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Technology offers unique sets of opportunities, from human flourishing to civilization survival, but also challenges, from partial misuse to global apocalypse. Yet technology is shaped by the social environment in which it is developed and used, prompting questions about its desirable governance format. In this context, we look at governance challenges of large technical systems, specifically the peaceful use of high-power lasers in space, in order to propose a conceptual framework for legitimate global governance. Specifically, we adopt a context-based approach to legitimacy to address the trade-offs between effectiveness (output legitimacy) and inclusivity (input legitimacy) in the governance of large technical systems. We show that distinguishing two basic phases of space laser policy which call for different legitimacy criteria helps balance out the trade-offs without sacrificing either effectiveness or inclusivity. Finally, we construe LTSs’ governance as a tool for creating globally networked spaces which may enable coordinated global democratic governance.

Modern measuring instruments (MIs) are designed to obtain complete and reliable measuring information. To perform this important function, MIs must be of appropriate quality and must be reliably assessed. Using mathematical models simulate the operation of technical systems in order to decide on the optimization of its characteristics. As a result of the analysis of the model, the specific features of the studied processes and certain quantitative regularities are established. This allows to predict the processes in the system over time and determine their quantitative characteristics. The article presents the results of mathematical modeling of system-oriented measuring instruments as a system and its software as a subsystem using the apparatus of general systems theory. Such models with its graphical interpretation allow obtaining the necessary and useful information about the properties of the MIs as a technical system. The performed modeling makes it possible to describe the functioning of the MIs and to obtain a certain assessment of quality indicators.

The relationships of technological providing of standart quality parameters of products with the substages and stages of their Life Cycles is analyzed. The prognostic nature of the relationships between the functional properties of the product and the technology of their providing requires thorough theoretical and experimental research for the modern mechanical manufacturing. The priority of information support of modern mechanical engineeering production in the conditions of self-organization of technical systems at designing of technological processes of products manufacturing is noted. The general laws of evolution of technical systems are formed on the basis of system functional, morphological, informational analysis by studying the relationships and interactions of functional, morphological and informational description. The actuality of the study of the processes of damage accumulation and material degradation for the characteristic types of products destruction is argued. The expediency of a synergetic approach in the analysis of technical objects and technological systems is established.The goal of this research is to develop a principal scheme for the formation of quality parameters of part with predict of the probability of its failure in manufacturing, taking into account the technological inheritability of properties. The basic scheme of formation of products quality parameters taking into account all substages of development and production stage of its Life Cycle is developed. The mathematical model for predicting the probability of non-defect production P (t) of products suitable for further operation, taking into account technological inheritability, is proposed. Further research is related to the optimization of design and technological solutions and the structure of technological processes, taking into account the technological inheritability with a rational combination of blanking, intermediate, finishing and final-strengthening operations.

Scientific discoveries or testing technical systems are often tied to places deemed central for such endeavours. Related technoscientific visions are not merely mapped onto a place like a blueprint...

Inspection of armament and military equipment (AME) for the quality of manufacture and purpose tasks performance is carried out exclusively through testing. Tasks of conducting tests within the framework of ensuring the implementation of State programs for equipping the Armed Forces of Ukraine with modern armament and military equipment require proper instrumentation of the laboratory and test base of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, which is necessary to determine during tests numerical indicators of technical and operational characteristics in accordance with requirements of state standards parallel to standards of world’s major economies to evaluate new, upgraded armament, armament with service life extension and procured armament. During the study, general scientific methods of information processing and systematization were used, in particular system analysis and synthesis of organizational and technical systems. The purpose of the article is to improve the quality of testing of new and modernized pieces of AME by developing general requirements for a thermal pressure chamber. A study was conducted to substantiate the composition of the thermal pressure chamber, its main tasks, objects of action, capabilities, conditions of application, requirements for interaction with control systems or other objects with which the system is combined. Based on the analysis, the article proposes general requirements for a thermal pressure chamber, which will improve the quality of testing of new and upgraded pieces of AME; reduce material and technical expenditures and reduce the time of AME testing.

The connectivity aspect of the Internet of Things (IoT) has received most of the attention over the last years and has led to mature solutions for IoT‐connected devices. This chapter focuses on the opportunities that the provision of streams of real‐time data from a large number of IoT‐connected devices with sensing capabilities provides for monitoring, optimization, management, and intelligent service provision in modern socio‐technical systems. In such technical systems, which are often called cyber‐physical systems (CPS), real‐time computing elements and physical systems interact tightly. The chapter summarizes and analyzes the technological research and innovation (R&I) priorities in the European Union and the United States in the IoT and CPS sectors. It presents R&I themes having a large potential for EU–US collaboration. The chapter gives key recommendations for promising, concrete EU–US collaboration actions on the technology themes that were developed within the PICASSO project.

Ten years have passed since in 2009 two independent technical systems pioneered liquid democracy (LD): Župa, a system developed for the Student Organisation of FIS in Slovenia, followed closely by LiquidFeedback, which served the Pirate Party in Berlin, Germany. First academic papers appeared in 2010 targeting the e-democracy research community, and later followed by researchers from artificial intelligence. This paper provides an overview of the scholarly discussions that developed in the past decade, and the technical implementations and initiatives that emerged.

A fundamentally new vision of the ecological role of nuclear power facilities is substantiated. The materials given in the article are intended for a wide range of specialists working in this field and interested in forming an adequate image of their activities. Nowadays, lack of an unbiased and comprehensive assessment of the impact of nuclear power facilities on the environment does not make it possible to firmly argue against false information disseminated in the society. One of the arguments often used by opponents of nuclear power is that discharged spent cooling water has a negative impact on the environment. As a rule, these statements remain without having been duly refuted. This article is intended to change the situation. The results of the authors’ long-standing work on studying the ecological condition of cooling water reservoirs at Russian nuclear power plants (NPPs) served as the main factual material for this article. According to the data received, the spent cooling water discharged from the NPP service cooling water systems often has better quality than that of the initial cooling water supplied to them. Owing to artificial heating of water in fresh and marine water bodies, they gain enhanced levels of biological productivity and biodiversity. In addition, the positive aspects of service cooling water supply systems can be further enhanced by developing environmentally oriented innovative solutions both at the stage of NPP designing and during their operation. An extensive set of various economic facilities can be developed by using the service cooling water supply systems of NPPs as a basis. Thus, by arranging controlled supply of heated water, conditions for setting up manageable natural-technical systems are created. In developing countries, this will make it possible to solve the problems of insufficient food and water consumption resources. The implementation of these capabilities in elaborating pre-investment, pre-design, and design documentation for NPPs will help improve the competitiveness of nuclear power and the environmental safety of its facilities.

Technical systems are increasingly complex and interconnected, forming higher level System of Systems (SoS). SoS provide emergent functions which are greater or different than the sum of the functions of their constituent systems. To be able to assess the environmental impact of an SoS, a functional unit is required. Therefore, we discuss the opportunities of synthetic emergence to serve as functional unit of SoS. A deep understanding of emergent properties and the function of SoS is given. Finally, a comprehensive discussion uses the cases of smart energy grids and urban symbiotic food production systems for initial reflections about the concept.

Murals have been associated with architecture and urbanism throughout human history with its various civilizations, It does not represent an addition to the architectural and urban entity but it enters the heart of their fabric and participates primarily in their formation and style, The architectural entity or the urban space may derive its importance from what the murals offer from different themes that make them have the ability to change the sense of the dimensions of the spatial space and its feeling completely differently than if the walls were barren and devoid of them, As entities, they are considered one of the most important visual determinants of space in addition to their role as one of the aesthetics used in architecture and expressing the social and cultural identity of societies, Rather, it is a powerful means of linking the past and the present and documenting the most important events affecting the entity of society expressing its cultural identityThis research paper presents an analysis of the various aspects that must be taken into consideration while designing murals in architectural and urban spaces, So design considerations, scientific and technical systems and standards were put forwared that govern the basics of mural design, as well as the way to employ them as one of the elements of space in an integrated system, the designer should take into account to formulate murals according to a concept that is consistent with architecture and urbanism.

In accordance with the priority directions of development of science and technology of the Russian Federation until 2025, the issues of developing and creating methods for the environmental safety of urban areas in areas affected by natural disasters, accidents, catastrophes, etc., as well as protective measures are being addressed. Organizational-economic groups should carry out regulation in rural areas of industrial and private enterprises, which are located near urban and rural settlements, developing measures and laws ensuring environmental safety, preserving local forests, limiting the load on pastures, protecting them from fire and maintaining constant monitoring them. In this paper, special attention is paid to natural disasters and reducing the severity of the consequences after them (mudflows, landslides, fires, etc.). To reduce the effects of natural and man-made factors, we have created new technical solutions with the use of composite nanomaterials and ground-filled, ground-reinforced, cable-stayed, etc. protective systems, which are presented below.

The design of cashew nut or cashew nut sheller uses appropriate or low technology with consideration of low cost for tool material. This pen gk acip tool will be used at Ngudi Koyo, Imogiri, Bantul, Yogyakarta. Cashew shell peeler or cippling device as a result of the design is a modification of the existing cashew shell peeler. Some parts of the existing tool are applied to several modified parts, namely the lever mechanism, picking knife, or lever knife. This paper will discuss the method of selecting a suppressor, lever and picking system on a tool using the morphological map analysis method. Morphological maps will produce alternative designs for cashew nut peeler. The selection of alternative designs will be carried out by analyzing the results of testing in a technical mechanism, material strength, and alternative design quality values. Testing of alternative technical systems mechanisms is done by comparing the mechanical systems of existing tools. The size of the tool uses the anthropometric measurements of the female operator's body, because the operators in the Ngudi Koyo UKM are all women. The tool size adjustment will provide work comfort and increase efficiency. Quality testing in addition to using standard anthropometric standards, will be tested for quality of ease of care, ease of transferring, clean, neat, simple and safe tool. K ey words : Effective technology , low technology tool, security, Design Alternative Testing

It is proposed analysis of possibility to use information indexes for description and efficiency estimation of military complicated-organization technical systems under conditions of countermeasures on energetic, material and information levels. Conditions of information resource increasing and adaptability of complicated-organization systems to environment at confrontation from analogous enemy’s systems are considered. The main properties of complicated-organization hierarchically structured technical systems are described, the main principles of formation of their common information field in frames of local information space are considered, dependence of such systems’ information resource on their structural complexity and realized principles of information fields formation is shown. The proposed information approach allows estimate interaction of various complicated-organization systems from the common indexes point of view, also under countermeasures conditions and considering metabolism of material, energetic and information resources. In result, at creation of the considered systems the potential possibility of indicated resources redistribution control to provide the required efficiency of arising tasks solution appears.

Transformações socioespaciais marcaram a zona costeira do Ceará nas últimas duas décadas. Verifica-se planejamento voltado à constituição de base econômica pautada nas práticas marítimas modernas, notadamente o turismo e a vilegiatura. Tais atividades possibilitam a inserção de sistemas técnicos objetivando a ampliação dos fluxos turísticos e modernização nas zonas de praia cearenses. Este artigo compreende os desdobramentos das intervenções públicas e privadas no Litoral Oeste do Ceará, como processo multiescalar capaz de modificar as bases políticas, econômicas, sociais e culturais do território. Para tanto, recorreu-se a referencial teórico sobre o planejamento turístico, os vetores de expansão urbana e as práticas marítimas modernas. Ainda, documentos oficiais permitiram a análise das políticas de turismo, enquanto as entrevistas estruturadas, o acervo fotográfico e cartográfico, possibilitaram a compreensão das dinâmicas socioespaciais nos municípios. Constatou-se que o processo de turistificação da Costa do Sol Poente suscitou não somente o aumento dos fluxos e fixos ligados à atividade turística, mas também novas tipologias ligadas à vilegiatura marítima e a complementaridade entre as duas práticas abordadas. Palavras-chaves: Turismo, Planejamento, Litoral Oeste do Ceará.

To date, the macroeconomic trends of the aviation industry, affect not only consumer demand, but also the development of business and government. The article reviewed the main aspects of the impact of macroeconomic trends on the market of modern civil aviation equipment. Taking into account modern macroeconomic trends, to maintain competitiveness in the civil aviation market, the possibility of structuring the quality function of a complex technical system was described, using elements of one of the home quality techniques that identify consumer requirements and provide some order ensuring that these requirements determine the development of products and production process planning. Taking into account the opinions of various consumer groups, a consumer voice matrix was formed, the relative importance of which is based on a value scale of 100 units. By translating consumer requirements into technical characteristics, pairwise comparison of consumer requirements of the main participants in the civil aviation market segment formulated a dependency matrix. And also correlated is the matrix of interrelations between quality characteristics, which made it possible to assess the degree of possible modernization of the object under study and increase the demand in the market for civil aviation technology, setting a new trend to macroeconomic indicators.

Automated decision making is becoming the norm across large parts of society, which raises interesting liability challenges when human control over technical systems becomes increasingly limited. This article defines "quasi-automation" as inclusion of humans as a basic rubber-stamping mechanism in an otherwise completely automated decision-making system. Three cases of quasi- automation are examined, where human agency in decision making is currently debatable: self- driving cars, border searches based on passenger name records, and content moderation on social media. While there are specific regulatory mechanisms for purely automated decision making, these regulatory mechanisms do not apply if human beings are (rubber-stamping) automated decisions. More broadly, most regulatory mechanisms follow a pattern of binary liability in attempting to regulate human or machine agency, rather than looking to regulate both. This results in regulatory gray areas where the regulatory mechanisms do not apply, harming human rights by preventing meaningful liability for socio-technical decision making. The article concludes by proposing criteria to ensure meaningful agency when humans are included in automated decision-making systems, and relates this to the ongoing debate on enabling human rights in Internet infrastructure.

The growing importance of systems of technical diagnostics as an integral element of complex technical systems, determine the need of developing an assessment methodology and improve the effectiveness of systems of technical diagnostics themselves. Generally assessment of the impact of systems of technical diagnostics on results of functioning of an object of diagnostics can be received by comparison of indexes of efficiency of an object of diagnostics without the system of diagnosing and with the system of diagnosing. In practice the cost efficiency of the systems of technical diagnostics and various indexes characterizing quality of technical diagnosing are usually calculated. In a general view, the "contribution" of the system of technical diagnostics to decrease in an accident risk and risk from operation of the object of diagnostics can be estimated on the basis of the functional, accounting the reduced cost of creation and functioning the system of technical diagnostics and the direct losses caused by risk of accident (refusal) of the system of technical diagnostics. The inefficiency of the system of technical diagnostics is, as a rule, caused by discrepancy of its parameters with the tasks solved by it; these tasks are: development of algorithms of diagnosing, forecasting of change of technical condition, development of methods and diagnostic devices. This made it possible to formulate some main directions and conditions for the formation of effective systems of technical diagnostics.

Although technical systems may not seem on the surface to be philosophical in nature, there is a historical influence in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) of Heidegger via the work of Winograd and Dreyfus. However, the late philosopher Bernard Stiegler critiqued this positivist reading of Heidegger, noting how Heidegger himself ultimately did not understand the political stakes of technology. Rather than abandon technology, Bernard Stiegler argued that we must repurpose technology to create a new form of society in the wake of the digital disruption. We review his often difficult philosophical vocabulary, his political stance, and his nearly unknown role in motivating a number of innovative software projects at Institut de recherche et d’innovation du Centre Pompidou. It is precisely a fundamental philosophical reorientation that will allow researchers to create the new kinds of programs that can meet the challenge posed by our digital epoch.

Complex organizational and technical systems in conflict are considered. The concept of a common undesirable goal for conflicting systems is introduced. Examples of its achievement are given. This state of systems and external environments is considered in which it is possible to achieve a common undesirable goal, despite the actions of decision makers using modern means of decision support. A formal model of conflicting systems is being built. The axioms of the functioning of systems are introduced, the implementation of which leads to the simultaneous achievement of undesirable goals by both systems. A possible algorithm for such an achievement is given. A simulation model is constructed based on the use of a modified Kaufman NK-automaton. The results of experiments are presented in which ensembles of modified Kaufman NK-automata participate, interacting with each other as conflicting systems. Various tactics of interactions of modified Kaufman NK-automata are considered. Conclusions are made about the results of experiments.

Efficient use of resources and promotion of circular development are important tasks for strategic development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. China actively promotes the development of the remanufacturing industry, but there is still room for improvement in many aspects such as the industry’s laws and regulations, technical systems, and consumer awareness. Improving the remanufacturing industry system will help us meet future challenges. Combined with theoretical research, this research constructs a remanufacturing industry model. It analyzes the feasible measures of each subject to promote the development of the industry from the perspective of the return on the profits of the original manufacturers, remanufacturers and the government participating in the remanufacturing market.

The paper describes the method of searching the design of cooling systems, which is based on a graph model of the physical operating principle, based on the thermodynamic description of physical processes. A logical-mathematical model has been developed to represent the physical principles of the operation of technical systems with a fluid and gas working body. The examples of modeling a gas turbine twin-shaft installation and a flow-through gas-discharge laser are presented. A new classification of functional units of a technical system is described, which allows the encapsulation of the basic properties of the elements and presenting them as environmental objects. Heuristic modification methods for developing the improved models of the physical operating principles are proposed. These models allow you to determine the functions of the elements of the designed system; get a number of options for the constructive implementation of the future product; choose the best options with the help of a computer according to specified quality indicators.

The internet and digital technologies created a new category of trust producers. Online reputation management services (such as Uber or Airbnb), distributed ledgers, and AI-based predictive systems offer familiarity, control, and insurance by structuring social, economic interactions via technical systems. Balazs Bodo writes that even though these infrastructures are widely used within public and private institutions, we have no reason to trust them. He argues that we must increase the trustworthiness of technological trust infrastructures — and stop using them if that is not possible — lest commodified forms of trust endanger the social and economic relations that they mediate.

The goal of this chapter is to define different types of uncertainty in technical systems and to provide a unified terminology for this book. Indeed, uncertainty comes in different disguises. The first distinction is made with respect to the knowledge on the source of uncertainty: stochastic uncertainty, incertitude or ignorance. Then three main occurrences of uncertainty are discussed: data, model and structural uncertainty.

In article the solution of multicriteria problem of assessment of complex organizational and technical systems when rules of decision making on the basis of Pareto’s method result in inefficient results since for use of this rule evaluation criteria have to be equivalent is considered, and it is not always acceptable. In the offered approach it is possible to allocate technical, economic and social criterions for complex to system assessment. If two options of creation of system differing in technical and economic characteristics are equivalent at some fixed social indicators, then these options will be equivalent also at other fixed social indicators. Complex criterion for evaluation of technical systems as function of three groups of variables owing to independence of technical and economic criteria of social represents the stationary function allowing dichotomizing decomposition. Therefore, the complex criterion for evaluation of organizational and technical systems is defined before bilateral structure of technical and economic and social criteria.

International audience; As of today, most specifications of technical systems still rely on requirements written in natural language. However, this approach is known to be problem-prone, due to the inherent ambiguity of natural languages. On the other hand, fully formal or model-based approaches seem to be out of reach in many practical cases, especially in early design phases of systems. In this article, we study how to combine in a pragmatic way natural language requirements with models. We propose to keep both formats and to link pieces of text in requirements with elements of models. In other words, corpuses of requirements are managed as hypertexts with links to models. For this approach to be fully efficient, the text of requirements is not free, but relies on controlled natural language techniques leading to a partial structuring of the text. We show that this makes it possible to design (semi-)automatic verifications on requirements and models, which would be impossible with unconstrained natural language. We illustrate here our approach on a small illustrative example and we report results obtained on a full size industrial application .

Nowadays, a diverse set of addressee detection methods is discussed. Typically, wake words are used. But these force an unnatural interaction and are error-prone, especially in case of false positive classification (user says the wake up word without intending to interact with the device). Therefore, technical systems should be enabled to perform a detection of device directed speech. In order to enrich research in the field of speech analysis in HCI we conducted studies with a commercial voice assistant, Amazon’s ALEXA (Voice Assistant Conversation Corpus, VACC), and complemented objective speech analysis with subjective self and external reports on possible differences in speaking with the voice assistant compared to speaking with another person. The analysis revealed a set of specific features for device directed speech. It can be concluded that speech-based addressing of a technical system is a mainly conscious process including individual modifications of the speaking style.

Ten years have passed since in 2009 two independent technical systems pioneered liquid democracy (LD): Župa, a system developed for the Student Organisation of FIS in Slovenia, followed closely by LiquidFeedback, which served the Pirate Party in Berlin, Germany. First academic papers appeared in 2010 targeting the e-democracy research community, and later followed by researchers from artificial intelligence. This paper provides an overview of the scholarly discussions that developed in the past decade, and the technical implementations and initiatives that emerged.

Crowdsourcing allows collecting subjective user ratings promptly and on a large scale. This enables, for example, building subjective models for the perception of technical systems in the field of quality of experience research or researching cultural aspects of the aesthetic appeal. In addition to research in technical domains, crowdsourced subjective ratings also gain more and more relevance in medical research, like the evaluation of aesthetic surgeries. In line with this, we illustrate a novel use-case for crowdsourced subjective ratings of deformational cranial asymmetries of newborns. Deformational cranial asymmetries are deformations of a newborn’s head that might, e.g., result from resting on the same spot for a longer time.

The mastery of the theoretical and applied basics and their deepening are indispensable for engineering students. Over the last decades, many technical systems have changed in a revolutionary way, mostly from simplicity to complexity. This technological change shapes the engineering didactics in terms of contents and goals as well as methodology in the form of implementation and organization of engineering education in a revolutionary and evolutionarily way. This paper analyzes the subject- and domain-specific change in the learning and teaching processes over several decades in transport related engineering education using the teaching example “car navigation”. It turns out that the teaching material of lectures continuously evolved from general subject-related content to subject-specific content.

With the concept of a technical system the whole TRIZ theory corpus revolves around a term that is not very precisely defined in the TRIZ literature, but left to a “common sense”. In this paper an attempt is made to determine how far a notion of technical system takes in this theoretical context and how it can be related to approaches from neighboring theory corpuses. It turns out that focusing on an artifact dimension of technology, as defined by the term technical system, blocks the view on essential relational phenomena that are inherent to a world of technical systems and a notion of technical principle is more suited for the analysis of such relational phenomena.

The article considers a complex calculation and experimental method for evaluating the reliability of aircraft technical systems at the design and development stages of prototypes. The forecasting of reliability of technical systems by analytical methods is given. A brief presentation about mathematical modeling of products is given. Operational and bench accelerated tests of technical systems are considered. The necessity of complex analysis of analytical forecasting methods, operational and bench accelerated tests is shown to assess the reliability of technical systems of aircraft during the design and development stages of prototypes.

The paper considers defects that directly affect the quality of the finished product, which includes printed circuit boards and wiring connections. Current problems lead to failures of electronic equipment, which can lead to the failure of complex technical systems with subsequent downtime. Also methods for increasing the reliability of electronic equipment products are proposed, which exclude premature failures of the equipment as a whole. Such failures include breakage of the metallization column during extreme heating of the printed circuit board, poor connection quality of components on the board, absence of a layer between the component and the board. The method of preventing such problems is presented below in the text. Elimination of the above defects can lead to trouble-free operation throughout the warranty period of operation of the equipment at various facilities, including those in the military.

An operational stage is a main part of air defence (AD) weapons and military equipment (WME) life cycle as well as of other sophisticated technical systems of this class. At this stage, the AD WME pieces are directly applied according to the intended purpose. The most important quality indicator of the AD WME is the level of their technical readiness for application according to the intended purpose. Previously, the task of ensuring the required level of readiness of the AD WME fleet, their territorial group and certain pieces was performed by means of a complex system of the WME maintenance and repair. Principles of maintenance and repair system development and application were regulated by a set of regulatory documents [1-5, etc.]. Military maintenance organization and service personnel served as a basis for the maintenance and repair system. Reformation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation resulted in a shift from the previous maintenance and repair system to the WME maintenance service system where industrial enterprises play a main role in ensuring weapons and military equipment readiness. In this article, we consider the main issues of ensuring the AD WME operation in modern conditions. A general description of the works performed by JSC The Main Technological and Industrial Enterprise Granit and aimed at solving a complex scientific and technical problem of ensuring the AD WME operation is provided.

Purpose. The work aims at structural-functional description of the existing construction of hatch covers of gondola cars to find possible ways of their modernization and improvement. Methodology. The research and analysis are based on principles of morphological study of technical systems and systems approach. The research takes into account the results of the leading research on the topic, the authors' own development, mathematical justification and computer modeling. Calculation of the structural elements of the rolling stock was carried using modern normative and developed methodologies. Findings. The system approach in creating an innovative hatch cover allowed the design to be presented in the form of a series of interconnected and interacting subsystems, taking into account the main factors of their functioning. Authors developed the structural-functional model of the hatch cover of the gondola car, which showed that the hatch cover plate is the basic element, the structural-parametric and functional properties of which determine the corresponding characteristics of other nodal and base elements of its design. We established that the main functions of the hatch cover are distributed through the constituent elements of the first hierarchical level (between nodes): the frame serves as the reinforcing element of the plate and the base for installing other nodes, except the torsion ones. The proposed theoretical propositions, methodological foundations and practical methods of structural and functional analysis are expedient for using in the search for optimization ways and other elements of rolling stock, as well as objects of transport engineering. Originality. The methodological foundations for the creation of a structural and functional description of the hatch cover are proposed and the results of its implementation are presented, which can be used in studies of the processes of their functioning, perception and redistribution of different types of loads, taxonomy, increasing the degree of their ideality, identification of objects considered in design, repair. Practical value. The structural-functional description allowed projecting an innovative design of the hatch cover, including its frameless execution, a model with a convex design of the plate in the direction of counteracting the mass of the cargo. Using the proposed models of hatch covers, effective modernization of the domestic park of gondola cars is possible.

In the article the function and the scale for the entropy evaluation of the current state of sensors quality in the technical system which fits the requirements of universality and maximal independency from the human factor are offered. It is highlighted that the available methods of the determination of the quality of the technical systems have essential flaws which consist in both subjectivism because the dominant role in the evaluation belongs to experts and legitimacy of providing them properties of universality which was proved by nobody. The offered function of the quality evaluation, the parameter of which is the quantity of own information of the explored sensor, provides the declared universality approach according to the principles of the information theory. The conformity to all requirements for the functions of the evaluation of the quality: continuity, monotonicity and smoothness over the whole range of definition regardless of the probability distribution function, which is measured by the random value sensor was proved. The conformity to all requirements for the functions of the quality evaluation: continuity, monotonicity and smoothness over the whole range of definition regardless of the probability distribution function, which is measured by the random value sensor is proved. The proposed scale of the entropy evaluation of the quality fits to standard settings of the diagnostic of the technical systems and has three subranges which determine the state of the sensors: good state, up state, and down state. Unlike the existing psychophysical scales the offered scale has dynamic range of the evaluation so the limits of the subranges will automatically change depending on the regulatory and technical requirements for the state of the explored sensor. Such approach provides adaptation of the scale to specific requirements which gives a chance to evaluate the qualitative state of the object more reliably. The results of modeling of the qualitative state of the sensor are given. The possible practical application of the offered function and scale is usage in the systems of monitoring and diagnostic for determination of the current qualitative state of the explored technical system.

Голлай Александр Владимирович, канд. хим. наук, доцент кафедры экономики и управления на предприятиях строительства и землеустройства Высшей школы экономики и управления, Южно-Уральский государственный университет, г. Челябинск; alexander@hollay.ru. A.V. Gollay, alexander@hollay.ru, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation In the condition of increased competition, the main task is strategic enterprise management. In this article based on the degree perfection increase of technical systems, the technique of identifying strategic directions related to the development of the enterprise is proposed. A universal approach to determining development goals of industrial enterprises: continuous increase of the perfection degree is formulated. Various strategies for the development of industrial enterprises are considered, and recommendations for its applying for different types of enterprises are provided. В условиях усиления конкурентной борьбы на первый план выходит задача стратегического управления предприятием. В статье на базе закона повышения идеальности технических систем предложена методика определения стратегических целей развития предприятием. А также сформулирован универсальный подход к определению целей развития примышленного предприятия, как непрерывное стремление к росту степени идеальности. Рассматриваются различные стратегии развития промышленного предприятия с позиции закона повышения идеальности системы, даются рекомендации об их использовании для различных типов предприятий.

A somewhat personalized overview is presented of the effects of solar-terrestrial processes on electrical technologies, beginning with the electrical telegraphs in the mid-eighteenth century to the current era of extensive ground- and space-based commercial and governmental technical systems (including national security) upon which modern society depends. As human technologies increased in diversity over the last century and a half, space weather effects have continued to be of significant importance in the successful design and operations of many of these technologies.

Purpose. The article, based on the analysis of actual materials, highlights the importance of taking into account the influence of the human factor in occurrence of emergency situations in terms of transport infrastructure. Methodology . The research is based on the interdisciplinary system analysis. It was comprehended how the service technicians of high-tech systems can create latent unsafe conditions that combined with other hazardous activities can cause an emergency and injury. The authors attempt to dramatize the issue in order to find a solution – on the one hand, man is the most crucial part of a complex technological system, on the other hand – he is the most unreliable part of the system, especially in terms of the extreme power of modern vehicles and their speeds. The above situation demonstrates the need for a new level of anthropic comprehension of the high-tech systems in the schematic set "human-system-environment". Originality . The paper analysed the problems and conditions of human factors that allow detecting the causes of technicians’ errors. The authors highlighted proposals for psychocorrective work among the personnel of the facilities. The problem of further development of continuous improvement of the equipment maintenance systems, based on integrated approach taking into account the human factor, is also not overlooked. Conclusion. In the course of understanding the human factor and its influence on the processes, the most urgent tasks are as follows: implementation of new system software, automation of vehicles and development of high production culture based on moral qualities of experts.

This article discusses the advantages of spatial audio, in general, followed by strategies for applying spatial components to composition. The discussion then looks ahead to questions that may be solved by future implementations of spatial software and hardware. Despite the fact that technical systems for spatial audio have been in use since the 1950s, spatial concepts have not been widely integrated into the compositional process. This is because they involve a complex interaction of several phenomena, all of which play a role in the construction and perception of music. This article presents an analysis of the advantages of spatial audio for perception and provides examples of the decomposition of sonic material with the help of spatial properties, as well as a discussion of limitations in spatial construction and perception. Archival strategies for spatial audio are also briefly discussed.

The concept of technical democracy is both obvious and perplexing: with technology so often appearing to be a natural extension of science, why should citizens have any say in the matter? And yet how could we imagine or accept that technical systems, which have such an impact on individual and collective choices, could escape the deliberations of civic opinion and decision-making? Citizens must be able to acquire the skills of democratic expertise to then be able to exercise them when strategic decisions are being taken. If we are to move towards this objective, the stakes are very high. Even if a movement is initiated that aims to construct a fairer, more civic and more democratic society, the appropriation of technical issues in both education and the workplace is confronted with multiple types of inertia.JEL Codes: O33, O30, O25

Part 1: TRIZ Improvement: Theory, Methods and Tools; International audience; According to Genrich Altshuller and most of his students, his eight laws of technical systems evolution were found by systematic patent analysis. In this paper, we show that not a single patent must be studied to derive the very same eight laws, but rather that they follow from an analysis of the concept of artificial instrumental systems in the context of a competitive world with scarce resources. Our investigation yields a clear definition of ideality which—insofar as certain constraints are respected—indicates multiple trends underlying the evolution of systems towards increased competitiveness when resources are scarce. By making the truth conditions for each law explicit, we attempt to explain why some high generality patents from the 20th century contradict some of Altshuller’s laws. We conclude that although patents can be seen as a useful source for inspiration, validation and falsification of generalizations, they are not the most promising place to start to look for laws of system evolution, since mere induction from past examples cannot provide the justification needed to meaningfully inform engineers about how to develop systems in the future. Our approach suggest an alternative route for articulating and justifying such laws.

This article considers the initial peopling of the South-central Andean highlands, focusing on the site of Hornillos 2, located in the Puna of Jujuy, Argentina. We suggest that, in an area ...

In the proposed article the authors suggest a short historical review regarding the emergence of a risk of an incident occurring during the application of technological operations or human activity. This is a current problem concerning all existing risky technical systems (RTS). By RTS are implied land, air, and naval transport, production or financial activity, energy systems, and others. Definitions for the term “risk” are made according to existing European and Bulgarian legislation. Presented here is a formula to calculate the risk of low quality execution of various operations (technical, economical, financial, military, political, etc.) for a certain time frame. The elements of risk are determined during the analysis of the probability of a road traffic accident (RTA) between vehicles and pedestrians occurring. The applied scientific value of the report is determined according to the established approach for road traffic accident risk assessment, based on statistical information about traffic incidents in the Republic of Bulgaria

Intelligent technical systems need to become more flexible and adaptive in the context of Cyber-Physical-Systems and Industry 4.0. Cash supply is very important for the worldwide economy. Within the supply chain, handling processes are highly automated, e.g., automated teller machines are installed to ensure an efficient and reliable cash supply. Recently, there is a trend in automated cash handling systems to replace the cash cassettes for each denomination by a simple pitch-in-plastic-bag for all banknotes. This necessitates new automated handling approaches because the bag content will unload irregularly. We propose a new approach which is able to detect the pose and possible occlusions of randomly distributed textured banknotes with simple smartphone cameras. This information can be used to control a handling robot-picking out banknotes.

The paper is bridging systemic and industrial AIA for PDM illustrated by examples. Soft and hard sciences meet in the regime of decisions. Depending on data available and the specific process knowledge, the most important is the complexity content, leading to interdependent decisions. With respect to AIA it makes practical sense to reduce information and use time series analysis, whereas more complex systems are more advantageously using advanced AI methods as machine learning (ML) as well as by means of data availability. The main challenge for the technical systems investigated is that damage shall be predicted and hence normal operation remains uncertain or determined by limited AI implementation.

The article proves that the condition for the creation of safe technical systems is the formation of their design appearance based on the cost parameters calculated using actuarial models. At the same time, the reasonable service life of the designed technical systems is to be determined by the cost of ensuring the safety of their operation. The article proposes a set of methods and relevant management tools for designing safe technical systems under the conditions of Industry 4.0 and re-industrialization in order to improve the quality of the technologies and increase human and social capital.

Natural systems, such as biological materials, have the ability to sense, react, regulate, grow, regenerate and heal themselves. Biological materials constitute most of the bodies of plants and animals around us. They allow cells to function, eyes to capture and interpret light, plants to respond to the light and animals to move or fly. This multitude of operations has always inspired mankind to make materials and devices, which simplify many of our day-to-day functions. One remarkable property of natural materials and structures is their ability of self-sealing and self-healing. Many animals and plants regenerate tissues or even whole organs after injury. However, biological repair processes are generally very complex and an adaption into a technical system is not easy. Recent advances in chemistry and microand nanoscale fabrication techniques have enabled biologically inspired technical systems that mimic many of these remarkable functions. For example, self-cleaning surfaces are based on the super-hydrophobic effect, which causes water droplets to roll off with ease, carrying away dirt and debris. Design of these surfaces is based on the hydrophobic microand nanostructures of a lotus leaf. In this chapter, the most successful strategies are examined, and future research directions, opportunities and outlooks are discussed. As example, the self-cleaning phenomenon and the self-healing of human wound are described in detail.