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This article utilises the developing research literatures on policy learning and memory, with particular focus on the interconnections between institutional amnesia and policy myopia, to analyse the lowering of the age of enfranchisement to 18 for all elections in the UK in 1969 and its resonance, or otherwise, in contemporary debates concerning ‘Votes-at-16’. Political and public interest in voting age reform has intensified in recent years. There has, however, been a noticeable lack of interest from either advocates or those opposed to ‘Votes-at-16’ in the ground-breaking decision taken by the UK government in 1969 to lower the voting age to 18 and policy lessons resulting in this radical reform. The article provides an overview of the policy debates linked to the lowering of the voting age to 18 in the UK in 1969 and then explores its policy effects and potential policy learning available from the introduction of ‘Votes-at-18’. It concludes that a lack of memory of past policy interventions such as lowering the voting age to 18 can be a product of both ‘institutional amnesia’ combined with intentional and unintentional forms of ‘policy myopia.

The article explores articulations between capital, the state, and the media by taking Angola and Portugal as the empirical context to examine specific relations between neoliberal and state influence against media democracy normativity in the aftermath of the Eurozone economic crisis. This includes questioning the neoliberal narrative of capital both as a hegemonic force that disempowers nation states and homogenises national media configurations. In order to do it, the “Angolanisation” of the Portuguese economy will be addressed to, then, look at the role of the Portuguese media in consolidating Angola's position within Portuguese society. It is argued that Portuguese media defined their basic commitment as promoters of Angolan interests and together with other institutions they were part of a larger system that worked as internal colonisation agents. The article contends a more differentiated perspective on neoliberalism and offers arguments to move media democratic theories beyond its normativity in the field of media studies by looking at neoliberalism as a context sensitive concept and at the media as an expression of specific relations between neoliberal and state influence in articulation with other logics. In the case in point, Portugal's peripheral condition and colonial heritage.

With its 2017 landmark decision in Vigeland, the Court of Justice of the European Free Trade Association States (EFTA Court) has paved the way for the invocation of public order and morality as grounds for refusal when trademark protection is sought for cultural expressions in the public domain. Dealing with an attempt to register artworks of the famous Norwegian sculptor Gustav Vigeland as trademarks, the EFTA Court took this step to safeguard the public domain status of literary and artistic works after the expiry of copyright, shield cultural creations against ‘commercial greed’ and ensure the freedom of the arts.1 Trademark examiners and judges seeking to follow in the footsteps of the EFTA Court, however, may find it difficult to operationalize the Vigeland criteria and put corresponding arguments for refusal into practice. Against this background, the following analysis provides guidelines for the practical application of public order and morality arguments in cultural heritage cases. It describes problems arising from the grant of trademark rights in cultural public domain material (Section I) and the traditional reluctance of trademark offices and courts to rely on public order and morality considerations in this context (Section II). After this statement of the problem, the criteria following from the Vigeland decision will be introduced (Section III) before we explore the practical implementation of the EFTA Court’s morality (Section IV) and public order (Section V) arguments in more detail. The final Section VI summarizes the results of the analysis.

The text aims to review the theme of administrative invalidity, a question that involves complexity. The importance of the approach gravitates around the attempt to deconstruct the predominant conviction in national law, which leans towards a strict view of the principle of legality, sowed doctrinally for a long time. It seeks to show that legality is an instrument for the realization of the public interest, a condition of legitimacy of administrative action. Therefore, it is emphasized that only illegality is not enough for the recognition of the invalidity. It is necessary to verify the concrete public interest for this, which requires an examination of reality. The theme returns to the spotlight with art. 21 of LINDB. In particular, the subject is analyzed here in view of the enactment of Law No. 14.133/2021, which regulates the legal regime of bidding and administrative contracts. The legislator brought a new treatment of the issue, removing invalidity as the only solution to illegality. According to the law, existing of legality defect, the possibility or not of convalidation must be verified. If convalidation is not possible, it is necessary to verify whether the concrete public interest justifies the maintenance of the contract, whit the hypothesis of its stabilization. The lessons of the doctrine and case law of the Court of Auditors of the Union deserved attention. It also did not forget the reference to the effects derived from invalid contracts.

Attacks at the naming or the routing infrastructure of the Internet have long become a reality and one single such attack has the potential of affecting access to Internet-facing services in many organizations. An important question to address is assessing the potential impact of attacks of this sort on the web infrastructure of an entire nation. In this work we examine the dependence of a large set of public administration websites on DNS entities and autonomous systems of four different countries: Italy, Germany, UK and US. We collected the dependencies of those websites from DNS zones, nameservers, networks, autonomous systems, and assessed the potential global impact of localized attacks on those entities. We also analyzed the prevalence of such defensive technologies as BGP Route Origin Authorization, DNSSEC and HTTPS Strict Transport Security. Our analysis highlights the structural interdependencies within the web infrastructures of public interest and illustrates the corresponding open problems, issues whose relevance can only grow.

The issue of Altai fairy tales and heroic legends in the context of the 1920—1980s Soviet politics of memory is considered. Attention is paid to the participation of carriers of folklore traditions, folklorists, translators, writers, poets and editors in the creation of collections of Altai fairy tales. The specificity of their activities at different historical stages is characterized. The relevance of the study is due to the growing scientific and public interest in oral folk art in connection with the formation and development of the cultural memory of the peoples of Russia as the basis of social identities. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the publication of editions of Altai folk tales and heroic legends, collected, processed and published in Soviet times, is considered as a means of forming the cultural memory of Altai and other peoples of our country about the historical past of Altai Mountains. The authors note that Altai fairy tales, the publications of which have experienced a serious impact of the state politics of memory, have become the property of book culture rather than a living tradition of oral folk art. It is shown that in the late Soviet and early post-Soviet periods, book editions of fairy tales in the mass consciousness began to be perceived as a significant source for the interpretation of the historical past of the Altai ethnos.

Continuing public interest in the question of what politicians read reveals a belief in reading as a potential vector of political agency. This article uses historical library loan records to exami...

Following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in 2011, many radiation experts directly experienced a vast gap between ideal and real public understanding (PU) of radiation in risk communication. Therefore, this study collated and reviewed information about PU activities for radiation and its risk that six Japanese academic societies—which seem to be socially neutral expert communities—related to radiation and radiation risk conducted before and after the accident. Activities these radiation-related societies provided to the general public were discussed from the following perspectives: (a) difficulties in two-way communication due to resources, motivation and public interest and concerns; (b) balance between academic research and PU activities; (c) academic societies’ building trust with the public while ensuring member experts’ neutrality and independence; and (d) discussions among academic societies to prepare for public engagement. We hope that this paper encourages experts and academic societies in radiation protection to hold more national and international discussions about their roles in public communication and outreach.

The paper examines various approaches to defining the concept of "public interests", and carries out a comparative analysis of the positions of scientists regarding the content of this concept. The author distinguishes between the categories of "public interests", "state interests" and "public interests". The paper examines the judicial and law enforcement practice in cases in which public interests are affected. The author proves the need to develop a legal definition of the concept of "public interests" in order to increase the efficiency of the activities of Russian courts and other state bodies that ensure and protect these interests. The author offers his original definition of the concept of "public interests", highlights its features. The importance of consolidating in the legislation a single, universal for all branches of law, the definition of the category of "public interests" with the possibility of supplementing its content, taking into account the specifics of the subject of legal regulation, as well as the subject composition of the relevant legal relations.

The concept of public administration of production and circulation of medicines is formed in the article. It is determined that the issuance of individual acts is the most common way to implement the administrative powers of public administration. It is emphasized that many problems in the field of higher education are related to the imperfect system of public administration, which is why the study of the publication of individual acts as a tool for public administration of higher legal education in Ukraine is relevant. It is substantiated that an individual act is a tool of public administration, which is issued by the subject of public administration in order to resolve a specific life situation. The author’s list of individual acts in the field of higher education is formed on the basis of acts of the President of Ukraine, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, the Ministry of Education and Science, the National Agency for Quality Assurance in Higher Education and heads of higher education institutions. The author’s definition of the concepts “individual acts in the field of higher education” is given. It was found that the issuance of individual acts is close to the normative, but not identical to it. The difference between them is that individual acts establish, change or terminate specific legal relationships. They differ from the normative ones in that they are addressed to specific subjects of administrative relations and their effect ceases after the exercise of their established rights and responsibilities, ie after their one-time application. It is concluded that individual acts in the field of higher education are the most common way for public administration entities to exercise power to ensure the constitutional right of Ukrainian citizens to higher education, ensuring the public interest of the state and society in this area, their essence is that they establish, change or terminate specific administrative legal relations and apply to specific subjects and objects of administrative and legal regulation of higher education, their effect is terminated after the exercise of their established subjective rights and legal obligations, ie after their one-time application.

The relation between urbanization and pandemics is not new. In fact, the “reformative” urban plans of the late 19th and early 20th centuries sought the addition of green patches, reliable running water systems, good sanitation, and sunlight to fend off the common ailments of the industrial city. No wonder then that these urban planning elements are also compatible with the Covid-19 era, as ample green and low-density areas are supposed to ensure or at least support quality of life and good health, even amid the health crisis we face today. This article examines whether additional elements tie together urban fabrics and coping with crises, particularly pandemics. To answer this question, I examine national urban planning in the state of Israel from the mid-20th century onwards. Urban planning in Israel has implemented theories and precedents from Europe and America; however, Israeli planners have also included nationalist-ideological contents in their work, so that the state and its interests have dictated their planning. The article concludes that the state interest of producing a cohesive society has created Israeli urban fabrics with community values and proximity to green areas, which are better suited for individual coping with crises involving the denial of personal freedom, whether due to a pandemic or any other reason. Accordingly, it proposes viewing these elements as suggestive of the need for significant involvement by public representatives in future urban renewal efforts.

A public apology is a fairly common content found on the YouTube platform to restore the reputation and regain people's trust. At the same time, Youtube can also be used as a commodity-based economic platform that allows organizations, individuals, and Google (the owner of Youtube) to earn revenue either through advertising or direct promotion. These two things reflect the dual benefits of two opposites: genuine demand in the public interest and economic exploitation for the benefit of certain parties. This is well explored by the political economy theory of media which sees the digital platform as a convergence between the moral economy of commodities, the moral economy of gifts, and the moral economy of public goods. This article aims to further explore the three elements of the political economy of the media in the context of apologies on Youtube in five cases that occurred in Indonesia. The five apology cases were analyzed using parameters reflecting the moral economy of commodities, gifts, and public goods. The results of the analysis provide a typology of apology and a model that reflects the interrelation between the three moral economies involved in every apology.

In this article, we review a growing empirical literature on the effectiveness and fairness of the US pretrial system and discuss its policy implications. Despite the importance of this stage of the criminal legal process, researchers have only recently begun to explore how the pretrial system balances individual rights and public interests. We describe the empirical challenges that have prevented progress in this area and how recent work has made use of new data sources and quasi-experimental approaches to credibly estimate both the individual harms (such as loss of employment or government assistance) and public benefits (such as preventing non-appearance at court and new crimes) of cash bail and pretrial detention. These new data and approaches show that the current pretrial system imposes substantial short-and long-term economic harms on detained defendants in terms of lost earnings and government assistance, while providing little in the way of decreased criminal activity for the public interest. Non-appearances at court do significantly decrease for detained defendants, but the magnitudes cannot justify the economic harms to individuals observed in the data. A second set of studies shows that that the costs of cash bail and pretrial detention are disproportionately borne by Black and Hispanic individuals, giving rise to large and unfair racial differences in cash bail and detention that cannot be explained by underlying differences in pretrial misconduct risk. We then turn to policy implications and describe areas of future work that would enable a deeper understanding of what drives these undesirable outcomes.

The article is devoted to understanding the origins of the formation and development of the theory of folk art. The relevance of the topic is determined by the existing contradiction: on the one hand, the positioning of folk art and traditional folk art crafts as an important part of the national artistic culture, an independent field of art criticism, which can be seen in legal documents, popular science literature and scientific works of the 20th century, and, on the other hand, the limited range of modern research in this area, insufficient development of the theoretical aspect of this issue.Based on the analysis of a wide range of sources, the author identifies five stages of the formation of the theory of folk art (the beginning of the 18th century — 1870s; 1870—1910s; 1917—1930s; 1930—1990s; 1990—2020s), gives a brief description of them, and names the main results of studying each of the periods. The provisions of the theory of folk art were most fully and systematically formulated and justified by M.A. Nekrasova in the 1980s.The article considers the process of forming interest in works of folk art in the middle of the 18th — the last third of the 19th century, and in the next period of “initial accumulation of facts” (until the 1910s), as the first experience of developing scientific approaches to the analysis of the specifics of folk art. The author reveals the significance of Peter the Great’s transformations in the field of culture for the formation of public interest in the traditions of Russian culture; defines the Russian folklore researchers’ contribution (songs, rituals, fairy tales) to drawing attention to the problems of preserving national features of Russian culture and their interpretation in works of literature; describes the activities of artists, critics, and public figures in creating the first collections of folk art, their analysis and description from a scientific point of view.

The article deals with the principles of decriminalization of measures of criminal law influence based on a comprehensive system analysis. It is noted that the main direction of criminal law policy is the decriminalization of acts that determine the object of such policy influence. The principle of sufficient social danger implies that the act causes significant harm to the public interest. The principle of the possibility of a positive impact of non-criminal law prohibitions on human behavior involves settling the issue of effective counteraction to the act. The principle of the relative prevalence of acts to be decriminalized emphasizes the need to take into account their individual nature when establishing legal liability for acts. The principle of the predominance of positive consequences in decrim-inalization is especially relevant for economic activity. The principle of timeliness of decriminalization means its implementation at the time of its occurrence, when the act does not pose a social danger, which implies the harmfulness of belated decriminalization.The essence of decriminalization is expressed in the legislation through the principles of law – thus ensuring the formation of the legal law, which means an officially recognized, binding legal act, which is based on the principles of law as rules applicable to the regulation of specific social relations. Decriminalization should be carried out in accordance with systemic principles. If necessary, this is supplemented by the construction of optimal models. This approach to the problem is due to the need to create an appropriate law-making mechanism that would avoid mistakes in reforming criminal law. The principles of decriminalization form a complex system, where one principle is based on the content of another. The fundamental principle of decriminalization is the principle of the rule of human rights and freedoms, which is concretized in general principles as the presumption of innocence, justice.

The current Covid-19 pandemic obliges children to study online. It requires children to use gadgets either smart hand phone or laptop. It makes a big increasing gadgets utilization. A lot of children spend their time just playing 'online games'. Adults who do activities or work from home on average spend their time using gadgets. With this phenomenon, people's interest in reading has decreased. One way to increase people's interest in reading is by making the Karangmojo Village Community Reading Corner. In the current era of globalization, this Community Reading Corner not only provides a physical library but also provides a digital library that can be accessed via the web by the people of Karangmojo Village.

A pesquisa “O direito à vida vista pelos estudantes universitários e sua representação social” está inserida no contexto do macroprojeto Constituição Federal, Direitos Fundamentais e Representação Social. Busca-se com essa proposta científica estudar o princípio do direito à vida na perspectiva representacional do acadêmico, abrangendo os cursos de Direito, Ciências Biológicas e Agronomia, do campus de Palmeiras de Goiás da Universidade Estadual de Goiás. Foi uma pesquisa promissora que trouxe conhecimentos teóricos a respeito do direito fundamental do conceito de vida para a nossa Constituição Federal, de 1988, e sua origem como direito fundamental de primeira geração, e é um dos direitos especificados e assim exposto no artigo 1º da Carta Magna brasileira. A pesquisa também teve como objetivo analisar, utilizando-se a Teoria das Representações Sociais, qual o significado desse princípio para os estudantes, tanto na perspectiva social quanto na atuação do Estado, como defensor do interesse público. O estudo usou como metodologia de pesquisa de caráter qualitativo e quantitativo, bem como pesquisas bibliográficas e aplicação de instrumento de coleta de dados, com 126 sujeitos divididos da seguinte forma: 63 alunos do curso de direito; 26 alunos do curso de Ciências biológicas; e 37 alunos do curso de Agronomia. Foi utilizado o software Iramuteq para análise das frequências das palavras evocadas, bem como a análise de similitude e nuvem de palavras para aferição da questão subjetiva. Além das questões para verificação da representação social também foi realizado questionário sociodemográfico, com perguntas sobre idade, sexualidade e cursos de graduação. As contribuições científicas para este estudo foi a produção textual a respeito do pensamento representacional do acadêmico de três cursos de graduação diferentes. Ele buscou também analisar a respeito do sentido do fundamento vida, quanto à atuação do Estado no cumprimento de sua função social, e no aspecto de sua abrangência para o próprio ser humano.

PurposeWith their former role as “cash cows” under threat owing to COVID-19, Australian business schools are fighting not only to maintain their status but also their survival. This study aims to look at how the sector might best approach these challenges.Design/methodology/approachThe study reviews the recent literature on business and management education in Australia and compares that with emerging trends and policy directions.FindingsThis analysis of current and emerging trends suggests that business education needs to find alternative arguments for legitimacy, and that business schools in public universities can no longer be regarded automatically as the “keepers of knowledge”.Research limitations/implicationsThe study contends that public resources would be better channelled towards fit-for-purpose business and management education, with this being administered by an array of entities, some of which would include private providers, public–private partnerships or public entities other than “business schools”.Practical implicationsThe study articulates the current and emerging challenges faced by decision and policy makers in the field of public business education and contends that the largely homogeneous business education provided by public universities in Australia is not always in the public interest.Social implicationsThe value of business education provided by public institutions is becoming increasingly contested, with many stakeholders, including employers, questioning the utility of contemporary business education.Originality/valuePrevious studies have looked at the aspects of the future of business and management education, but no overview has hitherto synthesised the findings of such studies and drawn out the practical implications.

The house is one of the needs that must be fulfilled by humans, the need for housing in Indonesia is increasing every year in line with the high population growth. Based on a letter issued by the finance minister regarding the home ownership loan program, many residential property business developers offer home services in an effort to meet the need for housing. Then came the conventional mortgages and sharia mortgages. Sharia mortgages are schemes that continue to develop and attract public interest with their sharia transaction systems, either with a Murabaha or Isthisna 'contract. This study aims to find out how the practice of istishna contract is applied by the developer of PT Samawa Property Group. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research with exposure related to solving existing problems. The results of this study indicate that the contract used is the istishna contract which is able to meet the needs of the community for houses without riba transactions, clear price transparency, no fines or confiscation so that it is mutually beneficial and able to improve the welfare of the community.

Pavel. E. Shcherbov's caricatures were first brought to the public's attention in the satirical magazine “The Jester” in which he had published them for several years. The cartoons of this period led P.E. Shcherbov to serious success, while their chosen theme - the artistic environment of St. Petersburg at the turn of the century - brought him fame. The research is aimed at studying the artist's collaboration with this magazine through the cartoons themselves as well as his relationship with the magazine's editorial board. It records the assessments, memories and reactions of the contemporaries about Shcherbov's cartoons published in “The Jester”. The study found that the reactions were opposite at times, from sharply negative to rave reviews. A subsequent analysis of the influence of the cartoonist's works on the art world is carried out. Within this article Shcherbov's caricatures that were published in the magazine “The Jester” and other themes that the artist used are identified. As a result of the research, a close cooperation between Shcherbov and the magazine “The Jester” is revealed as well as the conclusion that the cartoonist contributed to the rise of the satirical publications, whilst his works generated great public interest, having influenced further decisions and actions of his contemporaries, is made.

Protected areas (PAs) are often seen as opportunity costs and are therefore vulnerable to political decisions that open them up to public or private development initiatives. We reasoned that, ceteris paribus, PAs with high levels of public support should be more resilient to such decisions because; i) politicians in democratic societies are reluctant to make unpopular/controversial decisions that go against public opinion, and; ii) the proposed development of popular PAs is more likely to be met by vigorous resistance (‘push-back’) from NGOs and other societal actors. Nevertheless, public interest and, by extension, support for protected areas has rarely been considered in PA risk assessments. Here, we propose an innovative approach to assessing the political vulnerability of PAs that combines indices of developmental pressures (from the DOPA database) with an innovative culturomic-derived metric of public interest based on Wikipedia page views. Using automated methods, we quantify the political vulnerability status of 523 Brazilian PAs. Our analysis reveals a large number of PAs that may be politically vulnerable, being characterized by a combination of high developmental pressure and low/very low levels of public interest. For such PAs, we recommend managers take measures to increase public interest to ensure a healthy base of public support in the future. We conclude that digital metrics of public interest are simply and inexpensively generated, and could be easily incorporated into the existing assessment systems for protected areas.

With millions of people in the world in situations of physical distancing because of COVID-19, information and communication technology (ICT) has become as one of the principal means of interaction and collaboration. The following advantages of ICT have been cited since the start of the new millennium: increased access to information and service delivery, educational strengthening, quality control of screening programs, and reduction of health care costs. In the case of telemedicine, however, a number of barriers-especially technological, human and social, psychosocial, anthropological, economic, and governance-related-have stood in the way of its adoption. The past 20 years have seen an increase in the availability of resources and technical capacity, improvements in digital education, empowerment of patients regarding their treatment, and increased public interest in this area. Successes have included the use of interdisciplinary teams, academic and professional networking, and virtual medical consultations. After reviewing the state of telemedicine in the Region of the Americas, the authors recommend the urgent adoption of measures aimed at implementing national telemedicine policies and programs, including a regulatory framework and adequate funding. Implementation of the measures should be integrated and interoperable and include the support of academic networks and the collaboration of specialized institutions. The policies should generate an enabling context that ensures sustainability of the progress achieved, bearing in mind the possible barriers mentioned.Com milhões de pessoas no mundo em situação de distanciamento físico devido à COVID-19, as tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TICs) se enquadraram como um dos meios principais de interação e colaboração. Já no início deste milênio, começaram a ser mencionadas as seguintes vantagens: maior acesso à informação e à prestação de serviços; fortalecimento da educação; controle de qualidade dos programas de detecção e redução dos custos na atenção à saúde. No entanto, entre as principais barreiras de adoção da telemedicina se encontram as de caráter: tecnológico; humano e social; psicossocial e antropológico; de governança e econômico. Nestes 20 anos, houve um aumento nos recursos e na capacidade técnica, uma melhora na educação digital, um empoderamento do paciente em seu tratamento e um maior interesse público nessa área. Em especial, são consideradas bem-sucedidas a constituição de equipes interdisciplinares e as redes acadêmicas e profissionais, e as consultas médicas virtuais. Após revisar o estado da telemedicina na Região das Américas, os autores recomendam a adoção de medidas urgentes para implementar políticas e programas nacionais de telemedicina, incluindo o marco normativo e o orçamento necessário. Essa implementação deve ser realizada de maneira integral e interoperável e sustentada por redes acadêmicas, de parceria e instituições especializadas. Tais políticas devem gerar um contexto favorável, dando sustentabilidade ao avanço obtido e considerando os aspectos mencionados nas possíveis barreiras.

The article analyzes nationally marked collective linguistic personality in V. Shkliar`s novel «Kharakternyk»; identifies the relationship between linguistic personality and the worldview of the community where it was formed; analyzes different scientific approaches to the interpretation of the concept of linguistic personality and modern tendencies in its study. There is no doubt that the importance of analyzing the linguistic personality of the characters in popular books is difficult to overestimate because if one or another book gained popularity among a great number of people, then it is interesting to the reader because he identifies himself with the main character of this book, his perception of the world, the language, the linguistic behavior. It should be noted that modern Ukrainian authors had to fight for their popularity, but now we can observe the increasing public interest in the works of Ukrainian writers. In our opinion, V. Shklyar is one of the most popular and most controversial writers in Ukraine and it was the main reason why we chose his novel to analyze. In our opinion, one of the best examples of how to create a bright character, to show his inner world without resorting to broad authorical characteristics, is V. Shklyar`s novel «Kharakternyk». The aim of this paper is to investigate the main features of the nationally marked collective linguistic personality of the characters in the novel of V. Shklyar «Kharakternyk». Achieving the aim of this scientific article involves solving the following tasks: 1) to analyze the historical formation of the concept «linguistic personality» and to get acquainted with modern tendencies in the study of linguistic personality nowadays; 2) to identify the main factors influencing the formation of linguistic personality; 3) to analyze the main features and national markers of the collective linguistic personality in the novel of V. Shklyar «Kharakternyk». The object of our scientific article is the linguistic personality of the characters of the modern novel. The subject of this work is the collective linguistic personality in the V. Shkliar`s novel «Kharakternyk». The concept of linguistic personality was analyzed by such linguists as V.Sheludko, T. Dolshykova, L, Macko, T. Mayboroda and other scientists. Today the linguistic personality of Ukrainian writers is of interest to linguists which indicates the anthropological perspective of linguistic research in Ukraine, but the

O direito de propriedade intelectual tem as suas exceções e os seus limites internos, previstos na lei. Nos últimos tempos, vem crescendo a discussão da sua compressão à luz de princípios gerais, como o interesse público, a liberdade de expressão ou a saúde pública. Dir-se-ia, pois, que estes direitos têm, também, uma função social, para além da proteção das prerrogativas dos seus titulares, o que é verdadeiro, sobretudo, para as patentes farmacêuticas. Grande parte desta discussão sempre passou, na verdade, pelas patentes farmacêuticas, sua concessão e exploração, em especial no que tange às patentes biotecnológicas. Esta discussão mais e mais se exacerbou quanto às patentes das vacinas destinadas ao tratamento contra a COVID-19. Não falta quem queira lançar mão dos meios previstos nas leis nacionais e internacionais para compelir às licenças obrigatórias das patentes e, até, à sua expropriação. Em causa, podem estar, no entanto, outros aspetos, como contratos mal negociados pela Comissão da União Europeia com algumas empresas farmacêuticas e os problemas logísticos na produção de vacinas. Por outro lado, centrar a discussão nas patentes poderá ser redutor, uma vez que há outros aspetos da propriedade intelectual a considerar. Contudo, a resposta estará, muito provavelmente, no equilíbrio entre os direitos dos titulares de patentes e o interesse público.

Onufriev V. N. FORMATION OF THE JURY AS AN ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL PROCEDURE The article examines the content of the administrative and legal procedure for the formation of the list of jurors, highlights the basic concepts of the administrative and legal procedure, distinguishes between the categories of the formation of the list of jurors and the jury; clarified the legal framework that determines the structure of these procedures according to current legislation, foreign experience and draft laws. It is established that the procedure of forming a jury trial is a normatively defined procedural activity of the court and participants in the trial, aimed at identifying circumstances that exclude the participation of the jury from the list approved by the relevant local councils, in the case and its inclusion in the jury court hearing. As a result of the study, the features of the administrative procedure for forming a jury list were identified: the content is consistently carried out by public administration bodies, consideration and resolution of individual administrative cases, not related to disputes or coercive measures, i.e. indisputable; in its process the public interest in ensuring the participation of the people in the administration of justice through juries is realized, i.e. it has a public character; determined by administrative and legal norms; the purpose is to form a list of jurors, individual in nature, because the decision to include a person in the list of jurors applies to a specific person; has a staged character; inclusion of these persons who meet the requirements in the list of jurors and approved by local or regional councils; are implemented within the framework of administrative and legal relations that arise between public administration bodies: local governments, territorial departments of the State Judicial Administration of Ukraine, and citizens. The concept of the procedure of forming.

[Purpose] Automated decision-making and algorithmic governance are increasingly implemented in Latin America in order to improve efficiency in public institutions. However, regulatory frameworks are limited, and the uncritical adoption of technological solutions might undermine fundamental rights, especially of marginalized and vulnerable groups. [Methodology] The article explores two cases of automated decision-making in the Colombian public sector from a social justice perspective. It also outlines current debates on the regulation of artificial intelligence and algorithmic governance at the global level. [Findings] The article shows that the techno-optimistic discourse on the improvement of decision-making through the adoption of algorithms and artificial intelligence ignores the implications in terms of fundamental rights. This leads to the adoption of technologies without the necessary transparency and policy debates. [Practical Implications] The outline of current debates in other regions could inform policy debates in Colombia and Latin America. They provide some guidelines on how to prevent some of the most serious pitfalls of automated decision-making in the public sector. [Originality] While most of the debates on automated decision-making focus on the Global North, this article explores two cases from Colombia and discusses the necessary policy debates on algorithmic governance in Latin America.

This study examines the political motives of the plan to expand the new autonomous region in Papua. This is because the expansion of new autonomous areas is not always purely for the welfare of the people but is very closely related to political interests, namely power, and position. This study used qualitative research methods. The data used in the form of secondary data was obtained through reputable media and documents in journals. Next, the data is sorted to form a systematic framework. To analyze the research data, Nvivo plus 12 was used. From the analysis, it was described, and a conclusion was drawn. The study results indicate that the political motives for the plan to expand the new autonomous region in Papua are very material-intensive, namely the interests of the political elite, both central and local, to obtain rewards, position, and power. There is a narrative in the ideological incentive motive that regional expansion is for the public interest, namely providing services, developing infrastructure, increasing human resources, and alleviating poverty. However, in reality, some of the ongoing divisions in Papua have not yet impacted the Papuan people.

Este análisis aborda el caso de arbitraje de inversión internacional David Aven y Otros v. Costa Rica. Tras describir a manera de intro- ducción los aspectos relevantes de la controversia, se resalta el problema jurídico que representa en esta decisión la tensión entre el deber del Estado Anfitrión de proteger los intereses del inversionista y el deber de proteger el interés (global) público del medio ambiente. Posteriormente, se evalúa la postura del Tribunal consistente en dar primacía al interés global público del medio ambiente a través de la predilección de la teoría de los poderes de policía y la aplicación del derecho internacional del medio ambiente; para rematar concluyendo que la decisión responde acertadamente al reclamo de la academia sobre la necesidad de rebalancear el equilibrio entre la protección a la inversión y la protección del medio ambiente.

This paper discusses a case small in scale, but one which raises questions around how different conceptions of what is in the public interest are reconciled in the English regulatory planning system. The case in question is the proposed redevelopment of three 1850s shops in Sheffield’s Devonshire Quarter, traditionally home to independent retailers. The paper illustrates how a small scale planning application can generate national attention, through a range of misunderstandings, conflicting interests and a narrow definition of what constitutes knowledge in English planning. Particular attention is paid to how a different approach to decision-making might have facilitated a compromise solution, through thinking about what is in the public interest at different scales. The core argument is around the need to address how public participation in planning processes can be based on more equitable use of knowledge. This leads to conclusions around how the system can better reconcile multiple interests.

This special issue is dedicated to the theme of public interest technology (PIT) [1] . PIT acknowledges that technological potential can be harnessed to satisfy the needs of civil society. In other words, technology can be seen as a public good that can benefit all, through an open democratic system of governance, with open data initiatives, open technologies, and open systems/ecosystems designed for the collective good, as defined by respective communities that will be utilizing them. Just like in the established field of public interest law (PIL) [2] , [3] and public interest journalism (PIJ) [4] , we can consider potential fields around the idea of PIT [5] , [6] , such as public interest co-design (PITco), even public interest engagement (PITengage) or public interest consulting (PIC). For decades, public interest engineers (PIEs) have volunteered their time to collaborate in meaningful participative engagements. These engineers have self-organized some impressive collectives including Engineers Without Borders, ASCE Disaster Assistance Volunteer Program, Appropriate Infrastructure Development Group, Architecture for Humanity, Bridges to Prosperity, Bridging the Gap Africa, Engineers for a Sustainable World, GISCorps, Habitat for Humanity, National Engineering Projects in Community Service, just to name a few. These collectives and initiatives call attention to the primary role of a PIT practitioner. That is, the importance of PIT practitioners serving as transdisciplinary intermediaries between the community and the STEM disciplines and technical teams, emphasizing the importance of justice, equity, and inclusion in the design and deployment of new technologies [7] that allow for positive social transformation and empowerment [8] .

The 2015 Paris Agreement, complementing the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, showcases an impressive consensus on climatological rhetoric. Thereby, it will contribute certainly neither to achieving its overall objectives on temperature nor to redressing any of the resulting “loss [or] damage” yet possibly to continuing the worldwide dialogue on the environment or on ecological entitlements. This paper will dissect and categorize these. It will conclude that the framers essentially kept the conversation going, nationally and internationally, encouraging the establishment, the adjudicatory branch, and the public to resume the conceptual or practical advancement on the topic

Over the recent winter holidays, in a casual conversation with some engineering friends, I brought up the role of engineers in the Cahora Bassa Dam of Mozambique, a project I highlighted at the recent IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society 2020 (ISTAS20) Conference [1] . During the construction of the dam, local knowledge of drainage and seasonal river patterns were ignored by European and American engineers, which resulted in tragic consequences for both the environment and the welfare of the indigenous villages along the wide and mountainous Zambezi River [2] . In response, one of my (anonymous) friends declared, “Well, that’s not the engineer’s fault. The engineers were asked to optimize the placement of the dam, so they optimized it. Those consequences are the fault of the manager who scoped out the project!”

In view of the robust link often inferred between autonomous journalism and the strength of a society's democratic institutions, and against the background of current challenges to journalists’ traditional roles as purveyors of timely and independent information, we interviewed 352 Canadian journalists about their social and political roles and the influences on their news choices. Comparison of their responses against an international data set (N= 27,567) suggests that Canadian journalists place greater value on detached monitorial roles and claim relatively greater autonomy from commercial and other influences on their work. Further, in comparing these findings to an influential panel study from 1996 to 2003, we conclude that the Canadian journalists’ “credo,” focused on neutral reporting and oriented more to perceived public interest than to business or audience interests, remains surprisingly intact despite contemporary pressures on news forms and business models. This professed neutrality is mitigated by a desire to promote diversity and tolerance.

The establishment and socialization of Sekaput Reading Corner to increase public interest in reading at coffee shops in Pangkalpinang City is a joint effort to increase literacy and reading interest among coffee lovers since coffee shops do not usually provide a reading corner. This program aimed to improve people’s literacy skills with the support of the Sekaput Reading Corner. At the same time, this program brought reading materials closer to the community while being at the coffee shop. The case observation method was used during the implementation of this program. Accordingly, the program involved 15 coffee shops by providing a reading corner stimulus to 5 selected coffee shops. The results showed approximately 80% of coffee shop customers gave a good response to the Sekaput Reading Corner in the coffee shops. Reflecting on the results, in the future, Sekaput Reading Corner can be applied in every coffee shop by moving from place to place.

O presente trabalho buscou analisar criticamente a Parceiros da Educação (PdE), uma Organização da Sociedade Civil de Interesse Público (OSCIP) sediada em São Paulo. Trata-se de uma instituição que busca mediar parcerias celebradas entre empresários ou empresas e escolas públicas com o objetivo de implementar um programa de intervenção em diversas dimensões da escola elaborado pela PdE. A investigação aqui apresentada buscou categorizar a estrutura organizativa da OSCIP, através da análise da composição de seu Conselho Executivo, de 2009 a 2013. Baseando-se na teoria de Estado marxista, especialmente nos trabalhos de Antonio Gramsci e Nicos Poulantzas, o estudo buscou analisar criticamente as conexões internas e externas da OSCIP no Estado ampliado. Os resultados demonstraram que a PdE é uma associação dirigida por representantes bastante significativos da burguesia que atua no Brasil, especialmente do capital financeiro. Suas conexões no Estado ampliado sugerem uma ampla rede de poder envolvida na colonização da educação pública, cujos tentáculos envolvem instituições como o Todos pela Educação, partidos políticos e postos-chave no aparato de Estado.

This case study of the Municipal County of Antigon­ish (MCA) in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia assessed the extent to which agricultural land use planning accommodates those societal interests seeking to embed food sovereignty at the municipal level. Data were collected through content analysis of legislative documents, key informant interviews, and a review of the grey literature. Results suggest that the relatively weak municipal planning system in place prioritizes private interests over the public interest in farmland protection. The resultant gaps in the legislative setup in the MCA further reveal that food sovereignty actors and/or ideas have little influence over municipal governance of farmland protection. Broader historical and contemporary trends in Nova Scotia and Canada at large suggest that farmland will continue to lose ground to forces intrinsic to the dominant policy paradigm of market liberalism. Concluding thoughts call for “bringing back the (Canadian) state” itself as central to constituting a new agricultural policy paradigm.

Green building is an innovative and socially significant element of enhancing environmental sustainability. The main idea behind the construction of green buildings is to increase the sustainability of the living environment, which is achieved by reducing the overall impact of buildings on the environment and human health. This undoubtedly important trend, entering into modern use and closely related to the concept of sustainable development, makes it necessary to determine what lies at the basis of its international legal regulation. The purpose of the study is to determine the place and role of international legal instruments for the formation of "green" construction and processes, related to it. The Aarhus Convention, as one of these instruments, provides dual protections for environmental and human rights, and its focus on public engagement provides a mechanism to ensure that governments are held accountable in their efforts to address the multifaceted challenges facing our world today. At the same time, the second one—the UN Global Compact—is the world's largest corporate social responsibility initiative and also directly affects the status of implementation of many modern instruments aimed at achieving sustainable development in national legal systems. Research question: What is the role of the UN Global Compact and the Aarhus Convention in stimulating green building in Russia at the present stage? Through the method of political and legal analysis used in the work, the study attempts to determine the role of the mentioned international regulatory legal acts in the field of environmental protection as a tool to stimulate green building. The study is based on the assumption that international environmental agreements have the necessary levers to influence green building, and their effective application is in the public interest. The study is based on the example of the Russian legal system in a comparative perspective. This paper discusses the impact of international instruments such as the Aarhus Convention and the United Nations Global Compact on promoting green building, the sustainable development of the construction industry and the relationship between sustainability and competitiveness when using green supply chain management (GSCM). The study gives reasons to say about the contradictory attitude of the Russian authorities to the initiative to join the Aarhus Convention, but at the same time confirms the interest of Russian business in adherence to the goals of the UN Global Compact; however, it demonstrates the fact that the issue of forming sustained commitment to the concept of green construction directly for the construction business at this stage is not among the top priorities. In this area, commitment to the principles of the UN Global Compact is in its infancy. In practical terms, the work is of interest both for business entities for assessing the commercial profitability of business processes and for policymakers in the field of adapting domestic legislative acts to international legislation and law enforcement practices.

El ejercicio del profesional contable al interior de las organizaciones privadas y públicas ha tomado un rol significativo en los últimos años, pues ha migrado del contexto de la teneduría de libros a un escenario más estratégico. Sin embargo, el desempeño del contador ha sido cuestionado en el marco de su función social al ser garante de confianza pública y de manera particular del “interés público”, a través de una conducta profesional integra, una conducta ética con respeto a los principios y una garantía a la transparencia de la información financiera, que sirve para la toma de decisiones de un grupo amplio de usuarios. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre el actuar del contador en su función de garantizar confianza pública. La investigación es descriptiva con enfoque cualitativo, a partir de una encuesta aplicada a 216 profesionales seleccionados de manera no probabilística, y a quienes se les preguntó su opinión con relación a su actuar ético y su función social en las organizaciones. Los resultados evidencian por ejemplo, que el 85,3% de los encuestados están de acuerdo en que la ética de contador se ve amenazada por los intereses particulares de la empresa privada, y un 65,9% manifiesta que no se garantiza el principio de independencia mental.

The article is devoted to the definition of the concept in the signs of public administration. It was found that the transition from the state-centric paradigm of state administration to the concept of a service state led to the renewal of the conceptual apparatus of administrative law. There was a need to substantiate the essence and characteristics of public administration, with the help of which the goals of the existence of a service state are realized.It is substantiated that the category “public administration” occupies an important place in modern scientific research. Scientists of public administration are mainly considered as: a) a way of realizing public interest as the interest of a certain social community, united within the territory of the state; b) as a mechanism for the implemen-tation of state policy; c) as the activity of public authorities (or state bodies and local self-government bodies) aimed at achieving socially important goals.It has been established that the definition of the concept of “public administration” in a broad sense depends to a certain extent on the level of development of democratic relations in society. If the state is characterized as democratic, then public administration can be defined as professional, paid, funded from the state and local budgets, the activities of state bodies and local self-government bodies, their officials, aimed at ensuring the rights, needs and interests of man and citizen, civil society, subjects objects of entrepreneurial activity and other participants in public relations within the framework of a unified state (public) policy. In a narrow, technocratic, understanding, public administration of any state can be considered as a set of actions of state-authorized bodies and their officials aimed at implementing public policy measures in all spheres of society.It has been proved that the signs of public administration are: a) the relationship between the direction of actions of persons directly carrying out public administration measures and state (public) policy; b) the professional nature of public administration; c) detailed legal regulation of most of the public administration activities; d) the presence of a distribution of competence between various subjects of public administration in order to avoid duplication of their functions.

One of the key tasks of the State Archival Service of Ukraine and state archival institutions is to preserve and replenish the archival heritage of the Ukrainian people. In the modern world, online platforms for the sale of antiques, including historical documents, have become widespread, which until recently were hardly noticed by the state as a potential source of replenishment of the archival funds of state archives. The purpose of the study is to characterize and analyze the existing mechanism of control over the sale of archival documents online and replenishment of state archival collections. The research methods are: system method (to clarify the legal mechanisms of the state purchase of archival documents in the system of archival legislation of Ukraine); general scientific comparative and special comparative-legal and comparative-historical methods (for comparison of practice of realization of this direction of activity of state archives in Ukraine); formal legal method (for the implementation of a comprehensive description of the main legal categories of archival legislation of Ukraine); method of scientific interpretation of law (to substantiate the content of relevant legal norms). The result of the research is to prepare a proposal to amend certain articles of the sectoral archival law and bylaws, and / or take into account the identified problems during the preparation of a new archival law. It is established that the modern Ukrainian archival legislation only declares the primary right of the state to purchase documents of the National Archival Fund, but in practice this is not always true. Until recently, the State Archival Service of Ukraine and state archival institutions took almost no administrative or organizational measures to ensure the public interest in the sale of historical documents at online auctions. Proposals have been made to improve the relevant archival legislation and organize the work of state archives in this direction.

Not a single organization is immune to crisis. Negligent handling of regulations and standards, misprotection of personal information, mistakes in care and treatment, financial resources frauds, non-compliance with operational and technical processes, or hygiene scandals are just some of the issues that can turn into a crisis. In addition to the universal risks, the emotionally charged topic of healthcare, combined with the importance of healthcare facilities as trustworthy institutions, turns hospital mistakes into events of high news value. This article provides tips and ideas for developing practical communication activities in times of crisis, including answers to the question of what a medical institution can do to be better prepared when a crisis occurs and how to reduce physical, psychological, and emotional stress on the staff and patients.

Purpose: Reporting on CSR activities has become the essence of reporting for modern business entities. In this regard, particular attention is paid to public interest companies. Therefore, the following paper aims to answer the question of whether there are differences in the linguistic structure of the studied CSR reports in three selected industry indices on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) in Poland, i.e. WIG-energy index, WIG-fuel index, WIG-mining index and their relationship with the performance of selected companies. Approach/Methodology/Design: The study was conducted on a purposely selected sample of companies between 2013 and 2018. A total of 138 CSR reports and 138 annual separate financial statements prepared in accordance with IAS/IFRS were collected. The study was carried out based on a panel regression model. Findings: It was found that CSR reports contained similar average percentages of parts of speech such as nouns and adjectives. When linking the economic performance of companies, expressed with selected indices, to the information on the implementation of CSR concepts, it was revealed that the results are more likely to describe business performance when it is satisfactory. Practical Implications: The article indicates an important issue related to the attempt to answer the questions whether the description of the companies' activities is related to the financial data. This issue is extremely important from the point of view of an external recipient who uses the financial statements. Originality/Value: The results of the reaserch and theoretical considerations contained in the article complement the existing research in accounting. Previously, such studies were not carried out., peer-reviewed

Although interest group strategies have been studied by a number of authors who compare different types of groups, our knowledge about how these different types of groups differ in the way they use social media as a strategy to realise their goals is limited. In this paper, we use the hierarchy of engagement model and investigate how British public interest groups and sectional groups, which are active at the European Union (EU) level, engage with the public on Facebook. Compared with information and community-type posts, action-type posts can attract more attention on social media. Public interest groups can use action-type messages as a tool for attracting public attention, thus, alleviating their relative disadvantage in attracting and maintaining members. Results show that the use of action-type messages are significantly higher for public interest groups.

La investigación se planteó como objetivo analizar los avances de la gobernabilidad local en épocas de pandemia en la Región San Martin. El artículo es de tipo básico, dogmática teórica; el diseño es la revisión sistemática, se seleccionaron 21 artículos los mismos que provienen de los buscadores virtuales: Google, Discover, ProQuest, EBSCO y Académico, como criterio de inclusión se consideró que estos no superen los 5 años de antigüedad y que hallen en inglés e español. Los estudios encontrados se encuentran organizados desde el contexto europeo, asiático, norteamericano y Latinoamericano. Siendo importante precisar que los estudios mencionados tienen correlación con el enfoque que las prioridades en torno al concepto de gobernabilidad local, el cual es concebido a la capacidad de gestión y resolución oportuna, eficiente y eficaz de temas de interés público, inmediatamente se hallan ámbitos comunes conceptuales con la propuesta de descentralizar el Estado. La desconexión entre los gobiernos locales y los funcionarios públicos dificulta satisfacer las necesidades y cumplir requerimientos de los servicios públicos, los esfuerzos integrales a través de la acción gubernamental y la gobernanza son esenciales para la cooperación. Los gobiernos locales durante la pandemia reiteraron la vulnerabilidad e insuficiencia de la gestión pública y estatal. Principalmente, se enfatiza la urgente necesidad de que los gobiernos locales y e instituciones conozcan las demandas de la sociedad, la pandemia también ha evidenciado el casi nulo valor de la gestión pública a la investigación y la innovación en áreas científicas, y sociales; situación que requiere invertir y prevención en equipamiento e infraestructura de los servicios en el sector de la salud en el país, desarrollar la planificación estratégica en base a información, la reconstrucción de la ciudadanía que colabore la generación y promoción de la gobernabilidad en base a la autoridad del poder político y la difusión de la información así como la comunicación de planes.

Objective Reddit is one of the most popular websites in the United States because of its user-driven aggregation and community-based curation of online content. We describe the use and impact of Reddit's Ask Me Anything platform, for public engagement and education about developments in hormonal male contraception (HMC). Methods We analyzed the content from and user engagement with 2 Reddit Ask Me Anything events that answered user queries about HMC in June 2018 and March 2019. Clinical trial investigators provided real-time responses throughout the events. We examined the 25 most popular posts from each event, analyzing content for salient themes via an inductive approach. To quantify event impact, we examined Google Trends data and subsequent traffic to the investigator website. Results Over 18,000 registered Reddit users interacted with each of the 2 Ask Me Anything events, with each generating over 1600 comments. The most popular posts of each Ask Me Anything event expressed interest in off-target effects associated with the use of HMCs. Additional themes included queries about previous and ongoing clinical trials, HMC physiology, and market analyses and projections of public willingness to use HMCs. The events coincided with a spike in both Google searches for “male birth control” and first-time visits to the study's website where users could express interest in participating in clinical trials. Conclusion Reddit Ask Me Anything events conducted by HMC investigators revealed wide public interest in HMCs. The events prompted further searches for more information on male contraception, while driving traffic to the investigator website for trial recruitment purposes. Implications Reddit Ask Me Anything events are a popular, cost-free online platform for publicly responding to a range of HMC-related queries, while providing investigators with insight into stakeholder priorities and preoccupations.

Under Idi Amin's government, institutions that served the public interest were dramatically under-resourced. An array of self-nominated, self-important, self-righteous people were empowered to take on administrative tasks that, in an earlier dispensation, had been the work of professionals. Businesses and institutions that had formerly been under the regulatory authority of credentialled experts were thrown open all at once for commoners to operate. Everywhere there were campaigns, as the new regime made obscure and technical issues into urgent problems demanding a resolution. Ugandans were called upon to defend cultures, to struggle against imperialism and racism, and to transform the architecture of the economy. That is how people came to see themselves as proprietors of public life. Their work allowed commoners to claim equity over resources and infrastructures. In their investments in the operations of public institutions, people became custodians, proprietors and petty authoritarians. Their proprietary sense of responsibility was a powerful inducement to self-sacrifice. It was also the fuel for demagoguery.

Various efforts have been done to overcome or at least reduce the severe congestion in Jakarta. For this reason, the local government continues to carry out various strategies. And PT TransJakarta as a company under the auspices of the local government that manages several modes of transportation, also has a big role in overcoming congestion in Jakarta. One of them is by launching several public transportations so that many people will switch to use public transportation. Recently, Transjakarta launched a microbus type public transportation called Mikrotrans. To make it works, TransJakarta must be able to attract public interest to use microtrans. For this reason, a special strategies are needed to attract customers. One of the most important aspects is by controlling the quality of the service in order to make customer satisfied. Several aspects of microtrans service quality are investigated which have major influences on increasing customer satisfaction. And the results show that in general the quality of service at Mikrotrans is quite good. The result shows that the variables of service quality in mikrotrans are good enough in the customer although it still requires evaluation or improvement in several aspects.

This article shows that how we look at political rent and rent-seeking depends on our position on state interference in the economy and which theory of regulation we are familiar with. Although the theory of rent-seeking is in accordance with the paradigm of the private interest (economic) theories of regulation, the researcher also needs an insight based on the public interest theories of regulation if he wants to judge the impact of rent-seeking and the creation of political rent on social well-being properly. The paper is also a conceptualization of political rent. It describes forms of rent-seeking and economic systems most amenable to it. Artykuł ukazuje, że to, jak traktujemy rentę polityczną i pogoń za rentą zależy od nastawienia badacza do ingerencji państwa w gospodarkę oraz od tego, jaka teoria regulacji jest mu bliska. Choć teoria pogoni za rentą koresponduje z teorią regulacji opartą na interesie prywatnym (ekonomiczną), badacz musi uwzględnić także podejście bazujące na teorii regulacji opartej na interesie publicznym, jeśli chce właściwie ocenić wpływ pogoni za rentą i kreacji renty politycznej na dobrobyt społeczny. Artykuł zawiera także konceptualizację renty politycznej. Opisuje też różne formy pogoni za rentą i najbardziej podatne na nią systemy ekonomiczne.