome (SCS), a condition associated with imminent suicidal behavior and characterized by (a) a pervasive feeling of entrapment in which the escape from an unbearable life situation is perceived as both urgent and impossible (Criterion A) and (b) affective disturbance, loss of cognitive control, hyperarousal, and social withdrawal (Criterion B). The goal of the present study was to use some of the analytic tools provided by network analyses to further the understanding of the psychological, emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological processes involved in the SCS by testing (a) whether the different symptoms of the proposed syndrome are related to each other, (b) whether symptoms form meaningful clusters, and (c) whether certain symptoms are more central than others. The study included 500 outpatient and 223 inpatient participants. A network analysis of the participants' scores on the various symptoms of the SCS was conducted. The network analysis suggested that most SCS symptoms are linked by strong connections and that entrapment and ruminative flooding are highly correlated with the other SCS symptoms. Three clusters of symptoms were identified, suggesting the existence of several interdependent psychological processes potentially involved in SCS phenomenology. Our findings support both the suggested symptoms of the SCS and the central role of entrapment in the proposed criteria for the syndrome. Emotional pain appears to be closely linked to entrapment and may belong in Criterion A. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

This study tested the factor structure of the Attitudes and Beliefs Scale-2, a measure of Ellis’ irrational and rational beliefs. The scale includes items that assess both irrationality and rationality. Within this framework, items reflect one of four irrational cognitive processes and their rational alternatives, including demandingness versus preferences, frustration intolerance versus tolerance, awfulizing versus realistic negative evaluations, and self-condemnation versus self-acceptance, and one of three content domains including affiliation, achievement, and comfort. The sample of 1500 consisted of college students, psychotherapy outpatients, and patients from a residential substance abuse program. We used the lavaan program with Diagonally Weighted Least Squares estimation procedures to test 11 different models. An 8-factor bifactor model had an excellent fit and appeared better than the other models using. This model had items load on one of the four irrational cognitive process factors of demandingness, awfulizing, frustration intolerance, or self-condemnation, or one of the rational cognitive process factors of non-demanding preferences, realistic negative evaluations, frustration tolerance, or self-acceptance. The second or bifactor solution had all items load on to one general factor. This model has eight factors that are designed to assess factors for the cognitive processes split into the irrational and rationality dimensions, and these results support the factor structure of the test and the theoretical structure of irrational and rational beliefs currently adopted in REBT. The implications for REBT practice were discussed as well as the future of assessment research in REBT.

The aim of this paper is to present further data for the validation of the Interpersonal Guilt Rating Scale-15 self-report (IGRS-15s; Gazzillo et al., 2018). We recruited a sample of 448 subjects, to whom we administered the IGRS-15s together with other empirically validated measures for the assessment of social desirability, shame, self-esteem, empathy, mental health and therapeutic alliance. In line with our hypotheses, the previously established three-factor structure of the IGRS-15s (Survivor guilt, Omnipotence guilt, and Self-hate) was confirmed. Moreover, the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of IGRS-15s were adequate to good. All the IGRS-15s factors were negatively correlated with self-esteem and mental health and positively correlated with shame; Survivor guilt and Omnipotence guilt were positively correlated with empathy; Survivor guilt and Self-hate negatively affected therapeutic alliance; and different traumas had different, theoretically predictable, impacts on the different kinds of guilt. Overall, these data support the reliability and validity of the IGRS-15s.

In October 2017, Northern California experienced devastating and historic wildfires leaving the community in need of support to foster emotional resilience during the recovery process. Adolescents represent a particularly vulnerable population in the wake of disaster, and digital mental health interventions may hold promise for reaching teens at scale. The present study examined the feasibility and efficacy of a mobile mental health app for disaster, Sonoma Rises. A multiple-baseline single-case experimental design (SCED) utilizing a research-enabled version of the app was employed with seven adolescents who experienced significant damage to their homes and schools in the wildfires. Participants completed daily mood ratings, weekly measures of posttraumatic stress symptoms, internalizing and externalizing symptoms, psychosocial functioning, and then pre-post-measures of anxiety, depression, wellbeing, sleep, academic engagement, and perceived social support as well as quantitative and qualitative measures of intervention satisfaction and feasibility. Sonoma Rises was found to be feasible in terms of engagement, satisfaction, and likelihood of recommending to a friend. During the study, another wildfire occurred and all participants underwent a prolonged mandated evacuation and were subject to a series of extended power outages. Uptake of the publicly available version of the Sonoma Rises app among the general population was modest but engagement among users was sustained. Lessons learned are offered to contribute to the science and practice of building, disseminating, and implementing digital tools to conduct more equitable disaster mental health outreach and research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

This article examines moral hypocrisy and the self-serving bias (SSB) in the sexual infidelity context. We found evidence of self-serving attributions that occur between primary relationship partners following sexual betrayals. Specifically, we found that sexual infidelity perpetrators (a) blamed their primary dyadic partners (i.e., victims) for infidelities significantly more than those victims blamed themselves for such infidelities, (b) blamed the surrounding circumstances for infidelities significantly more than their victims did, and (c) rated the emotional impact of infidelities on their victims as significantly less than victims’ ratings of such impact. Moreover, we found that participants with prior experience as both sexual infidelity perpetrators and victims displayed “sexual hypocrisy” by judging others more harshly than themselves for sexually unfaithful behavior. Our findings demonstrate that personality variables associated with sexual infidelity (narcissism, sexual narcissism, avoidant attachment, and primary psychopathy) are also relevant to self-serving attributions in the sexual infidelity context.

OBJECTIVE: In order to improve success rates in psychotherapy, an alliance-focused training (AFT) protocol was developed and evaluated with regard to patient-therapist interpersonal behavior in a 30-session protocol of cognitive-behavioral therapy for outpatients comorbid with Axis I and II conditions conducted in a medical center setting. METHOD: Participants included 40 patients treated by 40 therapists in a multiple baseline design in which novice therapists trained to fidelity standards in CBT were introduced to AFT at different time intervals (after either 8 or 16 sessions) during a 30-session CBT protocol. Interpersonal behaviors were assessed with a simplified version of the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) on videotaped sessions sampled from the early (between sessions 6–8), mid (14–16), and late (22–24) phases of therapy. RESULTS: As predicted, several significant interactions were observed between within-subject interpersonal change and between-group differences in exposure to AFT. Specifically, there were decreases in patient dependence and in therapist control (including criticism), plus increases in patient expressiveness and in therapist affirmation and expressiveness, all of which could be attributed to AFT. The predictive relationship of several of these variables to session-level and overall treatment outcome was also demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that novice CBT therapists can be trained to improve their interpersonal process with patients who present with comorbid diagnoses, including a personality disorder. PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE: Demonstrating the efficacy of a protocol designed to develop novice therapists’ alliance-focused abilities has important implications for professional training, as well as for outcome in psychotherapy.

Background and objectives Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a first-line treatment for anxiety, but it is not widely available as clinical guidelines recommend. We examined the feasibility and efficacy of a novel smartphone-based fully automated digital CBT intervention, ‘Daylight™‘, to improve symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Methods In this multiple-baseline design, 21 adults (20 F; mean age 43yrs. range 19–65yrs.) with moderate-to-severe symptoms of GAD were randomized to one of three baseline durations (2-, 4-, or 6-weeks) and then received access to digital CBT. Participants completed daily ratings of anxiety and worry, weekly measures of anxiety, depressive symptoms, and sleep, and measures of anxiety, worry, wellbeing, quality of life, CBT skill acquisition, and work performance at initial assessment prior to baseline randomization, post-intervention, and follow-up. Results Digital CBT was found to be feasible in terms of engagement, satisfaction, and safety. For preliminary efficacy, improvements were detected in daily and weekly outcomes of anxiety for most participants. Despite individual differences, significant improvements occurred with the introduction of digital CBT and not during baseline. Overall, 70% of participants no longer had clinically significant symptoms of GAD, 61% no longer had significant depressive symptoms, and 40% no longer had significant sleep difficulty at post-intervention. Limitations The study sample was recruited using the internet and was mostly female, limiting the generalizability of the findings. Conclusions Findings support the feasibility and efficacy of Daylight. Further examination in randomized controlled trials is now warranted.

We hypothesize that “being yourself” is the dating strategy of individuals that have successful long-term relationships. Study 1 examined the relationships between authenticity and personality variables that predict relationship outcome. Study 2 employed a two-part acts nomination design to enumerate “being yourself” while dating and to examine personality correlates of “being yourself”. Study 3 explored whether individuals being themselves are attractive and if being yourself results in assortative mating with authentic individuals. Study 4 determined the effect of “be yourself” mindset priming on “be yourself” dating behavior. Study 1 found that authenticity is associated with emotional intelligence and positive relational outcomes. Study 2 found that “being yourself” dating behavior is associated with authenticity, secure attachment, and low narcissism. Study 3 found that “be yourself” dating behavior is attractive and facilitates assortative mating with authentic individuals. Study 4 found that rejection sensitive individuals are more likely to engage in “be yourself” dating behavior when made to feel safe to be themselves. “Be yourself” is the dating strategy that authentic individuals use to facilitate successful long-term relationships.

The aim of this article is to present validation data about a self-report rating scale for the assessment of interpersonal guilt according to Control-Mastery Theory (CMT; Silbershatz, 2005; Weiss, 1993; Weiss, Sampson, & The Mount Zion Psychotherapy Research Group, 1986), the Interpersonal Guilt Rating Scale-15s (IGRS-15s). In order to perform the validation of this tool in an Italian sample we have collected a sample of 645 nonclinical subjects. They had to complete the IGRS-15s, the Scale for the Measurement of the Impending Punishment (SMIP; Caprara et al., 1990), the Interpersonal Guilt Questionnaire-67 (IGQ-67; O'Connor et al., 1997), the Psychological General Well-Being Index (PGWBI; Dupuy, 1984), and the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS; Davis, Panksepp, & Normansell, 2003), together with an ad-hoc questionnaire for collecting demographic data, the Socio-Demographical Schedule. We have performed a confirmatory factor analysis to verify if the four-factor solution based on CMT and replicated in previous research (Gazzillo et al., 2017) was confirmed. Then, we checked the retest reliability of IGRS-15s after four weeks in a random subsample of 54 subjects. In order to assess its concurrent and discriminant validity, we calculated the correlations between IGRS-15s assessment and SMIP and IGQ-67. Finally, to test its construct validity, we assessed the relationships between the IGRS-15s and the affective systems using the ANPS and the wellbeing assessed with the PGWBI. The data collected support the retest reliability and the concurrent and discriminant validity of the measure, and we have collected preliminary data about its construct validity. Examples of the possible clinical and research applications of this tool are discussed.

This study employed a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach to examine the interrelationships between the self-serving bias and various known predictors of sexual infidelity. Specifically, we sought to generate a path model depicting how the following variables jointly predict sexual infidelity perpetration: (1) insecure attachment, (2) pathological narcissism, (3) sexual narcissism, (4) primary psychopathy, (5) self-serving attributions for retaliatory infidelity, and (6) sexual betrayal victimization. We developed a structural model describing various pathways to sexual infidelity perpetration based on these six variables. Three pathways to infidelity were discovered. In the first pathway, anxious and avoidant attachment predicted primary psychopathy, and self-justification for retaliatory infidelity mediated the relationship between primary psychopathy and infidelity perpetration. In the second pathway, anxious attachment predicted sexual narcissism, which predicted self-justification for retaliatory infidelity, which in turn predicted infidelity perpetration. In the third pathway, being a victim of sexual betrayal directly predicted sexual infidelity perpetration. In fact, suffering sexual betrayal was the best predictor of sexual infidelity perpetration. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

The Attitudes and Belief Scale-2 (ABS-2) developed in the late 1980s, is a measure of Ellis’ irrational and rational beliefs. Although no publication has described the instrument and it has only appeared in conference presentations, many researchers have used the ABS-2 to test REBT. This article describes the development of the ABS-2 and the original research on its psychometric properties. The scale has three factors that represent 24 different cells in a 4 × 2 × 3 factorial model. The first factor, Cognitive Processes, reflects Ellis’ concepts of Demandingness, Awfulizing, Frustration Intolerance, and Self-Downing. The second factor covers irrationally worded items versus rationally worded items. The rationally worded items were written to counter the irrational beliefs. The third factor includes content or life themes about which the person could be concerned, and includes Achievement, Affiliation, and Comfort. The ABS-2 generates a Total Score, a Total Irrationality Score, a Total Rationality score, and Scales scores representing each of the four Cognitive Processes domains and each of the three Content domains. The ABS-2 scores demonstrate adequate to excellent internal consistency, and correlate significantly with measures of depression, anxiety, life satisfaction, selfcontrol, well-being, and measures of internalizing personality disorders. The ABS-2 did not correlate significantly with measures of anger, externalizing personality disorders, mania, and somatoform disorder. An exploratory factor analysis provided weak support for the factor structure of the scale. The ABS-2 scores distinguish between normal and clinical samples. Rationally worded items discriminated between clinical and nonclinical groups much better than did the irrationally worded scales, suggesting that instruments that only assess irrational beliefs might underestimate the support for REBT.

This study reflects an assessment of the relationship between change in defensive functioning and change in the therapeutic interaction during an eight-year treatment episode of an older personality disordered woman. The patient, Ms. Q, possessed schizoid, avoidant, and depressive personality disor- ders as well as major depression as assessed by the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III). At the end of the treatment episode, Ms. Q still pos- sessed an avoidant personality disorder and significant depressive personal- ity traits but no longer possessed clinically significant schizoid traits or major depression. Ms. Q made significant positive change in her adaptive defensive functioning as assessed by the Defense Mechanism Rating Scale (DMRS). Through time-series analysis it was discovered that positive change in adap- tive defenses was predicted by increases in a specific type of therapeutic inter - action as assessed by the Psychotherapy Q Sort (PQS). In this therapeutic in- teraction the therapist in a didactic and advice-giving manner highlighted the patient's role in a problem in a clear and coherent way that could be perceived as tactless. Time-series analysis revealed a reciprocal relationship in which pos- itive changes in adaptive defenses predicted further increases in that particular quality of therapeutic interaction. This case study reflects a systematic attempt to assess the therapeu- tic interaction and its relationship to defensive functioning during an eight-year treatment episode of an older personality disordered wom- an who was in intensive psychodynamic psychotherapy. The patient, Ms. Q, suffered from schizoid, avoidant, and depressive personality disorders as well as major depression. The patient was a socially isolat

Objective The aim of this study was twofold: (a) Investigate whether therapists are consistent in their use of therapeutic techniques throughout supportive–expressive therapy (SET) and (b) Examine the bi-directional relation between therapists' use of therapeutic techniques and the working alliance over the course of SET. Method Thirty-seven depressed patients were assigned to 16 weeks of SET as part of a larger randomized clinical trial (Barber, Barrett, Gallop, Rynn, & Rickels, 2012). Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form (WAI-SF) was collected at Weeks 2, 4, and 8. Use of therapeutic interventions was rated by independent observers using the Multitheoretical List of Therapeutic Interventions (MULTI). Intraclass correlation coefficients assessed therapists' consistency in use of techniques. A cross-lagged path analysis estimated the working alliance inventory- Multitheoretical List of Therapeutic Interventions bidirectional relation across time. Results Therapists were moderately consistent in their use of prescribed techniques (psychodynamic, process-experiential, and person-centred). However, they were inconsistent, or more flexible, in their use of “common factors” techniques (e.g., empathy, active listening, hope, and encouragements). A positive bidirectional relation was found between use of common factors techniques and the working alliance, such that initial high levels of common factors (but not prescribed) techniques predicted higher alliance later on and vice versa. Conclusion Therapists tend to modulate their use of common factors techniques across treatment. Additionally, when a strong working alliance is developed early in treatment, therapists tend to use more common factors later on. Moreover, high use of common factors techniques is predictive of later improvement in the alliance.

This comparative survey contrasted 571 parents who lost children to various death causes: 48 to drug-related deaths and overdoses, 462 to suicide, 24 to natural death cases, and 37 to mostly accidental death cases. Groups were compared in terms of grief difficulties, mental health problems, posttraumatic stress, and stigmatization. Results did not show any appreciable differences in these respects between the suicide bereaved parents and those losing children to drug-related deaths. However, when the suicide and drug-related death survivors were specifically contrasted against accidental and natural death loss cases, a consistent pattern emerged showing the former group was consistently more troubled by grief and mental health problems than the latter two sub-groups. These differences remained when controls of time since the loss and gender differences were employed as covariates. These findings suggest that the powerful and intense stigma against drug use and mental illness, shared among the public-at-large, imposes challenges in healing of immense proportion for these parents as they find less compassionate responses from their significant others, following their losses.

This paper introduces two related measures that can be used to evaluate, describe, and track changes in personality functioning. Both are derived from the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP-200). The first measure is the Personality Health Index (PHI) that offers an assessment of personality functioning that may be applied to the study of outcome in any treatment purporting to affect overall psychological health, such as long-term psychodynamic therapy and psychoanalysis. Preliminary studies suggest robust construct validity for the PHI. The second measure, RADIO, uses the item content of the SWAP-200 to categorize personality functioning into five domains: Reality testing and thought process, Affect regulation and tolerance, Defensive organization, Identity integration, and Object relations. Referred to by the acronym RADIO, this measure provides a picture of personality health across major dimensions of personality functioning. Applying these measures to the well

With a diverse sample of 462 parent survivors of their child's suicide we explored the association of the personal growth subscale of the Hogan Grief Reaction Checklist (HGRC) with mental health problems among longer-term survivors. In this article we offer additional validation for this scale's association with longer-term survivorship and reduced grief difficulties. We also demonstrate its negative relationship with mental health problems. In addition, we explore the demographic correlates of personal growth, which are likely to enable some survivors to experience personal growth sooner than others. Overall, the findings suggest that personal growth represents an important part in the process of healing after suicide loss.

This analysis explores associations between differing death circumstances and the course of bereavement among a sample of 540 bereaved parents. Comparisons were made between parents whose children died by suicide ( n = 462), those losing children from other traumatic death circumstances ( n = 54), and others whose children died from natural causes ( n = 24). Results were mixed, showing suicide survivors with more grief difficulties and other mental health problems on some criteria, though most findings showed no substantive differences between these subgroups. Results also showed, in the first years after loss, repeated suicide attempts and prior negative relationships with the decedent were associated with greater grief difficulties. However, as more time passed, all death circumstance differences were overshadowed by the importance of the time span since loss. This data also suggested that between 3 and 5 years usually marks the turning point, when acute grief difficulties accompanying a suicide loss begin to subside.

Taken among parents who sustained the loss of a child to suicide this study explores the participation of parents in Internet support groups, comparing their demographic and loss-related characteristics ( N = 104) to other parent survivors participating in face-to-face support groups ( N = 297). Contrary to expectations that Internet affiliates would be concentrated in under-served rural areas, we found similar levels of urban, suburban, small city and rural residents in both Internet and face-to-face subsamples. Bivariate and multivariate analyses suggested several important factors contributing to interest in Internet grief support including: 24/7 availability and opportunities to invest more time into this type of support group experience. Compared to their face-to-face group counterparts, Internet affiliates experienced greater suicide stigmatization from their families and other associates. Unable to find ready comfort and support from their personal communities, Internet users—and especially highly depressed survivors—sought and obtained valuable help from the Internet support resource.

The meta-analysis of the treatment outcome studies of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for anger-related problems in children and adolescents included 21 published and 19 unpublished reports. The mean effect size (Cohen's d=0.67) was in the medium range and consistent with the effects of psychotherapy with children in general. The differential effects of skills training, problem solving, affective education, and multimodal interventions (d=0.79, 0.67, 0.36, and 0.74, respectively) were variable although also generally in the medium range. Skills training and multimodal treatments were more effective in reducing aggressive behavior and improving social skills. However, problem-solving treatments were more effective in reducing subjective anger experiences. Modeling, feedback, and homework techniques were positively related to the magnitude of effect size.

Unicorn, a BASIC computer program that automates the Box-Cox transformation, is described. Unicorn reads free field ASCII data files, is completely interactive, and is user friendly. Unicorn can handle files with or without missing data. Descriptive statistics and tests of normality are provided for each variable in untransformed format. Statistics include the first four moments of the distribution, the third and fourth L-moments, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and D'Agostino et al.'s tests of normality. The user is then offered a choice of minimizing skewness or departures from normality overall. The optimal transformation is then found and descriptive statistics and tests of normality are provided for the transformed data. A new ASCII data file is written with transformed data. This new data file is then available for further analysis.

Scruggs and Mastropieri (Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 879–883, 1994) take issue with criticisms of their PND (Percent of Nonoverlapping Data) statistic that we offered in our recent article (Allison & German, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 621–631, 1993), which advocated a regressionbased method for obtaining effect sizes in single-subject studies. They contend that their PND approach has several advantages over our approach because: (1) they believe that, unlike ours, it can take advantage of the small number of observations that are typically available in single-case studies; (2) it is simple to compute; (3) it frees researchers from traditional regression assumptions of normality, homogeneity of variance, and independence of observations and residuals; and (4) it correlates with visual judgements made by experts. As we shall argue, these claims are built upon very questionable assumptions and they are very difficult to substantiate. In addition, we show that the expected value of the PND is so strongly related to sample size as to be rendered meaningless.

Previous research [Campbell and Muncer: Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 17: 489–512, 1987; Campbell et al.: Aggressive Behavior 18: 95–108, 1992] suggests that men and women hold different social representations or implicit theories of their own aggression. Men view it is an instrumental act (a means of obtaining and exercising power to gain social rewards), while women view it an expressive act (a cathartic discharge of anger). In the present study, communal/agentic personality styles and gender identity are examined as possible mediators of the relation between sex and Expaag–a psychometric measure of adherence to an expressive representation of aggression. In addition a measure of self-reported aggression is included. The highest correlation appeared between sex and Expaag. Gender identity and interpersonal style made no significant improvement in explained variance in a multiple regression analysis after sex had been entered. An instrumental social representation of aggression was significantly and positively correlated with number of reported aggressive acts. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

With survey data collected primarily from peer support group participants, the authors compared stigmatization responses of 462 parents losing children to suicide with 54 other traumatic death survivors and 24 child natural death survivors. Parents who encountered harmful responses and strained relations with family members and non-kin reported heightened grief difficulties. After controlling for time since the death and whether a child's death was traumatic or not, stigmatization continued to be associated with grief difficulties, depression, and suicidal thinking. Suicide survivors reported little differences in stigmatization from other-traumatic-death survivors, a result consistent with other recent studies, suggesting more convergence between these two populations than divergence.

Rigidity vs flexibility has often been mentioned in discussions of creativity and problem solving. The present study investigated the relation of a non-verbal test of rigidity (Breskin Rigidity Test) to tests of semantic redefinition, associational fluency, inductive reasoning, and drawing completion. The performance of flexible Ss was significantly better than the performance of rigid Ss on all tests but the associational fluency test.

Summary.-Warehime and Jones found moderate correlations between social desirability and short-term mood level scores on the Wessman-Ricks Personal Feeling Scales. They suggested that it might be valuable to study parterns of dissimulation in self-reports of immediate feeling states. In the present authors' studies involving long-term mood reports and multivariate methods, social desirability was shown to have a moderately weak relationship with measures of mood lwel and mood variability. Under conditions of confidentiality and good rapport, repeated self-reports of mood appeared to share more variance with important personality characteristics and situational influences than with social desirability per se. warehime and Jones (1972) reported several moderately positive but significant correlations among the Edwards (1957) Social Desirability Scale, the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (Crowne & Marlowe, 1964), and mood level scores on the Wessman and Ricks (1966) Personal Feeling Scales. Relevant findings have been obtained in our own studies where the MMPI L and K scales, the Crowne-Marlowe scale, and various measures of defensiveness showed slight to moderate correlations with avowals of high positive mood levels on some Personal Feeling subscales (Wessman & Ricks, 1966; Gorman & Wessman, 1974). Warehime and Jones concluded their note with the statement that "Results provide suggestive leads for investigation of patterns of dissimulation in self-report of immediate feeling states." Through our research with the Personal Feeling Scale, we have been able to examine some of the relationships of social desirability and dissimulation to subscale scores and feel that we can provide a partial answer to the very complex issue raised by Warehime and Jones (1972). In this note, we attempt to show that the mood scales of the Personal Feeling Scale seem to be good measures of affect and when well administered, appear to be only slightly influenced by social desirability and dissimulation. In our studies, Ss either responded anonymously (Gorman & Wessrnan, 1974) or had established considerable rapport with the investigators over a 3-yr. period (Wessman & Ricks, 1966). In these situations, in which the press toward dissimulation was presumably low, social desirability scores showed some slight correlations with some mood level scores and no correlations with others. Those few significant correlations (none higher than .28) indicated that Ss scoring high on social desirability reported higher levels of harmony on the harmony-anger measures. Clearly, happiness, energy, self-confidence, and other moods measured by the Personal Feeling Scale are desirable qualities, but

Three groups of college drug users--those expressing a preference for marijuana, amphetamines, or barbiturates--reported on experiences resulting from their drugs, and these groups, together with a group of nondrug-users, completed the Omnibus Personality Inventory (OPI). On the OPI the nonusers appeared more conventional and conforming than each drug group. Those preferring marijuana were less anxious than any other group, but the most distinctive group was that preferring barbiturates, which appeared the least intellectually inclined and the most emotionally distressed. This group's personality dispositions also seemed generally concordant with the experiences they reported from the drug.

As locus of control involves generalized expectancies regarding the determination of events, it should relate to temporal attitudes and experiences. Correlational data from 89 subjects on the Rotter-Mirels Locus of Control and Ricks-Epley-Wessman Temporal Experience Questionnaire scales supported the hypothesis that the reported time experiences and orientations of external control subjects would be significantly more harassed and pressured, ciscontinuous and undirected, procrastinating and inefficient, and inconsistent and changeable than those of internal control subjects. Discussion forcuses on the self-defeating cycle of disorganization and victimization experienced by individuals with an external locus of control.

1 The Emergence of Human Awareness and Concepts of Time.- 2 Toward a Dialectical Interpretation of Time and Change.- 3 The Temporal Transition from Being Together to Being Alone: The Significance and Structure of Children's Bedtime Stories.- 4 Perception and Concept of Time: A Developmental Perspective.- 5 The Time of Youth.- 6 Memories of Tomorrow: On the Interpenetrations of Time in Later Life.- 7 Images, Values, and Concepts of Time in Psychological Research.- 8 The Modern Consciousness and the Winged Chariot.

(1968). Social Desirability Factors and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 75-83.

The term "metaanalysis" describes a group of techniques for comparing and/or combining the statistical results of several independently conducted research studies on the same topic. Within the past decade, several major advances in statistics for metaanalysis have been formulated and have been applied to areas as diverse as psychotherapy-outcome research, educational testing, and organizational psychology (Wortman, 1983). The present program consists of four BASIC computer programs designed to implement a variety of metaanalysis techniques. EFFECT SIZE is a program based on Friedman's (1982) formulas for indexes of magnitudes of statistical effects. Program users can enter product-moment rs, t tests, Z tests, F ratios, or chi-square tests with associated sample sizes or degrees of freedom. Output consists of values for rm , Friedman's magnitude-of-effect index. The second program, ROSENTHAL, implements all of the procedures in Rosenthal's (1983) article on metaanalysis. The user can enter effect-magnitude indexes (rm , as obtained from EFFECT SIZE) or significance values (p) or Z values along with sample sizes. Depending upon the options selected, the output can consist of average effect sizes, an overall chi-square test of "diffuse" differences among studies, or a chi-square test that evaluates specific "focused" contrasts among studies. The third program, CUMULATIVE ANALYSIS, computes the formulas provided by Stoffelmayr, Dillavou, and Hunter (1983). With this program, the user enters a series of effect sizes and sample sizes. The program then produces a weighted average effect size and an analysis of variability among studies that reflects: (1) total variability in effect sizes; (2) the variance in effect sizes due to sampling error; and (3) the variance in effect sizes attributable to true variation from study to study. The final program, REGRESSION SYNTHESIS, enables users to evaluate linear multiple regression models in which effect sizes serve as dependent variables and design