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Hermann Cohen's Logic of Pure Knowledge and G. W. F. Hegel's Science of Logic each use in their way the means of thought of negation and contradiction to unfold the philosophical dynamic: a fragile interplay between self-endangerment and self-preservation of thought. Here, the proximity and difference of the two authors are extended. The proximity lies in methodological negativism. The difference is in the significance of the principle of continuity. According to Cohen and Hegel as well, thinking proceeds exclusively, as Kant called it, synthetically. The exclusion of contradiction, limited to analytical judgments, has only marginal significance. But the commonality does not eliminate the differences. As Hegel puts it, contradiction is a principle of mediation and finally results in "self-dissolution"; it carries within itself a direction of logical "reconciliation." Per Cohen, contradiction is a principle of "annihilation" (annihilatio) of approaches to a determination that threatens any form of "identity." The turn Hegel put in contradiction itself, regarding in it a unity of positivity and negativity, has no direct counterpart in Cohen. Nevertheless, for him, too, the "judgment of contradiction" becomes the active basis of all cognitive thought. By exercising a contradiction-destroying "activity," the judgment of contradiction "protects," indeed "generates," the real possibility of cognition. The annihilation of the non-identical sets free the fundamental "judgment of origin" with which cognition finds its beginning. The principle of continuity taken over from Leibniz corresponds to it. Just this principle has now again no direct correspondence with Hegel.

As climate change rapidly intensifies, political theory urgently needs to respond to the shock of the Anthropocene and bring nature back to politics. William Connolly’s work is a paradigmatic example of such a theory that actively emphasizes the role nonhuman forces play in the social and political world and the discontinuity this emphasis brings to political theory. Connolly underscores fragile resonances between nature and culture and productively problematizes a human-centric vision of politics. However, while interrogating how contemporary political conjuncture catastrophically increases planetary fragility, he still insists on the continuity of his vision for democratic pluralism that this very conjuncture fundamentally puts in question. Thus, Connolly’s type of post-anthropocentric ontology remains rather inconsistently connected to explicitly political concerns. This article aims to clarify this connection. On the one hand, it shows how his brand of democratic politics that answers to the challenges of the Anthropocene presupposes a heightened degree of political negativism and universalism that used to be excluded from this politics. On the other, it demonstrates how the discontinuities in ontology must be simultaneously thought of as the discontinuities in established political theorizing and to continuously interrogate the very conjuncture that reveals the relevance of these ontological and political discontinuities.

Modern practical psychotherapy structurally includes several areas and profiles, among which one of the first places is occupied by family psychotherapy, in particular, systemic family psychotherapy. Such psychotherapy for families raising children with special educational needs is of particular importance. Psychological support for mentioned families should be aimed at creating the social and psychological conditions restoring emotional well-being of parents having children with special educational needs and favourable for these children’s development. Family psychotherapy can take various forms and directions aimed at families raising children with special educational needs. One of the best formats of corrective and supportive psychotherapy for these families is psychotherapeutic assistance, psychotherapy aimed at actuation of family members’ personal and psychological resources, especially children with psychological difficulties. Revealed significant shortcomings and mistakes become a self-disclosure tool necessary for positive personal changes and personality manifestations in the form of internal mental states and external behavioural reactions. Repeated psychotherapeutic influences on the behavioural models used by parents of children with special educational needs help them to better understand their children, their behaviour, reduce anxiety, improve self-confidence and confidence in their abilities to overcome life problems. A psychotherapist’s necessary quality is his/her ability to maintain a positive attitude towards a client or, to say more correctly, faith in the positive existential foundation, which should be freed from life blockages and false personality defences. Only in this case, the psychotherapist can simultaneously maintain a open, natural communication and at the same time not react with negative emotions to the client’s negative manifestations. We have found that the rejection of their children by parents of autistic children is associated with negativism, irritability, increased anxiety and depression, rigidity. Increased anxiety among parents with autistic children increases their irritation, resentment, and guilt.

The paper examines personal characteristics that may affect the propensity for procrastination of women, in particular, self-esteem, self-regulation, the ability to make and implement decisions. Cluster analysis was used for the division of the participants into groups according to the level of propensity for procrastination. The clustering took into account the indicators on the scales of the methods "Scale of general procrastination" by C. H. Lay and "Procrastination scale" by B. W. Tuckman. Based on the clustering tree and the k-means method, two clusters with high and low levels of procrastination were determined. Further differences between these groups were analyzed on the basis of comparative, correlation and factor analysis. Women prone to procrastination show lower levels of self-esteem, self-regulation and subjective control. The external locus of control is combined with a tendency to procrastinate and delay the decision-making. The internal dissatisfaction with themselves, negativism in assessing their abilities and readiness for self-blame were observed. The inability to plan one's behavior, to build realistic, detailed, hierarchical, effective plans affects the tendency to procrastinate both in everyday affairs and in decision-making. As shown by factor analysis, these participants can overcome their procrastination tendencies by increasing a positive attitude towards themselves and their abilities, as well as developing the ability to manage their arbitrary behavior during the process of setting and achieving goals. Women who are not prone to procrastination are internally motivated, tend to build adequate and constructive plans for the future, demonstrate a high level of self-regulation determined by intrinsic motivators. Programming life goals, taking into account external and internal conditions, evaluation of the results and correction of their activity play an important role in various areas of activity of this category of women. Based on comparative and factor analysis, it can be argued that self-regulation plays a key role in overcoming the desire to procrastinate and put things off.

Many recent commentators have noticed how Adorno, in his late works, borrows Kant’s definition of enlightenment to define key areas of his own critical practice. These discussions, however, have failed to notice how these late borrowings present an image of Kant’s enlightenment which is diametrically opposed to his previous discussions. By tracing the development of Adorno’s engagement with Kant’s essay, I discover Adorno deliberately sublating Kant’s definition as to enable its incorporation into his own works. Further, the article will examine some problems which appear to arise for Adorno when borrowing Kant’s definition of enlightenment in his late works, which coalesce around the topics of negativism and the prospects for societal change.

Purpose: The present study deals with the problem of evaluation of environmental workplace behaviors. In the present study three basic goals were set out: determination of kinds and scale of occurrence of behaviors which harmful to environment in places of work, evaluation of the level of the negative nature of these behaviors, as well as diagnosing dependences between these evaluations. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research was conducted between 15 July and 15 August 2019, with the use of the online questionnaire (computer-assisted web interviewing). The material which was collected was subject to a statistical analysis. Findings: 72.8% of the respondents were thinking about the impact of the examined negative behaviors on the environment. It is both employees and the organization who bear the responsibility for the occurrence of behaviors which are detrimental to environment (89.5% of the respondents). 71.6% of the questioned admitted that they did not know whether their companies prevented in any way behaviors which are harmful to environment. The results suggest a strong common dimension underlying evaluations of counter-ecological behaviors in the workplace. Practical Implications: Providing a good working conditions is not just a matter of complying with the law. Common workers can contribute to the environment free of unwelcome conduct. Originality/value: So far research has not been ventured on the scope of perception of negativism of particular types of behaviors which are harmful to environment and which occur in the place of work, as well as eventual correlations between evaluations of these behaviors., peer-reviewed

The prosperity gospel Pentecostalism is relatively new on the religious landscape which is swiftly expanding at breath-taking speed and now is a force to be reckoned with in Kenya. It has a greater chance of outliving the 21st century in view of the fact that it is widely and readily being accepted by all classes of people for its claim of physical and spiritual empowerment. The methodology adopted for this study was a phenomenological approach. The study uncovered that there are so many in favour of the expansion and consolidation of the prosperity gospel in Kenya. The paper affirmed the point that prosperity gospel in its entirety is not bad but what is needed is a change in the right focus of prosperity message. Even though there are aspects of negativism in prosperity preaching, the paper believes and concludes that God will eventually change the focus of prosperity message as preached by prosperity preachers to something more positive and rewarding for it to continue being relevant in Kenya.

Background Adherence to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication can prevent serious consequences, possibly with lifelong effects. Numerous factors have been observed that influence adherent behaviour, but the impact of personality traits has been inadequately explored. The purpose of this study was to explore the associations between personality traits and adherence to ADHD medication, beliefs about the medication, and perceptions of ADHD. Method Adolescents (n = 99) on ADHD medication were administered: Health-Relevant Personality Traits Five-Factor Inventory, Medication Adherence Report Scale, Beliefs about Medicines Specific and Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaires. Results The personality trait Antagonism correlated with adherence behaviour (r = − 0.198, p = 0.005) and perceived personal control of ADHD (r = − 0.269, p = 0.007). Negative Affectivity correlated with beliefs regarding necessity (r = 0.319, p = 0.001), concerns (r = 0.344, p = 0.001), and experienced side effects of medication (r = 0.495, p = 0.001), alongside perceptions regarding duration (r = 0.272, p = 0.007), identity (r = 0.388, p r = 0.374, p r = − 0.287, p = 0.004) and concerns about ADHD (r = 0.465, p r = − 0.226, p = 0.0255) and personal control of ADHD (r = − 0.379, p < 0.001). Hedonic Capacity correlated with concerns about medication (r = − 0.218, p = 0.0316) and perceived identification with ADHD (r = − 0.203, p = 0.045). Conclusion Personality traits are related to adherence, beliefs about ADHD medicines and perceptions of ADHD. Antagonism is associated with adherence, especially intentional non-adherence, while Negative Affectivity correlates with numerous perceptions of ADHD and beliefs about medications. Personality assessments could be useful in the care and treatment of adolescents with ADHD.

Background\ud Although negative self-evaluation is a common symptom of depression in adolescents, there is little understanding of how the self is associated with depression. Beck (1967) proposed that a negative view of the self was a ‘hallmark’ of depression. In contrast Linville (1985; 1987) proposed that holding multiple aspects of the self was associated with lower levels of depression. The aim of this paper is to evaluate these two models of self and depression in adolescents.\ud \ud \ud Methods\ud Young people aged 13-18 years (n = 822) reported symptoms of depression (the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire) and completed a measure of self-concept, the Twenty Statements Test (TST). We coded responses to the TST to reflect the valance (positive to negative) and the complexity of their self-concept (number of self-aspects).\ud \ud \ud Results\ud Valence, but not complexity, of self-concept was significantly associated with severity of depression symptoms. The valance of young people's self-concept accounted for 25% of the variance in depression symptoms. Adolescent's with more positive self-concept tended to have fewer symptoms of depression.\ud \ud \ud Limitations\ud The cross-sectional design of this study precludes any conclusions about the causal relationship between depression and negative self-evaluation; experimental and longitudinal research is needed to assess the causal direction of the relationship.Conclusions. The results of this study supported the cognitive model of depression. Negative self-evaluation may constitute a risk factor for depression in adolescents and could offer a potential target for prevention and early intervention in adolescents.

In the digital world, political actors have been getting plenty of possibilities for a direct communication with society, without mass media participation. In democratic countries formats and structures of official discourses has been transforming in order to use the possibility. However, changes in authoritarian discourses are not studied properly. In the paper Russian political discourse transformation is considered (four indicators are taken into account). The interrelations of official (president’s site) and non-official (internet-site «Lenta.ru») is observed between 2005-2019. The analysis is conducted with computer programs, written in Python. The calculation of the indicators (emotionality, negativism, intertextuality (direct and indirect) shows, that the discourse has low activity. There is no rapprochement between the official and non-official components. Thus, the reorientation of the official discourse towards direct communication and the discourse usage for the political struggle is indistinctive. Low level of political interrelations, which may be explained with some peculiarities of Russian political regime, leads to low indicators of emotionality and negativity for the official (0,03; 0,03) and non-official (0,2; 0,19) discourses. Additionally the direct intertextuality isn’t typical for Russian official discourse – it’s true for the whole period of observation (0,003), direct intertextuality has been less salient since 2010 (0,9). The indicators for the non-official discourse are larger (0,04 – indirect; 0,15 – direct), although, in comparison with other democratic states, these number are enough for reach forums of ideas functioning in the political sphere. Thus, as a rule, Russian political actors don’t create messages, attractive for audiences, in order to disseminate the texts in both official and non-official discourses. To sum up, texts’ formats and structure transformation is indistinctive for Russian political discourse, and in the digital reality this makes the direct interrelations between political actors (officials) and society a problematic one.

In India, sixty years ago it was irrefutable that the structure of the caste system paralleled the Marxist view of class organization, in terms of the lower castes' lack of vertical mobility, dependence on hereditary division of labour, and deficiency of capital and land. In fact, since its emergence in 1964, the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) has maintained that it would be in the best interest of lower caste individuals to support a Marxist agenda to launch nationwide class struggle to free themselves from the shackles of the caste system. It is also true that, in the 1970s, 85% percent of lower caste individuals made up the bottom 35% of India’s financial ladder, leading to the quotidian Marxian argument that the lower castes can be equated to the proletariat of Western Society. While these arguments might have some truth to them, this essay will explore why India, over the last sixty years, has endured too great of a reformation in terms of the caste system to simply be equated to the Marxist class organization. The disparity between the negativism of the CPI(M) and the current extent of oppression of the lower caste is shown, through the exploration of logical incorencies on the part of the CPI(M) and the lower caste perception of the policies directed at them by both left and right-wing political parties. Furthermore, it is established why the notion of an entire Marxist class revolution no longer has political appeal amongst the lower caste: the reservations and affirmative action on the part of the current administration. Yet it is still conceded that, although used in an orthogonally different manner, the Marxist framework can, to a certain extent, still be applied to current organization of the caste system in India.

Referring to provider burn-out as a foe to be conquered is a palatable representation that fits within a familiar medical narrative-combating disease, fighting illness, curing and vanquishing the cancer. Even the words we use to describe our daily work-"on the front lines" or "in the trenches" or "fighting the good fight"-places us on a metaphorical battlefield. Is provider burn-out inflicted by another entity, and if so by whom or by what? Is it, by contrast, a disease or a condition? Is burn-out something that just happens or is it created? The World Health Organization International Classification of Disease (World Health Organization, 2019) added burn-out in 2019, but also made a clear statement that this is an occupational phenomenon and not a medical condition. It defines burn-out as "a syndrome conceptualized as resulting from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed. It is characterized by three dimensions: feelings of energy depletion or exhaustion; increased mental distance from one's job, or feelings of negativism or cynicism related to one's job; and reduced professional efficacy. Burn-out refers specifically to phenomena in the occupational context and should not be applied to describe experiences in other areas of life" (WHO, 2019). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

One of the most important social and economic problems of today is unemployment. This article presents the study analysis of native and foreign scientists on the problem of unemployment. It has been found that this problem needs to be solved at the state level with the introduction of organizational measures and psychological support. It has been determined that the sources of formation of the emotional state of the unemployed are deformation of needs, loss of the usual structure of time and habitual order of action. It has been proved that the emotional state of a person in a situation of unemployment develops depending on the stage of development of the situation, the duration of unemployment, personality characteristics and a number of indicators of the environment of the unemployed. The emotional state of the unemployed, under certain conditions, can become stressful or crisis. The consequences of experiencing the unemployment situation are manifested both during this situation and in the subsequent life of the person who survived the unemployment. Emphasis has been placed on the unemployed to experience the inward experience of their inability to secure a decent existence for their family members. It has been noted that the dominant of negativism leads to asthenic mental states, neuropsychiatric disorders and even to the occurrence or exacerbation of somatic diseases. The unemployment situation as a factor in the formation of competitiveness differs ambiguity of influence and can, depending on various indicators, become both limiting and a positive factor. So, at the same time, for some of the people who find themselves in such a difficult life situation, the loss of work means increased activity, mobilization of their vital energy. It is determined that some of the unemployed need psychological rehabilitation of that support. The obtained results give an opportunity to further researches to develop and organize work on forming in the unemployed readiness to overcome negative emotional states in the form of trainings, seminars, consultations.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of victimization experiences and peer influence on delinquency via one's attitude toward the police. It was hypothesized that negative attitudes toward the police would mediate the prospective relationships between victimization and offending and between peer delinquency and offending. Participants were 2,623 early adolescents from the Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT) study, a 6-wave longitudinal survey conducted between 1995 and 1999. The research design consisted of 2 independent variables (victimization and peer delinquency) measured at Wave 2, 1 mediator variable (negative attitudes toward the police) measured at Wave 3, and 1 dependent variable (participant delinquency) measured at Wave 4. Multiple regression and negative binomial path analyses revealed significant indirect effects running from violent victimization to negative attitudes toward the police to participant delinquency and from peer delinquency to negative attitudes toward the police to participant delinquency. The results of this study indicate that both violent victimization and peer delinquency contribute to participant delinquency, in part, by encouraging the formation of negative attitudes toward the police. It is speculated that violent victimization may increase negative attitudes toward the police by arousing distress and feelings of vulnerability, whereas peer delinquency may increase negative attitudes through instruction, observation, and other forms of social learning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

This article aims to show how the originality of Jaeggi’s contribution to recent debates in critical theory clearly emerges if one compares her approach with what in many ways represents its antece...

Up until now, the literature on sociological approaches to translation has mainly focused on the self-perceptions of translators. This article analyses the coverage devoted to non-literary translation and translators in the print media in Switzerland. What perceptions of translation are newspapers circulating? Are these hetero-images positively or negatively connoted? A qualitative thematic analysis is conducted on four daily newspapers in Switzerland –Tages-Anzeiger, St. Galler Tagblatt, Le Tempsand24 Heures(two important newspapers for each of the two major official languages) – over a period of one year (spring 2013 – spring 2014). The analysis shows the scarcity and negativism of discourse about non-literary translation in Switzerland: it is depicted as a risky, costly, lonely and peripheral business – results that would need to be compared across media and countries. Understanding the construction of external ‘translation talk’ may help social actors such as translators or professional societies fight against existing prejudices about translation.

The author considers the particularities of Jiddu Krishnamurti’s negativism. Jiddu Krishnamurti is a well-known thinker, spiritual teacher, and master, who did not join in with anytrend of religion, philosophy or social and political movements. The atypical nature of his negativism is that Jeddah Krishnamurti rejects the external forms of achieving freedom and truth, emphasizing the impossibility of cultivating and developing a sense of love, and draws attention to the need for an internal revolution here and now. It is carried out only on the basis of a choiceless, total, and careful observation of the whole field of life, which includes the individual and society, the observer and the observed. Such observation leads to the destruction of the self as a center in which the past (experience) and projection (future) are intertwined. Being here and now, without any support for the past or for the future, a person realizes truth and freedom, and her/his only feeling is the love for the whole creation. The significance of the basic concepts used by Jiddu Krishnamurti several times to explain his position during meetings, as well as in his books is analyzed. These are concepts of active now, unconscious awareness, conditionality, denial, nothingness, emptiness, that make possible certain streamlining of his philosophy and defining its basic concepts.

Purpose The study aim was to determine whether self-reported temperament traits differentiate adults who stutter (AWS) from adults who do not stutter (AWNS). Additionally, associations between temperament and stuttering frequency, and between temperament and quality of life impacts of stuttering, were investigated in AWS. Method Self-reported temperament traits were documented for 33 AWS and 43 AWNS using the Adult Temperament Questionnaire (ATQ; Evans & Rothbart, 2007 ). Quality-of-life impacts of stuttering were assessed using the Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience with Stuttering ( Yaruss & Quesal, 2010 ). Stuttering frequency was calculated from 100-word monologue and reading samples. Results A between-groups difference in scores on the ATQ Positive Affect subscale was nominally significant (i.e., before correcting for multiple tests) and also approached statistical significance after Bonferroni correction. Positive Affect scores were lower for AWS, and the size of this trending effect was moderate. Within AWS, a statistically significant positive correlation was found between impact scores on the General Information section of the Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience with Stuttering and ATQ Frustration subscale scores after Bonferroni correction. No associations were detected between temperament traits and stuttering frequency. Conclusions Results reveal a nontrivial tendency for AWS to experience decreased positive affect compared to AWNS. In addition, increased frustration was found to be associated with reduced general knowledge about stuttering in AWS. Neither effect has been previously reported for adults or children who stutter. Finally, self-reported temperament traits were not found to vary with stuttering frequency in adults, consistent with previous results for AWS.

The given article deals with the problem of comparison of literary and political works of Ivan Bahrianyi and George Orwell, as well as with an objective to prove that these two writers make up a far from random parallel for comparison. On the basis of scientific works it proves that one can trace a genetic similarity in the main ideas highlighted in a number of works by these two writers. Both of them had a kind of indirect dialogue on the topics of freedom, equality and struggle against anti-humane regimes. The article also highlights the fact that there is more to the indirect dialogue of Ivan Bahrianyi and George Orwell than it seems. Biographical insight used for the research proves that both men faced similar struggles in their lives, their political views were really close and their interpretation of the ongoing events serves as evidence. Consequently the article brings to attention the fact that biographies of the writers might become a key for understanding their works and positions. Another fact to support the above-given idea is that both writers use their own lives and personal experience as a basis for literary interpretation; this was proved by the researches of both George Orwell and Ivan Bahrianyi literary heritage. As a result we can research their works from the point of comparative typology in synchrony on the double grounds: the indirect dialogue about crucial human problems (mainly a solitary personal struggle against totalitarian regime) as well as usage of a similar artistic method to bring it to their audience. The article deals with the problem of freedom as a core problem highlighted in literary and political works of Ivan Bahrianyi and George Orwell. It traces similarities and differences in the authors’ perception of the notion and ways it changes in various circumstances. It proves that the Ukrainian author pays more attention to the national aspect of freedom than his British counterpart does, which might be explained both by the differences in the worldviews (Ivan Bahranyj always defined himself as a socialistic patriot, while George Orwell often was perceived as a generalist and the citizen of the world) and by the political conditions of the nations the writers represent. In terms of personal freedom both authors claim it to be a crucial value for every person as it is closely connected with notions of dignity, self-respect, dreams realization etc. and defines the very existence of humankind. Generally the article emphasizes the role and place of the writers in the anti-totalitarian discourse of the XX century. It draws attention to the fact that Ivan Bahrianyi and George Orwell devoted all their lives and literary efforts to the struggle for a free personality, who is not to be oppressed by any political regime. To achieve this goal they employed completely opposite methods, using positivism and negativism consequently as their basic artistic impulses. Though their ways of describing world phenomena were different the impact of their works and recipients’ perception of their main ideas is the same.

Attributing negative stereotypes to older adults (ageism) may lead to undertreatment, but little is known about the prevalence of ageism among physicians treating patients with cancer in Ibero-America. We studied stereotypes of aging among Mexican physicians-in-training. Physicians-in-training attending an oncology meeting answered the “Negative Attributes and Positive Potential in Old Age” survey. Ten questions assessed positive characteristics of aging (PPOA; score 1–4, higher scores represent a positive perception), and four assessed negative characteristics (NAOA; score 1–4, higher score representing a negative perception). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the questionnaires. Participants completed the “Image-of-Aging” question by writing five words describing older adults and young individuals. Each word was rated from − 5 (negative) to + 5 (positive), and presented as word clouds. One hundred physicians-in-training (median age 28.5) were included. For the PPOA scale, the mean score was 2.9 (SD 0.4), while for the NAOA scale it was 2.1 (SD 0.4). Perceptions of aging were better among women and trainees enrolled in geriatrics and/or oncology-related programs. In the “Image-of-Aging” questions, median rating of words describing older adults was − 2, compared to + 3 for young individuals (p

Customer mistreatment is becoming an important topic for work stress researchers and practitioners given the rise of service industry. Taking stressor-emotion-control perspectives, the authors examine day-level relationships between call center workers' customer mistreatment experiences and their impaired recovery outcomes mediated by end-of-work negative affect. Furthermore, control concepts in the job and personal domains are tested as cross-level moderators. Specifically, job control and recovery self-efficacy are identified to reduce the within-person process of customer mistreatment affecting recovery outcomes. Seventy-one call center employees completed a registration survey and then two daily surveys over 2 consecutive weeks, yielding 481 time-lagged day-level observations. Multilevel path analyses show that customer mistreatment is positively associated with increased negative affect, which, in turn, predicts poor sleep quality at night and poor recovery state the next morning. Job control attenuates the day-level effect of customer mistreatment on negative affect, and recovery self-efficacy alleviates the day-level effects of negative affect on sleep quality and next-morning recovery state. The findings shed light on the recovery-impairing effects of customer mistreatment and its important boundary conditions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

We proposed that effects of illegitimate tasks, which comprise unreasonable and unnecessary tasks, on self-esteem and counterproductive work behavior (CWB) are enhanced among employees who are highly sensitive to injustice. CWB was further proposed to be a moderating coping strategy, which restores justice and buffers the detrimental effects of illegitimate tasks on self-esteem. In this study, 241 employees participated in a diary study over five workdays and a follow-up questionnaire one week later. Daily effects were determined in multilevel analyses: Unreasonable tasks decreased self-esteem and increased CWB the same day, especially among employees high in trait justice sensitivity. Unnecessary tasks only related to more CWB the same day, regardless of one's justice sensitivity. Weekly effects were determined in cross-lagged panel analyses: Unreasonable and unnecessary tasks increased CWB, and justice sensitivity moderated the effect of unreasonable tasks on CWB and of unnecessary tasks on self-esteem. Moderating effects of CWB were split: In daily analyses, CWB buffered the negative effects of illegitimate tasks. In weekly analyses, CWB enhanced the negative effects of illegitimate tasks. Overall, illegitimate tasks rather affected CWB than self-esteem, with more consistent effects for unreasonable than for unnecessary tasks. Thus, we confirm illegitimate tasks as a relevant work stressor with issues of injustice being central to this concept and personality having an influence on what is perceived as (il)legitimate. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

In a tumultuous world where populism is on the rise as the result of an enraged, disenchanted, misguided and susceptible populace, empathy, one of the most vital of our moral virtues, is in serious jeopardy. Fear, prejudice and the rise of the extreme right has provoked a number of nay-sayers to draw our attention to what they believe to be the darker side of empathy, its biases and its vulnerability to subversion. This paper examines empathy, what it is, how it feels, the neural and environmental basis for its development, our moral obligation to nurture it in our children and how it may be induced in the case of empathy deficiencies. It considers the influences of gender and hormones on the expression of empathy and its relationship with sympathy and compassion. Also discussed are the properties of empathy as a motivational, socioemotional mechanism, that evokes kindness, caring, compassion and understanding in each of us, and its potential to neutralize the negativism, cruelty, violence and aggression, so prevalent in the world today.

This study had two objectives. The first was to determine the levels of identity disturbance reported by 290 patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and 72 personality-disordered comparison subjects over 20 years of prospective follow-up. The second aim was to describe the levels of identity disturbance reported by 152 ever recovered vs. 138 never recovered borderline patients over 20 years of prospective follow-up. Participants were followed and re-assessed every two years for a total of 20 years of follow-up. Borderline patients reported levels of these states that were more than three times higher than personality-disordered comparison subjects, with both groups demonstrating significant declines in these states over time. For three of these inner states (“I feel like I am worthless,” “I feel like a complete failure,” and “I feel like I am evil”), recovered borderline patients had lower baseline scores and significantly different patterns of decline than non-recovered patients. For the fourth state, “I feel like I am a bad person,” recovered patients had lower scores over time, but the groups declined at the same rate. These results suggest that borderline patients report experiencing inner states related to having a negative identity less often over time. Additionally, recovery status is significantly associated with decreased time experiencing these states.

Negativity bias is not only central to mood and anxiety disorders, but can powerfully impact our decision-making across domains (e.g., financial, medical, social). This project builds on previous work examining negativity bias using dual-valence ambiguity. Specifically, although some facial expressions have a relatively clear negative (angry) or positive valence (happy), surprised expressions are interpreted negatively by some and positively by others, providing insight into one’s valence bias. Here, we examine putative sources of variability that distinguish individuals with a more negative versus positive valence bias using structural equation modeling. Our model reveals that one’s propensity toward negativity (operationalized as temperamental negative affect and internalizing symptomology) predicts valence bias particularly in older adulthood when a more positive bias is generally expected. Further, variability in social connectedness (a propensity to seek out social connections, use those connections to regulate one’s own emotions, and be empathic) emerges as a notable and unique predictor of valence bias, likely because these traits help to override an initial, default negativity. We argue that this task represents an important approach to examining variability in affective bias, and can be specifically useful across the lifespan and in populations with internalizing disorders or even subclinical symptomology.

This study used reversal theory to examine motivational predictors of well-being and coping during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. 149 UK based respondents completed an online survey including measures of demographics, well-being, coping, motivational style, and dominance. Well-being was predicted by optimism (positively), autic and mastery (negatively) dominances, by alloic sympathy, optimism and paratelic motivation styles (positively), and, negatively by arousal seeking, arousability and pessimism. Coping was positively predicted by optimism and negativism dominances and by negativist, paratelic and telic motivations, and, negatively by arousability and pessimism. Using motivational dominances, indirect support was identified for the link between psychodiversity and well-being, but not coping. Findings suggest that well-being and, to a lesser degree, coping could be enhanced by encouraging individuals to experience a range of motivations, possibly focusing on those identified here as significant predictors. Future research needs to determine the context specificity of these findings and explore psychodiversity, well-being and coping using both metamotivational states and composite profiles incorporating the full range of motivational constructs.

Aristotle characerized man, homo sapiens, as “the rational animal,” and the prime objective of philosophy since in his day has been the consolidation of a coherent view of the world and our place within it through reasoning about the data that human experience puts at our disposal.

Este ensaio busca trazer reflexões sobre a construção do sistema de verdades no qual se fundamenta a Ciência Moderna e Contemporânea e, mais especificamente, como o ensino de ciências, que sempre foi pautado numa lógica científica branca que nega o conhecimento produzido por corpos negros, posiciona-se nessa discussão negacionista do “outro”. Argumentamos que, no que concerne à própria estruturação da argumentação científica e de seu status quo, a Ciência Hegemônica — eurocêntrica e branca — é, por si só, um estado de pós-verdade para pessoas negras e suas epistemologias. As atuais preocupações da comunidade branca de ensino e divulgação de ciências, em relação ao negacionismo científico e à construção de narrativas que negam as produções da ciência branca, desconsideram que esse sempre foi o comportamento que tiveram com as epistemologias negras e os conhecimentos "estrangeiros". Ao longo do texto, trazemos exemplos de conhecimentos que são tidos como fatos objetivos e, no entanto, são fatos produzidos por uma comunidade racista e segue sendo reproduzida na educação em ciências, contribuindo com a perpetuação do racismo antinegro em nossa sociedade. In this essay, we reflect on the construction of this system of truths on which modern and contemporary science is grounded. Specifically, we discuss how science teaching, always guided by a white scientific logic that denies knowledge produced by Black bodies, positions itself in this negationist discussion of ―otherness‖. We argue, as far as the structuring of scientific argumentation and its status quo is concerned, Hegemonic Science – Eurocentric and white – is, in itself, a post-truth state for Black people and our epistemologies. The current concerns from the white science education community, in relation to scientific negativism and the construction of narratives that deny the production of white science, disregard that this has always been the behavior they had with Black epistemologies and "foreign" knowledge. Throughout the text, we bring examples of knowledge that are taken as objective facts are, in reality, produced facts created by a racist community. These produced facts continue to be reproduced in science education, contributing to perpetuate racism in our society.

Objectives The ability to produce situation-appropriate cognitive and emotional responses is dependent on autonomic nervous system (ANS) functionality. Heart rate variability (HRV) is an index of ANS functionality, and resting HRV levels have been associated with cognitive control and inhibitory capacity in young adults, particularly when faced with emotional information. As older adults’ greater preference for positive and avoidance of negative stimuli (positivity effect) is thought to be dependent on cognitive control, we hypothesized that HRV could predict positivity-effect magnitude in older adults. Method We measured resting-level HRV and gaze preference for happy and angry (relative to neutral) faces in 63 young and 62 older adults. Results Whereas young adults showed no consistent preference for happy or angry faces, older adults showed the expected positivity effect, which predominantly manifested as negativity avoidance rather than positivity preference. Crucially, older but not young adults showed an association between HRV and gaze preference, with higher levels of HRV being specifically associated with stronger negativity avoidance. Discussion This is the first study to demonstrate a link between older adults’ ANS functionality and their avoidance of negative information. Increasing the efficiency of the cardiovascular system might selectively improve older adults’ ability to disregard negative influences.

I argue that Theodor W. Adorno’s philosophy articulates a radical conception of hope. According to Lear, radical hope is ‘directed toward a future goodness that transcends the current ability to understand what it is’. Given Adorno’s claim that the current world is radically evil, and that we cannot know or even imagine what the good is, it is plausible that his conception of hope must be radical in this sense. I develop this argument through an analysis of (a) Adorno’s engagement with Kant’s conception of hope, (b) Adorno’s references to hope and (c) his critical diagnosis of a metaphysical need for hope. Having demonstrated that Adorno must reject both ordinary and Kantian hope, I examine why Adorno thinks that we still may have reasons for hope. I also show that Adorno’s conception of hope differs from Lear’s in one important respect.

Введение. Рассматриваются положения субъектно-бытийного подхода и демонстрируются его возможности для описания феноменологии протестной активности личности. Представлен обзор теоретико-методологических моделей, созданных в рамках данного подхода. Субъектно-бытийный подход ориентирован на выявление и анализ ценностных оснований личностной бытийности, а также возникающих и разрешаемых личностью противоречий в пространствах ее бытия. Исходя из понимания протестной активности как процесса, направленного на деконструкцию микро- и макросоциума сообразно особенностям личностного самоопределения, в качестве ключевых показателей системы протестной активности рассматриваются ценностно-смысловое позиционирование и экзистенциальное самоопределение. Представлены структурно-диалектическая модель протеста, типология протестных форм и осуществлен их анализ, как модусов бытия, формирующихся в результате субъектной активности личности. Методы. В эмпирическом исследовании ценностно-смыслового позиционирования личности в деструктивных формах протеста (n = 2600; M = 21,3 года) использован опросник «Протестная активность личности», состоящий из шкал: эмансипация, негативизм, оппозиция, эскапизм, нигилизм. Тест валиден, согласован (α-Кронбаха от 0,63 до 0,81) и структурирован, пятифакторная модель конфирматорного анализа: CMIN/DF = 1,084; IFI = 0,987; CFI = 0,989; RMSEA = 0,013. Применялись факторный и корреляционный анализ. Результаты. Доказано, что желание выразить масштаб собственной личности на фоне выбора социально не одобряемых вариантов субъектного позиционирования составляет суть ценностно-смыслового противоречия в неконструктивных формах протеста (оппозиция, нигилизм, эскапизм, негативизм). Лица с неконструктивными типами протеста не принимают неопределенность внешнего и внутреннего мира и отказываются от экзистенциального самоопределения. В деструктивных формах протеста происходит деформация и девальвация духовных ценностей. Обсуждение результатов. У лиц с неконструктивными типами протеста личностные противоречия связаны с проблемой отчуждения и самоидентификации, с неспособностью формировать и поддерживать аутентичное бытие. Накапливаясь, эти противоречия приобретают непреодолимый характер, обусловливая склонность к деструктивному протесту. Подчеркивается важность устранения причин деструктивной активности личности: создание условий для успешной подростковой и взрослой социализации.

Few studies have examined how the perceived quality of multiple interpersonal relationships is related to eating disorder (ED) symptom severity in adolescents and how psychological variables might influence these associations. The aim of this study is to determine whether the perceived level of trust, communication, and alienation in the relationship with one's mother, father, and peers are predictive of ED severity in adolescent females and to test the mediating effects of low self-esteem and negative mood on these associations. Adolescent females aged 12 to 18 (N = 186) with a diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa (Restrictive; AN-R or Binge/Purge; AN-B/P) completed self-report measures evaluating the perceived quality of interpersonal relationships, ED symptom severity, low self-esteem, and negative mood. Multiple regressions revealed that the level of perceived alienation in the relationship with one's mother and peers was positively associated with ED symptom severity. Low self-esteem and negative mood acted as mediators of these associations. Considering that a high level of perceived alienation in the relationship with one's mother and peers appears to be associated with more severe ED symptoms through its impact on self-esteem and mood, improvements in the quality of these interactions are likely to be an effective target of intervention among adolescents.

Background Evidence that repetitive negative thinking (RNT) is a shared feature of a number of disorders has prompted the need for transdiagnostic self-report instruments; that is, measures of RNT that can be administered to individuals irrespective of their diagnosis. The Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire (RTQ; McEvoy et al., 2010) was developed to meet this need, and its psychometric properties and capacity to predict psychopathology have been tested in undergraduate and clinically anxious samples. Methods We administered the RTQ to currently depressed (n = 29), formerly depressed (n = 61) and never-depressed (n = 93) community participants. Results The RTQ demonstrated good psychometric properties, with excellent internal consistency for the RNT subscale (α=.93) and good convergent validity with measures of negative affect and psychopathology symptoms (rs= .47–.61). In addition, and in accord with our predictions, currently depressed and recovered depressed participants reported more RNT than never-depressed participants, but currently and recovered depressed participants did not differ. In addition, RNT scores explained additional variance in depression and anxiety symptoms, after controlling for gender, age, neuroticism, state negative affect, and intolerance of uncertainty. Limitations Our sample was drawn from the community but participants were not treatment–seeking, and we employed a cross-sectional design. Discussion Taken together with previous experimental and longitudinal studies, our results support the utility of addressing RNT in the treatment and prevention of relapse in depression. Moreover, these data confirm the utility of the RTQ as a brief, transdiagnostic self-report measure of RNT.

As online data collection services such as Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) gain popularity, the quality and representativeness of such data sources have gained research attention. To date, the majority of existing studies have compared MTurk workers with undergraduate samples, localized community samples, or other Internet-based samples, and thus, there remains little known about the personality and mental health constructs of MTurk workers relative to a national representative sample. The present study addresses these limitations and broadens the scope of existing research through the use of the Personality Assessment Inventory, a multiscale, self-report questionnaire which provides information regarding data validity and personality and psychopathology features standardized against a national U.S. census-matched normative sample. Results indicate that MTurk workers generally provide high-quality data and are reasonably representative of the general population across most psychological dimensions assessed. However, several distinguishing features of MTurk workers emerged that were consistent with prior findings of such individuals, primarily involving somewhat higher negative affect and lower social engagement.

When performing a combat task for a servant, special features of a person are important. These features are related to personality related to aggression. They are necessary for the preservation of one’s own life, the destruction of the enemy and its objects. These features impose an imprint on the interaction of military personnel in the military team. They are important in the system of socio-psychological factors of the group interaction of servicemen. In group interaction, some features of the personality of a serviceman can appear as aggressive. This can happen in a conflict and have aggressive behavior altogether. These factors have a separate aggressive effect. They manifest themselves in various forms and types of aggression. The question arises as to the definition of indicators of aggression, and the indices of aggression and hostility. Changing aggression rates is a result of group interaction. The change may be larger or smaller. Teamwork of military personnel imprints on the identity of each individual soldier. With proper planning, unit management and personnel management, aggression rates remain within normal limits. During combat stress and frustration, the level of aggression is changing. Aggression is the result of frustration. Aggressive actions are divided into three scales: physical and verbal, active and passive, direct and indirect. Aggression is a combination of three scale scores. It can be manifested in the form of physical aggression, indirect aggression, irritation, negativism, insults, suspicion, verbal aggression, feelings of guilt. The purpose of the study is to determine the rates of aggression of combatants. The study involved participants in combat operations in eastern Ukraine. The study was conducted by the Burs-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI). Indices of aggressiveness and hostility are determined.

Can one both be an Aristotelian in ethics and a negativist, whereby the latter involves subscribing to the view that the good cannot be known in our social context but that ethical guidance is nonetheless possible in virtue of a pluralist conception of the bad (of which this context and human history provide us ample knowledge)? Moreover, is it possible to combine Aristotelianism with a thoroughly historical outlook? I have argued that such combinations are, indeed, possible, and that we can find an example of them in Adorno's work. In this paper, I reply to three critics (Allen, Celikates and O'Connor) who cast doubt on this proposal. I also reply to other concerns they raise, regarding immanent critique, negativism, the role of social theory in Adorno's work, and the danger of being co-opted. I stress the holism of Adorno's position, and, amid some more deflationary moves, insist on the distinctiveness of the Aristotelian position that results.

This study examined parental proximal processes involving in the intergenerational transmission of depressive symptoms from parents to their children. Extant literature has predominantly focused on maternal depressive symptoms. Yet, the mechanisms that may underlie the transmission of paternal depressive symptoms is less often studied. Participants were Chinese parents of first-graders (N = 2282). Results of structural equation modeling suggested that maternal and paternal depressive symptoms may be transmitted to their children through differential processes. Depressive symptoms in mothers, but not in fathers, were associated with their negatively-biased perceptions and dysfunctional parenting practices, which then predicted depressive symptoms in children. Moreover, mothers' depressive symptoms were associated with children's depressive symptoms regardless of child gender, whereas fathers' depressive symptoms were associated with boys', but not girls', depressive symptoms. Findings expand the understandings on parental processes in the intergenerational transmission of depressive symptoms in families, the role of paternal depressive symptoms in promoting children's depressive symptoms, and who may be at particular risks for psychopathology in the face of parental depressive symptoms.

Background The Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment (ANA), a framework for measuring heterogeneity in alcohol use disorder (AUD), focuses on 3 domains that reflect neurobiological dysfunction in addiction and correspond to the cycles of addiction: executive function, incentive salience, and negative emotionality. Kwako and colleagues (Am J Psychiatry 176:744, 2019) validated a 3-factor model of the ANA with neuropsychological and self-report indicators among treatment-seekers and non-treatment-seekers with and without AUD. The present analysis replicated and extended these findings in a treatment-seeking sample, focusing on the negative emotionality domain. Methods Participants (n = 563; 58.8% male; mean age = 34.3) were part of a multisite prospective study of individuals entering AUD treatment. We examined the factor structure of the negative emotionality domain at the baseline, 6-month follow-up, and 12-month follow-up assessments. The Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-Trait Anger Subscale, and 3 Drinker Inventory of Consequences items assessing negative affective consequences were indicators in the model. Results Results indicated that a 1-factor model was an excellent fit at all assessments and that the negative emotionality domain was time and gender invariant. Furthermore, negative emotionality was associated with drinking patterns and reasons for alcohol use (i.e., drinking because of negative emotions and urges/withdrawal) at all assessments. Conclusions This analysis provides evidence for the construct validity and measurement invariance of the ANA negative emotionality domain among AUD treatment-seekers. Future studies are needed to evaluate prospective associations between negative emotionality and specific treatment modalities, and whether individuals with greater negative emotionality are more likely to respond to treatment that targets drinking to relieve negative affective states.

Introduction While research has shown convincingly that psychologically controlling parenting increases the risk for internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents, little is known about how adolescents cope with such parenting. This study examined the role of two non-autonomous ways of coping (i.e., compulsive compliance and oppositional defiance) and one more autonomous way of coping (i.e., negotiation) in the associations between psychologically controlling parenting and internalizing and externalizing problems. Method Two-wave data from a larger longitudinal study with Belgian adolescents (N = 198; 51% female; mean age = 14.89 years, range = 13–17 years) were analyzed using multilevel modeling. Results The results showed that oppositional defiance exacerbated associations between psychologically controlling parenting and externalizing problems at the between-person level of analysis. Both compulsive compliance and negotiation exacerbated the association with internalizing problems at the within-person level. In addition to these moderating effects, both oppositional defiance and negotiation played a partly mediating role in associations between psychologically controlling parenting and externalizing problems and oppositional defiance partly mediated associations between psychologically controlling parenting and internalizing problems at the between-person level. Conlusion Overall, results suggest that oppositional defiance and compulsive compliance are rather dysfunctional coping responses and that negotiation is a mixed blessing. Directions for future research are discussed.

Исследовательская проблема состоит в необходимости выявления и анализа когнитивных компонентов и эмоциональной специфики трансформации интернет-дискурса, складывающегося вокруг негативных резонансных событий и политических решений разного генезиса. В рамках данной статьи в фокусе внимания находятся два события 2019 г. различной природы: катастрофа самолета «Сухой Суперджет» в Шереметьеве и так называемый закон об оскорблении власти. Теоретико-методологические основания исследования выстроены посредством синтеза современного коммуникативного подхода к осмыслению специфики интернет-пространства, политико-психологических теорий и ивент-анализа. Сочетание указанных методов позволило выявить эмоциональные, когнитивные и динамические особенности репрезентации двух изучаемых событий в пространстве социальных медиа рунета. Во-первых, выявлено, что эмоциональный компонент восприятия обоих событий довлел над когнитивным и динамическим. При этом наиболее широкое массовое распространение получили две негативные эмоции: раздражение (в первом случае) и страх (в случае с катастрофой «Суперджета»). Во-вторых, установлено, что когнитивный и динамический ракурсы репрезентации этих резонансных событий в рунете развивались в схожем направлении фрагментации и индукции. Первая тенденция проявлялась в росте локальных сетевых дискуссий и «виртуальных» конфликтов по поводу причин и последствий происходящего. Тенденция индукции выражалась посредством перехода от обсуждения нюансов произошедшего к генерализованным негативным установкам. В-третьих, подтвердилась гипотеза, что информационный фон, складывающийся в рунете вокруг резонансных событий и непопулярных политических решений, имеет выраженный негативный и депрессивный характер. В-четвертых, повышенная эмоциональность восприятия, фрагментация и индукция, запаздывающая рационализация «шоковых» тем при одновременном падении интереса к ним и стремление к негативизации непосредственно связаны со спецификой коммуникативной среды рунета.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by more frequent and more intense negative emotions and less frequent positive emotions in daily life than healthy controls (HC) experience, but there is limited empirical evidence regarding whether this is a transdiagnostic or disorder-specific finding and which specific emotions are especially distressing in BPD. We assessed participants’ current emotions and distress every 15 min over a 24-h period using e-diaries to investigate the frequency, intensity, and the associated distress of specific emotions. To test the disorder specificity, we used multilevel modeling to compare 43 female patients with BPD, 28 patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 20 patients with bulimia nervosa (BN), and 28 HC. Patients with BPD exhibited anger more frequently than any of the clinical or healthy control groups, demonstrating specificity. The quality of anger accounted for additional distress beyond the pure emotional intensity. In patients with BPD, joy was associated with reduced distress, which was not the case in HC or PTSD. However, the majority of the comparisons (anxiety, sadness, shame, disgust, jealousy, guilt, interest) revealed transdiagnostic patterns. The distress-enhancing or distress-reducing effects of anger and joy might represent an important part of affective dysregulation in BPD.

The process of perestroika reflected a country in economic duress, Glasnost enabled that duress to be widely acknowledged, with potential remedies being advanced from many quarters. In the pre-Gorbachev era, Western scholars possessed little information about Soviet citizens' assessments of the national economy and of their personal economic situations, but there were numerous signs of widespread and fundamental satisfaction. While nearly half the Russian respondents perceived a worsening of their personal economic situations, the counterpart figures were closer to three in ten for Ukrainians and Lithuanians. The Lithuanians' especially critical views of the government could hardly be considered surprising in light of the already exacerbated Moscow-Vilnius negotiations on Lithuanian independence. The greatest negativism was expressed by Russians and the least by Lithuanians, who were undoubtedly cheered by the prospect of their republic's imminent sovereignty. Though widespread, concern about personal finances paled in comparison to negativism about the state's economy.

Positive psychology is described as a novel treatment for managing the negativism that accompanies pain in sickle cell disease. It has the potential to directly improve psychological well-being and health related outcomes and indirectly to support factors related to religion and spirituality by reinforcing positive strategies related to negative internal struggles. Motivational interviewing combined with positive psychology may have a role in addressing addiction to opioid analgesic medications routine employed in the management of sickle cell disease.

This study examined whether varying the presentation of information about a youth's compliance with probation requirements in community provider reports influenced juvenile probation officers' (JPOs) perceptions and court recommendations. This study used an experimental design to explore the impact of report framing (positive, neutral, negative) and youth risk level (low, high) on JPOs' decision making. Pennsylvania-based JPOs (N = 209) participated in an anonymous, online study. Participants read one of six community provider reports about a hypothetical probationer and answered five questions about impressions of the youth and their recommendations to the court. JPOs who read negatively framed information rated compliance and effort significantly lower than those who read positively or neutrally framed information. JPOs who read negatively framed information reported lower likelihood of recommending positive court responses and greater likelihood of recommending negative court responses, particularly when considering probation revocation for youth identified as high risk. JPOs rated compliance significantly higher for youth identified as low risk than for youth identified as high risk. Mediation analyses revealed that JPOs' perceptions of youth significantly mediated the pathway between report framing and court recommendations, but did not mediate the pathway from youth risk level to JPOs' recommendations. Findings suggest that JPOs differentially interpret identical behaviors depending on the framing of information. Given that negatively framed information evoked significantly more unfavorable impressions and punitive recommendations, practitioners should consider how youths' progress on probation is communicated among court personnel, particularly as ongoing juvenile probation reform efforts seek to promote consistent treatment across youth. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Background Parents often struggle against the negativism of 3-year-old children in exerting parental control. Although most research on parental control is from western cultures, Japanese mothers may face unique challenges because of their sociocultural background. We therefore explored mothers' challenges in exerting parental control over 3-year-old children in Japan. Methods A descriptive qualitative approach was adopted. The participants were 10 Japanese mothers with children aged 3-4 years. We conducted individual semistructured interviews and analysed the data via qualitative content analysis. Results We found four categories and a structure of the challenges mothers faced in exerting parental control. Mothers' control attempts had four main intentions, each with a different subject (i.e., the children, themselves, the family, and society). Most challenges with parental control stemmed from mothers' "consciousness of parental responsibility." In confronting the child in their attempts to exert parental control, mothers perceived a "struggle with the child's negativism," which led them to recognize that they could not find a correct method of discipline. Furthermore, in the face of conflicting roles, mothers experienced "confusion in seeking the righteous answer as a parent." Some mothers began to feel that they were discovering their maternal role in their own way rather than finding a correct answer, which formed a "conviction that my own parenting is not incorrect." Conclusions The challenges mothers faced in exerting parental control over their 3-year-old children served as a turning point for them to reflect on themselves as parents. However, due to societal monitoring of parents and mothers' multiple roles in the family, it can be difficult for mothers to fully overcome the challenges of parental control. It is necessary to foster social capital in the community to which the mother belongs and to create an atmosphere in which community members can watch over parents warmly.

The first three sections of this chapter critically assess Edward Bond’s politically informed reenactment of King Lear in Lear and graphically embodied representation of Shakespeare’s last years in Bingo. The fourth focuses on Heiner Muller’s Hamletmachine, a landmark product Western cultural history, which it densely references and explodes in eight outspoken pages of text. For Bond, as for Muller, “We have not arrived at ourselves if Shakespeare writes our plays.” Shakespeare for our own time must be redeployed in a manner that disrupts expectations and denies easy access to escape or evasion. While Bond’s Lear inducts us into a pained moral accountability that cannot be sublimed away, Hamletmachine sustains a negativism that deforms, defies, and opposes whatever the normative order sponsors and supports, Shakespeare included.

Recently scientists pay more and more attention to the question concerning student’s aggression. However, there is still a lack of scientific studies investigating this problem. The article raises two presumptions: athlete’s attitude towards aggression is more favourable than non-athletes attitude. Forms of display of aggression are more expressed by athletes than by non-athletes. During the research the following methods were applied: A. Asinger questionnaire which helped to reveal students attitude towards aggression, and A. Buss/A. Durkee questionnaire which helped to estimate the forms of display of aggression: physical, verbal, indirect aggression, irritation, negativism, display of offence, suspiciousness and feeling of fault. In order to examine scientific hypotheses χ2(chisquare) test and Student t-test were applied. The study was carried out in three Kaunas gymnasiums. 224 students aged 15 to 16 of those schools participated is the study and they were divided into two groups: athletes and non-athletes. The first group consisted of students who not only attended physical education lessons, but also sport schools and clubs. The second group consisted of students who attended only physical education lessons at school. 107 athletes’ students and 117 non-athletes students (86 girls and 141 boys) participated in the study. Hypothesis raised during the investigation was as follows: athletes students’ attitude towards aggression is more favourable than of those non-athletes students was not assured. With the help of A. Asinger questionnaire it was revealed that non-athletes students had statistically more favourable (p