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The access to increasing volumes of scientific and clinical data, particularly with the implementation of electronic health records, has reignited an enthusiasm for artificial intelligence and its application to the health sciences. This interest has reached a crescendo in the past few years with the development of several machine learning and deep learning based medical technologies. The impact to research and clinical practice within gastroenterology and hepatology has already been significant, but the near future promises only further integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into this field. The concepts underlying artificial intelligence and machine learning initially seem intimidating, but with increasing familiarity they will become essential skills in every clinician's toolkit. In this Review, we provide a guide to the fundamentals of machine learning, a concentrated area of study within artificial intelligence that has been built upon a foundation of classical statistics. The most common machine learning methodologies, including those involving deep learning, are also described.

The state and prospects of scientific and educational cooperation between Russia and Vietnam are considered. The relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that in the context of the development of new technologies and scientific and technological progress, education becomes strategically important. The purpose of the article is to investigate the state of cooperation between Russia and Vietnam in the field of education and science; study the main trends in this area; determine the prospects for the development of this area of study.

The goal of research Implementation of Teaching and Learning Strategies in Early Childhood Education is a Government program in an effort to improve the quality of human resources with the development of long-term investment through education activities as early as possible. Fundamentally, the Indonesian government has listed this program, as outlined in the Medium Term Strategic .Related to that, this research is aimed to see how far the effectiveness and efficiency of the process of implementing the activity specifically in the area of study. As an effort to improve the implementation of the form of activities of Early Childhood Education Implementation, the implementation process is carried out in order to obtain information as big as possible and high relevance, thus forming a focused discussion and sharpen the discussion undertaken. The problem of implementation of the strategy that runs systematically and projected is measured on the basis of the process of implementation and scope of activities in the implementation.

The paper justifies the possibility of estimating wage premiums that higher study education graduates may receive based on the administrative data from the Polish Graduate Tracking System. The data on wages in the year preceding the admission to a given study cycle were used, along with the data from the year after graduation. For the first first-cycle full full-time study programme, the average growth in wages in relation to every each subsequent year of education ranged from 20% to 40% depending on the area of study under which a given field of study was classified. For full-time second second-cycle studies, the rate of return was 50%–60%. In the case of part-time studies, these growth rates were considerably lower.

This autoethnographic study highlights complex strategies for maintaining white supremacy used by “well-intentioned” heterocentric white female social workers that are enacted under the guise of practicing anti-racism in social work practice settings, classroom environments, policy initiatives, and advocacy work. Using autoethnography was both unplanned and deliberate. Unplanned, we needed a research method that allows us to explore the untouchable subject of heterocentric white female social workers and deliberate in that we could use our experiences to break ground and establish white supremacy among heterocentric white female social workers that espouse anti-racist values as an area of study. We draw on education, anthropology, sociology, and other disciplines to name some of the ongoing challenges to dismantling racism, colonialist, and reformer narratives in social work, and identify strategies used by all white folx, but particularly heterocentric white female social workers to neutralize the suggestion or accusation of their acts as racism. We name three challenges to dismantling racism among heterocentric white female social workers: hiding behind the data, anti-racist book clubs, and crying and comfort. We conclude with further questions for those who hold power in the field and a reflection upon our own continued intersecting struggles with these concepts.

The basis of the idea that originates the existence of architectural spaces underlies a function or to meet the needs and requests of the user. These functions emerged ontologically from basic needs and then diversified. However, thinking function has not been evaluated within these basic needs. Although there is no specialized area of study for spaces devoted to thinking within the architecture and interior design discipline, the main aim of this study is to investigate the historical existence and to determine their basic features of thinking spaces. In this context, the study first makes a conceptual analysis of thinking in space and specialized places or thought. In the second part, the thinking-based spaces in Eastern civilization and the buildings realized by the reflections of similar cultures are focused. After these investigations, Çilehane buildings and their interiors, which are special structures, used for thinking within several belief systems seen in Anatolia are examined. In the field study, the aim is to define the architectural and spatial characteristics of Çilehanes. The thought process intrinsically is associated with solitude and serenity and thus requires isolated environments. The study tries to reread the definitions made in the existing literature about the thinking spaces through the architectural and spatial formations of Çilehanes. The 10 cases of Çilehanes belonging to various belief systems in Anatolia form the context of the study. The cases are examined by a formal analysis method through four criteria: the building mass, facade organization, the openness-closeness character of interiors, and interior features. The result of the research shows that the examined Çilehanes have universal characteristics for the thinking function. The main characteristics of the buildings and the interior spaces such as being far from the society and the city, located in forests, waterfront or mountainous areas, having single volume, and minimum equipment correspond to the significant principles of thinking places., Keywords: Anatolia, architecture, Çilehane, space, thinking.

Although it is acknowledged that NGOs play an important role in the EU’s policymaking, their role in external action is less studied due to the often closed-off character of foreign policymaking. This study helps to fill this gap by analysing the role of NGOs in the EU’s external human rights policy towards China regarding the Xinjiang crisis. It is based on a content analysis of EU and NGO documents, as well as interviews with EU and NGO representatives. We find that NGOs act not just as policy entrepreneurs, but as moral policy entrepreneurs: they combine expertise with moral arguments about the EU’s responsibility as a human rights leader to push the Xinjiang crisis higher on the EU’s agenda and guide its response.

This article analyzes the gendered representation of military service in the German YouTube series Die Rekruten (DR) (The Recruits), a popular web series produced on behalf of the German armed forces (Bundeswehr) for recruitment purposes, which accompanies 12 navy recruits during their basic training. The article is situated within research on masculinity and the military, in particular military recruitment. It supplements current scholarship by studying a previously neglected case that is of particular interest given Germany’s antimilitarist culture, which should make military recruitment and military public relations more difficult. The article asks how military service is represented in DR, what its discursive effects are, and what role (if any) masculinity plays in this process. We find support for recent feminist research on military masculinities (including in military recruitment) that emphasizes ambiguity and contradiction. What distinguishes the construction of military masculinity in DR from, for example, recruitment advertisements in the United States or the United Kingdom is its markedly civil character. This not only broadens the military’s appeal for a more diverse audience but also increases the legitimacy of the military and its activities. It does so by concealing the violence that has for the past two decades also been a very real part of what the Bundeswehr does.

Background Multiple-partner fertility is a relatively new area of study, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study focused on identifying determinants of multiple partner fertility among males in Uganda. Method The assessment was carried out using a logistic regression model and secondary data from the 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey. Results Among the males, 42% had children with multiple partners. Older age, being Muslim, and being divorced or separated increased the likelihood of multiple partner fertility whereas residing in the Western region, reporting an age at first sex above 19 years and being married or cohabiting reduced the likelihood. Increase in number of wives or partners and lifetime sex partners resulted into a higher likelihood of multiple partner fertility. Conclusion There is need to come up with policies and programs aimed at increasing the age at first sex so as to reduce the likelihood of multiple partner fertility among males in Uganda. Government and other stakeholders such as cultural and religious institutions should sensitize and educate the masses on the negative outcomes of having children with multiple partners and promote fidelity for those in marriage. There is also need to increase modern contraceptive use and coverage.

This study reports on an experiment using logistic regression to uncover the preponderant factors influencing the likelihood of attaining employment by a welfare recipient in Broward County, Florida. Our study considers whether profiling the participants and tailoring the workforce development services based on their respective profiles can increase their likelihood of finding employment (Black et al., 2003). The study finds that our econometric model predicted the probability of employment with reasonably strong reliability. This finding is in alignment with the Welfare Profiling Model of Michigan’s (Barnow et al., 2012; Eberts, 1997;2002) and the Factors Influencing AFDC Duration and Labor Market Outcomes Research Study of Texas (Schexnayder et al., 1991). More specifically, the results indicate that education and prior employment history are significant factors increasing the likelihood of departing from welfare and achieving employment. Furthermore, the study concludes that the number of children, participant’s age, and the ethnicity of the welfare recipient also play a role in breaking away from welfare. The results from the experiment show that using the econometric model to assign services to individuals increases the likelihood of finding employment from 11% to 24% on average. This is a very encouraging finding since it motivates researchers to perform further research in this area of study.

Objectives Pakistan has taken unprecedented measures to control the spread of COVID-19. Complete lockdown followed by smart lockdown and quarantine centres was established. Their awareness and attitude towards COVID-19 had an impact on the individual behaviour of the precautionary measures. The current study examined the knowledge, attitudes and practices of university students in Pakistan. Methods An online cross-sectional study was conducted among university students in Pakistan. A questionnaire containing demographic and KAP information related to COVID-19 has been created. Results A total of 358 students responded to the survey, and 353 participants completed the study. Among the respondents, 61.5% were male, 76.8% were single, and 58.4% enrolled in a bachelor’s degree. The results showed that most of the respondents (68%) had good knowledge about COVID-19, while the overall knowledge score was 8.78 ± 1.63 (range 1–10). The majority of the respondents (90.9%) were aware of COVID-19, 95.8% knew the sign and symptoms, and 83% of them knew about its transmission. We found a significant difference in knowledge scores across education and area of study p Conclusions Most of the students have an adequate level of knowledge and are doing better preventive measures against COVID-19. Health education initiatives are required to ensure best practice among the high-risk groups.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a rapidly increasing area of study used by Applied Linguists to examine discourse, that is spoken or written communication, found in areas such as education, media and politics. CDA studies focus on the relationship between society and discourse and how the use of language reinforces already established societal roles. This paper focused on a vintage American Airlines advertisement of 1968 which is a classic example of utilitarian advertising that purported a false reality of air travel in the late 20th century. Using the three-dimensional CDA framework designed by Fairclough (1989) the results showed a manipulation of gender roles by the advertisers intended to appeal to the male dominated passengers of the airline. Primarily, the alignment of air hostess with that of a mother. The maternalisation of this profession reflected the advertisers’ views of the time and in a wider societal perspective, power inequalities between men and women.

Resumen La formación de futuras personas profesionales científicas requiere de oportunidades para el desarrollo de habilidades para la vida (habilidades blandas), con el fin de que puedan llevar a cabo de manera satisfactoria sus labores profesionales; esto es aún más crucial en áreas interdisciplinarias como la Física Médica. Uno de los proyectos de Acción Social de la Universidad de Costa Rica ofrece este tipo de oportunidades a personas estudiantes interesadas en este campo, lo hace mediante mentorías enmarcadas en la participación en proyectos de investigación. Al tratarse de un área de estudio de nivel avanzado y multidisciplinar, se utilizan recursos didácticos lúdicos, que faciliten la comprensión y el disfrute de las actividades en el estudiantado de pregrado. Además, este último aspecto tiene la intención de construir una comunidad de conocimiento alrededor de este interés común. En este trabajo se presentan las experiencias y aprendizajes a partir de las percepciones de las personas participantes en dichas experiencias. Se solicitó al grupo de participantes (9 estudiantes y encargada del laboratorio) que brindaran por escrito sus impresiones sobre la experiencia en el laboratorio y con las otras personas participantes, tanto positivas como negativas. Las experiencias de investigación tuvieron como resultado la participación de dos estudiantes como ponentes dentro de un congreso científico internacional. Se concluye de esta experiencia de proyecto que el uso de materiales didácticos para la discusión de conceptos y resultados de investigación científica es un elemento que facilita la participación significativa del estudiantado de pregrado dentro de la investigación, además de que estos espacios de mentoría, empáticos y lúdicos, fomentan el desarrollo de habilidades blandas y la discusión de temas adyacentes a la labor técnica-científica. Abstract One prerequisite for future scientists involves life skills training for successful performance of job duties. The development of soft skills is even more crucial for interdisciplinary areas such as Medical Physics. The University of Costa Rica provides such an opportunity through their Social Outreach Mentoring Program for undergraduate students interested in attaining research experience. Ludic teaching resources are used to cultivate understanding and enjoyment of this area of study, given its advanced and multidisciplinary nature as well as develop a community of knowledge pertaining to this common interest. Varying student experience and learning based on perceptions from 9 participants including the lab administrator are covered who were asked to share their written both positive and negative impressions of their experiences in the lab with their fellow students. As a result, two undergraduate program participants were selected to speak at an international science conference. Such intellectually challenging activities juxtaposed with an empathetic work environment serve to foster student self-confidence and actively engage students. Didactic materials helped enliven discussion and Students displayed more willingness to share their research, which revealed the high number of undergraduates taking part in research programs. Such mentoring opportunities tap into student empathy and help nurture soft skill development through enjoyable learning experiences as well as foster technical and scientific skills required for future employment.

Politics is often seen as a zero-sum game, so understanding how competition affects political behavior is a fruitful, yet underexplored area of study. Reactions to competition are known to be gendered, as women are significantly more aware of and averse to the potential negative effects of competition—risk and loss—than are men. Participants (n = 1296) completed an experiment involving a non-political competitive task, where they were randomly assigned to receive a negative cue about their individual or gendered group's poor performance. Following this, we assessed their levels of political ambition, efficacy, interest, and sexism. We hypothesize that: (1) negative performance feedback on a competitive task will decrease political ambition, efficacy, and interest among women; and (2) men who receive negative feedback about their performance relative to women will report higher levels of sexism. We use a non-binary measure of masculinity/femininity that helps explain how gender identity affects these outcomes. Evidence does not support the conclusion that negative feedback about competition contributes to women’s lower levels of psychological engagement with politics. However, results show that negative performance feedback, particularly when it is relative to women, increases sexism in men. Furthermore, the effect of negative feedback on sexism is larger when men identify more strongly as masculine. We argue that threatening men’s relative performance partly explains larger trends of backlash against women in politics.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on the topic “impact of digital marketing” over the span of past eight years, published in various prominent research journals in the past eight years. The purpose of this paper is to act as a starting point for several further researches in this area of study, and also to get the overview of the research that has happened and understand the relevant research gaps that exist in the area of digital marketing. Design/methodology/approach Scopus database is used to search the research publications on the selected topic. The papers selected for this paper have been published in the past eight years (2012–2020). Findings It has been concluded by many of the research papers reviewed that “Digital Marketing Efforts” influence the purchase intention of the customer. It can be also inferred that the distinction between the “marketing” and “digital marketing” is soon fading as every type of marketing effort will have an element of “digital marketing” in it. Research limitations/implications The approach to the review is theoretical and no primary data have been collected. This bibliometric review is expected to provide overview of the research that has happened over the span of past eight years in the area of digital marketing. Practical implications Many of the papers have expressed the limitations and opportunities for the future research. Few of the prominent and relevant research gaps are listed in this paper. This paper is expected to lay a foundation for several further studies in this area of study. Originality/value The paper is original in terms of reviewing the literature published on the topic, “impact of digital marketing”, between years 2012 to 2020. As the world has been forced to go digital due to COVID-19 outbreak, it has become all the more significant to take an account of developments in the field of “digital marketing”.

The relationship between English football and homosexuality has changed significantly in recent years. However, research examining this area of study has predominantly focused on the attitudes of ostensibly heterosexual men. By drawing on semi-structured interviews with 35 ‘out’ gay male fans, this article is the first to focus explicitly on LGBT fans’ sense of place in English football. Contrary to previous research, these gay male fans represent ‘authentic’ notions of fandom through their passion for football and respective clubs. The recent emergence of LGBT Fan Groups has provided sexual minority fans increased visibility, and a sense of belonging and community. Finally, despite ongoing concerns about football stadia’s hypermasculine and heteronormative environment, these fans believe that they have become an increasingly inclusive space. Accordingly, this article demonstrates that sexual minority fans are central to English football and argues that future research must acknowledge their increased prevalence.

Leadership is a popular area of study but appears to be locked within a never-ending loop of retroactive behavioral analysis. Field theory offers modern leadership study an opportunity to break this cycle, potentially unlocking previously undiscovered relationships within the leadership phenomenon. The authors evaluate field theory for Christian application via Trentham’s principle of inverse consistency. After reorientation toward a Christian worldview, field theory is demonstrated as a valid theoretical construct to inform Christian leadership praxis.

Tourism development is recognised as an essential tool in promoting economic growth; however, it may also contribute to environmental degradation. Increased pressure for reducing CO2 emissions poses new challenges to policy-makers who try to promote economic growth and environmental protection in tandem. Since 2010, 19 scenic areas in China have been declared as low-carbon tourism demonstration zones. It follows that investigating whether CO2 emissions originating in the tourism industry could, in fact, compromise sustainable development in China becomes an essential area of study. Whilst this is a key concern to society, there are only a limited number of studies that analyse the environmental impact of tourism and the validity of the tourism-led-growth hypothesis. This study considers both domestic and international tourism and explicitly tests the relationship among tourism development, economic growth and CO2 emissions in China, employing a panel vector autoregressive model and utilising regional data between 2006 and 2017. Results show that the development of either international or domestic tourism contributes to economic growth, however, at the expense of the environment.

Curriculum planning and subsequent process of course design and implementation are so important in educational programmes that we simply cannot ignore them. Curriculum is essentially a series of activities and learning outcome goals pertaining to each subject. The main purposes of curriculum development are to improve student learning experiences and enhance outcomes by facilitating quality teaching, identifying a suitable syllabus, and assessing learning outcomes. However, educational programmes fail to yield the results of the programmes due to insufficient attention paid to curriculum. Perhaps, the most salient reason for this is the synonymous identification of the terms, curriculum and syllabus. While curriculum is a comprehensive area of study which needs identification of significant disciplines, syllabus could be a factor within the curriculum framework. Literature has proved that possible frameworks or models of curriculum could bring about enormous results. The paper presents a viable curriculum framework mostly suitable for university and the higher education sector with significant areas such as planning, and interrelationships of teaching, learning, assessment, and syllabus. The paper has highlighted the important areas pertaining to curriculum in its framework as a model for curriculum which is useful for development, implementation, revision, and evaluation.

PurposeAlthough leadership succession is a popular area of study across different professional sports leagues, existing research has largely ignored South America despite Brazilian football seeming to surpass the limits of coaching turnovers in comparison to any other league worldwide.Design/methodology/approachThis study examines the causes and consequences of 594 head coach turnovers in the Brasileirão from 2003 to 2018. A comprehensive longitudinal dataset was compiled (n = 13,012) and a series of regression analysis evaluated the determinants of coaching replacements as well as their effect on team performance.FindingsStatistical results revealed that coaching survival is significantly determined by a negative spell of three to four games, parallel competitions and performance expectations with three games in advance. Regarding performance outcomes, it takes seven games for a slight sign of improvement to be identified after a coach turnover, but no clear positive effects are recognized as an aftermath, supporting the ritual scapegoating theory.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest that decision makers should consider the importance of a rational evaluation and the crucial component of time instead of judging coaches based on subjectivity and immediate results. Meanwhile, coaches should avoid voluntary turnovers, exercising priorities ahead of continental cups and sequences with few points accumulated.Originality/valueThis investigation discloses a valuable reference for coaches, sport managers and academic scholars interested in Brazilian football, as it extends knowledge development and theoretical understanding for a region that still lacks scientific evidence to back up its practical assumptions in sports.

Since 2015, Al-Shabaab and the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) have been locked in a violent, protracted stalemate. There is little momentum to pursue a political settlement, with Al-Shabaab rejecting any overtures of dialogue. Drawing on theoretical perspectives from peace and conflict literature and key interviews with clan elders and Al-Shabaab defectors, this article explores two interconnected themes. First, Al-Shabaab’s dynamic attitudes towards dialogue since the group’s establishment; and second, how clan elders play diverse peace-seeking roles, negotiating between Al-Shabaab and FGS at the microlevel. The article highlights two important findings. First, Al-Shabaab was initially inclined toward dialogue but, following the death and defection of senior members, increasingly adopted an anti-negotiation stance. Second, whilst Al-Shabaab is obstinately refusing any dialogue on the macrolevel, at the microlevel, the group indirectly negotiates with the FGS and other actors using clan elders as interlocutors and facilitators. Finally, the article explores the idea that, instead of relying on foreign third-party mediators to resolve Somalia’s protracted stalemate at the macrolevel, clan elders, as credible insider-partial mediators possessing locally sourced legitimacy and perceived integrity, have the capacity to help overcome the stalemate between Al-Shabaab and the FGS.

El presente artículo es un sub capítulo de la fundamentación teórica de la tesis doctoral, titulada Efectividad de la carrera Cultura y Artes de la Facultad de Educación e Idiomas, UNAN-Managua en la formación del profesorado de enseñanza artística y cultural para la educación secundaria nicaragüense. El estudio corresponde al paradigma sociocrítico se fundamenta en el enfoque hermenéutico- interpretativo en el análisis teórico y experiencia profesional del área de estudio, lo que permitió contextualizar los argumentos relevantes en el campo de las necesidades de la ilustración artística en los nuevos modelos educativos del siglo XXI, la características de estas disciplinas en los procesos de interconexión entre las materias de los currículos escolares y las competencias que desarrolla el estudio de las artes, para la comprensión sociocultural y cognitivo en todas las esferas de la formación del ciudadano, refuerza la necesidad objetiva en el desarrollo de la creatividad como base de la innovación en todos los contextos dentro de una sociedad en distintos campos profesionales; para Nicaragua como una nación en vías de un creciente desarrollo, la transformación curricular que integra los componentes artísticos en las escuelas muestra la importancia que sus aportaciones generan en las múltiples disciplinas de la formación académica.

In recent decades, area studies have been transformed from mostly descriptive ethnographic and historical accounts to theory-oriented and analytical approaches. They retain some of their depth and cultural specificity, but have been widened in a comparative sense to come up with some broader social scientific explanations. This has been enhanced by more recent systematic comparative methods such as “Qualitative Comparative Analysis” (QCA) and related procedures, which are particularly suitable for medium-N studies of specific regions at the macro-level and cross-area analyses in contrast to more common statistical approaches. This paper discusses the epistemological background of this approach as well as recent methodological developments. As an illustration, it provides an example of an ongoing large international “cross-area” research project concerned with successful democratic transformations in different world regions and more recent threats to democratic stability and some of their underlying causes. Here, in particular, the relationships between level of socio-economic development and liberal democracy (the “Lipset hypothesis”) and the effects of “good governance” in terms of the World Bank indicators on democratic stability are investigated. This is done on the basis of selected “cross-area” cases with the help of both crisp-set and fuzzy-set QCA. In this way, both the utility of this approach for “medium-range theorizing” in the social sciences and possible practical-political applications are demonstrated.

This study aims to document the age structure and mortality by age in the Ottoman city of Bursa that served as a politically and commercially significant urban center over centuries. It uses a set of hitherto unexamined Ottoman population registers kept in 1839 and updated until 1842 that provide detailed self-reported data on all male inhabitants regardless of age, including deaths, births, and migration. The study tests the quality of age and mortality data in conjunction with the Coale and Demeny regional model life tables and compares the results to historical demographic studies conducted for European regions. The results point to a demographic structure marked by high birth and death rates and prove promising for extending back the study of Ottoman demographic transition and establishing historical comparison points with the global experience.

El presente artículo forma parte de una investigación más amplia, en la cual se analizaron algunos de los problemas que enfrentaban los docentes de la Escuela Primaria “Dr. Gustavo Baz Prada” para la enseñanza de la historia, ya que no incorporaban a su práctica la propuesta del enfoque formativo, sino que se promovía la enseñanza tradicional de la historia, por lo que la investigación se orientó a la puesta en marcha de una propuesta de intervención educativa (Barraza, 2010), así que se diseñó, implementó y evaluó un seminario para la enseñanza de la historia bajo el enfoque formativo en el espacio de estudio, durante el ciclo escolar 2017-2018. Para ello se recuperaron las aportaciones de Shulman (2005) sobre el conocimiento docente y en particular el conocimiento didáctico del contenido. Por lo señalado, el objetivo de la investigación es: evaluar si el diseño e implementación del Seminario de Historia contribuye a la formación del profesor, al conocimiento docente y en particular al conocimiento didáctico del contenido para la enseñanza de la historia bajo el enfoque formativo en los grupos de tercero y quinto grados de la Escuela Primaria “Dr. Gustavo Baz Prada”. En cuanto al aspecto teórico metodológico, el tipo de investigación corresponde a la investigación evaluativa (Hurtado, 2000) y el diseño de investigación a la investigación-acción del pragmatismo (Hurtado, 2010), cuya finalidad es resolver problemas cotidianos e inmediatos y mejorar prácticas concretas. Durante el proceso de investigación se aplicaron cuestionarios y se realizaron visitas de observación a grupo, y para la evaluación del mismo se aplicó una rúbrica y la entrevista a las docentes; también se consultaron diversas fuentes de tipo secundario sobre la enseñanza de la historia, el conocimiento docente, el enfoque formativo y en torno a los contenidos disciplinares de los programas de estudio.

PurposeThis study aims to explore the perceptions and expectations of the undergraduate students toward the teaching-research-practice nexus (TRPN) and propose a framework for the integration of nexus components at each undergraduate level. It also intends to identify whether students' views differ depending on their specialization, year of study, academic performance and gender.Design/methodology/approachQuantitative analysis was employed to evaluate the views of 460 undergraduate students from faculties of education in the Southeast Anatolia region of Turkey. The data were collected through the survey with a five-point Likert scale. A t-test and one-way ANOVA were used for the analysis of data.FindingsSignificant differences in the perceptions and expectations of the undergraduate students in relation to the TRPN suggest a gap in their satisfaction with the present teaching approach. The factors influencing students' perceptions include specialization, year of study and academic performance. Student expectations of the TRPN are affected by their specialization and GPA. The influence of gender was not confirmed.Research limitations/implicationsThe lack of previous research on the TRPN creates a need for further development in this area of study. The sample limited to education faculty in one region precludes generalization of the findings beyond the study setting.Practical implicationsThe present study provides preliminary information for education faculties on how to meet students' learning expectations through proportional integration of the TRPN components into the undergraduate curriculum.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the ongoing debate and scarce literature on the TRPN at the undergraduate level and proposes an original framework for linking teaching, research, and practice.

The main objective of this study was to review the evolution and current concepts of experience marketing according to the main authors who were dedicated to the understanding of this field. The subject is part of the Marketing Science Institute Research Priorities, which points out the prevalence of studies for the marketing field. Although the subject is present in the national and international literature, there are few conceptual studies. Given the importance of the topic, this research proposes a form of understanding the phenomenon of experience marketing, exploring a conceptual approach based on the critical appreciation of concepts related to experience marketing adopting the dimensions proposed by Schmitt (1999, 2002, 2006, 2010) and the typology proposed by Lanier Junior and Rader (2015). The research considers that the level of explanatory capacity and the level of intentionality of an experiment may vary for each consumer in the same experiment. Experience marketing emerges as the new wave of contemporary marketing, and provides the most consumer loyalty and relationship, which are elements emphasized in this area of study. Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo central revisar la evolución y los conceptos actuales de marketing de experiencia según los principales autores que se dedicaron al estudio de ese campo. El tema forma parte de las prioridades de investigación del Marketing Science Institute Research Priorities, que apunta las prevalencias de estudios para el área de marketing. Aunque el tema está presente en la literatura nacional e internacional, los estudios conceptuales se encuentran en menor número. Dada su importancia, este estudio propone una comprensión del marketing de experiencia, examinada bajo un enfoque conceptual, basado en una apreciación crítica de los conceptos relacionados con el marketing de experiencia, usando las dimensiones propuestas por Schmitt (1999, 2002, 2006, 2010) y la tipología propuesta por Lanier Junior y Rader (2015), considerando que el nivel de explicación e intencionalidad de un experimento puede variar para cada consumidor de la misma experiencia. El marketing de experiencia surge como la nueva ola del marketing contemporáneo, y el que más proporciona fidelización y relación, foco de los días actuales en esta área de estudios. Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo central revisar a evolução e atuais conceitos de marketing de experiência segundo os principais autores que se dedicaram ao entendimento desse campo. O tema faz parte das prioridades de pesquisa do Marketing Science Institute Research Priorities, que aponta as prevalências de estudos para a área de marketing. Embora o tema esteja presente na literatura nacional e internacional, os estudos conceituais são encontrados em menor número. Dada a sua importância, esse estudo propõe um entendimento de marketing de experiência, examinado sob uma abordagem conceitual, baseado na apreciação crítica de conceitos relacionados ao marketing de experiência com as dimensões propostas por Schmitt (1999, 2002, 2006, 2010) e na tipologia proposta por Lanier Junior e Rader (2015), considerando que o nível de explicação e intencionalidade de um experimento pode variar para cada consumidor da mesma experiência. O marketing de experiência surge como a nova onda do marketing contemporâneo, proporcionando fidelização e relacionamento, foco dos dias atuais nesta área de estudos.

This study aimed to critically examine the power sources and influences of school principals in secondary schools of Eastern Ethiopia. A descriptive survey research design was employed to carry out the study. The participants of the study were 145 teachers, 78 principals, and 41 supervisors who were selected by using stratified and random sampling techniques. The researcher adopted descriptive and inferential statistics to make sound interpretations of data. The results revealed that school principals were mostly used expert, legitimate, and reward sources of power. Likewise, school principals have predominantly exercised a positional basis of power rather than personal power. There was a significant statistical difference in power sources of school principals regarding positions, gender, and service years. The findings also showed that school principals dominantly practiced proactive influencing tactics. Moreover, findings indicated that subordinates carried out school principals' compliance to obtain a prize or avoid punishment by applied reactive influence tactics. The study further discovered that subordinates were inclined to resist school principals' influence. This study suggests secondary principals should rethink how power is managed and deployed to make sound influence over subordinates to assure quality education. Hence, the results of the study may serve as a springboard to improve secondary school leadership and equip novice teachers to bring them a principalship position. Plus, this study may provide a clear picture for policymakers, scholars, and government officials to support and retain principals for long-term school improvement, and it may also a theoretical benefit for future research on the area of study. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.19.10.7

The emergence of the archaeology of the Japanese diaspora in the United States as a discrete area of investigation over the past 15 years presents a timely intervention into how xenophobia has contoured the lives of migrants. It is not merely an area of study detached from contemporary politics, but rather a subfield that is forcing archaeologists to engage with the public in novel ways. This work requires scholarly collaboration that puts the interest of descendant communities at the forefront of academic investigation. This work also involves managing archaeological data in a systematic fashion and making data accessible online.

Narrative writing is relatively a new phenomenon in Yemeni literary discourse and a sequel to the maturity of the common folk forms. The present study investigates both the rise of Yemeni novel and the representation of the major social and economic issues in early Yemeni novel between the 1970s-1980s. Since the 1970s, the novel genre has become one of the most relevant phenomena in Yemeni literary canon. Yemeni writers of this era were aware of the importance of introducing contemporary issues to the reader. In addition to this task, the novel has enriched the Yemeni cultural field and remained dynamic in national identity formation. This study has a special reference to Zayd Dammaj's The Hostage (1984) for it is the first Yemeni novel that has unflinching determination and frankness in representing injustices and miseries in the society. Though The Hostage is also a tender critique of influential families that were part of the oppressive regime, it succeeds in helping the nation compromise with the past. The conclusion of the study suggests that while criticizing certain families for the misery of the whole nation may challenge co-existence, this discourse is seen as a subtle manifestation of negotiating differences. Further, the conclusion of this study finds that investigating history and major issues in Yemeni novel will guide readers and critics to a much-needed area of study on the factors which led to the rise of the Yemeni novel.

Inclusive education has become a global area of study, yet research has highlighted challenges with inclusive practices among teachers in integrated physical education contexts. The purpose of this...

Volunteers are essential to the viability of a large segment of youth development programs. Yet, research on this topic has been relatively limited and it has not thus far congealed into a cohesive area of study. The contributions to this special issue advance our understanding of a number of important issues having to do with volunteerism in youth programs and provide a solid foundation for catalyzing both the further generation of knowledge in this area and its practical application. One priority should be to more rigorously establish and delineate suggested connections among program practices, volunteer skill development, behaviors, and experiences, and the outcomes of participating youth. There also is a need to substantially broaden the scope of programs studied in order to clarify both areas of generalizability and dynamics that may vary as a function of volunteer contexts and roles. Finally, as the knowledge base matures, translational research is needed to apply this knowledge to the design of supports for volunteerism in youth development programs and to rigorously evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies.

Semiotics, which is the science of signs, has become an increasingly interesting interdisciplinary area of study. As such, semiotics can also be used as both structural and pragmatic approach for translation studies, especially for studies in which meanings are difficult to comprehend including symbolic texts. This paper aims to uncover the role of semiotics in the translation of symbolic languages, especially religious texts. The study employs descriptive qualitative method to describe and interpret the data in the form of an analysis of symbolic text translation. This is to uncover the various attitudes and perspectives about the roles of semiotic science in the translation of religious texts. The findings of this study indicate that the semiotic perspective is able to reveal the dimensions of referential or conceptual meaning of the symbols through the appearance of a supplementary component, which connects literal and figurative meanings conventionally. This effort is carried out through the use of structural semiotic analysis tools, namely by exploring the relationships between symbolic meanings, both syntagmatically and paradigmatically.

Traditional arguments for privacy in public suggest that intentionally public activities, such as political speech, do not deserve privacy protection. In this article, I develop a new argument for the view that surveillance of intentionally public activities should be limited to protect the specific good that this context provides, namely democratic legitimacy. Combining insights from Helen Nissenbaum’s contextualism and Jürgen Habermas’s theory of the public sphere, I argue that strategic surveillance of the public sphere can undermine the capacity of citizens to freely deliberate in public and therefore conflicts with democratic self-determination.

O uso de corpora em estudos linguísticos é bastante antigo, já a área da Linguística de Corpus é relativamente nova, tendo sua origem vinculada à ampliação do acesso a computadores e, consequentemente, ao Processamento de Linguagem Natural (PLN). À medida que a área foi ganhando influência na pesquisa linguística, o conceito de corpus foi se tornando mais específico e elementos como amplitude e referência, além de legibilidade por máquina e tamanho finito, passaram a se tornar fundamentais para a composição de amostras na área. Ao mesmo tempo, no entanto, foram surgindo corpora menores e bem menos amplos constituídos com objetivos bastante distintos, como, por exemplo, para a realização de documentação de línguas ameaçadas. Partindo disso, o presente artigo tem por objetivo discutir as diferenças entre corpora “prototípicos” criados segundo os pressupostos da Linguística de Corpus, e os corpora de línguas com pouca presença digital (less-resourced languages). Mostro que os corpora de línguas com pouco recursos tendem a ser mais especializados e, dificilmente, cumprem todos os critérios exigidos de um corpus amplo e representativo de uma língua. Apesar dos limites impostos por questões específicas de cada língua, concluo que a constituição de corpora para línguas com poucos recursos, ainda que não cumpram todos os critérios propostos pela Linguística de Corpus, devem ser realizados, e os resultados devem ser aproveitados de diversas formas, seja gerando novas tecnologias, servindo de suporte empírico para teorias linguísticas ou promovendo a língua na comunidade.

Purpose Previous studies have not integrated the impact of the area of study into the notion of employee engagement. The purpose of this study is to empirically measure the association between employee engagement and the two antecedent factors of perceived organizational support (POS) and employee loyalty across different areas of study. Design/methodology/approach A nationally representative survey of 2,408 adults in the USA collected by the worker representation and participation survey (WRPS) was used. A multinomial logit regression was used to estimate the impact of POS and loyalty across different areas of study. Findings The findings of this study consistent with the previous studies showed that POS and employee loyalty are positively and significantly associated with employee engagement. This study found by a decline in the level of support from a “lot of support” to “somewhat support,” the degree of engagement declines by about 50 per cent. Further, it found that the level of engagement changes across different areas of study. For instance, professional and skilled workers are more engaged compared to other groups of workers. The findings were similar for the variables of loyalty to supervisors and loyalty to organizations. Moreover, the findings showed that conditioned on being loyal, women are more engaged than men. Originality/value This is the first study that uses WRPS to understand how the level of engagement varies across different kinds of study.

When the Black Death struck Western Europe in late 1347, city dwellers across the region were already practising public health, in part by building, maintaining and monitoring infrastructures whose prophylactic value emerged from the experience of intensified urbanization. The demands of a new urban metabolism, evident from the twelfth century, prompted numerous cities, including Pistoia, to develop preventative health programmes in anticipation of and in response to diverse threats. The latter certainly included famine, floods, pestilence and war, but Pistoians and others were no less concerned by routine matters such as burials, food quality, travel and work safety, artisanal pollution and domestic waste disposal. All of these were recognized as impacting people’s health, based on the medical and natural-philosophical theories prevalent at the time, and their management took into consideration not only climactic conditions and multi-species behaviour, but also the smooth functioning of sites such as wells, canals, bridges and roads. The political value that municipalities and other stakeholders began to place on the upkeep of these sites exceeded their economic function and thus questions the seminal role that scholars tend to attribute to the second plague pandemic in public health history. It also demonstrates how a key aspect of Euro-American modernity continues to shape interpretations of urban and health histories and suggests a broader path for historicizing community prophylactics.

Yoksulluk, birçok ülkenin yok etmekte değil, kontrol altına almakta bile zorluk çektiği karmaşık bir olgudur. Çin, yüksek yoksulluk oranlarının görüldüğü büyük bir ülkedir ve günümüzde mutlak olarak yoksulluğu ortadan kaldırmıştır. Halkın iktisadi açıdan daha iyi duruma gelebilmesi için belirli programlar uygulamıştır. Bu bağlamda Çin, dünyada öncü bir konumdadır ve 2020 yılı itibariyle “mutlak” yoksulluğu ortadan kaldırdığını ilan etmiştir. Bu makale, yoksulluğu ortadan kaldırma amacına yönelik olarak siyasi bir kararlılık çerçevesinde benimsenmiş olan katı ve teknik program ve politikaları analiz etmektedir. Yoksullukla mücadele çabaları çerçevesinde, bu makalede “yolsuzluk” kavramı özel olarak değerlendirilmekte ve yolsuzlukla mücadele çabaları üzerinde de durulmaktadır. Makale, örnek olarak bazı başarılı uygulamaları ele almakta ve Başkan Şi’nin özellikle Covid-19 sonrası dönemde Çin’in iktisadi büyümesine yönelik kararlılığına vurgu yapmaktadır., Poverty is a very complicated phenomenon with many states finding difficulty to control the phenomenon alone, forget about its elimination. China is a major country and had high incidence of poverty, but now it has eliminated poverty “absolutely”. It implemented certain programs for the economic betterment of the people. In this perspective, China has taken the lead and declared elimination of absolute poverty in 2020. The paper analyses the policies and programmes that has been adopted with a very technical stern method and political determination so as to achieve this objective. It discusses the corruption element in poverty elimination and the steps taken to curb it. The paper exemplifies some successes and concludes with the commitment of President Xi in furthering the economic growth of China, especially after the Covid-19 pandemic.

The essay examines the role of Christianity in premodern European capitalism, with regard to the city of Florence. It traces the formation of the historical construct and the influence of Werner Sombart's Der moderne Kapitalismus, a work much neglected nowadays in the Anglophone academy. The article seeks to historicize and contextualize faith and economy, to stress their fundamentally intertwined nature and more specifically how notions of “negotiation” and diriturra (moral Christian rectitude) connect the seemingly antagonistic sides, and connect also Florentine finance and business history, which are too often studied independently. It argues that Christian rectitude and service to the church (a noncynical quid pro quo) were conjoined with a calculated, reasoned profit motive--evident especially among papal bankers, a key sector of the Florentine economy.

Sport is a useful area of study to test assumptions of international law. International law has traditionally focused on states and on international organizations that oversee specialized areas of human activity. International sport is overseen by an NGO—the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Yet sport is of great interest to states, serving as a testing ground of national superiority by providing a simple narrative of “winners” and “losers” in competition. Meanwhile, entities that are not yet states have historically been able to participate in international sport more readily than in other areas of international relations. This essay will examine the connection between participation in the Olympic Games and claims to statehood. In doing so, this essay will outline the modern approach to statehood, consider sport's role in that approach, and examine two case studies: the German Democratic Republic, and Kosovo.

The EU Commission’s directive proposals on corporate taxation of digital multinationals, especially the digital services tax (DST), show the increased assertiveness of the Commission on taxation matters. Both inward and outwards in the parallel OECD negotiations on digital taxation. By drawing on Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Framework, elite interviews and policy documents, I assess the dynamics of the proposal at the EU and OECD. While the DST will fall short in the EU Council due to unanimity requirements, I argue that the Commission actually achieved its pre-prescribed goals. Within the EU, it provided coherency for unilateral DSTs by member states. At the OECD, the proposals increased the threat of uncoordinated unilateral measures. This created a period of uncertainty and pressured laggard states, which helped lead to a tentative window for reform. As such, the proposals are an example of cross-platform policy entrepreneurship by the EU Commission, projecting influence despite unanimity constraints.

This paper presents the approach to the understanding of the entrepreneurship phenomenon. With this approach, it is possible to identify this social activity as essentially distinct from those that are seemingly similar but distinct in content. Having reviewed the relevant literature of this area of study with a critical eye, the author has identified systemic errors in the traditional understanding of entrepreneurship (first-order and second-order errors). Developing this approach, the author has introduced the concept of anti-ideology, which mirrors a nature of innovating as a process of creative destruction. This statement assumes that true entrepreneurship exists within the idea/anti-idea framework. The author has identified mandatory and sufficient attributes of entrepreneurial innovation. Based on the applied methodology, the author has proposed a model of progressive materialization for the anti-idea (Progressive Materialization of Anti-idea, PMAi). It helps to measure entrepreneurship in terms of its innovating component.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate whether guests’ tipping motivations (i.e. server quality, social norm and food quality) and demographic characteristics (i.e. gender, age and income) influence loyalty to the server in a restaurant.Design/methodology/approachBased on a national online survey consumer panel comprised of 468 participants, the authors utilized decision tree using R statistical software. Predictor variables were tipping motivations and demographic characteristics (age, gender and income). Target variable was loyalty to the server.FindingsThe findings suggest that social norm, food quality and income influence customers’ loyalty toward the same server on future visits. Social norm turned out to be the strongest predictor. If consumers did not have high social norm on tipping, their loyalty toward a particular server was affected by the combination of determinants such as server quality, social norm, income and food quality.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research can identify or develop scales of tipping motivations with stronger reliabilities in the context of restaurants. Future research can also explore other demographic differences (e.g. ethnicity and sexual orientation) in tipping motivations and server loyalty.Practical implicationsServers are indeed the primary contact point and they are in the most influential position with consumers. Overall, results of this study provide an interesting insight in that restaurant guests’ experience can be ruined by bad quality of food or can be mitigated by server quality. Thus, this research highlights a step-by-step process as to the actions that a server may perform and manage in order to enhance server loyalty.Originality/valueLoyalty has been examined in the context of products, brands or service providers. This study focuses on loyalty toward a specific server, because the consideration of server–guest relationship provides both a compelling and timely area of study in that restaurants continue to look for unique ways to drive server–guest rapport and customer loyalty.

Smart policing emphasizes the combination of existing interdisciplinary datasets, improvement in analysis procedures, and design of more efficient policing strategies. One promising example, the Data-Driven Approach to Crime and Traffic Safety (DDACTS), integrates traffic crash and crime data into the design of more efficient patrol routes, ensuring higher visibility traffic enforcement. This new method allows the police to more effectively allocate their limited resources. Although the DDACTS model has significantly reduced crime and crash rates in the United States, it is necessary to thoroughly study its effects before applying it in other parts of the world; the factors that influence crime, crashes, and police patrol systems in the United States may differ significantly from those in, for instance, Asia. In the present research, Taiwan was chosen as an initial area of study because of the nation’s open data policy and good quality of the data available. This study focused on two key differences between the United States and Taiwan: (1) the cluster distributions of crash and crime events, and (2) possible effectiveness of DDACTS in these two regions. ArcGIS was used to calculate point cluster patterns and identify hotspots. Although the point patterns for crimes and crashes varied greatly between Texas and Taiwan, all pairs of crash and crime hotspots were in close proximity to one another. Thus, DDACTS may be effective for improving patrol efficiency in Taiwan, despite the nation’s significant socioeconomic differences with the United States Consequently, the results show that DDACTS may be efficient in various regions with different socioeconomic structures than the United States, such as countries in Asia. In the future, researchers from other nations may be able to use these results to revise and adjust their own DDACTS patrol plans.

This study addresses the issue of decreasing accounting student interest in the specialized taxation discipline. Using survey responses from accounting students around the United States, the authors find that one of the most important influences on the choice of a taxation specialization over other accounting fields is the fascination and interest created as part of the initial taxation course in the student’s undergraduate education. This finding echoes prior research on how to motivate pre-business students toward accounting as a major area of study. The authors find that the challenging nature of the initial tax course and potential differences in future career options do not deter students from taxation. Other driving forces for pursing taxation include perceptions of entry-level and long-term compensation, long-term career opportunities, and having an interesting and challenging career. This study can be of interest to academic institutions, public accounting recruiters, and the accounting profession in general as it highlights the meaningful role each can play in encouraging accounting students to pursue taxation as a profession.

Is universal social assistance unaffordable? Targeting social policy has been praised as a magic solution to select the ‘deserving poor’ and efficiently use the scarce resources in the Global South. The article tests the unaffordability hypothesis using five counterfactual analyses based on expenditure redirection (military expenditure, energy subsidies, and the potential illegal/odious external debt servicing) and increasing tax revenues (income and trade tax) in up to thirty-three countries. The article shows the revenue-generating potential of taxes and reprioritising expenditures from unproductive to productive areas to finance – totally or partly- basic universal social pensions in large part of Latin America and the Caribbean; therefore, dispelling the unaffordability myth.

Power is a growing area of study for researchers and practitioners working in the field of health policy and systems research (HPSR). Theoretical development and empirical research on power are crucial for providing deeper, more nuanced understandings of the mechanisms and structures leading to social inequities and health disparities; placing contemporary policy concerns in a wider historical, political and social context; and for contributing to the (re)design or reform of health systems to drive progress towards improved health outcomes. Nonetheless, explicit analyses of power in HPSR remain relatively infrequent, and there are no comprehensive resources that serve as theoretical and methodological starting points. This paper aims to fill this gap by providing a consolidated guide to researchers wishing to consider, design and conduct power analyses of health policies or systems. This practice article presents a synthesis of theoretical and conceptual understandings of power; describes methodologies and approaches for conducting power analyses; discusses how they might be appropriately combined; and throughout reflects on the importance of engaging with positionality through reflexive praxis. Expanding research on power in health policy and systems will generate key insights needed to address underlying drivers of health disparities and strengthen health systems for all.

The use of virtual and augmented reality for educational purposes has seen a rapid increase in interest in recent years. Extended reality offers unique affordances to learners, and can enhance learning. Specifically, we are interested in the use of pedagogical agents in extended reality due to their potential to increase student motivation and learning. However, the design of pedagogical agents in extended reality is still a nascent area of study, which can be important in an immersive environment where social cues can be more salient. Pedagogical agent design aspects such as speech, appearance, and modality can prime social cues and affect learning outcomes and instructor perception. In this paper, we propose a project to investigate auditory and visual social cues of pedagogical agents in XR such as speech, ethnicity, and modality.

According to the Conservation of Resources theory of stress, early care and education (ECE) teachers who receive greater tangible and interpersonal supports from their workplaces will be more positive and effective in their roles. This may translate to them perceiving or eliciting greater support from families, which is a key component to family engagement, a growing area of study in the ECE landscape. This study explores whether four program-level supports (benefits, professional development supports, teacher social supports, program-level family involvement activities) are associated with teacher-perceived support from families. The hypothesis was that all four will be positively associated. This study uses survey data from 102 preschool teachers and 13 preschool program directors in urban areas of two US states. We use ordinary least squares regression with cluster-robust standard errors and a stepwise build-up modeling procedure to determine associations between independent and dependent variables. While teacher social supports had the expected positive association with teacher-perceived support from families, family involvement activities were negatively associated. Our findings suggest that programs looking to improve family engagement may consider interpersonal/cultural supports for teachers and the larger school community. All else equal, simply offering more family involvement activities may not improve engagement culture.

SIGNIFICANCE Sports vision is an emerging field that seeks to establish the relationships between visual function and sports performance. Here we provide the first critical review of empirical studies that attempt to link visual assessments and vision training to competitive game performance.Vision is essential to producing controlled movement, and therefore, it is intuitive that better visual abilities should relate to better sporting performance. This notion has been central to the field of sports vision, an area of study that seeks to determine the visual skills that underlie optimal sports performance and investigate approaches to train these abilities to improve sports performance. Although this field now contains hundreds of published articles addressing visual assessment and training in athletes, relatively few have attempted to directly link these capabilities to on-field production statistics from competitive matches. The objectives of this article are both to describe the theoretical and experimental framework necessary for such research and to critically review the empirical literature that has attempted to directly link visual assessments and/or training to athletic performance. We begin by describing why such associations are important and then provide an evidence-based framework for evaluating the quality of research in this domain. This is followed by a summary and review of the qualified literature that has addressed either relationships between baseline assessments and game performance or the effects of visual training interventions on game performance. Based on this review, it is concluded that, despite promising evidence supporting the role of vision in sports performance and improvements due to training, the specialty is still in need of methodological improvements. It is recommended that studies aim for larger better-powered studies, consistent and precise outcome measures, and greater scientific rigor such as obtained through randomized placebo-controlled designs with pre-registration of hypotheses.