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PurposeThe present study compares the use of web citations as references in leading scholarly journals in Library and Information Science (LIS) and Communication and Media Studies (CMS). A total of 20 journals (each 10 from LIS and CMS) were selected based on the publishing history and reputation published between 2008 and 2017.Design/methodology/approachThe present study compares the use of web citations as references in leading scholarly journals in LIS and CMS. A PHP script was used to crawl the Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) collected from the reference list. A total of 12,251 articles were downloaded and 555,428 references were extracted. Of the 555,428 references, 102,718 web citations were checked for their accessibility.FindingsThe research findings indicated that 76.90% URLs from LIS journals and 84.32% URLs from Communication and Media Studies journals were accessible and others were rotten. The majority of errors were due to HTTP 404 error code (not found) in both the disciplines. The study also tried to retrieve the rotten URLs through Time Travel, which revived 61.76% rotten URLs in LIS journal articles and 65.46% in CMS journal articles.Originality/valueThis is an in-depth and comprehensive comparative study on the availability of web citations in LIS and CMS journals articles spanning a period of 10 years. The findings of the study will be helpful to authors, publishers, and editorial staff to ensure that web citations will be accessible in the future.

Based on the data of sociological research, the analysis of the linguistic landscapes of Transcarpathian cities, and quotations from travel guides, this paper illustrates that in Transcarpathia, a significant part of the population—regardless of ethnicity—live their lives not according to the official Kyiv time (eet), but according to the local time (cet). The difference between official centralized time and “local time” appeared in Transcarpathia when the region became annexed to the Soviet Union. Yet before the Second World War, each state in the region used Central European time. The Soviet regime introduced msk, which was two hours ahead. The distinction between “local time” and central time has been maintained since Transcarpathia became part of the newly independent Ukraine. The population of the region has been urged to use a different time zone for a relatively short time from a historical point of view. The persistence of “local time” is also strengthened by the fact that it contributes to the image of Transcarpathia as a particular, specific region of Ukraine. “Local time” in Transcarpathia has become part of the region’s tourism brand.

BackgroundDespite known advantages of advance care planning (ACP) and a positive attitude towards ACP by older people living in the community and general practitioners (GPs), such conversations are not yet commonplace in GP practices.AimTo implement ACP as part of routine care in general practice and thereby increasing the number of ACP conversations and advance directives; to investigate characteristics of older people with and without an ACP conversation.Methods(1) A pre-evaluation and post-evaluation study using questionnaire data from people aged 75 years or older living in the community. (2) A prospective study using data provided by healthcare professionals (people they started an ACP conversation with).ResultsAfter implementation of ACP, significantly more people had spoken to their GP about hospitalisations, intensive care admission and treatment preferences in certain circumstances, compared with before. Advance directives were drawn up more often. People who had an ACP conversation were older, have had a cerebrovascular accident, had a clear idea about future health problems, had a preference to start ACP before they were ill, already had an ACP conversation at pre-measurement and indicated at pre-measurement that their GP knows their preferences.ConclusionResults in number of ACP conversations and advance drectives were modest but positive. ACP was implemented as routine care. GPs select people with whom they have a conversation. This can be an efficient use of time, but there is a risk that certain groups may be underserved (for example, patients with multimorbidity or patients with less health skills).

International audience; Background: A large number of studies have shown time perception impairment and reaction time (RT) variability in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and have discussed the causes of such difficulties. However, very few studies have investigated time knowledge (i.e., the correct representation and use of time units) in children with ADHD.Methods: We evaluated time knowledge in 33 children with ADHD, aged 8-12 years, who had consulted a reference center for learning disabilities in Paris, matched for age and gender with 33 typically developing (TD) children. We used a simple questionnaire-based survey and neuropsychological tests for cognitive and attentional skills.Results: The acquisition of time knowledge was delayed in children with ADHD compared with TD children (P

Dalam ajaran Islam, Allah memerintahkan hamba-Nya untu memanfaatkan waktu dengan sebaik-baiknya, karena waktu merupakan hal yang sangat urgen sehingga memanfaatkan waktu merupakan amanat Allah kepada makhluk-Nya. Karena demikian urgenya peranan waktu, maka Allah berkali-kali bersumpah dengan menggunakan kata yang menunjukkan waktu-waktu tertentu. Al-Qur‟an juga menggunakan term yang menunjukkan waktu yang berbeda-beda. Didalam al-Qur‟an pengungkapan waktu terdapat dua bentuk, yaitu term yang menunjukkan durasi yang jelas batasanya seperti ghada>h, ‘ashr, bukrah, ashi>la, ‘asyiyya’, ‘isya’, layl, naha>r, yawm, syahr, ‘am, sanah.sedangkan term yang menunjukkan durasi yang tidak jelas batasanya seperti waqt, dahr, ajal, hin dan sa‟ah. Term yang menunjukkan durasi yang jelas batasanya berisi tentang waktu-waktu tertentu atau momentum kebajikan, waktu untuk beribadah dan juga menunjukkan perjalanan waktu atau perputaran matahari dan bulan dimana semua kejadian tersebut dapat dikatahui oleh manusia. Sedangkan term yang menunjukkan durasi yang tidak jelas batasanya berisi tentang keniscayaan, kebangkitan, penguasaan ruh dan maut, penentuan kematian, dan kebangkitan dan hari kiamat dimana hal tersebut tidak dapat diketahui oleh siapapun, seperti dahr digunakan untuk saat berkepanjangan yang dilalui alam raya dalam kehidupan dunia ini yaitu sejak diciptakan-Nya sampai punahnya alam, ajal menunjukkan waktu berakhirnya sesuatu seperti berakhirnya usia manusia, sa‟ah menunjukkan akhir masa kehidupan duniawi serta kepunahan alam dan lain-lain.

The Law and Human Rights Research and Development Agency in carrying out its duties and functions provides services in the form of Providing Resource persons. Managing mail manually requires a long time and allows for document loss. This study aims to reduce the use of time, help minimize the loss of letters, and reduce errors in recording letters by storing them in a database in accordance with the specified format. In the design of the system will check the applicant's input and validate before the data is stored in the database using Finite State Automata (FSA) so that the data stored in accordance with the format specified. The implementation of this research is expected to be able to help the Law and Human Rights Research and Development Agency to reduce the use of time, help minimize the loss of letters, and reduce errors in recording letters in accordance with the specified format.

Thesis. Analysis of Quality, Quantity and Performance (K3) of Employees at the Central Statistics Agency of Kerinci Regency. The Central Bureau of Statistics is an organization that has been established based on Presidential Regulation Number 86 of 2007 concerning the Central Statistics Agency and the Regulation of the Head of the Central Statistics Agency Number 7 of 2008 concerning the Organization and Work Procedure of The Central Statistics Agency located in Kerinci Regency. The formulation of the research problem, namely, what is the Quality, Quantity and Performance (K3) of Employees at the Central Statistics Agency of Kerinci Regency? The research objective is to see the quality, quantity and performance (K3) of the employees of the Central Statistics Agency of Kerinci Regency. This research uses a qualitative approach where data is obtained through field interview guides to 7 informants who refer to the research indicators, namely 1. Knowledge. 2. Skills. 3. Capability 4. Number of Hours Worked. 5. Use of time. 6. Responsibility. 7. Quantity of work. 8. Work quantity. 9. Punctuality of time. 10. Work effectiveness. 11. Independence. 12. Work Commitment. The data obtained in the field were analyzed based on the classification of the informants’ answers which were described in the results and discussion of the research which was then carried out by the interpreter of the researcher. It is known that the Quality, Quantity and Performance (K3) of employees at the Central Bureau of Statistics of Kerinci Regency have been carried out properly according to its rules and main duties, only one research indicator that has not been implemented is the indicator of independence. Where employees are not all independent in carrying out tasks such as new employees and employees who occupy a room or work with new job duties. For this reason, the authors suggest that employees at the Central Statistics Agency of Kerinci Regency can maintain and continue to strive to continue to do innovation and creativity in work and increase employee Independence.

To evaluate elephant welfare, it is important to understand their use of time both during day and night. The length of social relationships can influence how much time they spend in different activities. We assessed daytime and nighttime activity budgets of male Asian elephants at Denver Zoo and examined how length of relationships influenced nighttime behavior. Using scan sampling we investigated activity budget and proximity to a conspecific, and used General Estimating Equations to compare them across day and night and across new and established dyads at night. During daytime, elephants spent significantly more time exhibiting affiliative and agonistic behaviors, and in proximity to a conspecific, and less time resting, compared to night. Overnight, the odds of resting were significantly lower in new social dyads compared to established dyads, and new dyads spent more time exhibiting agonistic behavior and in proximity to a conspecific compared to established dyads. Our study suggests that male elephants at Denver Zoo have developed strong relationships and highlights the importance of systematically observing elephants overnight so that managers make decisions that improve animal welfare.

Recent gender literature has highlighted that boys and girls devote their out-of-school time in dissimilar ways, which may differentially influence their academic achievement. Furthermore, this literature indicates that these gender differences may be rooted in society’s gender stereotypes when using this time. To analyse this issue we employ longitudinal and census data for the Spanish region of Andalusia, making use of recent methodological innovations in the Oaxaca-Blinder gender decomposition technique. Our results have shown that girls outperform boys in reading, whereas boys get better grades in mathematics. We also found that there are no significant gender differences in the educational returns on time devoted to homework and that the gender differences in the time devoted to watching television and in the time devoted to playing video games and computer games narrow the female advantage in reading and widen the male advantage in mathematics.

This research aims to improve the talking activity in Topic 2: Playing Around in My Environment of class IIC in SD Negeri Jarakan through the use of Time Token model. The data collecting methods were observation and documentation. The data analytic techniques were quantitative descriptive and qualitative descriptive. The research’s result shows that there is an improvement in class IIC’s talking activity using Time Token model. It is proven by the percentage of the students who surpassed the minimum passing criteria during learning activity which was 13,04% in pre cycle increased to 19,66% in cycle 1 and increased again to 60,86% in cycle 2. The result is supported by the observation’s result that recorded the teacher and students’ activity in using Time Token model, which was 85,29% in cycle 1 increased to 88,23% in cycle 2. The four aspects of talking activity are stating feelings, giving suggestions, asking, transferring ideas, and discussion.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to theorize teacher agency as enacted through a P/policymaking lens in three elementary classrooms. Big-P Policies are formal, top-down school reform policies legislated, created, implemented and regulated by national, state and local governments. Yet, Big-P policies are not the only policies enacted in literacies classrooms. Rather, little-p policies or teachers’ local, personal and creative enactments of their values and expertise are also in play in daily classroom decisions. Little p-policies are teachers doing their best in response to their students and school contexts.Design/methodology/approachAdapting elements of discursive analysis, this interpretive inquiry is designed to examine textual artifacts, situated alongside classroom events and particular local practices, to explicate what teachers’ policymaking enactments regarding time and curriculum look like across three distinct contexts. Using three elementary classrooms as examples, this paper provides analytic snapshots illustrating teachers’ policymaking to solve problems of practice posed by state and school policies for curriculum, and for use of time at school.FindingsThe findings suggest that teachers ration (aliz)ed use of time in ways that enacted personal politics, to prioritize children’s personal growth and well-being alongside teachers’ values, even when use of time became “inefficient.” An artifact from three focal classrooms illustrates particular practices – scheduling, connecting and modeling – teachers leveraged to enact little p-policy. Teachers’ little p-policy enactment is teacher agency, used to disrupt temporal and curricular policies.Originality/valueThis framing is valuable because little-p policymaking works to disrupt and negotiate temporal and curricular mandates imposed on classrooms from the outside.

Extension methodologies for communicating technologies to farmers have evolved over the past 200 years from so-called traditional methodologies to more advanced and technology-based methodologies that enable extension staff to reach many people within the shortest possible time in a more effective and efficient way. Though traditional methods are still relevant and effective, current trends require the use of more innovative and cost-effective methodologies. This paper examined the perceptions of farmers on the use of ICTs in Extension Service delivery in the Northern Region of Ghana. Ninety farmers were randomly sampled from 6 communities in 6 districts in the region. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaire. A 5-point Likert scale was used to determine farmers’ perceived effects of ICT on extension delivery. Data were analysed using means, standard deviations, t-test, frequencies and percentages. The most widely used ICTs by farmers are radio, mobile phone and television. Farmers perceive the use of mobile phone to have resulted in timely delivery of information, increased interaction among farmers and between farmers and AEAs and effective use of time and energy by AEAs. The use of radio has improved adoption of technologies and enhanced farmers’ awareness of innovations. It is concluded mobile phone, radio and television are used widely in the region and have very positive effects on extension service delivery.

Temporal landmarks, or moments that stand out in time, structure people's perceptions and use of time. We highlight recent research examining how both experiencing and anticipating temporal landmarks impact motivation and goal pursuit. Experiencing a temporal landmark may produce a 'fresh start effect', making people feel more motivated to pursue their goals right after the landmark. Anticipating a future landmark may also increase people's current motivation if they are reminded of an ideal future state. We review one prominent explanation underlying these findings: temporal landmarks can create a psychological separation between past, current, and future selves. We also propose other possible explanations and discuss circumstances under which experiencing and anticipating temporal landmarks may cease to be motivating, or even harm motivation.

The elapse of time disregards the human will. Yet different uses of time result in distinct perceptions of time and psychological consequences. In this article, we synthesize the growing research in psychology on the actual and perceived consumption of time, with a focus on idleness and busyness. We propose that the desire to avoid an unproductive use of time and the ceaseless pursuit of meaning in life may underlie many human activities. In particular, while it has been long presumed that people engage in activities in order to pursue goals, we posit a reverse causality: people pursue goals in order to engage in activities.

A través de la historia del pensamiento social se analiza el binomio ocio/negocio en términos de actividad y tiempo. Through the history of social thought the dicotomic relationship between leisure and business is analysed in terms of activity and use of time.

This article covers the responses provided by professional practitioners in socio-educational intervention who are responsible for young people in social difficulties, in other words those facing personal and social issues that stop them from leading a normal life. It considers their suggestions for helping young people to better their lives by becoming autonomous, as well as to manage and use their time in their transition to adulthood. A qualitative study was conducted that used an open, ad-hoc questionnaire administered to thirty participants (Madrid, Spain), in which the data analysis involved MAXQDA Analytics Pro 2020 software. The results identify suggestions at macrosocial level targeting the system, legal status, therapy, safety nets, education and the range and provision of social services. On another level, suggestions for improvement were identified in an immediate setting in which the young people interact with agencies, practitioners and counsellors. An initial level featured mostly statements of support for autonomy from the system and social services. The second level contained mainly suggestions for agencies, centres and social services. The conclusion is that there are implications at different levels of social ecology according to Bronfenbrenner&rsquo, s model (1994). The practical suggestions for young people&rsquo, s self-sufficiency in the use and management of their time should therefore be flexible, linked and cater for their more therapeutic needs through to their leisure time.

States apply different material conditions to attract or restrict residence of certain types of migrants. But states can also make use of time as an instrument to design more welcoming or more restrictive policies. States can apply faster application procedures for desired migrants. Furthermore, time can be used in a more favourable way to attract desired migrants in regard to duration of residence, access to a form of permanent residence and protection against loss of residence. This contribution makes an analysis of how time is used as an instrument in shaping migration policy by the European Union (EU) legislator in the context of making migration more or less attractive. This analysis shows that two groups are treated more favourably in regard to the use of time in several aspects: EU citizens and economic- and knowledge-related third-country nationals. However, when it comes to the acquisition of permanent residence after a certain period of time, the welcoming policy towards economic- and knowledge-related migrants is no longer obvious. ​​​​​​​

International audience; Although most people want to be happy, the pursuit of happiness involves an overwhelming number of choices and great uncertainty about the consequences. Many of these choices have significant implications for sustainability, which are rarely considered. Here, we present an optimality model that maximizes subjective happiness, which can eventually account for sustainability outcomes. Our model identifies the optimal use of time or energy to maximize happiness. Such models tell people how to invest in domains of happiness (e.g., work vs. leisure) and how to choose activities within domains (e.g., playing a computer game vs. playing a board game). We illustrate this optimization approach with data from an online survey, in which people (n = 87) either recalled or imagined their happiness during common activities. People reported decelerating happiness over time, but the rate of deceleration differed among activities. On average, people imagined spending more time on each activity than would be needed to maximize happiness, suggesting that an optimality model has value for guiding decisions. We then discuss how such models can address sustainability challenges associated with overinvesting (e.g., excessive CO2 emissions). To optimize happiness and explore its implications for sustainability over long periods, models can incorporate psychological processes that alter the potential for happiness and demographic processes that make lifespan uncertain. In cases where less objective approaches have failed, a quantitative theory may improve opportunities for happiness, while meeting sustainability outcomes.; Bien que la plupart des gens souhaitent être heureux, la recherche du bonheur implique un nombre écrasant de choix et une grande incertitude quant aux conséquences. Nombre de ces choix ont des implications importantes pour la durabilité, qui sont rarement prises en compte. Nous présentons ici un modèle d'optimalité qui maximise le bonheur subjectif et qui peut éventuellement tenir compte des résultats en matière de durabilité. Notre modèle identifie l'utilisation optimale du temps ou de l'énergie pour maximiser le bonheur. De tels modèles indiquent aux gens comment investir dans les domaines du bonheur (par exemple, le travail ou les loisirs) et comment choisir les activités au sein de ces domaines (par exemple, jouer à un jeu vidéo ou à un jeu de société). Nous illustrons cette approche d'optimisation à l'aide des données d'une enquête en ligne, dans laquelle des personnes (n = 87) se sont rappelées ou ont imaginé leur bonheur au cours d'activités courantes. Les personnes ont signalé une décélération du bonheur au fil du temps, mais le taux de décélération différait selon les activités. En moyenne, les personnes ont imaginé passer plus de temps sur chaque activité que ce qui serait nécessaire pour maximiser le bonheur, ce qui suggère qu'un modèle d'optimalité est utile pour guider les décisions. Nous discutons ensuite de la manière dont de tels modèles peuvent répondre aux problèmes de durabilité associés au surinvestissement (par exemple, les émissions excessives de CO2). Pour optimiser le bonheur et explorer ses implications pour la durabilité sur de longues périodes, les modèles peuvent intégrer des processus psychologiques qui modifient le potentiel de bonheur et des processus démographiques qui rendent la durée de vie incertaine. Dans les cas où des approches moins objectives ont échoué, une théorie quantitative peut améliorer les possibilités de bonheur, tout en respectant les objectifs de durabilité.

This article builds on time use micro-data for Italy to analyse the evolution of individuals’ time allocation during the 2002–2014 period, with a gender-specific focus. We are particularly interested in comparing changes that occurred between the years prior to and after the onset of the recent economic crisis.We use regression analysis to measure differences between years in the average use of time of men and women for personal care, education, paid work, unpaid work, and leisure over the considered period(s). In order to gain more insight into gender differences in time use behaviours, we further break down unpaid work and free time into detailed activities. We document a decrease of about two hours per week in female housework coupled with a similar increase in male unpaid work over the entire period. However, while signs of this gender convergence were already evident for women in the years before the recession, we do not find any significant change in male unpaid work between 2002 and 2008. It was only after the onset of the economic crisis, and the consequent losses in paid work hours, that men started spending more time on housework and family care.

The study focused on determining the effectiveness of the Master in Management of Educational Centers in the management of Professional Learning Communities (PLC). It was developed under a socio-critical and qualitative approach, supported by the application of questionnaires and the development of interviews and focus groups for the collection of information. It was intentionally considered 70 directors of Schools of Extended School Day in urban areas of the city of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, in order to verify the quality of the contributions of the Master in the management of Professional Learning Communities (PLC). The main finding was evidenced in the cognitive gap manifested by the participants between theory and praxis: there is management of theoretical information, but there is no evidence of its use in practice. In addition, there are context factors that affect the achievement of these communities in schools of extended day: student overpopulation, lack of school space, teaching staff and administrative skills for an effective use of time.

The main contributions of psychology within the context of a more efficient use of time by workers in the execution of their duties are hereby presented. First, a theoretical framework is included touching upon: climate and culture, personality, chronotype, procrastination, cyberslacking. The second part deals with certain psychological interventions aimed at fostering a more rational use of time.

In Mary Barton and Felix Holt, Gaskell and Eliot distract readers from the violence within their novels in a number of ways: the early definition of character, the use of time to distance events, and the interruption of the narrative with long passages of time concentrating on a parallel domestic story. Their strategy is to defuse the fear of violence even as they present it. Showing violence as a result of suffering undermines the notion of the working-class man as an animalistic brute, an ‘other’ who is not quite human. Shown to be vulnerable to the pain of others, he becomes capable of suffering himself and worthy of sympathy. Accordingly, the structures of the novels are designed to suggest that violence is avoidable but through domestic change rather than political upheaval, by improving the workers' lives rather than by restructuring society.

Husbands and wives differ in their evaluations of marital quality, with “his” marriage typically proving better than “her” marriage. However, spouses’ perceptions of marital quality tend to be significantly correlated with one another. Prior research has addressed the existence and implications of gender differences in marital quality but has focused less on spouses’ similarities in their perceptions. In particular, prior studies have not examined the extent to which spouses’ assessments of marital quality may be reciprocally related. In short, do his and her marriages influence one another? This study analyzes longitudinal dyadic data from 209 older married couples who participated in the first two waves of the Disability and Use of Time supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (2009–2013). Two-wave lagged models tested emotional and social contagion theory by examining whether husbands’ and wives’ reports of marital quality at baseline predicted both spouses’ marital quality after four years. Results indicated that (a) husbands reported better marital quality than their wives in both 2009 and 2013; (b) for both husbands and wives, baseline marital quality was significantly related with one’s own and one’s partner’s marital quality four years later; and (c) there were no differences in effects according to gender. These findings offer support for the framework of his and her marriage as well as emotional and social contagion theory.

El uso del tiempo es determinante en la construcción de las trayectorias laborales; las mujeres encontrarán limitación al desarrollar su trayectoria laboral, dada la distribución del mismo entre no trabajo remunerado y trabajo remunerado. La carga de actividades reproductivas y domésticas provoca que las mujeres tengan menores posibilidades de desarrollarse en el ámbito laboral.

Time-lapse imaging (TLI) systems for embryo incubation, assessment and selection are a novel technology available to in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinics. However, there is uncertainty about their clinical and cost-effectiveness and insufficient good quality evidence to warrant their routine use. Despite this, enthusiastic commercial marketing and slipping clinical equipoise have led to the widespread hasty introduction of this technology into practice, often at a considerable expense to the patient. We have reviewed the published literature and aim to summarize the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of these systems. These specialized incubators provide undisturbed embryo culture conditions and, by almost continuous monitoring of embryo development, generate morphokinetic parameters to aid embryo selection. They are thus hypothesized to improve outcomes following IVF. Although literature reports improved reproductive outcomes, these outcomes are largely surrogate and there is a paucity of studies reporting live births. The use of time lapse systems may reduce early pregnancy loss, increase elective single embryo transfers and limit multiple pregnancies through better embryo selection. However, the quality of the studies and hence the evidence so far, is low to moderate quality. We recommend further research producing robust high-quality evidence for and against the use of these systems.

Son muchos los estudios que acreditan que mujeres y hombres gestionan el tiempo de manera desigual: el dedicado al trabajo remunerado o al doméstico, a las relaciones personales o al ocio. El objetivo es analizar el sector audiovisual andaluz poniendo el foco en el grupo directivo dedicado a la realización de obras de ficción. El método elegido es una combinación del grupo de discusión y la entrevista en profundidad. Los resultados indican que las directivas hacen un uso del tiempo similar al de sus compañeros en las actividades profesionales, pero no en lo doméstico. La gestión desigual no es inocua para las mujeres del sector. Plenty of scientific studies have demonstrated that there is inequality in the time management between women and men, whether it is about wage employment or domestic labor, personal relationships or leisure time and this article aims at deepening on those differences that end up influencing in such a direct way life itself. The objective is to analyze what occurs in the Andalusian audiovisual industry with a focus on a group of film directors dedicated to the realization of fictional work. The method chosen is the in-depth interview. The analysis of the results allows us to conclude that female directors make use of time similar to that of their peers in professional activities but not in the domestic. Unequal management is not innocuous for women in the fictional audiovisual sector.

Bullying and victimization pose a serious risk for youth optimal development due to numerous negative short- and longterm consequences. One of the models with a focus on adolescents that can serve as a theoretical framework in designing prevention and intervention programmes targeting bullying and victimization is Positive Youth Development Perspective. The Positive Youth Development perspective assumes that with the positive interplay between developmental assets (internal and external youth resources) and the 5Cs (competence, confidence, character, caring, connection) the probability of bullying and victimization lowers. In the present study, we have investigated the predictive power of developmental assets and the 5Cs for bullying (verbal and social bullying) and victimization (verbal and social victimization) on a sample of older adolescents and emerging adults (N = 434, 80.9% girls, Mage = 21.65). We used The Developmental Assets Profile (Benson, 2003), PYD questionnaire (Geldhof et al., 2014) and Adolescent Peer Relations Instrument: Bully/Target (APRI-BT Marsh et al., 2011). The findings show that gender, age, and Caring are significant predictors of Verbal bullying while age, Empowerment, and Caring are significant predictors of Social bullying. Furthermore, gender, age, Constructive use of time, Confidence and Connection are significant predictors of Verbal victimization and age, Empowerment, Constructive use of time, Confidence, and Connection are significant predictors of Social victimization. The implications for practice and future research are discussed, El acoso y la victimización suponen un grave riesgo para el desarrollo óptimo de los jóvenes debido a numerosas consecuencias negativas a corto y a largo plazo. Uno de los modelos con enfoque en la adolescencia que puede servir como marco teórico en el diseño de programas de prevención e intervención dirigidos al acoso y la victimización es la perspectiva de Desarrollo Positivo Juvenil (DPJ). La perspectiva del DPJ asume que con la interacción positiva entre los activos del desarrollo (recursos juveniles internos y externos) y las 5Cs (competencia, confianza, carácter, cuidado, y conexión), la probabilidad de acoso y victimización disminuye. En el presente estudio, se ha investigado el poder predictivo de los activos del desarrollo y las 5Cs para el acoso (tanto verbal como social) y la victimización (tanto verbal como social) en una muestra de adolescentes tardíos y adultos emergentes (N = 434, 80,9% niñas , M edad = 21,65). Se administró el The Developmental Assets Profile (Benson, 2003), el cuestionario de DPJ (Geldhof et al., 2014) y el Adolescent Peer Relations Instrument: Bully / Target (APRI-BT, Marsh et al., 2011). Los resultados indicaron que el género, la edad y el cuidado son predictores significativos del acoso verbal, mientras que la edad, el empoderamiento y el cuidado son predictores importantes del acoso social. Además, el género, la edad, el uso constructivo del tiempo, la confianza y la conexión son predictores significativos de la victimización verbal, y la edad, el empoderamiento, el uso constructivo del tiempo, la confianza y la conexión son predictores significativos de la victimización social. Se han discutido las implicaciones para la práctica y la investigación futura

The overwhelming volume and complexity of information in online applications make recommendation essential for users to find information of interest. However, two major limitations that coexist in real world applications (1) incomplete user profiles, and (2) the dynamic nature of user preferences continue to degrade recommender quality in aspects such as timeliness, accuracy, diversity and novelty. To address both the above limitations in a single solution, we propose a novel cross-network time aware recommender solution. The solution first learns historical user models in the target network by aggregating user preferences from multiple source networks. Second, user level time aware latent factors are learnt to develop current user models from the historical models and conduct timely recommendations. We illustrate our solution by using auxiliary information from the Twitter source network to improve recommendations for the YouTube target network. Experiments conducted using multiple time aware and cross-network baselines under different time granularities show that the proposed solution achieves superior performance in terms of accuracy, novelty and diversity.

Typically, prison sociologists have emphasised the temporal dimensions of imprisonment, while carceral geographers have focused on its spatial qualities. This chapter explores the ways in which long-term prisoners experienced both time and place over the course of their sentence. First, it highlights the profound challenges of managing and conceptualising time, expressed in particular by prisoners in the early sentence stage. These burdens related both to the overall sentence length, which was often longer than prisoners had been alive, and the everyday pains of living in a monotonous and overwhelming present. It describes the strategies that prisoners used to manage these pains, including forms of temporal denial, compression and suppression. The chapter goes on to describe the ways in which prisoners who had served more years in prison had found strategies for taming, transcending and making constructive use of time. A key contrast was between prisoners in the early sentence stage, who regarded prison as a ‘non-place’, and those at later sentence stages, for whom the prison had become ‘home’ and the outside world increasingly unreal. The chapter concludes by reflecting on the form of ‘contextual maturity’ that prisoners described, in which they felt themselves to have matured as individuals but recognised the many ways in which their social maturity had been inhibited.

Rationale and objectives We sought to incorporate a new teaching module into the traditional medical student radiology clerkship, to improve the necessary skills for future referring physicians. Materials and methods A new required and graded module was introduced in 2014 into the radiology clerkship in year three of medical school: the Mystery Case. Each student was provided a unique and undifferentiated case from a dedicated teaching file containing de-identified images and requisition data. Students were expected to complete three serial tasks over one week: 1) prepare a voice recognition-derived, structured radiological report utilizing appropriate and relevant vocabulary; 2) discuss pertinent additional clinical information; and 3) discuss appropriate follow-up imaging, in addition to information on how to best prepare patients for these potential patient exams (e.g., with or without contrast, bowel preparation, and length of study). Students were provided written examples and dedicated class instruction with interactive discussions covering specific cases and associated related cases through random pairing with radiology resident and attending mentors. At the close of the week, students gave brief oral presentations of their cases and submitted the tasks for a written evaluation. Upon completion of the clerkship, the students completed a Likert-type six-item survey to evaluate the perceived improvement in select skills. Results The survey was completed by 82% (54/66) of the enrolled students, with 85% finding the Mystery Case an effective use of time. Medical students perceived an improved awareness of the patient care process (77%), awareness of the medical imaging resources available (89%), ability to understand a radiology report (74%), and ability to advise patients (69%). Conclusion Introduction of the Mystery Case as a graded exercise in the medical school radiology clerkship was perceived by students as effective use of time, with an improvement in the skills essential for future referring physicians.

i-Point TTM and 3M Monitormark time-temperature indicators were evaluated for their use as quality monitors for market milk. i-Point indicators exhibiting a life span of 10 d at 4.4°C. 8 d at 6.8°C and 6.5 d at 10°C and 3M Monitormark having a response temperature of 5°C and a 14 d maximum exposure time were selected. Fresh HTST pasteurized commercial market milk was stored at 4.4,6.8 or 10°C. Time temperature indicators, activated at the time of storage of milk were followed daily at the three storage temperatures for color development in i-Point TTM and index number in 3M Monitormark. Milks were evaluated for bacterial numbers and acceptability at selected time intervals. Milks generally remained acceptable approximately 4 d after the end of the life span of i-Point indicators at 10°C and more than 10 d at 4.4 °C. 3M Monitormark exhibited insensitivity in the temperature range of 4-10°C. This integration of time as well as temperature makes it possible to replace the sell-by-date on market milk with i-Point TTM indicator to more effectively monitor quality.

T his study aimed to describe the implementation of school literacy movement program (SLM) to increase students’ reading motivation at elementary school in cluster 1 of Kecamatan Tanete Riattang Barat, Kabupaten Bone. This study also aimed to reveal supporting and inhibiting factors in implementing SLM as well as the strategies developed by schools to overcome the inhibiting factors. This qualitative descriptive study utilized observations, interviews, and documentation to collect the data. The instruments of this study were observation sheets and interview guidelines. The subjects of this study were 15 respondents consisting of the principal, teachers, and students of grade VI and III. The results showed that the school implemented SLM program through habituation, development, and classroom learning activities. This program included the provision of facilities and infrastructure (such as libraries, reading corners, reading gardens, wall magazines, posters and slogans). In addition, SLM program was implemented because of the support from the school committee, school extra-curricular activities, and the provision of school funding allocations. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factors were the students' lack of understanding about the implementation of SLM, the inbalanced capacity of library capacity to the number of students, the insufficient book collection, and the minimum time available for reading activities. Thus, strategies to overcome these factors were providing students with an understanding of the application of SLM, expanding the reading garden, updating the book collection in the library, and making the maximum use of time during must-read hours.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) were considered clinically vulnerable & asked to shield. A national scheme supported purchase of spirometers enabling pwCF to do home spirometry to support virtual clinics. PwCFattending the York Hull adult CF centre (YHACFC) were provided with NuvoAir spirometers. Objectives: To evaluate how the change from clinic to home spirometry impacted on the experiences of pwCF & clinicians, focusing on anxiety levels & use of time. Methods: Online questionnaires were sent to pwCF & clinicians at YHACFC. Mock scenarios established potential differences in time taken for home spirometry (HS) & clinic spirometry (CS). Results: 28/70 pwCF & 8/15 clinicians responded. PwCF & clinicians were confident that pwCF could use HS. Frequently used words for both groups were “quick,” “convenient” & “easy” when describing HS. When describing CS, “expertise” & “helpful” featured for pwCF and “time”, “stressful” & “accurate” for clinicians. PwCF reported the main benefit of CS was regular contact with clinicians. 62.5% of clinicians agreed that the change to HS gave better time efficiency & 87.5% agreed clinic flow was more efficient with HS. Timed scenarios indicated 7½ minutes per test saved with HS. Most clinicians believed pwCF are anxious with spirometry, 50% linking anxiety to the clinic setting. Most pwCF reported never being anxious about HS or CS. Only 4% reported anxiety with CS;however, when describing CS, the words “anxious” & “worry” were used frequently. The preference for 82% of pwCF for future care was access to a combination of spirometry in the home & clinic. Conclusion: • Home spirometry saved time for pwCF & clinicians. • Virtual technology has an important & developing role in the care of pwCF but relationships remain valued. • Style of questioning affects response from pwCF about spirometry anxiety. • Disparity between pwCF reported anxiety & clinicians’ perceptions of anxiety needs further investigation.

Los abordajes para conceptualizar la categoría de género hacen referencia a las construcciones sociales y culturales de los procesos de diferenciación, dominación y subordinación entre hombres y mujeres, poniendo el énfasis en la noción de multiplicidad de identidades. Lo femenino y lo masculino se conforman a partir de una relación mutua, cultural e histórica. No se refiere al sexo de los individuos, sino a las conductas consideradas femeninas o masculinas. En el área de los estudios de familia, la perspectiva de género cuestionó la idea de que el mundo doméstico es algo exclusivo de las mujeres. El artículo cuantifica el tiempo del trabajo no remunerado intra-hogar ejercido por las mujeres y lo compara con el destinado al trabajo remunerado y al resto de actividades que desarrollan en un día. La información empírica proviene de los resultados de la Encuesta sobre Uso del Tiempo en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires 2016. Las evidencias son contundentes y confirman la desigualdad en el tiempo dedicado por los varones y mujeres en el trabajo no remunerado, y la intensidad del uso del tiempo de ellas., The approaches to conceptualize the gender category refer to the social and cultural constructions of the processes of differentiation, domination and subordination between men and women, emphasizing the notion of multiplicity of identities. The feminine and the masculine are formed from a mutual, cultural and historical relationship. It does not refer to the sex of the individuals, but to the behaviors considered feminine or masculine. In the area of family studies, the gender perspective questioned the idea that the domestic world is something exclusive to women. The article quantifies the time of unpaid intra-household work carried out by women and compares it with that destined to paid work and other activities that take place in one day. The empirical information comes from the results of the Survey on the Use of Time in the City of Buenos Aires 2016. The evidence is overwhelming and confirms the inequality in the time spent by men and women in unpaid work and the intensity of their use of time., Dossier: Mundos del trabajo y relaciones de género, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

The publication of scholarly work and research findings is an important expectation for nursing faculty; however, academic writing is often neglected, leaving dissemination through manuscript writing an area of concern for the nursing profession. Writing initiatives have been utilized to promote scholarly dissemination in schools of nursing, but those described in the literature have been primarily non-United States based and student focused. This article describes a faculty-based manuscript writing workshop, assesses participants' impressions, and describes its impact on scholarly output. The workshop is a collaborative learning process utilizing peer review to improve manuscript quality and model behaviors for improving writing and peer-reviewing skills. Seventeen workshop participants including three predoctoral students, 6 postdoctoral fellows, and 8 faculty members completed an anonymous workshop survey (81% response rate). All but 1 of 17 manuscripts reviewed in the workshop are published, accepted, or in the review process. All participants indicated that the workshop was a valuable use of time and would recommend it to colleagues. The greatest reported workshop benefit was its function as an impetus to complete and submit manuscripts. We recommend the manuscript writing workshop model for other schools of nursing seeking ways to expand their scholarly output and create accountability for dissemination through manuscript writing.

Background: the aim of this study was to explore the associations between use of time and momentary hedonic affect (‘enjoyment’) in adults in the peri-retirement period. Methods: a total of 124 adults [61 males, 63 females; age 62 (4) years] completed a computerised use-of-time recall on 4 days at each of four time points (3–6 months pre-, 3, 6 and 12 months post-retirement), as well as surveys regarding self-reported health, well-being, sleep quality and loneliness. They reported how much they enjoyed each activity on a 0–10 scale. An individual Enjoyment Index was calculated as the time-weighted average of each participant's enjoyment ratings. Time-weighted enjoyment ratings were also calculated for nine mutually exclusive and exhaustive activity domains (Sleep, Chores, Work, Social, Screen Time, Self-care, Quiet Time, Transport, Physical Activity) and sub-domains. Results: the mean (±SD) Enjoyment Index was 7.43 ± 0.61, and was significantly and positively associated with well-being (P = 0.003 to P < 0.0001) and sleep quality (P = 0.03 to P < 0.0001), and negatively associated with loneliness (P = 0.003 to P < 0.0001). Mean Enjoyment Index values increased significantly (P < 0.0001) from pre-retirement (7.19 ± 0.82) to post-retirement (7.46 ± 0.89, 7.42 ± 0.91 and 7.49 ± 0.89 at 3, 6 and 12 months post-retirement). There were significant differences in enjoyment across domains, with Physical Activity (7.86 ± 1.11) and Social (7.66 ± 0.85) being the most enjoyable, and Work (7.10 ± 0.89) and Chores (7.09 ± 0.85) the least enjoyable. Conclusion: enjoyment of everyday activities increased after retirement and remained elevated for at least 12 months. Work appears to constitute a relative hedonic deficit Refereed/Peer-reviewed

A partir de los resultados de la Encuesta de Empleo del Tiempo, operación estadística desarrollada por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística durante 2002 y 2003, se ofrece una panorámica del empleo social medio que hace la sociedad de Castilla-La Mancha del tiempo. Además de a las categorías que sirven para agrupar el complejo tejido de actividades que los sujetos realizan a lo largo de una jornada, se ha dado especial relevancia a las siguientes: evolución del tiempo dedicado a las distintas actividades a lo largo de la semana, tamaño de localidad y, por último y con la intención de abordar también aspectos cualitativos de la vivencia del tiempo, el sentimiento de agobio.

El presente artículo reflexiona acerca de histórica falta de problematización del lugar de las identidades masculinas en el diseño y en la práctica de las políticas públicas, fundamentalmente en lo que respecta a las políticas de conciliación entre las responsabilidades familiares con las laborales en Argentina. Se destaca la importancia de incorporar las representaciones sociales de las masculinidades en el diseño de las políticas públicas para contribuir al desarrollo de la autonomía y de las capacidades del conjunto de las identidades sexuales, sin distinción. Una cuestión relevante es el tema del uso del tiempo como factor de desigualdad y de injusticia entre los géneros. Finalmente, se proponen posibles líneas de acción que promuevan mayores niveles de justicia.

Background and objective Selective electrical stimulation of target brain locations (stimulation focality) is a difficult problem because it comprises conflicting goals. The stimulating current density field needs to be strong enough to stimulate targeted locations but weak enough not to stimulate near-by non-targeted locations. The objective of this study is to suggest a methodology for improving electrical stimulation focality based on time-division multiplexing principle. Proposed methodology The complex problem of exciting a group of target locations is decomposed into a series of simpler problems in which a single location is targeted. Time-division multiplexing between the solutions of the simpler problems achieves seemingly parallel excitation of the selected target locations with minimal excitation of non-targeted locations. Results A high fidelity finite element-based simulation of a cortical vision prosthesis is used to demonstrate the proposed idea and highlight important facts about neurons dynamics that must be taken into consideration in order to design a successful time-division multiplexing based stimulation scheme. Conclusion The study offers a clear detailed procedure for designing focal electrical stimulation setups based on time division multiplexing principle. The included results and experiments prove that the proposed strategy is a step forward towards more focal stimulation setups.

The aim of this study is to describe the game addiction behavior and its effect on mental health of teenagers. This study used qualitative method. The data collection was carried out in three ways: interview, observation, and documentation. The data were analyzed by using Miles and Huberman’s theories. In order to maintain the validity, the researcher did triangulation techniques. The results of the study showed that online game addiction had an effect on several domains, namely a sense of dependency that was marked by disability to withdraw from the desire to play games. Accordingly, the gamers frequently declared that their life without online gaming was empty. They were intolerance to the use of time, as they said that the time needed to play online games was uncertain, and their disability to control their emotions due to defeat during the games.

Producción Científica, No existen muchos ejemplos en el panorama arquitectónico de museos realizados para albergar la obra plástica de un solo artista. Menos aún cuando el artista colabora de manera activa en la concepción arquitectónica del espacio que debe acoger su legado. Esta investigación establece una lectura relacional para comprender las conexiones entre el modo en el que Jorge Oteiza (1908-2003) propone deben ser expuestas sus esculturas, ejemplificado en el montaje expositivo planteado para su participación en la IV Bienal de Arte Moderna de São Paulo en 1957, y el proyecto para su Fundación y Museo en Alzuza, Navarra, obra de su gran amigo Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oíza (1918-2000). En ambos casos la utilización del tiempo como instrumento de control de la percepción será esencial para conseguir una mayor coherencia entre el espacio museístico y la obra mostrada., There are not many examples in the architectural panorama of museums built to house the visual artwork of a single artist. Even less when the artist actively collaborates in the architectural conception of the space that should receive his legacy. This research establishes a relational reading to understand the connections between the way in which Jorge Oteiza (1908-2003) proposes that his sculptures should be exhibited, exemplified in the exhibition montage suggested for his participation in the IV São Paulo Modern Art Biennial in 1957, and the project for the Foundation and Museum in Alzuza, Navarra, the work of his good friend Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oíza (1918-2000). In both cases, the use of time as an instrument for controlling perception will be essential to achieve greater coherence between the museum space and the displayed work., Este trabajo forma parte del proyecto de investigación del Programa Estatal de proyectos I+D de generación de conocimiento (2017-2020) del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación: Análisis planimétrico, espacial y fotográfico de instalaciones audiovisuales pioneras en la Península Ibérica desde 1975 (ref. PGC2018-095359-B-I00)

In this chapter we conceptualize medical decisions in three steps: diagnosis, option assessment and shared decision making, with specific attention to how these steps apply to decisions in neuropalliative care. Diagnosis is a step that involves gathering information surrounding the problem. A physician must diagnose the medical problem, the problem from the patient’s perspective and the patient’s preferences and values. An assessment of patient capacity and skilled communication are intrinsic to the process. Option assessment is a step where the potential solutions are weighed against each other. This includes assessing benefits and risks of each option including a consideration of costs; understanding and managing uncertainty including the use of time limited trials and default options; and considering the biases associated with option assessment and ways to debias. Finally, shared decision making is a step that involves engaging with patients or surrogates to arrive at a medical decision. This involves incorporating patient values. The objective of a medical decision is to promote patient well-being.

Los casos de niños homicidas son escasos, pero tienen gran impacto social y legislativo, llevando al estudio de factores de riesgo y protectores de la actividad delictiva temprana. Dado el único registro en Chile de un homicidio por parte de un niño, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los factores de riesgo individuales y contextuales asociados a dicha conducta homicida de un niño menor de 10 años hacia un par. Se utilizó un diseño de caso único con diagnóstico multidisciplinar, con evaluaciones clínica individual y familiar, neuropsicológica y psiquiátrica. Los principales hallazgos son escasa flexibilidad cognitiva del niño y retroalimentación emocional en sus relaciones familiares, que se asociarían a los factores de riesgo: pautas educativas familiares, características de personalidad y uso del tiempo (jugar videojuegos violentos) y podrían explicar la conducta homicida, donde al niño le sería difícil detener la conducta violenta una vez iniciada, en un contexto demandante emocionalmente.

> “ All the real work is done in the rehearsal period .” > > The late British actor, Donald Pleasence The key to successful and effective execution of simulation cases is rehearsal. This is the distinct area where those programmes and faculty who regularly make running complex high-fidelity simulations look effortless distinguish themselves. This flawless execution is not the manifestation of expensive simulators, large fully equipped simulation labs or a huge cadre of simulation support staff. Rather, it is the ability of the simulation team to come together before the execution of the simulation scenario to ensure a unified vision, in both the creative and technical aspects of the case (see figure 1). This requires the development of an atmosphere of creativity, openness to new ideas to improve the case and the strong desire to execute outstanding simulations. This is also the area that is frequently overlooked by many as an unnecessary use of time and only essential for elaborate or special simulation cases. Figure 1 Creative and technical aspects typically reviewed during simulation scenario rehearsal. ESP, embedded simulation participant. Outstanding simulations require more than well-written cases. While the case serves as the script for the confederates and the technicians, it does not ensure effective execution of a case. The rehearsal, however, is not just about practising lines, it provides a forum for the confederates to develop a complementary relationship with one another to bring the scenario to life, increasing the fidelity for the learner. It allows a period of discovery and experimentation where the confederates can see what works and what does not. It provides an opportunity for the technician or faculty member, who will potentially serve as the voice of the patient (if using a simulator), to interact with the confederates in a way that fulfils the vision of the simulation director. Despite the importance of this concept, and …

This paper reports the results of a preliminary investigation whose primary objective was to explore the effects of using the technological strategies WebQuest and MiniQuest on the reading comprehension in students of English as a foreign language at the Technical University of Ambato. WebQuest and MiniQuest exposes students to a number of online resources for creating a final learning outcome through the development of critical thinking and autonomous work (Dodge, 1995). This is a quasi-experimental study since pre-established groups were chosen; one worked with WebQuest and the other one with MiniQuest. The WebQuest group (GWQ) and the MiniQuest group (GMQ) worked with these methodologies simultaneously. The students’ reading comprehension performance was measured by applying a post-test to determine significant differences between the use of WebQuest and MiniQuest. There were not significant differences between GWQ and GMQ in their reading comprehension performance. However, these strategies contributed to improve the students’ reading performance in relation to pre-test scores. The results of this quasi-experimental investigation indicate that the use of WebQuest and MiniQuest has similar effects on the reading comprehension. For this reason, when choosing any of these technological strategies time is should be considered. MiniQuest is characterized by requiring less time; therefore, it maximizes use of time and creates the same desired effect with students. This preliminary investigation would suggest the use of MiniQuest, instead of WebQuest, and it is recommended to extend the sample and the study time to obtain more definitive conclusions.

University students’ use of time is one of the most relevant inputs to their education process. The aim of this work is therefore to explore the effect that the time spent on different academic and non-academic activities (collected using a diary) has on student performance, in order to determine which of these activities improve students’ marks. Moreover, we investigate the role of quality variables such as study skills. Using a sample of undergraduate business students, we find that academic activities such as doing assignments in teams, attending university lectures and self study have significant positive effects on students’ marks. It is thus concluded that to improve academic performance it is not only the quantity of time that matters but also quality aspects like the ability to schedule.

The essay brings forward the findings of a study on the daily territorial mobility of elderly people in Italy. It put forward a sociological approach to the issue, considering the mobility of elderly people as the subjective and objective inclination to be mobile via any method with the aim of reaching the places where social activities take place. Reference to the inclination is justified by the interest in seeing mobility as a property of subjects rather than a characteristic of places. The mobility of elderly people is analysed paying attention to the relationship between mobility, accessibility and risks of social exclusion. The argument is covered by a large number of authors that share the assumption that the relationship between mobility and accessibility is complex and not unidirectional and that, in a society constructed around the assumption of high mobility, the insufficient or inadequate mobility of weaker subjects may compromise access to goods, services and social networks, compromise participation and as a consequence, cause their social exclusion. Composed of four paragraphs - dynamic, composition, modal choice of daily mobility and social exclusion risks of elderly people - the study has been carried out on the data of the latest survey Istat on the use of time (2008-2009) and Isfort on the daily mobility demand in Italy.

While recent state and federal education policies convey a sense of urgency in regard to the need for education reforms, there are teachers for whom this sense of urgency has long been woven into the fabric of their practice. Fortified by their high expectations for their students, these teachers utilize strategies that convey the message that the work is worthwhile and important; it is“work that matters.” Among the factors that foster a sense of urgency in the classroom are the skillful use of time and purposeful planning; they promote motivation, engagement, and student accountability.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a piece of research concerning the time management of Cypriot primary school principals. Time management refers to the interrelation of five independent variables: the various tasks principals perform, their frequency, the degree of accomplishment of those tasks, the use of time management techniques and time management style (from monochronic to polychronic). Design/methodology/approach – Quantitative methods were used (questionnaire) together with qualitative methods (observation, interviews, collection of artifacts), in order to obtain richer, deeper data and view multiple angles of the same phenomenon. Findings – The results of cluster analysis indicated three different time management profiles/types of principals: The Centralized Monochrons, the Procrastinative Managers and the Decentralized Polychrons. One basic conclusion is that the principals who adopt the practices of the Decentralized Polychrons manage better their time. Practical implications – The three time management profiles of principals are described, analysed, and discussed in order to reach conclusions about the selection, training, and placement of school principals. Through the description of the everyday practice of Cypriot principals useful information concerning school leadership and management are also provided. Finally, the conclusions of this research may prove useful for principals, because they are provided with the opportunity to rethink and evaluate their own time management and effectiveness of their daily practices. Originality/value – The creation and description of the three time management profiles is the main contribution of this piece of research, since there are not any time management types-profiles registered in the bibliography, which were produced with the use of scientific instruments and procedures.

Massively multiplayer online role-playing games are graphical virtual environments in which gamers interact with each other through avatars many hours a day on a daily basis. The most widely accept...