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In the first days of 2020, the nations of Europe could hardly imagine that their lives were going to change so drastically in a couple of months. SARS – Covid 19, aka coronavirus resulted in a great change in all societies on the globe. Most countries introduced a state of emergency and made restrictions on many aspects of people’s lives. The present paper intends to give an overview of the measures that the Hungarian government has taken so far. For this purpose, it first analyses the legal background of state of emergency that would help understand the present situation. Secondly, it describes the measures taken, and finally it evaluates how the measures affect human rights, especially free movement, freedom of enterprise and free speech.

Since 2016, all of four major U.S. operators have rolled out Wi-Fi calling services. They enable mobile users to place cellular calls over Wi-Fi networks based on the 3GPP IMS technology. Compared with conventional cellular voice solutions, the major difference lies in that their traffic traverses untrusted Wi-Fi networks and the Internet. This exposure to insecure networks can cause the Wi-Fi calling users to suffer from security threats. Its security mechanisms are similar to the VoLTE, because both of them are supported by the IMS. They include SIM-based security, 3GPP AKA, IPSec, etc. However, are they sufficient to secure Wi-Fi calling services? Unfortunately, our study yields a negative answer. We conduct the first security study on the operational Wi-Fi calling services in three major U.S. operators networks using commodity devices. We disclose that current Wi-Fi calling security is not bullet-proof and uncover three vulnerabilities. By exploiting the vulnerabilities, we devise two proof-of-concept attacks: telephony harassment or denial of voice service and user privacy leakage; both of them can bypass the existing security defenses. We have confirmed their feasibility using real-world experiments, as well as assessed their potential damages and proposed a solution to address all identified vulnerabilities.

Edgar Arceneaux, Zora Arceneaux Holding Her Vice President Kamala Harris Blue Pineapple Upside Down Cake, Studio Edgar Arceneaux, 2021 (artwork © Zora Arceneaux; photograph provided by Edgar Arcene...

The Ise monogatari ( The Ise Stories , aka Tales of Ise , tenth cen.) is the oldest continuously illustrated secular narrative in Japanese history. The present article explores to what extent, and how, contemporary manga artists engage with or use this rich visual tradition, examining three examples, in the seinen (young male-oriented), shōjo (young female-oriented), and gyagu (gag) genres, yet all arguably categorizable as gakushū , or educational, manga. Perhaps surprisingly, only the gag manga artist, Kurogane Hiroshi, takes advantage of the Ise ’s long visual history, and the author of the article concludes by drawing parallels with the early modern artistic practice of mitate-e , or visual parody.

Drosophila melanogaster males reduce courtship behaviour after mating failure. In the lab, such conditioned courtship suppression, aka 'courtship conditioning', serves as a complex learning and memory assay. Interestingly, variations in the courtship conditioning assay can establish different types of memory. Here, we review research investigating the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that allow male flies to form memories of previous mating failures.

When it comes to investment expectations, entrepreneurs rely on their gut feelings, aka “animal spirits.” And yet, in most models, animal spirits are seen as “black box” irrationality that would ca...

This paper focuses on various Igbo metaphors that are centred on foolishness and how they can serve as tools for remoulding leadership at various levels. The writer intends to find out those metaphors relating to foolishness in Igbo people’s belief and how they can be used in correcting abnormal attributes of some leaders whom the people see as performing below expectations. The writer notes that some states in the country are having some challenges with regard to non-payment of workers’ salaries, unhealthy environment, insecurity of lives and properties of the people, poor maintenance of infrastructure and so on as a result of bad leadership. The need to address these problems aroused the interest of the writer. The data collected are from secondary sources such as libraries and online platforms. The approach used for the work is survey method. The work adopts two theories namely, the Use Theory and Cognitive Linguistics Theory. The writer examined the characters of bad leaders in metaphorical relationship to animals in Igbo belief system. The findings of this work are that the leaders, based on their characters are identified in the metaphors as wolves, snakes, pythons, tortoise and so on. The animals have different characteristics which include gluttony, greed, slothful, pride, cunning and so on. The paper will be useful to the leaders and those who aspire for leadership, scholars who have interest in topics relating to this subject matter and researchers in this area. The significance of this paper is that people will have a change of manner in the course of selecting their leaders. The writer suggests that in choosing a leader, efforts should be made to see that the person is well known to the entire populace and should be a person of unquestionable character like the ones mentioned here. ỤmịedemedeNchọcha a lebara anya na mbụrụ dị iche iche metụtara nzuzu na ka a ga-esi jiri ha gbazie akparamagwa ndị ọchịchị n’ogo ọ bụla. Odee chọrọ ịchọpụta mbụrụ ndị ahụ metụtara nzuzu n’echiche ndị Igbo na etu a ga-esi jiri ha gbazie akparamagwa ndị ọchịchị a hụtara ka ha amaghị achị. Ihe kpalitere nchọcha a bụ na odee hụrụ ka ụfọdụ obodo na steeti dị n’ala Naịjirịa si enwe nsogbu dị iche iche dị ka iji ndị ọrụ ụgwọ, adịghị ọcha obodo, enweghi ezi nchekwa ndụ na akụnụba, enweghị ezi nchekwa akọrọnwa na mmepe dị ka o si kwesị, ka odee jiri bagide ime nchọcha n’isiokwu a. Nka e jiri mee nchọcha bụ ederede nke bụ nchọpụta site n’ọba akwụkwọ dị iche iche na ọwa ikuku. A gbasoro usoro sọvee wee mee nchọcha a. Atụtụ e jiri mee nchọcha a bụ atụtụ Njirime na atụtụ Ncheke. Odee tụlere ajo akparamagwa ụfọdụ ndị ọchịchị dị ka o si metụta mbụrụ na-akọwa anụ nzuzu na nsirihụ ndị Igbo wee chọpụta na ụfọdụ ndị ọchịchị bụ agụowu, ụfọdụ bụ agwọ, ụfọdụ bụ torotoro, ụfọdụ bụrụ eke, ogwumagala na anụ ndị ọzọ. Anụ ndị a nwere agwa dị iche iche ndị gụnyere oke oriri, anyaukwu, pride, adịghị nkọ, aghụghọ na ndị ọzọ. Nchọcha a ga-abara ndị ọchịchị ma ndị nwere mmasi ịchị ọchịchị uru, ndị nwere mmasị ime nchọcha n’ihe gbasara isiokwu a na ndị na-eme nchọcha na ngalaba a. Ọ ga-enyekwa aka igbazighari usoro ndị mmadụ na-agbaso n’ịhọpụta ndị ọchịchị. Aro odee bụ na onye ọchịchị ọ bụla a ga-ahọpụta ga-abụ onye a maara nke ọma, onye enweghị agwa a na-enyo enyo gụnyere agwa ndị arụtrụ aka ebe a.

Pan Kleks w kosmosie/Mr. Kleks in Space aka Mr. Blot in the Universe (Krzysztof Gradowski, 1988), is a genre hybrid, as testified by the fact that on the filmpolski.pl website, the largest Polish website listing films, it is classified as a ‘musical film’, ‘film for children’ and ‘fantastical film’. I argue that its hybridity reflects the transitional period between state socialism and capitalism when the film was made and premiered. In my discussion I draw on the research on children’s films and the concept of heterotopia. I also engage with the economic history of Poland during the last stage of state socialist rule.

For more than four decades, free market policies and ideology–Neoliberalism, aka, Washington Consensus or Market Fundamentalism–have reshaped the US and global economic system. A naive reading of t...

Marvel's Black Panther (2018) begins with a young N’Jadaka (aka Erik “Killmonger” Stevens) asking his father, Prince N’Jobu, to tell him the story of home. N’Jobu shares the origin story of Wakanda...

В рецензии на третий выпуск межвузовского сборника научных трудов «Народники в истории России», изданного в Воронеже в 2019 году, констатируется не только формирование в советское время, но и сохранение Воронежской исторической школы народниковедения в наши дни. Обращается внимание на состав авторов, представляющих различные российские вузы. Анализируется структура сборника и содержание опубликованных в нем научных работ. Дается оценка методологии проведенных исследований. Отмечены достоинства и недостатки изучения народничества на примере статей сборника. The article presents a review of the third issue of the collection of research papers The Narodniks in Russian History, which was published in Voronezh in 2019. The article underlines that the investigation of the Narodnichestvo movement started by Voronezh historians in the Soviet period has since prospered. The article highlights that scholars of different Russian and foreign universities collaborated to create the collection. The article analyzes the structure of the collection and the content of each research paper. It assesses the methodology of research and analyzes the collection to assess the advantages and disadvantages of investigating the Narodnichestvo movement.

En este artículo nos acercamos al grupo de post-incunables de temática místico-devocional encomendados por el Cardenal Francisco Ximénez de Cisneros a través de un estudio de caso: el del Liber qui dicitur Angela de Fulginio de 1505, que además contiene el Liber specialis (o spiritualis) gratiae de Mechthild von Hackeborn y la Prima regula de Francisco de Asís. En primer lugar, analizamos qué versiones hace imprimir el Cardenal respecto a la tradición manuscrita europea de ambas obras. En segundo, discutimos la presencia de un posible programa reformista vinculado al ideario cisneriano a través de los fragmentos que marcan multitud de maniculae de imprenta a lo largo de los márgenes de las dos primeras obras.

The conspicuous absence of trauma in superhero narratives is an established trope. In Avengers #200, the character Carol Danvers (aka Ms. Marvel) was subjected to a sexual assault that was characte...

La novela Picahueso (1971), la segunda escrita por José León Sánchez, después titulada La colina del buey (1972), ha sido asociada al modelo narrativo de la picaresca española, pero no se había estudiado en detalle. Las características estructurales determinadas por la teoría acerca del género picaresco son reconocibles en la narración de J. L. Sánchez, entre ellas la más importante: la autobiografía. A partir de esta característica fundamental, se plantea estudiar de qué manera es escrito el material vital del protagonista, Manuel Miranda Miranda, alias Picahueso. Aunque se reconoce la utilidad de conceptos estructurales presentes en el relato, el acercamiento a la novela es metodológicamente comparativo. Se considera que lo autobiográfico es manejado de modo distinto, convirtiendo la escritura del yo, en una escritura del otro, en una otobiografía.

To his students and academic friends, he was known as a humble and patient interlocutor. Fellow historians from around the world knew Rolf Gerhard (aka “Gary”) Tiedemann (Chin.: Di Deman 狄德滿) as a ...

My introduction to physical-based performance was not through dance or theatre, but through a sport rarely practised in the UK, Equestrian Vaulting – aka voltige/voltigieren [see https://www.fei.or...

One of the greatest values in Igbo cosmology just like most people of the world is the dignity of the human person; and the parlance that there is dignity in labour is not strange to the Igbo people of Nigeria. In fact, it would be said that ndi Igbo are the people that understood the parlance better than every other people of the world. Consequently, an Igbo person does anything humanly possible to acquire the dignity bestowed by labour on humanity through genuine means he or she knows how.One will now wonder little why ndi Igbo engage in all sorts of enterprise excluding none. This is because they believe that it is in enterprise that man’s dignity is haboured. Physically, among the factors that enhance man’s dignity, wealth is the simplest and most visible that one can easily access; ndi Igbo believe that it is through ones enterprise that wealth can be created. Therefore, the paperseeks to consider analytically those enterprenual activities that ndi Igbo explore such as Igbaboi, Imuahia, olu aka and other entrepreneurial and apprenticeship system through which they ensure that wealth keep on circulating in their midst in other to ensure that man’ dignity remains sacrosanct in Igbo cosmology.

Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim, aka Paracelsus: the name itself evokes eccentricity and the prating of a braggart. Never mind that Bombastus was part of his family name and...

This essay analyses the comparisons made in the Apology against the articles of the Christian Religion by Muhamad Alguazir (c. 1610). Alguazir, a Morisco from Pastrana (Spain), was one of the Moriscos living at the court of sultan Mawlay Zaydan (1608–1627). The polemical treatise he wrote was sent to Maurice of Orange shortly after the conclusion of a treaty of friendship between Zaydan and the Dutch (in 1610) and translated into Latin. The polemic had a two-pronged later influence: on European debates about the Trinity; and it was used by Anti-Trinitarians and by German Lutherans in their polemics against them, on the one hand, and by Moriscos living in Tunis, viz. the expelled Toledan Morisco Juan Pérez aka Ibrahim Taybili, on the other. We study the transformations that the polemic underwent according to the translations and the religious transfers.

This study reports on the transformation of famo (accordion) music into modern Sesotho hip-hop known as tshepe. Research in Basotho music seems to have focused mainly on famo music. Little has been done to explore the evolution of tshepe music and how it emerged as suitable to be named Basotho popular music. The current study aims to explore the nature of tshepe music and how it relies heavily on both American hip-hop and famo music. For the purpose of this study, one tshepe song by Ntate Stunna, aka Megahertz, featuring Phephela, known as “Kea patlotsa” is analysed. This is a case study of one song as it is not possible to discuss all tshepe songs in a paper of this nature. The study is framed within a socio-semantic framework. It is a qualitative research study guided by an interpretivist paradigm. The study reveals that as an emerging and growing genre, tshepe music has taken over as one of the most popular forms of music for Basotho and it is rooted within traditional genres such as famo and mangae (initiates’ songs) in its composition. In this article, I propose that the promotion of tshepe music brings both the promotion of Sesotho as a language and the genre itself. For this reason, more research should be conducted to tackle different topics that will help in understanding and appreciating this music genre and its contribution towards preserving and promoting Sesotho as a language.

In this paper, we propose a lightweight physical layer aided authentication and key agreement (PL-AKA) protocol in the internet of things (IoT). Conventional evolved packet system AKA (EPS-AKA) used in long-term evolution (LTE) systems may suffer from congestions in core networks by the large signaling overhead as the number of IoT devices increases. Thus, in order to alleviate the overhead, we consider a cross-layer authentication by integrating physical layer approaches to cryptography-based schemes. To demonstrate the feasibility of the PL-AKA, universal software radio peripheral (USRP) based tests are conducted as well as numerical simulations. The proposed scheme shows a significant reduction in signaling overhead compared to the conventional EPS-AKA in both simulation and experiment. Therefore, the proposed lightweight PL-AKA has the potential for practical and efficient implementation of large-scale IoT networks.

Over the past decade, text recycling (TR; AKA ‘self‐plagiarism’) has become a visible and somewhat contentious practice, particularly in the realm of journal articles. While growing numbers of publishers are writing editorials and formulating guidelines on TR, little is known about how editors view the practice or how they respond to it. We present results from an interview‐based study of 21 North American journal editors from a broad range of academic disciplines. Our findings show that editors' beliefs and practices are quite individualized rather than being tied to disciplinary or other structural parameters. While none of our participants supported the use of large amounts of recycled material from one journal article to another, some editors were staunchly against any use of recycled material, while others were accepting of the practice in certain circumstances. Issues of originality, the challenges of rewriting text, the varied circulation of texts, and abiding by copyright law were prominent themes as editors discussed their approaches to TR. Overall, the interviews showed that many editors have not thought systematically about the practice of TR, and they sometimes have trouble aligning their beliefs and practices.

This article looks to the manifestation of the personal wardrobe in digital fashion media. It focuses upon the example of British Vogue’s YouTube series ‘Inside the Wardrobe’ and episodes that feature, firstly Vogue Fashion Editor Sarah Harris and Vogue Contributing Editor and Freelance Stylist Bay Garnett, and, secondly, acclaimed fashion blogger Susie Lau aka Susie Bubble of StyleBubble.com. In doing so it addresses ways in which fashion is an ‘autobiographical act’ and explores how such acts participate in the production and consumption of life narratives, and in particular the narrative of a ‘fashionable life’. The article argues that fashion, in this sense, is a narrative tool employed in the fashioning of oneself and that this is strategically utilised, both consciously and subconsciously, in the field of fashion. Thus, when employed as strategic narrative tools the autobiographical acts that can fashion a self constitute the particular autobiographical form, or autobiography, that is the ‘fashionable life’. In doing so this article demonstrates the contribution that the study of fashion makes to a wider understanding and knowledge of self­identity, life narrative, autobiographical acts and autobiography in digital mediums and media.

The fact that addictive disorders have a significant negative impact on the health of the global population is well documented in contemporary health literature. What is less well documented is the uncomfortable realization that the tools in our armament to help individuals who struggle with addictive disorders are limited. Many individuals will spend their lives "cycling" through the addiction treatment continuum only to again be met with relapse. Third-party reimbursement for addiction treatment has focused on time-limited treatments and "brief" therapies with an additional emphasis on support group attendance (aka "free" services) with minimal focus on the fact that brief therapies have poor evidence for efficacy. In this article, we explore an alternative to brief therapies by reaching back to the earliest and most comprehensive treatment we have for behavioral change-psychoanalysis. This article engages in a literature review to determine whether sufficient evidence exists for the use of psychoanalysis as a treatment for addictive disorders. Implications for advanced practice psychiatric nurses are discussed.

This is the first experimental study testing the effect of street performance (aka busking) on the subjective environmental perception of public space. It is generally believed that street performance can enhance people’s experience of public space, but studies advocating such a view have not used a control group to explicitly verify the effect of street performance. In response to this methodological limitation, we conducted two studies using experimental design. Study 1 (N = 748) was an online computer-based study where research participants evaluated the extent to which the presence vs. absence of street performance could change their perception of public space. Study 2 (N = 162) was a between-group quasi-experiment in an actual public space where people physically present in the space evaluated the perception of the space with vs. without street performance. Overall, we found converging results that street performance could make public space more visitable, more restorative, and more preferable. The current findings not only fill in a gap in the literature on street performance, but they also inform the policy making and regulations of street performance.

Author(s): Aka, Ada; Bhatia, Sudeep | Abstract: Lay perceptions of medical conditions and treatments determine people’s health behaviors, guide biomedical research funding, and have important consequences for both individual and societal wellbeing. Yet it has been nearly impossible to quantitatively predict lay health perceptions for hundreds of everyday diseases due to the myriad psychological forces governing health-related attitudes and beliefs. Here we present a data-driven approach that uses text explanations on healthcare websites, combined with large-scale survey data, to train a machine learning model capable of predicting lay health perception. We use our model to analyze how language influences health perceptions, interpret the psychological underpinnings of health judgment, and quantify differences between different descriptions of disease states. Our model is accurate, cost-effective, and scalable, and offers researchers and practitioners a new tool for studying health-related attitudes and beliefs.

Where the world, industries, corporations and companies are focusing on increasing the longevity of their consumers aka Human beings and their life expectancy; biotechnology and bioscience are playing a vital role in improving and nourishing human lives. However, due to the disparity in economics, social and political structure; human rights are being selectively or non-effectively implemented or protected. However, on the positive side, biotechnology is improving and uplifting human lives and even protecting and enhancing them. In this modern era biotechnology has given life saving drugs, antibiotics, antidote, serums, genetically modified products, recombinant DNA, etc.; which has a great positive effect on human lives as well as economics of the country. But with such positive developments there have been some ethical as well as moral violations which at last can be seen as human rights violations. This short article looks into what is the current scenario of human rights in the field of biotechnology and how human rights are being guaranteed in the context of biotechnology.

The U.S. government and intelligence communities had recognized as early as 1950 that the most imminent and pandemic crises of nation-state conflicts would arise in Asia. Chapter Three elaborates ongoing struggles of nations and peoples against the intrusion of states in Asia, involving: the Moro and other Muslim communities in Mindanao, the Philippines; Rakhine, Karen, Mon, Arakan, and other sub-state autonomous communities in Myanmar; Tibetans and Uyghurs in the western region of the People’s Republic of China (PRC); West Papua in New Guinea; Kashmir in India, Pakistan, and China, as well as Assam in northeastern India; Khalistan and Balochistan in India, Pakistan, and Iran in South Asia; Kurdistan in the southwestern region of Asia; Ryukyuans (aka Okinawans) in the southern-most island of Japan; among others across various regions of Asia and beyond.

The display of furnishings in garden design is not only a concentrated embodiment of the function of the garden, but also an important marker for garden activities. This paper is based on the study of Qingyi Yuan’s 清漪园 (aka the Summer Palace) architectural layout through the systematical arrangement of 36 files of furnishings displayed in the garden—which are preserved at the First Historical Archives of China (Palace Museum, Beijing)—as well as the analysis of imperial poetry and names of the buildings present in the complex. To begin with, it explores the functions of the imperial buildings and the activities of the emperor in the garden, as well as the cultural relationships between aesthetics, activities, and furnishings; then it reviews the layout rules and functions performed by the configurations of furnishings found across the Qingyi Yuan; subsequently, it shows that the function of the Qingyi Yuan is to capture longevity and clear one’s mind to contemplate the Dao. In this respect, it showcases Emperor Qianlong’s method of garden design, which involves strengthening the main theme of the garden and its functions through the arrangement of its furnishings. Finally, it is argued that this form of planning led to the improvement of the landscape of the Summer Palace and helped to carry forward the excellence of Chinese garden culture.

In recent years philosophers of science have explored categorical equivalence as a promising criterion for when two (physical) theories are equivalent. On the one hand, philosophers have presented several examples of theories whose relationships seem to be clarified using these categorical methods. On the other hand, philosophers and logicians have studied the relationships, particularly in the first order case, between categorical equivalence and other notions of equivalence of theories, including definitional equivalence and generalized definitional (aka Morita) equivalence. In this article, I will express some skepticism about this approach, both on technical grounds and conceptual ones. I will argue that "category structure" (alone) likely does not capture the structure of a theory, and discuss some recent work in light of this claim.

Fantasy and the Working-Class Superhero focuses on Spider-Man as reflective response to Superman’s restorative nostalgia, and as such represents the potential for the cinematic superhero as a working-class hero whose fantasy ideal symbolizes adolescence-as-loss and the indefatigable nature of the Real. The chapter begins with Sam Raimi’s Spider-Man trilogy as a reflective superhero fantasy, exploring the roots of the superhero character as trauma and loss, his superpowers as random and, in part, unwelcome, and symbolizes the road from adolescence to adulthood as a time of suffering and death. The chapter then traces the evolution of Spider-Man into the restorative, perverse superhero of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. In Marvel, Spider-Man’s traumatic past has been scrubbed entirely, including any reference to his orphan status or the loss of his Uncle Ben. Instead, the characterization of Spider-Man depends upon his “ordinary” life as a schoolboy and the grooming he undergoes as the fawning protege of Tony Stark, aka Iron Man.

Near-death experiences are known from all parts of the world, various times and numerous cultural backgrounds. This universality suggests that near-death experiences may have a biological origin and purpose. Adhering to a preregistered protocol, we investigate the hypothesis that thanatosis, aka death-feigning, a last-resort defense mechanism in animals, is the evolutionary origin of near-death experiences. We first show that thanatosis is a highly preserved survival strategy occurring at all major nodes in a cladogram ranging from insects to humans. We then show that humans under attack by animal, human and ‘modern’ predators can experience both thanatosis and near-death experiences, and we further show that the phenomenology and the effects of the two overlap. In summary, we build a line of evidence suggesting that thanatosis is the evolutionary foundation of near-death experiences and that their shared biological purpose is the benefit of survival. We propose that the acquisition of language enabled humans to transform these events from relatively stereotyped death-feigning under predatory attacks into the rich perceptions that form near-death experiences and extend to non-predatory situations., Thanatosis, also known as death-feigning or tonic immobility, is a well-described and phylogenetically highly preserved survival strategy in the animal kingdom. Peinkhofer et al. investigate the hypothesis that thanatosis is the evolutionary origin of near-death experiences in humans., Graphical Abstract Graphical Abstract

To a considerable extent, people do know how to build their abodes to sustain not only their socio-cultural environment, but also to make the best out of the climatic conditions in places where they live. However, they tend to compromise in planning, designing, and constructing their settlements and abodes due to both economic and ecological reasons. Economic reasons are more obvious than non-economic reasons such as the euphoria of being integrated or accepted into a mainstream planning and building precinct.

This chapter discusses interoceptive sensibility, i.e., the self-reported dimension of interoception. Perceived sensibility to interoceptive cues is determined by the sensibility of internal signals and attentiveness to them; both aspects show considerable individual differences. Moreover, attention can generate body sensations even in the absence of specific bottom-up information. The relationship between interoceptive sensibility and various aspects of attention is poorly understood and rarely taken into consideration. For example, laboratory measurements typically require voluntarily focused (aka endogenous, top-down) attention, whereas such monitoring tendency is comparatively rare under everyday circumstances. Pleasure and displeasure associated with body sensations automatically grab attention when behavioral steps are required to maintain homeostasis. The affective-evaluative aspects of acute interoceptive sensibility are rarely measured and taken into consideration. The chronic aspect of interoceptive sensibility, i.e., the perceived propensity to be aware of body events, can also be accompanied by negative affective evaluation.

The inter-American system encompasses the institutional and legal framework promoted by the United States of America following the first International Conference of American States in Washington, DC, in 1890 as a means of consolidating US hegemony in the Western Hemisphere. After WW II, it became most identified with the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (aka the Rio Treaty). The first significant challenges to US dominance and leadership within the inter-American system appeared in the 1970s and 1980s, although it did not become symptomatic of a wider decline in US hegemony in Latin America until the administration of George W. Bush. In particular, many countries withdrew from the Rio Treaty, refused to participate in the inter-American human rights system, and utilized the OAS to repudiate US foreign policy on Cuba and the “War on Drugs.” Furthermore, new hemispheric organizations appeared such as the Union of South American Nations and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States that purposefully excluded the United States. During the Obama years, a frustrated US Congress threatened to cut US contributions, while administration officials retreated from taking a proactive role in the OAS. For its part, the Trump government has boycotted hearings of the Inter-American Human Rights Commission and reduced its funding. The article concludes with a discussion of the inter-American system without the domineering presence of the nation which spawned it to promote its own geopolitical priorities, precisely when an effective regional body is crucial for addressing many hemispheric challenges. Resumen El sistema interamericano abarca el marco institucional y legal promovido por los Estados Unidos de America despues de la primera Conferencia Internacional de Estados Americanos en Washington, DC, en 1890 como un medio de consolidar la hegemonia estadounidense en el hemisferio occidental. Despues de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, se identifico mas con la Organizacion de Estados Americanos (OEA) y el Tratado Interamericano de Asistencia Reciproca (tambien conocido como el Tratado de Rio). Los primeros desafios significativos para el dominio y el liderazgo estadounidense dentro del sistema interamericano aparecieron en las decadas de 1970 y 1980, aunque no se convirtio en sintomatico de una disminucion mas extensa de la hegemonia estadounidense en America Latina hasta la administracion de George W. Bush. De hecho, muchos paises se retiraron del Tratado de Rio, se negaron a participar en el sistema interamericano de derechos humanos y utilizaron la OEA para repudiar la politica exterior estadounidense sobre Cuba y la “Guerra contra las drogas”. Ademas, aparecieron nuevas organizaciones hemisfericas como la Union de Naciones Suramericanas y la Comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y Caribenos que excluian expresamente a los Estados Unidos. Durante los anos de Obama, un frustrado Congreso de los Estados Unidos amenazo con recortar las contribuciones estadounidenses, mientras que los funcionarios de la administracion se retiraron de ejercer un papel proactivo en la OEA. Por su parte, el gobierno de Trump ha boicoteado las audiencias de la Comision Interamericana de Derechos Humanos y reducido su financiacion. Este estudio concluye con una discusion sobre el sistema interamericano sin la presencia dominante de la nacion que lo genero para promover sus propias prioridades geopoliticas, precisamente cuando un organismo regional eficaz es crucial para abordar multiples desafios hemisfericos.

The weight-based fusion model (WBFM) is one of the simplest and most efficient models for community detection (CD) in node-attributed social networks (ASNs) which contain both links between social actors (aka structure) and actors’ features (aka attributes). Although WBFM is widely used, it has a logical gap as we show here. Namely, the gap stems from the discrepancy between the so-called Composite Modularity that is usually optimized within WBFM and the measures used for CD quality evaluation. The discrepancy may cause the misinterpretation of CD results and difficulties with the parameter tuning within WBFM. To fulfil the gap, we theoretically study how Composite Modularity is related to the CD quality measures. This study further yields a pioneering non-manual parameter tuning scheme that provides the equal impact of structure and attributes on the CD results. Experiments with synthetic and real-world ASNs show that our conclusions help to reasonably interpret the CD results and that our tuning scheme is very accurate.

The belief is the most important aspect of our lives because we are Muslims and it is our faith that Allah is the Lord of the Worlds. Faith should be fair and clear because in the present days most of the people are kept away from the Religion, Islam through different ways. We have to protect our faith and keep it clean and fair. In the past the situation was same and most of the Muslims were following their own wishes. That was totally opposite to the main faith of Islam. In that situation every reformer worked on the faith and belief of the people and described it through their speeches writings and publishing. They were the people who were the real custodian of Aqeeda Tawheed. One of those custodians is Abdur Rahman Baba ,the Pashtoon Sufi Poet known as Rahman Baba. Rahman Baba was the poet of humane. His poetry has different aspects but most of his poetry is based on the Islamic teachings and of course Islam is the Din of Humane. The Sufi poet Rahman Baba was the Reformer of that era and today we also needs that vision and enthusiasm about Aqeeda Tawheed.Rahama Baba described the main point of Tawheed in his poetry and also pointed out its importance. This paper is going to discuss Aqeeda Tawheed of Rahman Baba in his poetry.

Mobile remote presence bots (MRP) have emerged as a potential way of addressing the 'tyranny of distance' when having to attend meetings at far away locations. In this contribution we report on how we used an MRP to share with two cohorts of postgraduate students at a regional university the formal ‘conferencing’ and the informal ‘mingling’ that takes place at quality academic conferences and that many would consider essential for effective networking and knowledge sharing. Simultaneously, students were able to experience and explore what it meant to be ‘different’ in a room full of people interacting in ‘regular’ ways, observing the conference attendees reacting to the MRP aka 'ipad on a stick' in ways from genuine interest to forced indifference.

Many voter-verifiable, coercion-resistant schemes have been proposed, but even the most carefully designed systems necessarily leak information via the announced result. In corner cases, this may be problematic. For example, if all the votes go to one candidate then all vote privacy evaporates. The mere possibility of candidates getting no or few votes could have implications for security in practice: if a coercer demands that a voter cast a vote for such an unpopular candidate, then the voter may feel obliged to obey, even if she is confident that the voting system satisfies the standard coercion resistance definitions. With complex ballots, there may also be a danger of “Italian” style (aka “signature”) attacks: the coercer demands the voter cast a ballot with a specific, identifying pattern. Here we propose an approach to tallying end-to-end verifiable schemes that avoids revealing all the votes but still achieves whatever confidence level in the announced result is desired. Now a coerced voter can claim that the required vote must be amongst those that remained shrouded. Our approach is based on the well-established notion of Risk-Limiting Audits, but here applied to the tally rather than to the audit. We show that this approach counters coercion threats arising in extreme tallies and “Italian” attacks. We illustrate our approach by applying it to the Selene scheme, and we extend the approach to Risk-Limiting Verification, where not all vote trackers are revealed, thereby enhancing the coercion mitigation properties of Selene.

The removal of corpses (aka ‘necrophoric behavior’) is critical to sanitation in ant colonies. However, little is known about differences in the necrophoric responses of Solenopsis invicta workers towards corpses of nestmates and non-nestmates. We introduced corpses of S. invicta workers from either intracolony (i.e., nestmate) or intercolony (i.e., non-nestmate) origin at the entrance of artificial nests, and recorded workers’ aggressive responses and necrophoric behaviors for analysis. Solenopsis invicta workers displayed distinct responses towards corpses of different origins. Specifically, resident workers were more likely to remove fresh non-nestmate corpses than nestmate corpses, but there was no difference regarding corpses that had been dead for 15 min or longer. Resident workers reacted more aggressively to, and removed more quickly, fresh non-nestmate corpses than corpses of their nestmates. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the removal time between nestmate and non-nestmate corpses that had been dead for 15 min or longer. Resident workers always displayed stronger aggressiveness towards non-nestmate corpses than nestmate corpses, excepting to corpses that had been dead for 6 h, which elicited a response. No significant correlation between the removal times and aggressiveness levels were detected in any treatments. It remains to be tested whether this differential response is adaptive in how it influences colony fitness and competition.

Why do we care so much for friends, even making sacrifices for them they cannot repay or never know about? When organisms engage in reciprocity, they have a stake in their partner's survival and wellbeing so the reciprocal relationship can persist. This stake (aka fitness interdependence) makes organisms willing to help beyond the existing reciprocal arrangement (e.g. anonymously). I demonstrate this with two mathematical models in which organisms play a prisoner's dilemma, and where helping keeps their partner alive and well. Both models shows that reciprocity creates a stake in partners' welfare: those who help a cooperative partner––even when anonymous––do better than those who do not, because they keep that cooperative partner in good enough condition to continue the reciprocal relationship. ‘Machiavellian' cooperators, who defect when anonymous, do worse because their partners become incapacitated. This work highlights the fact that reciprocity and stake are not separate evolutionary processes, but are inherently linked.

Fabian George Blake Rivers, aka DreadyVet, is an exotics and small animal vet and British Veterinary Ethnicity and Diversity Society representative. George Floyd, Breonna Taylor and Ahmaud Arbery. Three people who recently died in the US as a result of police heavy handedness – a consequence of antiblackness, systemic racism and institutionalised discrimination; particularly in relation to the black community. The resulting Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement has gripped the UK and the world over the past week. Protests have spread like wildfire at the injustices, particularly in the US. > Racism is very much alive in the UK and, by inference, veterinary medicine as well Racism is very much alive in the UK and, by inference, veterinary medicine as well. The vet world has not entirely hidden away, with many joining and drawing attention to work by the British Veterinary Ethnicity and Diversity …

Mary Ross writes about Jungian influences in Nabokov’s PALE FIRE. This paper traces the steps of Charles Kinbote, aka King Charles Xavier II of Zembla, along literature's well-worn path, the Hero's Journey. The mythologist and Jungian scholar Joseph Campbell popularized the idea of the universal monomyth in his 1949 work, The Hero With a Thousand Faces. Following the steps outlined by Campbell, she cites the chapter headings and their opening sentences from his book, commenting on each to demonstrate how Kinbote's journey from Zembla to "Arcady" is parodied in Pale Fire, but leads in the end to a Nabokovian ambiguous conclusion.

In this chapter, we provide a detailed primer on the second version of the Web Ontology Language (OWL 2) standard. We first motivate the need for such a standard, discussing the role and importance of ontologies on the Web. We then describe how ontology languages, which themselves can be formally defined through model theory, can subsequently be used to formally define ontologies. Thereafter we discuss the OWL vocabulary used to define the semantics of classes, properties, individuals, and datatypes within ontologies. We cover some of the main reasoning tasks for ontologies and the applications in which they are used. We discuss how these core reasoning tasks are undecidable for the full OWL (2) language and outline the sub-languages (aka. profiles) proposed by the standard that allow for more efficient reasoning procedures. We conclude by reflecting on the importance of having expressive ontologies on the Web of Data, and discuss open challenges.