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Las heterotopías urbanas son lugares que interrumpen la aparente continuidad y normalidad de la ciudad. Por ejemplo, son las villas miseria y favelas sudamericanas, pero también los glamorosos distritos de elite, como el emblemático Canary Wharf en Londres. ¿Cómo se incorporan estos espacios singulares a la espacialidad supuestamente unitaria y equilibrada del Estado? A partir de la comparación de los planes parciales implementados para desarrollar simultáneamente dos “villas” de Buenos Aires en un mismo territorio –la Comuna 8–, en este artículo se indaga en los entramados de proyectos y estrategias para mostrar las modalidades e innovaciones en la producción del espacio estatal porteño. A partir de un enfoque cualitativo, apoyado en dos dimensiones básicas del planeamiento urbano, se evidencian algunas relaciones dialécticas entre diferentes escalas, ciclos de inversión y regulación que suelen ser soslayadas no solo por las investigaciones acotadas a los “enclaves”, sino también por los efectos discursivos de las políticas urbanas pretendidamente “integrales”

Heinrich Hertz dedicated the last four years of his life to a systematic reformulation of mechanics. One of the main issues that troubled Hertz in the customary formulation of mechanics was a ‘logical obscurity’ in the notion of force. However, it is unclear what this logical obscurity was, hence it is unclear how Hertz took himself to have avoided it. In this paper, I argue that a subtle ambiguity in Newton's original laws of motion lay at the basis of Hertz's concerns; an ambiguity which led to the development of two slightly different notions of force. I then show how Hertz avoided this ambiguity by deriving a unitary notion of force, thus dispelling the obscurity that lurked in the customary representation of mechanics.

This book is part of Yudi Latif's anxiety as a child of the nation to respond to the problems of the nation and state today. In addition to presenting a description of the Pancasila philosophy as the focus, this book also aims to formulate state problems through studying the fundamental and essential perspective of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, namely Pancasila. In this book, it is as if Yudi wants a precise formulation for the decline of the nation's character because for him this decline has become cancer, not the flu anymore. Therefore, through Pancasila as an idea and a practice, Yudi wants to find and at the same time seek answers to why the problems of Indonesia as a country and a nation are still recurring. Yudi wants this nation to have a new political vision, a vision that is a solution to the crisis of morality and ethos that has hit the nation. For Yudi, Pancasila is a "dead monument", but has a dynamic and representative meaning following the changing times.

The executive branch is often conceptualised as a hierarchy in which one official has ultimate authority to carry out the law. In American public law, this is referred to as the ‘unitary’ theory of...

The basis and objectives of the state are contained in the Constitution as stated in the Preambule of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia To make it happen, it is necessary, among others, to support an integrated budgeting system through fiscal policy, so it can be formulated, First, how to realize the correlation of budget principles to the planning system which includes programs and activities of local governments. Second, why is regional financial management a subsystem of the state financial system, and the main elements of local government administration. This study is a qualitative research method through a normative juridical approach and empirical analysis. Research result; First, the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget is an integrated budgeting principle that is integrated with the regional government planning system; Second, the success of local government administration is largely determined by an integrated system in the management of regional finances as a subsystem of state finance in the form of a unitary state.

The work examines the possibility for the legal entity to apply to the European Court of Human Rights for the pro-tection of violated rights, guaranteed by the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and its Protocols. It has been determined whether an application to the European Court of Human Rights to protect one’s rights is a constitutional right of everyone. The terms «legal entity» and «person», «non-governmental organization», «group of persons» used in the text of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and its Protocols were correlated. It has been determined whether the term «legal entity» is interpreted autonomously by the European Court of Human Rights. It is indicated whether all businesses have the right to apply to the European Court of Human Rights under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Particular attention is paid to the status of persons-entrepreneurs and state-owned unitary enterprises in the relations arising while applying to the European Court of Human Rights to protect their rights guaranteed by the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The range of rights granted to legal entities and enshrined in the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and its Protocols is defined.The possibility of an entity to apply to the European Court of Human Rights is not obvious, but it is realistic. By providing specific arguments it is possible to prove this possibility. The case law of the European Court of HumanRights is also proving this, ruling on complaints from businesses.At the same time, the legal entity does not have the full range of rights guaranteed by the Convention for theProtection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and its Protocols, due to the peculiarity of its status. Thisnecessitates the definition of such rights.

Institutions—defined as strategies, norms and rules (Ostrom Understanding institutional diversity, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2005)—are omnipresent in third sector contexts. In this paper, we present the Institutional Grammar (IG) as a theoretically informed approach to support institutional analysis in third sector research. More specifically, the IG coding syntax allows the researcher to systematically wade through rich text and (transcribed) spoken language to identify and dissect institutional statements into finer syntactical segments of interest to the researcher. It is a versatile method that can generate data for small- or large-N research projects and can be integrated with mixed-method research designs. After first introducing and describing the IG, we present a case study to illustrate how a IG-based syntactic analysis can be leveraged to inform third sector research. In the case, we ask: Do the rules embedded in regulatory text addressing the involuntary dissolution of charity organizations differ between bifurcated and unitary jurisdictions in the United States? Using IG’s ABDICO 2.0 syntax, we identify eleven “Activation Condition” (AC) categories that trigger action and assess variation among the 46 jurisdictions. We ultimately conclude that the rules do not differ between bifurcated and unitary jurisdictions, but that finding is not the primary concern. The case demonstrates IG as an important methodological advance that yields granular, structured analyses of rules, norms and strategies in third sector settings that may be difficult to identify with other methods. We then emphasize four areas of third sector research that could benefit from the addition of IG-based methods: analysis of (1) rule compliance, (2) inter-organizational collaboration, (3) comparative study of institutional design, and (4) the study of institutional change. We close the paper with some reflections on where IG-based analysis is headed.

In 1977, when the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) coalition took part in the first democratic elections for Spain’s recently restored parliamentary Monarchy, the party ran candidates only in three of the four Basque-Navarre provinces. Even so, it managed – within this limited territorial scope – the third electoral force, just after the Socialist Party of Euskadi-PSOE, and the Basque Nationalist Party PNV. UCD came with a favourable approach to devolution of political powers in the territory, although it did not define its geographical framework: on the province or on the region. Despite this, the UCD’s proposal was respectful of the Fueros (ancient Charters), clearly connected to their medieval roots. As a result, this model made it possible to devolve the provincial autonomous route in Navarre, in accordance with the wishes of the UCD party. At the same time, the regional route in the Basque provinces proposed by the UCD in Vizcaya was approved. But, in this last case, the model was adapted to the demand of the UCD achieved in Alava: a unitary entity where the three provinces have an equal power.

“Cuando confluimos, influimos”, fue una frase pronunciada por una veterana feminista. A partir de ella, este artículo explora la idea de unidad manejada en el activismo feminista testándola mediante una de las cuestiones que más controversia suscitan dentro de los movimientos sociales: la incidencia política sobre las instituciones. La aproximación a estas cuestiones se realiza mediante el estudio de la Marcha estatal contra las violencias machistas, que tuvo lugar el 7 de noviembre de 2015 —más conocida como 7N— considerada un hito del feminismo reciente. Esta manifestación unitaria y masiva, que interpelaba directamente al Estado y a sus instituciones, la convierten en un campo de investigación privilegiado para profundizar sobre la cuestión planteada. "When we converge, we influence", was a phrase uttered by a veteran feminist. From there, this article explores the idea of unity in feminist activism, testing it through one of the most controversial issues within social movements: political advocacy on institutions. The approach to these issues is conducted on the study of The State March Against Machist Violence, better known as 7N, considered a milestone in recent feminism. This unitary and massive demonstration, which directly challenged the State and its institutions, makes it a privileged field of research to delve into the question posed.

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza zmian legislacyjnych dotyczących problematyki opłaty stosunkowej w kontekście dobrowolności spełnienia świadczenia przez dłużnika w trakcie trwającego już postępowania egzekucyjnego. Analiza została przeprowadzona na podstawie wybranych aspektów ekonomicznych. Akcent w pracy położony został zarówno na kontekst rozwojowy danej instytucji, jak i na wybraną przez autora metodę jej analizy — ekonomiczną analizę prawa. Posługując się pewnymi założeniami ekonomicznymi (racjonalność wyboru, minimalizacja kosztów, założenie ceteris paribus), dokonano próby oceny instytucji prawnej pod kątem jej efektywności ekonomicznej w ogólności oraz w ujęciu jednostkowym. Analiza regulacji prawnej związana z naliczaniem opłaty stosunkowej w dobrowolnym spełnieniu świadczenia przez dłużnika umożliwia wskazanie różnego rodzaju alternatyw decyzyjnych przysługujących osobie dłużnika i wybranie wariantu, który powinien spełniać następujące kryteria: maksymalizować zysk oraz minimalizować straty podmiotu zainteresowanego.

The determination of the status of the Covid-19 Pandemic by the World Health Organization based on the number of spread of the virus has increased significantly and sustainably globally, this has been responded by the Government of Indonesia by setting the status of the Covid-19 outbreak as a National Disaster on March 14 as stated in the Decree President Number 12 of 2020 concerning the Designation of Non-Natural Disaster for the Spread of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a National Disaster. The principle of the unitary state emphasizes the highest power over all state affairs, namely the central government without a delegation or delegation of power to the regional government (local government). Based on the results of the research that has been done, it can be concluded that, considering that there are still problems with coordination, communication and synergy that were felt at the beginning of this pandemic, it is considered to be still lacking. The government should have responded quickly to the pandemic which in turn affected the entire handling process. However, it has been seen that the government is increasingly focused and realizes that coordination is important, one of which is reflected in the existence of a task force and a study of the status of various regions in Indonesia. This is done for the common interest of handling the Covid-19 health emergency.

Emotional labor (EL) involves regulating, managing, and sensing others’ emotions to achieve organizational goals. However, it is often considered a unitary variable, without examining the specific types of emotional labor (i.e., deep acting and surface acting). Thus, the purpose of this research is to extend the under-researched work on surface-acting and deep-acting strategies of EL on job involvement in the public sector by examining the mediating effects of personality–job fit. This research employs the 2016 Merit System Principles survey data to explore the relationship between the variables. Results show that personality–job fit has a positive mediating effect on deep-acting EL and job involvement and a negative mediating effect on surface acting and job involvement. Findings may help administrators understand and prevent the potential results of employees’ EL behavior and the importance of personality–job fit in organizational outcomes.

Why did Bernhard Riemann (1826-1866), arguably the most original mathematician of his generation, spend the last year of life investigating the mechanism of hearing? Fighting tuberculosis and the hostility of eminent scientists such as Hermann Helmholtz, he appeared to forsake mathematics to prosecute a case close to his heart. Only sketchy pages from his last paper remain, but here we assemble some significant clues and triangulate from them to build a broad picture of what he might have been driving at. Our interpretation is that Riemann was a committed idealist and from this philosophical standpoint saw that the scientific enterprise was lame without the "poetry of hypothesis". He believed that human thought was fundamentally the dynamics of "mind-masses" and that the human mind interpenetrated, and became part of, the microscopic physical domain of the cochlea. Therefore, a full description of hearing must necessarily include the perceptual dimensions of what he saw as a single manifold. The manifold contains all the psychophysical aspects of hearing, including the logarithmic transformations that arise from Fechner's law, faithfully preserving all the subtle perceptual qualities of sound. For Riemann, hearing was a unitary physical and mental event, and parallels with modern ideas about consciousness and quantum biology are made. A unifying quantum mechanical model for an atom of consciousness-drawing on Riemann's mind-masses and the similar "psychons" proposed by Eccles-is put forward., Foundations of Science, 27 (3)

Aim. The article aims to investigate the essential and content characteristics of unitarism as a phenomenon of contemporary constitutional law. The synergistic connection between the doctrine of modern unitarism, the principles of unitarity of the state territory and the fundamental institutions of political-legal and state-administrative life of modern unitary states is shown. It proves that the unitary system is not only one of the important components of the process of accomplishing the tasks, goals and functions of most modern states, but also an immanent feature and strategic element of the mechanism of exercising their sovereign rights. Methods. The methodological basis encompasses philosophico-ideological, general scientific principles and approaches and special scientific methods of inquiry for constitutional and legal phenomena and processes. The philosophico-ideological basis of the study is the position of dialectics, on the basis of which the causes and factors of the evolution of unitarism are thoroughly investigated. In general, the research was conducted on the basis of a combination of ontological, epistemological and axiological analysis of contemporary unitarism. Results. The complexity, importance and relatively widespread use of unitarity as a form of government is causing a lively and ever-growing scientific interest in it throughout the world. The unique capability of unitarism to take into account the specific features of a particular condition allows it to manifest itself in each case in a new way. That is why it is important to analyze the mutual influence of unitary theory and practice, to explore and take into account the peculiarities of national unitarism. The problem of unitarism and the unitary form of the territorial structure of the state and the status of its constituents is one of the least studied in domestic constitutional law. Modern scholars studying constitutional law, as a rule, are limited to consideration of individual issues of the territory, in particular, the features of the territorial organization of state power and local self-government, problems of state sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability, etc. To a large extent, the problem has not been studied exhaustively in contemporary Ukraine which causes difficulties in understanding such interrelated but not identical phenomena as unitarism and unitarity, regionalism and regionalization, municipalism and municipalization, decentralization and deconcentration, etc. It should be noted that in modern literature related to problems of state territory, territorial organization of state power, and other issues of the status of territory, the complex, multidimensional nature of unitarism, as a constitutional category, is not always taken into account. Conclusions. Unitarism is proved to be a multidimensional socio-political and constitutional phenomenon: it is an idea, a theory, a scientific direction as well as a global social constitutional practice and a constitutional form of the existence and functioning of territorial communities, it is the historical condition of national statehood and Ukrainian regional civilization and the form of realization of the national identity and civic consciousness, etc.

The People’s Republic of China is, according to its Constitution, “a unitary multi-national state” based on the socialist system. The Constitution also allows the state to establish “special administrative regions” in light of “specific conditions.” This provision backs the principle of “One Country, Two Systems” that China applies to achieve territorial reunification, through allowing the relevant territories to continue with their capitalist system and way of life. This principle was operationalised in the cases of Hong Kong and Macau, resulting in the establishment of two Special Administrative Regions, each of which governed by a “Basic Law” prescribing the systems of the relevant region, when China resumed the exercise of sovereignty over them on 1 July 1997 and 20 December 1999 respectively. This article considers the two decades of constitutional and legal interactions between the Chinese “Central Authorities” and these sub-national Special Administrative Regions, so as to highlight the socialist mechanisms of central control that have been applied constitutionally, politically, economically and socially in Hong Kong and Macau to ensure that “One Country, Two Systems” with not be “distorted,” that national sovereignty, security and development interests are safeguarded, and that these regions will play a positive role in national economic development. It is clear from this study that the implementation of “One Country, Two Systems” in the two regions has been “developmental,” with the law serving the interests of the “Centre” under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.

This article aims to find out the national da'wah carried out by A.R. Baswedan. This research uses a character study approach with a literature study method. The results showed that the national da'wah carried out by A.R. Baswedan broadly fits the indicators of the national mission. The indicators of national preaching carried out by A.R. Baswedan can be seen from the aspects used in da'wah, namely; based on Pancasila, UUD 1945, Bhineka Tunggal Ika, and adherence to the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. In addition, da'wah also accommodates differences in background, gender, ethnicity and class. This paper suggests the need for inclusive preaching carried out massively by preachers throughout the archipelago, so that the cultivation of a strong ideology, especially related to the preaching of rahmatan lil 'alaimin and soothing the Indonesian nation and not clashing with political interests.

Brexit has foregrounded radical divergences between the accounts of the United Kingdom’s (UK) constitutional order advanced by the UK Government and the devolved governments, with the distinctions coming into sharp relief in debates over legislation to sustain the UK’s internal market. This article examines the limits to the roots of the UK Government’s insistence that the UK is a unitary state, and not a union-state, in the textbook tradition of constitutional scholarship. Writers from A.V. Dicey to S.A. de Smith asserted that the UK was a unitary state largely as an adjunct to their accounts of parliamentary sovereignty. We also examine how the received orthodoxy of unitary accounts of the UK’s constitution came under increasing pressure after the advent of devolution, but that the UK’s membership of the European Union (EU), and the operation of the principle of subsidiarity within European law, forestalled a considerable amount of constitutional contestation. The need to replace European law as a foundation of the UK internal market, and the UK Government’s attempts to exert control over this transition, has produced a sustained debate about what the union means after Brexit.

While the creation and still outstanding implementation of the Unified Patent Jurisdiction system continue to cause contentious debates among academics and practitioners, the system introduced in the early 1990s for adjudication of conflicts concerning unitary trade marks (and, later on, unitary design rights) had the charm of simplicity. Building on the national court systems instead of providing for a genuine EU judiciary, the scheme could easily be fitted into existing structures. On the other hand, the imperfect, limping character of the system creates issues inter alia concerning international jurisdiction and applicable law. Furthermore, attributing jurisdiction in infringement litigation to separate national court hierarchies may jeopardize the coherence of the system. While the prospects for reform may be dim insofar as the system in its entirety is concerned, the detrimental effects of fragmentation could be overcome at least to some extent by creating a unitary catalogue of sanctions.

Let be a commutative ring with an identity and be a unitary -module. We say that a non-zero submodule of is primary if for each with en either or and an -module is a small primary if = for each proper submodule small in. We provided and demonstrated some of the characterizations and features of these types of submodules (modules).

Our study will provide a broad definition of parliamentary speech, and on this ground, we will assess, whether there are unitary European standards of parliamentary free speech. For this purpose, we will distinguish external and internal aspects of parliamentary publicity, and we will analyse, which are the proper basis to restrict these crucial values. The parliamentary law and practice of a great number of European countries will be taken into account, and also the case law of the European Court of Human Rights will be highlighted. As the outcome of the analysis, certain proposals will be put forward to promote parliamentary publicity with the help of the instruments of modern technology.

Recently the European Commission has launched two road maps affecting geographical indications (GIs) regulations from two different perspectives: one regarding a revision of agricultural products, wine and spirits regulations and another regarding intellectual property. In this second plan, special attention will be paid to upgrading the system for IP protection, by exploring ways to strengthen the protection system for GIs of agricultural products and considering the introduction of an EU protection system for non-agricultural GIs. This article aims to explore the principal challenges of reforming GI legal regime, and the opportunity to establish core common principles for those rights by considering the unitary legal nature of GIs as an intellectual property right, while analysing and preserving differences within each sector. The article shows the value of analysing GIs as an intellectual property right in a coordinated way, as an essential element of the EU Action Plan addressed to upgrade the EU IP system to facilitate digital and green transition. The study analyses EU GIs case law, in comparison with other jurisdictions such as Spain. This article has been developed in the framework of the research project ‘Legal regime of plant breeding and quality distinctive signs: Promoting food safety and quality and sustainable socio-economic progress’, led by Professor E. Gallego and Professor N. Fernandez. Reference: DER2017-87675-R. Funding body: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and European Union, European Regional Development Found (ERDF).

A glance at Ada Salas’ poetry (Cáceres, 1965). Her literary personality revitalizes an aesthetics conceived as research and knowledge that veils the autobiographical narrative and justifies the essential thrust of language and its transcendent dimension. The journey assumes from the beginning of a personal approach, a unique proposition without generational debts and it has a unitary and continuous structure that reflects on the identity and light observation of the environment.

This article was written with the aim of discussing the situation of the people who live on the borders of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, which are classified as far from the reach of the government regarding justice and justice. The lack of concern for the conditions of life in the border region is a rebellion which has an effect on the sense or spirit of people's nationalism towards their own homeland. The method used in this article is a case study type qualitative approach. This article explains the definition of justice obtained from accountable sources and in this article discusses the conditions and situations of the people who live in the border area as a measure for the realization of equitable justice and justice. This article can later be used as a reference in realizing the welfare and justice of communities in border areas.

Unlike the unitary subject of Western enlightenment, the Dalit non-subject has no single operational social self. Limbale’s subjecthood or Autos in The Outcaste is not a sedimented ontological position but rather a process of negotiation between material and social conditions that affect one’s embodied and situated self. Unlike the other Mahar boys, Parshya, Harya or Mallya; the social cartographies of Limbale’s identity positions are splintered. In place of a stable Mahar being, Limbale has multiple and differentiated becomings. These uneven and dissymmetrical genealogical relations are mimicked by the asymmetricality of the narrative which is structurally splintered; The Outcaste is simultaneously an autobiography, a counter-hegemonic historiography and an ethnobiography.

The author in this paper articulates how Watson’s caritas processes evolved to caritas-veritas light on virtues, facilitating unitary transformative experience. This shift builds harmonic coherence between major streams of consciousness that focus on (a) the physical and conceptually concrete (objective/quantitative/particulate/determinate); (b) the mental, emotional, meaningful/belief systems (subjective/qualitative/interactive/integrative); and (c) the gestalt of spirit and the natural environment (virtual/quantum/unitary/transformative). The lived experience of harmonically braided streams of consciousness melds human-environment, potentiating health, healing, love, and compassion. Unitary transformative pandimensional awareness unfolds in the consciousness and everyday life of the practicing nurse, facilitating a direct experience of sacred praxis.

BB84-state is the non-orthogonal single-photon state which has the advantage of easy implementation compared with the quantum multi-photon entanglement states. In this paper, based on BB84-state, by introducing a trusted third-party voting center, a quantum voting scheme is proposed. In this scheme, by performing corresponding unitary operation on BB84-state, all voters send their voting information to the tallyman Charlie, then Charlie counts all votes under the supervision of voting management center Bob, which ensures that the protocol can resist inside attacks. Moreover, by utilizing the decoy particles, our scheme can efficiently prevent outside attacks. Compared with other related quantum voting protocols, our protocol has higher qubit efficiency and fewer interactive times.

Problems arising from the insolvency (bankruptcy) procedures of a unitary undertaking are currently very relevant, since, in the context of competition relations, the redistribution of ownership may also take place outside the framework of privatization legislation. This article is dedicated to the analysis of both theoretical and practical problems of the competitiveness of a unitary company. The authors of the paper point out that the lack of a special term for the designation of unitary enterprises on the right to economic management is one of the systemic shortcomings of Russian doctrine of civil law. The study methodology includes a group of general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction), as well as a group of special methods: analysis of the content of scientific literature and analysis of the regulatory framework. It is concluded that Russian law should create a legal model that excludes the operation of non-proprietary entities alongside legal conditions that prevent abuse of their competitive status, both by the arbitration administrator and by the public legal entity that owns the debtor unitary enterprise.

This article focuses on the development of local self-government in Russia over the past three decades. Building on the ideas of James Sсott regarding the good intentions of state implementation, it provides a general description of the changes, but also reconstructs the logic of the legislators involved. The central government in post-Soviet Russia has distanced itself from local self-government as much as it could, turning municipalities into a firewall against a population claiming social guarantees. This explains why local self-government in the 1990s to early 2000s featured a lot of independence and diversity. The transformation history of Russian local self-government over the past 20 years can be described as the central government attempting to restore local order and social justice (social justice in the vision of the rent-oriented part of the population) in the face of highly passive residents and a gradual transformation of the settlement structure. This has resulted in the simplification and de facto nationalization of local self-government (in the near future, formal nationalization is also expected). The centralization of local self-government (i.e. its integration into the unitary system of state power) has led to the separation of local authorities from the local population and the reduced transparency of local socio-economic processes for municipal managers.

This paper constitutes an initial examination of the applicative/causative suffix -ge in Tapus, a divergent traditional Minangkabau variety spoken in rural Western Sumatra. Our aim is to show that the similarities and divergences from Standard Indonesian of traditional rural varieties provides insight into the properties of “Indonesian-type” languages in general. The distribution of applicatives/causatives in Tapus is interesting for several reasons. First, applicative/causative suffixes in Indonesian-type languages are well-known for the use of the same morphology for a variety of purposes. The fact that a single form is used for these different functions raises the question of whether the applicative/causative morphemes are two (or more) distinct morphemes or whether the form has a unitary linguistic function. We will show that the unitary analysis for causative and benefactive uses of the applicative/causative suffix cannot account for the data in Tapus. Another area of interest with regard to this suffix relates to constraints on movement. We show that the Extreme Locality Hypothesis cannot account for the Tapus data based on the interaction between the applicative/causative suffix and information question formation/relativization. Finally, we demonstrate that Pylkkänen’s typology of applicatives makes incorrect predictions with respect to the interpretations available for benefactives in Tapus and other Indonesian-type languages, showing the necessity for an expanded taxonomy of applicative forms. Our general conclusion is that the detailed examination of grammatical constructions in divergent Malayic varieties leads to new and surprising insights into the grammatical profile of Indonesian-type languages.

El presente artículo contiene algunas reflexiones respecto a la imposibilidad constitucional y legal que tienen las entidades territoriales para instituir y reglamentar cajas menores, toda vez que dentro del ordenamiento jurídico colombiano, y atendiendo a la organización y estructura del Estado, solamente los organismos o entidades que conforman el Presupuesto General de la Nación pueden hacerlo. En el escrito, con base en lo que establecen las normas, la jurisprudencia y la doctrina, se establece que no por el hecho de gozar de autonomía administrativa y de unos derechos, las entidades territoriales pueden arrogarse una facultad que la ley no les otorga, dado que la autonomía de que están investidas tiene unos límites que dentro de una república unitaria están determinados por la Constitución Política y por las normas.

This paper is a literature study on issues, concepts, and strategies for empowerment in the discourse of development in Indonesia. The discourse of community empowerment in Indonesia's national development, in principle, is not something new. Philosophically and normatively, the ideals of community empowerment as the goal of national development have been strengthened in the 1945 Constitution as the constitutional foundation of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. However, at the practical level, these ideal goals are not implemented in the implementation of the national development program. Poverty and inequality are still crucial issues, even though the Reformation era, which represents a democratic government, has been running for two decades.

This study proposes a model of non-unitary time discounting and examines its welfare implications. A key feature of our model lies in the disparity of time discounting between multiple distinct goods, which induces an individual's preference reversals even though she normally discounts her future utilities for each good. After characterizing the time-consistent decision-making by such an individual in a general setting, we compare welfare achieved in the market economy and welfare in the planner's allocation from the perspective of all selves across time. Under certain situations, the selves in early periods strictly prefer the social planner's allocation, whereas the selves in future periods strictly prefer the market equilibrium. Therefore, the welfare implications of our model are quite different from those in the canonical discounting model and in models of other time-inconsistent preferences.

Social norms play an important role in the state-building process. If the time of formation of Nepal is considered as the period of unification, then some important facts regarding the formation of the state of Nepal and the structure of the society here can be recounted. Regarding the formation of the nation-state, the structure of the Nepali state, and the position of the Nepali society are not of the same nature. From the pre-unification states of Limbuwan, Khumbuwan, Kirat, Khas, Baisi, Chaubisi, Shen, etc. to the restructuring period of the state, the state structure has not been formed in the recognition of the nation-state. Because the small and big states before unification were states built on power. Due to power, the great form of the Gurkha state had built a unitary Nepal. There is not general recognition of the state-building process of the nation-state. In the same way, even when restructuring the state, that recognition was not accepted. The foundations of federal-state formation, such as language, religion, and the basis of equality and plurality of the population, were also not accepted, which is a form of recognition of the nation-state. In such a situation, this article attempts to study a state-building and social tradition which is already coming together in Nepali society

Caring for the nationality is managing the unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia into "gemah ripah loh jinawi toto tentrem kertoraharjo". In terms of Indonesianness, it is a sentence which is an expression to describe the state of the Indonesian Mother Earth. Gemah ripah loh jinawi means (abundant natural wealth) while toto tentrem karto raharjo (serene condition). Or in the Arabic sense it becomes baldattun toyyibatun wa robbun ghoffur. This expression does not necessarily happen when the management of the State deviates from the khittoh of the prosperity of the nation and the State. Local wisdom is the essence that must be able to be defended amidst the storms of global ideology that ignore human values. When the younger generation begins to forget the historical and cultural roots from which they came from, they will get increasingly lost in the search for their identity.

The public authority responsible for ensuring health during 2020 has tried to identify sources of funding for the health system, as it is fragmented, as it is funded from both the state budget and the budget of the Single National Ensuring Health Fund and other sources, which leads him to face major challenges. In this context, it is necessary to identify the health challenges, in the sense of the unitary approach of the medical services provided to the insured persons, as well as to the other categories of persons who have the quality of insured, but are exempted from paying the contribution. The public sector also plays a major role in financing health services: in two thirds of Member States, more than 70% of health expenditure is financed by the public sector. However, in Romania, health expenditures are less than 6% of GDP, respectively medical services (public and private) compared to the European average of 8.5% and the average of 9.8% of the European Union (all Member States).

Questioning the reasons that led Augustine to reflect about time, a theme often associated with metaphysics and cosmology, in his work Confessions, which main character is autobiographical, we hypothesize that the theme belongs to the unitary project of the work, whose keys of reading would be 1) the purpose of human life and 2) the distinction between God and creatures. When analyzing the Augustinian argument, it is noticed that it is possible to insert the debate in question in the general scope of the narrative of this specific work. It is also noticed that, from this perspective, the psychological approach is not necessarily linked to an understanding of time from a purely subjectivist aspect, since the central concern of the discussion is not with the metaphysical / cosmological aspect, but with the analysis interior.

The Levinson theorem relates the difference of the phase shifts at the threshold and at infinity to the number of bound states. The theorem is modified in view of the fact that Castillejo–Dalitz–Dyson (CDD) poles and Jaffe–Low primitives corresponding to zeros of the $$D$$ function on the unitary cut are present in the scattering amplitude. It is shown that, in general, the difference of the phase shifts at the threshold and at infinity is determined by the number of bound states, the number of CDD poles, and the number of primitives. Some consequences of this theorem that concern the properties of the nucleon–nucleon interaction are discussed.

This analysis focuses on the paradiplomatic policies in Indonesia and Korea. The two countries have similar characteristics, namely as unitary state systems, and enacted regional autonomy in the same era, 1998s. This qualitative research aims to examine paradiplomatic types in both countries and why the policies are rationalized. The findings revealed that although both countries are unitary states, paradiplomatic activism runs in different types. Provinces and cities in Indonesia face many restrictions and limitations by national regulations, while regional governments in Korea have more discretions and authorities to practice paradiplomacy around the world. The research finding also portrayed several provinces in Indonesia instrumentalizing paradiplomacy as instruments to provide international recognitions related to self-determination, and this similar fact is not met in Korea. This paper argues that the different types of paradiplomatic policies in both countries are influenced by domestic political conditions and typically influenced by the presence or absence of regional movements.

The article reveals the possibilities of implementing the doctrine of three "S": social forecasting, social planning and social management in the formation of strategies for regional development of Luhansk and Donetsk regions and Ukraine as a whole. The main components of budgetary federalism of the unitary state with definition of coordinated borders of financial independence of Ukrainian Donbass and state regulation by reproduction of economic and vital activity of the population are considered. The results of the study, the subject of which were the leading components of scientific and methodological support of socio-economic recovery of Ukrainian Donbass, are presented in the form of a memoir-analytical review of fateful state and possible alternative solutions. The object of the study was the chronology, essence, content and validity of decisions. The working hypothesis of the review was to find out the origins of the civil-military conflict between the national authorities in 2014 and the population of Ukrainian Donbass, identifying the causes and factors of the tragedy of both sides 7 years ago in the context of "terror" and "terrorism". The features of state and international terrorism sanctified by Wikipedia are considered and their manifestation in the national economy in the processes of introduction of Anglo-Saxon model of open market economy is generalized. The reduction of the role of state influence on regional development in the development of long-term development strategies to achieve the 7th Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 and 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the period up to 2030 is revealed. The absence of a "goal tree" in the hierarchy and in the time of its coordination with the MDG, SDG and human development indicators was revealed. The close connection of International Geopolitical Business with the holding of the First (2004) and Second (2014) Maidans in Kyiv, the launch of the "ATO" project was revealed. Author's versions of state decisions on the transition of unitary Ukraine to model of budget federalism to strengthen its independence and sovereignty as an alternative to the "ATO" project are revealed. In contrast to the deliberately falsified information on the rating of 2013 of regional human development in Luhansk and Donetsk regions according to the National Methods of 2001, 2012, it is possible to predict 33 indicators of the Regional Human Development Index: 22 growth stimulators and 11 development disincentives. Thanks to this, the strategic and operational goals of the socio-economic reconstruction of Luhansk and Donetsk regions of Ukrainian Donbass have been determined.

The development and adoption of management decisions is an important process that brings together in practice the main management functions of the enterprise: organization, planning, coordination, motivation and control. The quality and level of management decisions taken by the managers of any organization determine not only the effectiveness of its activities, but also the competitiveness and prospects for its development. The article is devoted to issues of assessing the quality of the results of managerial decisions in the system of marketing and public relations Moscow Metro SUE. The tools of advertising and PR events to promote the services of the State Unitary Enterprise Metropolitan are consider. The assessment of the results of managerial decisions in the system of organizing PR events of the State Unitary Enterprise Metropolitan is carry out. The problems that affect the decrease in customer satisfaction with the services of the Moscow Metro SUE are investigate. An assessment of preferences in obtaining information on clusters of Moscow Metro SUE customers was carry out.

Resilience is the psychological capability to recover from difficulties quickly. Healthcare professionals are especially vulnerable to job-related stress and burnout. Unitary Caring Science is the framework for Watson’s Human Caring Theory, providing a philosophy of practice in healthcare. With the high rates of clinician burnout and psychological issues, it will be significant to unify the human caring theory with research-informed psychological and neuroscience evidence to develop clinicians’ resilience-building strategies. The purpose of this article is to introduce a Unitary Caring Science Resilience Model and explain the science behind the core strategies based on Unitary Caring Science philosophy and the psychological and neuroscience research. This model includes six strategies: Embracing loving-kindness for self and others; Nurturing interpersonal and intersubjective connections/relations; Deepening a creative use of self and sense of belonging; Balancing self-learning, self-awareness, and an evolved self-consciousness; Valuing forgiveness and releasing negativity; Inspiring and maintaining faith-hope. The caring-theory guided resilience-building strategies are proven to alleviate the depletion of clinicians’ energy and emotions. Healthcare practices are challenging but rewarding. Clinicians can be emotionally, psychologically, and physically exhausted if they always consider themselves ‘giving’ and ‘doing’ institutional tasks without a sense of purpose or fulfillment. The practice can be rewarding if it becomes more aligned with clinicians’ value to serve humanity. Through the unitary caring science resilience strategies, clinicians can build resilience as an antidote to clinician burnout and depletion., Highlights What is known? • Clinicians face tremendous mental and moral distress at work, and clinician job-related burnout is an epidemic. • Clinicians’ resilience and well-being impact patient quality and safety. • Stress is unavoidable in life, and it is essential to learn healthy ways to cope with adversities and recover from devastations more quickly. What is new? • A Unitary Caring Science Resilience Model was developed based on Unitary Caring Science philosophy and research-informed psychological and neuroscience evidence. • The model comprises six resilience-building strategies, including Embracing loving-kindness for self and others; Nurturing interpersonal and intersubjective connections/relations; Deepening a creative use of self and sense of belonging; Balancing self-learning, self-awareness, and an evolved self-consciousness; Valuing forgiveness and releasing negativity; Inspiring and maintaining faith-hope.

The study is devoted to the analysis of Russian-Turkish interaction in the Syrian conflict under neo-realism concept. The Syrian crisis has become a kind of Russian-Turkish relations “barometer” in recent years. On the Syrian battlefield, Moscow and Ankara as unitary and rational actors both try to increase their relative power, which enables them to achieve their objectives mainly connected with prospects for national interests. The detailed analyses of the Russian-Turkish diplomatic negotiations and dynamics of joint military-political activities lead to the conclusion that despite competing for military-strategic, energy and geopolitical interests, both parties opt to jointly balance against common challenges. Being aware of the mutual necessity and adhering to the principles of “realpolitik”, Russia and Turkey prefer to negotiate and act within the framework of widespread interests, where real and potential mutual benefits prevail over disagreements.

The cultivation of nationalism is very important for the younger generation, including students throughout the archipelago. National pride is the basic capital to build a nation state regardless of ethnicity, language, and religion followed by high school students. This article aims to determine 1) the national perception of Christian students in Central Sulawesi, Kab. Poso; 2) and explore what factors shape the national perceptions of Christian students in the region. By using the quantitative description method, in this study the following findings were obtained: The sense of state defense from the research sample is known to be 91%, maintains the Pancasila ideology 91%, is proud of the NKRI 92%, respects the red and white flag 94%, respects differences in 99%, coexists with other tribes 98%, respects religion and beliefs 100%, congratulate 97% of different religions. Based on the data about these perceptions, it can be seen that; First, students in Poso District have positive perceptions of nationalism (nationalism). Second, students still have a vulnerable national view, especially when connected with attitudes towards the basic existence of statehood. Third, students still have a vulnerability to religious issues, where religious sentiment can be a trigger for conflict. Fourth, students still hold the view that the life of the nation and state can only be strengthened if its citizens uphold the philosophy of the nation (Pancasila) within the framework of a unitary state.

The article gives the analysis of resource saving and energy efficiency of the enterprises of water supply and waste water services of the State Unitary Enterprise “St. Petersburg Vodokanal”. There has been evaluated the consumption of electrical energy by the enterprise. The main methods of energy resources management (creating a system of rational consumption and saving of energy resources, using energy-efficient materials, equipment and technologies, identifying the potential of energy-saving measures at operating facilities) have been determined. The priority directions for reducing the production energy intensity in the water supply processes have been defined. An algorithm is proposed that includes the processes of collecting, modeling, structuring information, as well as developing an optimal solution for an enterprise. A model for optimizing work in water supply processes is presented, software products are considered that allow to control the processes of energy saving and energy efficiency. The most promising software products for their introducing them into practice of the enterprise have been identified, including General Electric Intelligent Platforms CSense. A plan for the sequential implementation of the software product into operation at the enterprise is presented. The dynamics of electricity consumption at the enterprise, the structure of energy consumption are illustrated. It is noted that the most significant contribution to the amount of energy consumption is made by the technological processes of water intake and supply. It has been substantiated that the most energy-consuming process for the enterprise (Water Supply Branch of the State Unitary Enterprise St. Petersburg Vodokanal) is replacement or maintenance of pumping equipment. The components of energy conservation of the enterprise under study are the partial regulation and automation of processes.

The controlling system is one of the most promising tools for effective enterprise management. Unitary enterprises of water and waste disposal, the situation in which has been characterized for a long time as a crisis, are reproached with the inefficiency of the system of financial and economic activity management. In addition, they are exposed to regulatory risks like no other business. The controlling system will improve the existing management system, identify threats in a timely manner, identify development factors and take preventive measures within the framework of anti-crisis management of a water and wastewater service enterprise.

The article discusses the performance results of the Ministry of Property Regulations of Udmurt Republic in land and property relations and the priority areas of its work in 2020. It also analyzes the results of property use and the earnings from property use. The article provides analysis of interactions of the Ministry of land and property regulations and other state authorities operating in this sector of economy, in particular, UR Department of Federal Taxation Service and Department of Roseestr. Problems of the department of management of state-owned and municipal unitary enterprises’ property are carefully scrutinized and the conclusions of RF Audit Chamber on analysis and assessment of property management of state-owned and municipal unitary enterprises of FSUE are submitted. The author investigates the issues of estimation of efficiency of property use, compares indicators of effect and efficiency, suggests estimation criteria. At the initial stage it is suggested to calculate budget efficiency by counting dynamics of earnings’ share from the use of property in total amount of own budgets income (without interbudgetary transfers). Besides, the author offers to apply goal-oriented method of calculation to compare different in content and goals indicators which is similar to the method used in program-oriented approach. One is accepted as standard i. e., 100 percent of target performance. Financial motivation is offered for the performance higher than one. The article analyzes the experience of indices calculations of effectiveness and efficiency of regional property use in Irkutsk region and its Ministry of property regulations performance area as tailor-made premises to parent company property. The author considers the issue of applying ABC and XYZ analysis to manage state-owned property.

Over the past decades, decentralization has become the new paradigm in how states should organize power territorially. Carefully planned institutional re-designs are the most visible expression thereof. Yet the Great Recession of 2007–2009 has pushed governments into the opposite direction, i.e., towards centralization, to better weather the fiscal drought. Given these contradictory developments, this article compares the effects of twenty-three separate state reforms with the impact of the Great Recession on fiscal centralization in twenty-nine countries over more than two decades. In the main, our analyses attribute a larger effect to design, i.e., pro-active policy making through reforms, than reactive crisis management after a great shock. However, this difference is only apparent once we consider a state’s institutional structure, that is whether a political system is unitary or federal. Our findings thus highlight the need for a multidimensional approach to better understand the drivers of fiscal de/centralization.

The Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh ensures the right to education under Article 17. From the liberation war of 1971 till 2020, the country has been developed its primary education system. Besides, there is no unitary idea or meaning of primary education in Bangladesh. To protect the nation from the diversity of primary education, the National Education Policy 2010 has set some common goals and primary education objectives. But the attempt of enacting education law is not completed even today. As a result, many activities in implementing education policy are being hampered. In the absence of a specific legal mechanism in the same arena, the ‘National Education policy’ has not been appropriately implemented. The research endeavors to discuss present education policy, the unitary concept of education, and the importance of adopting specific rules and regulations within the Education Act. The research also aims to analyze the unitary idea of primary education and the extent to which Bangladesh needs a specific legal mechanism to ensure unitary primary education. The scope of this research is restricted to the study of state practice of Bangladesh.

Changing Society, Changing Archives 1747-1847 Developments in Dutch society and government in the first half of the nineteenth century led to changes in archival practices. The newly-established unitary state needed more and different information about society and people, and that information had to be managed and archived. However, after the Restoration in 1813 many traditional archiving practices were reintroduced. Aside from the function of government, collecting and publishing archival documents was not only (as in the eighteenth century) deemed necessary to bolster legal legitimacy, but was seen as a prerequisite for writing local, provincial, and national histories. A small number of cities and provincial governments appointed an archivist to serve the community by collecting and publishing archival documents.