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The quality of the legal system is of fundamental importance within any society, but the economics of attorney discipline (AD) have not been studied empirically. We rank states by AD resources, complaints, and convictions, and explore the impact of AD on economic growth. The American Bar Association’s annual Survey on Lawyer Discipline (SOLD) reports complaints and charges regarding lawyer misconduct, the caseload per disciplinary attorney, and each state’s budget for attorney discipline. We develop five measures of attorney discipline and a composite measure. We consider low levels of AD to indicate less effective legal systems. Since prior literature finds a relation between corruption and state economic growth, we assess the ability of our AD variables to explain growth, finding that states with lower levels of AD experience slower growth. To our knowledge, no other study has considered the SOLD data to evaluate the quality of attorney discipline, or its impact on growth. One implication is that legal ethics training adds value to society.

This paper examines the effect of reputation on a corporate venture capital firm’s ability to attract potential investments. We find that a reputation for experience, active involvement in the startup, and misconduct are all positively associated with the CVC ability to attract investments. An additional year of experience, a policy of taking seats on the boards of new ventures, and each additional lawsuit against the investors all bring at least one new venture to their portfolios. A reputation for misconduct does not deter startups when the CVC has a reputation for experience. However, when the CVC firm has a reputation for active engagement with its portfolio companies, every two additional lawsuits result in a loss of at least one investee. The results hold despite controlling for generalized favorability of the parent corporation. Our study suggests that finer grained measures are needed when studying the complex relationship between reputation and performance.

For Computer Science instructors, upholding academic integrity requires approaching teaching and assessment in a way that communicates progressive principles such as honesty, trust, fairness, respect and responsibility to students, At the same time, instructors also have to take steps to make it untenable for students to commit academic misconduct. This means that instructors need to be aware of unacceptable conduct by students, covering behaviours such as plagiarism, collusion, contract cheating, examination cheating and research fraud. Instructors also need to put measures into place to design out opportunities for students to engage in such unacceptable behaviours. This chapter explores academic integrity from the perspective of the knowledge needed by a Computer Science instructor. This is a changeable feast, as new methods to subvert academic integrity are always emerging, particularly in Computer Science where many students have the skills needed to develop the technology that aids new ways of cheating. As such, the chapter recommends that instructors deliver their curriculum with a pro-active focus on academic integrity from the outset. This includes leading by example and developing assessments that remove easy opportunities for students to cheat. This also means putting methods of detecting academic misconduct in place, even if detecting misconduct is only really intended as a measure designed to disincentivise students from cheating since they may get caught.

In their 2018 article in the Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, Little, Lipworth, and Kerridge unpack the concept of corruption and clarify the mechanisms that foster corruption and allow it to persist, noting that organizations are “corruptogenic.” To address the “so-what” question, I draw on research about trust and trustworthiness, emphasizing that a person’s well-being and sense of security require trust to be present at both the individual and organizational levels—which is not possible in an environment where corruption and misconduct prevail. I highlight similarities in Little et al.’s framing of corruption to the persistent problem of scientific misconduct in research and publishing. I acknowledge the challenges in stemming corruption in science and medicine and conclude with a discussion about the need to reinvigorate a web of stakeholders to actively engage in professional regulation.

A wealth of research documents the critical role of trust for social exchange and cooperative behavior. The ability to inspire trust in others can often be elusive, and distrust can have adverse interpersonal and ethical consequences. Drawing from the literature on social hierarchy and interpersonal judgments, the current research explores the predictive role of a structural paradox between high power and low status in identifying the actors most likely to be distrusted and monitored for ethical misconduct. Across four studies and an internal meta-analysis, we found that the structural paradox was associated with distrust-related judgments and behaviors. In Study 1, high power-low status actors were judged as less trustworthy. In Studies 2 and 3, high power-low status actors were sent less money in a trust game, an effect fully mediated by feelings of dislike. Study 4 revealed that high power-low status actors were more likely to be monitored for cheating, an effect partially mediated by trust judgments. These findings contribute to business ethics research by identifying the structural paradox of high power-low status as a salient contextual influence impacting observers’ distrust and monitoring dynamics. Implications for reducing observers’ level of distrust of high power-low status actors are discussed.

Though their biographies vastly differ, Karl Barth's long-term extra-marital relationship with Charlotte von Kirschbaum and John H. Yoder's sexual crimes have been the focus of a range of reactions and proposed approaches on how to read the theology of the two theologians given their biographies. This article will examine those critical responses using an analytical framework appropriated from Sameer Yadav's work on cognate conversations about locating and remedying the causes of white supremacy in the church: are the problems due to problematic theology, problematic institutional practice, or both? A correct diagnosis helps the theologian to then propose the right remedy. This adapted framework will be applied to the cases of Barth and Yoder to critically examine how Steven Plant and Rachel Muers respond to Barth's biography and how Stanley Hauerwas and Hilary Scarsella respond to Yoder's biography. After demonstrating how the different respondents address the issue as one primarily of problematic theology or problematic institutional practices, I will argue that it is both theology and practice that must be addressed in order to satisfactorily deal with the reality and scale of infection when it comes to influential theologians. Sample treatments will be offered for responding to Barth's and Yoder's biographies.

Order maintenance policing—a systematic focus on the aggressive enforcement of low-level offenses, influenced by the “broken windows” perspective—often exposes structurally disadvantaged communities to disparate police contact, ranging from surveillance and stops to low-level arrest and various forms of misconduct. In keeping with recent criminological research that considers the collateral consequences of low-level arrests, our descriptive and exploratory study examines qualitative and quantitative arrest data for discretionary non-criminal and misdemeanor offenses in New York City. Mixed-method surveys conducted outside criminal courthouses, together with in-depth interviews and focus groups, highlight the immediate, subsequent, and cumulative costs stemming from discretionary arrests, including the routine loss of time and money, myriad forms of abuse, and loss of educational, employment and housing opportunities—systemic, collateral violence that, given the social groups disproportionately targeted, constitutes racialized punishment. The findings also present research participants’ suggestions for and situated visions of police reform and accountability, offering expertise shaped by lived experiences of discretionary policing.

Authorship can be a source of tension on research teams, in academic/industry collaborations, and between mentors/mentees. Authorship misconduct is prevalent among biomedical researchers, and disputes about authorship can generate tensions that have the potential to disrupt professional relationships and damage careers. Early-career researchers may experience particular challenges navigating authorship both because of inexperience and power differentials; in effect, they lack the language and confidence to have these conversations and may feel unwilling to challenge the status quo. The authors implemented an Authorship Agreement for use when collaborating on a manuscript and hypothesized that using this agreement would reduce authorship tensions and speed time to manuscript submission by helping early-career investigators manage authorship conversations more effectively. The authors surveyed trainees (n=65) on the prevalence of authorship-related tensions and compared the results from the first survey in 2017 to the final survey administered in 2020. The decrease in tensions around meeting deadlines was significant (z=2.59, p=0.010). The authors believe the effect of an Authorship Agreement on authorship-related tensions has not previously been investigated. This work extends what is known about the prevalence of commonly cited authorship tensions, and provides evidence of the effectiveness of steps that can be taken to alleviate them.

The study is focused on the development of the theory of a criminal misconduct as an independent type of a criminal offense. The aim of the work was to formulate the author’s definition of a criminal misconduct that meets the social demand for the liberalization of the branch of criminal legislation. In the course of the research, the dialectical method was used, which made it possible to discover and analyze the common nature and, at the same time, the independence of a criminal offence and a criminal misconduct A universal tool of cognition was combined with such specific scientific methods as systemic and formal-logical methods. The theses developed in the work are based on the analysis of the content of criminal legislation, as well as the corresponding standins of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and representatives of the criminal law doctrine.The author gives examples from judicial practice as illustrations of legally significant situations that receive an ambiguous criminal-legal assessment at the level of law enforcement.Based on the results of the study, the concept of a criminal offense was formulated and the mechanism of its establishment was revealed. A criminal misconduct is justified as an act, although it contains signs of any corpus delicti, formally belonging to the category of small or medium severity, but recognized by the court, due to its insignificance, as not posing a public danger. The mechanism for establishing a criminal misconduct presupposes a statement in the act of the category of public danger (formal signs of corpus delicti) and further exclusion of the degree of public danger and, as a consequence, public danger in general. The ideas presented in the work can serve as a motive and basis for rethinking issues related to the substantiation of the nature of a criminal misconduct and its delimitation from other legal torts.

In this article, we review a growing empirical literature on the effectiveness and fairness of the US pretrial system and discuss its policy implications. Despite the importance of this stage of the criminal legal process, researchers have only recently begun to explore how the pretrial system balances individual rights and public interests. We describe the empirical challenges that have prevented progress in this area and how recent work has made use of new data sources and quasi-experimental approaches to credibly estimate both the individual harms (such as loss of employment or government assistance) and public benefits (such as preventing non-appearance at court and new crimes) of cash bail and pretrial detention. These new data and approaches show that the current pretrial system imposes substantial short-and long-term economic harms on detained defendants in terms of lost earnings and government assistance, while providing little in the way of decreased criminal activity for the public interest. Non-appearances at court do significantly decrease for detained defendants, but the magnitudes cannot justify the economic harms to individuals observed in the data. A second set of studies shows that that the costs of cash bail and pretrial detention are disproportionately borne by Black and Hispanic individuals, giving rise to large and unfair racial differences in cash bail and detention that cannot be explained by underlying differences in pretrial misconduct risk. We then turn to policy implications and describe areas of future work that would enable a deeper understanding of what drives these undesirable outcomes.

High crime rates, use of violence by criminals, police brutality, corruption, rape by police officials and other forms of criminal misconduct against the police including the centralisation of specific specialised functions of policing, which was tantamount to taking away policing from the people at police station level, are some of the allegations which affects the image of the police as a legitimate organisation. Much of these allegations levelled by the community and the mass media are directed at the external and internal environments of the police. The aim of this article is to critically evaluate policing in South Africa, so that respect for the country and its citizens can be restored. For this discussion, the researcher collected qualitative information by means of a literature study and drew on his personal experience as a former senior police officer with the South African Police Service (SAPS). Prior to 1994, the call was for the rationalisation, restructuring and amalgamation of the police into a single police service that would enjoy legitimacy among all the communities of South Africa. Although the country embraced a new democratic dispensation in 1994, very little was done to implement transformational policies and processes to bring about systemic change in policing. A need for the change of the functioning of the police service in South Africa was identified, so that police officers may perform their role within the context of democratic principles and restore respect for the country and its citizens.

This study investigated the knowledge of academic integrity and associated emotions of a small sample of international students studying at Canadian postsecondary institutions (n = 60) using survey methodology. Depending on the survey item, 25–60 participants provided responses. Many respondents appeared knowledgeable about academic integrity and misconduct and reported that expectations in their home countries and in Canada were similar. There was, however, disagreement on the concept of duplicate submission/self-plagiarism, indicating an important gap in educating students about specific aspects of policy in postsecondary education in Canada. In addition, more than a third of respondents provided neutral responses to a situation involving contract cheating, suggesting a lack of certainty in how to respond when witnessing peers’ engagement in outsourcing academic work. Many respondents reported feeling confident upon reading the academic integrity and misconduct policies of their Canadian postsecondary institution, although nearly one third indicated feeling fearful, anxious, and/or confused. These negative feelings were associated with reduced knowledge of academic integrity and misconduct. Future research should further explore the experiences and emotions of international students related to academic integrity and misconduct to better understand the successes and challenges that they face in their postsecondary studies in Canada. Our findings have important implications for the delivery of academic integrity education, enhancing supports and resources, and refining academic integrity policies and procedures to improve the experience of students who come from abroad to study in Canada.

O dolo no plano da observação detém natureza psicológico-descritiva. Isto porque, ao tratar-se de casos de absoluta inconsciência psicológica (como no caso do sonambulismo), sequer pode-se verificar a existência de conduta, quanto menos, de conduta dolosa. No entanto, o dolo no plano da atribuição tem caráter, exclusivamente, normativo. Por isso, com viés axiológico no sentido de um juízo de valor normativo. Explicando-se, assim, o motivo pelo qual se atribui à conduta dolosa maior quantidade de pena em comparação às condutas culposas. Metodologicamente, o responsável por atribuir à conduta a característica do dolo não é o agente, mas aquele que observa a conduta. Portanto, para a atribuição do dolo, é necessário observar os conceitos que o envolvem (vontade e consciência) no plano normativo e não no psicológico. Em miúdos, a atribuição do dolo a uma conduta deve fundamentar-se no plano normativo.

Objective - A rising number of cases involving ethical misconduct within firms have of late received considerable attention in Malaysia. Despite the country's declaring having a strong corporate governance policy, strengthened through the Code of Ethics for Company Directors and Malaysia Code of Corporate Governance, unethical practices, and lack of integrity within firms remain an issue. This paper aims to review the current implementation of corporate ethical conducts among corporate governance practitioners as well as factors that influence corporate ethics commitment in a firm. Methodology/Technique - This paper is developed from extensive readings of previous literature on corporate governance practices and their effect on the quality of financial reports. Findings - This paper discloses collective approaches of corporate ethics practiced in Malaysian firms and how the implementation has enhanced the firms' overall financial reporting quality. It demonstrates current issues and the importance of corporate ethics commitment to enhance financial reporting quality. Firms that emphasize ethical commitments, reduce the risk of financial statement fraud and firms will naturally gain trust from their stakeholders. Novelty - This paper stresses the importance of sound ethical conduct above other factors that influence the financial reporting quality of firms in Malaysia. This paper is the result of extensive research on corporate ethics commitment and financial reporting quality. Type of Paper - Review. Keywords: Corporate Ethics; Corporate Governance; Financial Reporting Quality JEL Classification: G34, M41.

It is one thing to faithfully report and investigate police corruption; it is another thing to effectively punish abusive officers and the institutions that support them. A third, arguably the most fundamental concern of all, is to understand why these officers, and the infrastructures that protect them, rarely face repercussions for their crimes and the catastrophic psychological traumas that they inflict. The case described herein – a wrongful conviction of murder (1991) that was eventually overturned (2010) and then successfully litigated for restitution (2021) – provides a vivid narrative of prosecutorial misconduct, and the consequent psychological anguish of a survivor, as informed and articulated by participant-observers. Our hope is that by doing so, we can facilitate an understanding for, and empathy with, the trials and tribulations of victims of color who have suffered tremendously from police corruption and wrongful convictions.

This article focuses on the system of civilian oversight of police misconduct and corruption in Victoria and the prospects for reform. It considers the 2018 report and recommendations of a parliame...

We investigate the relationship between economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and corporate fraud. We find that firms are more likely to engage in corporate fraud during times of high EPU. Such a finding is robust to the undetected fraud and other potential endogeneity concerns. Moreover, we find that a strong institutional environment can weaken the positive association between EPU and corporate fraud, and the frauds of firms whose headquarters are located in a region that is less dominated by the community of interest with mainstream ideology are mitigated. The empirical results also show that the listed firms are more likely to participate in misconduct to the extent that the fraud deserves public condemnation, criticism, and an official warning without monetary fines being levied.

In nursing, expectations of honesty and integrity are clearly stipulated throughout professional standards and codes of conduct, thus the concept of academic integrity has even more impetus in preparing students for graduate practice. However, a disparity between policy and practice misses the opportunity to instil the principles of academic integrity, and at its core honesty, a pivotal trait in the nursing profession. This study draws upon the experience of the nursing faculty to explore how academic integrity policy of deterrence operate in nursing education.While participants deplored cheating behaviours, they expressed frustration in having to ‘police’ large numbers of students who had little awareness of the academic standards to meet policy requirements. In addition, they were cynical because of a perceived lack of severity in sanctions for students who repeatedly breached integrity. Participants expressed a moral obligation as educators to meet student learning needs and preferred to engage with students in a more meaningful way to uphold academic integrity. The ambivalence to detect and report breaches in integrity undermines the effectiveness of policy. Therefore, faculty must recognise the importance of their role in detecting and escalating cases of dishonesty and execute deterrence in a more consistent way. To do this, greater support at an institutional level, such as smaller class sizes, inclusion in decision making around sanctions and recognition of additional workload, will enable faculty to uphold policy. Although policing was not their preferred approach, the role of faculty in detecting and reporting cases of misconduct is crucial to increase the certainty of students getting caught, which is essential if policy is to be effective in deterring dishonest behaviour.

We examine how organizations of different types – nonprofit, for-profit, and public – engage in consumer-benefiting misconduct (CBM) by examining which patients benefit from hospitals of the three types gaming the market for liver transplants. Consistent with our theory, we find that public firms are the least likely of the three organization types to engage in CBM. We find that for-profit firms engage in CBM for any paying consumers, nonprofit firms engage in CBM for their mission-driven beneficiaries, and public organizations engage in CBM for the set of consumers that their voting constituents direct them to serve. We also examine how the three organization types respond to others’ engagement in CBM, and explore heterogeneity in CBM within nonprofit and public organizations. As the first paper to theoretically predict and empirically examine differences in CBM across nonprofit, public, and for-profit firms, this paper has important implications for our understanding of how distinct governance structures influence misconduct.

Research on employee misconduct has increasingly adopted behavioral measures in field settings, such as archival organizational records, to circumvent potential issues of external validity and social desirability associated with laboratory experiments and self-reported surveys. However, similar to the issues facing the criminal justice and education systems, where racial disparities in punishment are well-documented, organizations face a difficult challenge in detecting and enforcing misconduct. Even when organizations adopt seemingly objective policies for addressing misconduct, it is still possible for certain groups to be disproportionately accused of misconduct and/or disciplined. Drawing from social psychological theories of social identity and aversive racism, we examined the extent to which Black employees (in contrast to White employees) are more likely to have formal incidences of misconduct documented in their employment records, even when there are no racial differences in the number of allegations of misconduct. Across three datasets collected from the police departments of three major metropolitan areas (Chicago, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia), we identified the presence of a race discipline gap in archival organizational records of behavioral misconduct. We discuss the implications of these findings and highlight the need for caution when researchers and practitioners use archival measures of behavioral misconduct.

It has been almost a half year since COVID-19 has forced all nations to speed up their outbreak preparedness as it simultaneously created significant public anxiety. This study investigated the canonical relationship between factors of COVID-19 preparedness and anxiety and proposed a conceptual model framework on these factors in the contexts of Thailand. This mixed-methods study employed an explanatory sequential design to conduct a two-phase exploration. Quantitative data were collected in the first phase using online questionnaires. The sample included 2808 respondents selected through a convenience and a snowball sampling. Data collection was conducted from March 29 to May 16, 2020, and content analysis was employed to process these data. The quantitative analysis with canonical relationship between COVID-19 preparedness and anxiety was 0.403 at a moderate level (p-value < 0.01). Thai citizens with high preparedness on risk mitigation and long-term outbreak mitigation planning tended to congruently demonstrate high anxiety towards responses of the government and public sectors, corruption, and misconduct. The conceptual model framework of qualitative analysis on preparedness were classified into three levels, i.e., individuals, families and communities, and social networks. COVID-19 anxiety that was related to a) responses of the government and public sectors, and b) corruption and misconduct, and also showed direct impacts on work and life anxiety. Thai citizens recognized and understood that self-reliance is mostly needed to relieve pandemic-related anxiety. Cooperation with public and private bodies on precautionary measures was deemed essential to prevent a second wave of spread.

This article examines one institution’s transition from a legalistic approach for resolving cases of academic misconduct to a learning-centered approach that embraces peer-to-peer student-led meetings. The article provides detailed information on how to train students on conducting these meetings along with suggestions for future research. The results of this article provide a framework for institutions who wish to engage students in a learning-centered adjudication model for resolving cases.

Deceptive advertising, or advertising that intends to mislead consumers by false claims or incomplete disclosure, is ubiquitous in the marketplace. Though prior research has shown that consumers generally view companies’ deceptive communication as unethical and react to it negatively, anecdotal evidence suggests that some consumers are more accepting of such misleading tactics than others. Delving deeper into this phenomenon, this research examines the role of self-construal on consumers’ responses toward deceptive advertising. Three studies provide converging evidence that interdependent (vs. independent) consumers are more tolerant of deceptive advertising, which is mediated by their attribution styles. Moreover, we further demonstrate the self-construal effect on lie acceptability decreases as the firm becomes smaller, when it is easier for consumers to pinpoint who should be responsible for the misconduct and thus are more likely to make internal attribution.

The use of segregation continues to be at the forefront of debates on the most effective way to address violence in prisons. Concern over the negative impact of these placements has prompted correctional administrators to employ alternative strategies to reduce their segregated populations and address serious misconduct. Few studies, however, have explored the impact that these strategies have on future behavioral outcomes. To address this gap, the current study explores the effectiveness of a disciplinary segregation program reserved for those who engage in violent misconduct during their incarceration. This study employs a quasi-experimental research design to estimate the treatment effects of placement in a disciplinary segregation program on subsequent levels of institutional misconduct during a one-year follow-up. Results from this study reveal that placement in the disciplinary segregation program had no effect on subsequent levels of serious in-prison misconduct amongst participants when compared to their matched counterparts. Our findings suggest that scholars and practitioners should work to build a response to in-prison violence that starts with what is known about the causes of violence and what effectively modifies attitudes and behaviors. Future research should include rigorous measures of both program process and implementation to better identify effective forms of intervention.

Recent events of police misconduct sparked a nationwide debate on the effectiveness of police ethics training. In this article, we ask: do basic police academies prepare future police officers to b...

Objectives This review explores the literature about the status and influence of statutory regulation in healthcare with a focus on medical imaging. It summarises the status of regulation in Australia for radiographers and sonographers, with brief reference to the global situation. The role of regulation is explored in terms of its evolution, function and effect on professional behaviours. Key findings Reports of medical errors, sentinel events and professional misconduct in healthcare have raised concern about how health care professionals are regulated. Patient-centric healthcare delivery has changed how people interact with healthcare, contributing to the development of statutory regulation for many healthcare professions. In Australia, the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law (The National Law) 2009, established the National Registration and Accreditation Scheme (NRAS) in order to practice. Not all health care professions are included in the scheme. In medical imaging, radiographers are included but sonographers are a notable exception. Regulation is designed to positively influence practitioners' professional behaviours. The available evidence however is limited, but suggests that under certain circumstances, it can negatively impact practitioners’ professional behaviours. Conclusion Statutory regulation has been implemented to address serious issues highlighted in reports of medical errors and professional misconduct, but it may have unintended consequences on the professional behaviours of practitioners. Limited research means the relationship between statutory regulation of healthcare practitioners and its impact upon professional behaviours remains unclear. Implications for practice If statutory regulation of healthcare professionals is to achieve its aim of protecting the public, it is imperative that we understand the impact that it has on professional behaviours. This review highlights that it can negatively impact professional behaviours which may be detrimental to patient's safety.

الملخص: عادة ما تكون المقالات ما قبل الطباعة بمثابة مقدمة أولية لأوراق تمت مراجعتها من قِبل النظراء ويتم وضعها على الفور تقريبا، باستثناء بعض الفحص السطحي، في مستودع وصول مفتوح للجمهور للسماح للمعلومات بالوصول إلى القراء بسرعة، والتغلب على الخمول المرتبط عادة بالمعالجة بطريقة المجلات التي تعتمد على مراجعة الأقران. بالنسبة للباحثين في بداية حياتهم المهنية الذين قد يكونون متحمسين للحصول على بعض التقدير لجهودهم، أو الرغبة في الحصول على مدخلات مفتوحة وعلنية حول عملهم، فإن النشر قبل الطباعة هو بالتأكيد خيار نشر مفيد. ومع ذلك، إذا لم يتم فحص البيانات والمعلومات المتعلقة بالصحة بعناية، فقد تشكل خطرا، وقد تعمل أيضا كمصدر لمعلومات مضللة عن الصحة العامة. تشير زيادة النمو والمنافسة بين خوادم ما قبل الطباعة، إلى جانب حجم هائل من المطبوعات المسبقة المتعلقة بـ كوفيد-١٩، وخاصة على خادم ما قبل الطباعة لعلم الأحياء، وخادم ما قبل الطباعة للعلوم الطبية، بالإضافة إلى تحديد الفهرسة التي يتم اختبارها الآن على موقع بوب ميد، إلى أن المطبوعات المسبقة يتم استخدامها بشكل متزايد في العلوم الطبية الحيوية. وهناك حاجة إلى سياسات أخلاقية أقوى وأكثر قوة لفحص المطبوعات المسبقة قبل نشرها للجمهور، وحتى إذا كان هذا يعني تأخيرا طفيفا في النشر، فقد يؤدي ذلك إلى زيادة ثقة الأكاديميين في هذا الشكل من المعلومات العلمية والتواصل. يجب تقديم سياسات أخلاقية واضحة وصارمة بشكل عاجل من قبل مجموعات الأخلاقيات مثل لجنة أخلاقيات النشر، واللجنة الدولية لمحرري المجلات الطبية للمجلات الأعضاء التي تسمح بنشر مقالات ما قبل الطباعة قبل مراجعة النظراء التقليدية. ستفيد الإرشادات الأخلاقية الصارمة التي تتعامل مع سوء السلوك على قدم المساواة في مقالات ما قبل الطباعة والأبحاث التي راجعها النظراء، ستفيد نزاهة النشر الأكاديمي. Abstract: Preprints are typically crude precursors of peer-reviewed papers that are placed almost immediately, save for some superficial screening, on an open-access repository to allow the information to reach readers quickly, circumventing the long-drawn process typically associated with processing in peer-reviewed journals. For early-career researchers who might be enthusiastic about obtaining some recognition for their efforts, or wanting open and public input about their work, preprints are certainly a useful publication choice. However, if health-related data and information have not been carefully scrutinised, they may pose a risk and may even serve as a source of public health misinformation. Surging growth and competition among preprint servers, coupled with a massive volume of COVID-19-related preprints, mainly on bioRxiv and medRxiv, as well as select indexing now being tested on PubMed, suggests that preprints are being increasingly used in the biomedical sciences. Stronger and more robust ethical policies are needed to screen preprints before they are released to the public, and even if this implies a slight delay in publication, it may increase academics' trust in this form of scientific information and communication. Clear and stringent ethical policies need to be urgently introduced by ethics groups such as COPE and the ICMJE, whose many member journals allow preprints to be posted before traditional peer review. Stringent ethical guidelines that treat misconduct equally in preprints and peer-reviewed papers will boost the integrity of academic publishing.

We develop new quasi-experimental tools to measure racial discrimination, due to either racial bias or statistical discrimination, in the context of bail decisions. We show that the omitted variables bias in observational release rate comparisons can be purged by using the quasi-random assignment of judges to estimate average race-specific misconduct risk. We find that approximately two-thirds of the average release rate disparity between white and Black defendants in New York City is due to racial discrimination. We then develop a hierarchical marginal treatment effects model to study the drivers of discrimination, finding evidence of both racial bias and statistical discrimination. Outcome-based tests of racial bias therefore omit an important source of racial discrimination in bail decisions, and cannot be used to rule out all possible violations of U.S. anti-discrimination law.

Emphasising the need to rethink accountability in the light of the #MeToo movement, this study examines how public discourses on sexual misconduct in the non-profit sector have transformed societal perceptions of NGO accountability. The study contributes to research debates about the underlying principles of the NGO social contract, the intellectual problematics of accountability and the role of ‘the Other’ in accountability conduct. The analysis of social media and investigations related to sexual scandals in thirteen organisations reveals how access to social media and hashtag activism in the midst of the social movement provided visibility to the cases of misconduct, gave rise to accountability forums and empowered calls to hold organisations to account. The study shows how the spotlight of public attention has gradually shifted the perception of sexual misconduct as an occasional, but inevitable, sectoral malfunction towards a widening debate over the moral basis of NGO activism and the impacts on the lives of vulnerable NGO beneficiaries. This development has then amplified the escalated demand to transform approaches to NGO accountability from pragmatic procedures of increased control and demonstrable measures of quality assurance to more reflective methods of intellectual accountability and critical self-assessment, emphasising the behavioural consciousness of accountable actors. Finally, the study reflects on how the lessons learned from the #MeToo movement impact NGOs in their capacity to exercise holistic accountability.

El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar fundamentalmente los artículos 32 y 206 de la Constitución Política del Perú que considera procedimientos generales para llegar a una reforma de la constitución, ya sea parcial o total con sometimiento a referéndum; pero, en esta oportunidad, se discutió la “reforma total” teniendo en cuenta que, actualmente el país se encuentra en proceso de Elecciones Presidenciales y varios de los candidatos vienen proponiendo el “cambio de Constitución” sin mayores detalles del cómo se llevaría a cabo, salvo que, en su oportunidad lo expliquen. La discusión planteada como objetivo, ayudó a conocer el procedimiento para obtener finalmente después de veintiocho años una nueva carta política, y por, sobre todo, si es conveniente llevarlo a cabo con el actual ambiente político, social y jurídico que vive el Estado peruano. El mismo Congreso, que es el actor principal para llevar a cabo la institución jurídica de reforma total de la Constitución, se ve imposibilitada de realizarla debido principalmente a las múltiples inconductas funcionales evidenciadas por algunos congresistas, Congreso disuelto, vacancia presidencial, así como, los graves hechos de corrupción que hasta la fecha vienen generándose con participación directa de ellos mismos y de los propios gobernantes que venimos teniendo desde 1990 a la fecha, creándose un clima político turbulento, quedando hasta ahora como un tema pendiente. Se concluye que la Constitución es suficientemente clara en materia de los procedimientos a seguir para llevar a cabo una reforma constitucional.

Research has linked prison misconduct to reoffending and re-entry experiences, yet no studies have sought to examine the factors influencing misconduct in Northern Ireland or if these factors operate differently for separated prisoners (those claiming their offences are politically motivated and demanding to be held separately to the rest of the prison population) compared to the general prison population. This study addresses this gap by examining the characteristics related to misconduct in Northern Ireland. Using a cross-sectional sample of 892 imprisoned adult men, the findings indicate that increased involvement in misconduct is associated with multiple needs. Younger age, racial/ethnic identity, accommodation issues, addiction, impairments, property offences, previous incarceration, prison complaints, not having a drug test and engagement/suspected engagement in serious self-harm while imprisoned increased the risk of misconduct. Reporting a nationality other than British, Irish or Northern Irish, passing prison drug tests and prison visitation lowered the risk of misconduct. Factors were found to operate in a similar manner for both the general prison population and separated prisoners, with the exception of prison complaints. Given the link between misconduct and reoffending, it is argued that specialist supports are required to address the multiple needs of those who frequently engage in misconduct if efforts to reduce recidivism are to be enhanced.

A substantial body of research supports the existence of the victim–offender overlap in the general population. However, few scholars have investigated this phenomenon in the prison context. Drawing on survey data collected from 2,065 male inmates residing in Taiwan’s nine prisons, this study tested the victim–offender overlap hypothesis and identified the most common characteristics of inmates assuming the dual role. Bivariate probit analyses revealed that the victim–offender overlap in the general population also applies to the incarcerated. Four common risk factors were found among inmates who were both victims and offenders. The findings have clear implications for researchers, practitioners and policymakers and shed light on the understudied topic of the victim–offender overlap phenomenon in prison.

This study examines whether the delegated monitoring of main banks effectively decreases severe agency problems. For example, this includes accounting fraud in bank-dominated corporate governance. In this context, the fraud triangle specifies the three main factors of opportunity, incentive, and rationalization. Main banks may reduce the factor of opportunity through actions such as monitoring, which plays a moderating role by reducing the potential for managerial misconduct, whereas, the incentive factor may be enhanced through the subsequent pressure that influences managers to force turnover when they do not repay debts. The potential influence that the main banks have on the fraud rationalization factor may be stronger in firms that are more dependent on main-bank borrowing. This study analyzed data from publicly listed firms in Japan for the period between 2008 and 2016 to determine how main-bank relationships affected accounting fraud, thus allowing an assessment of delegated monitoring practices. Findings showed that main-bank relationships were helpful for reducing accounting fraud, suggesting its overall effectiveness in delegated monitoring. Results also showed that large audit firms did not necessarily prevent accounting fraud, which implies that main banks can employ their own monitoring as a substitute for the roles typically played by these firms. Here, the main policy implication is that main-bank relationships may strengthen business ethics in the context of bank-dominated corporate governance. In conclusion, the continued analysis of bank monitoring may benefit stakeholders while strengthening business ethics in bank-centered economies.

The objective of this study was to examine changes in American recruits’ perceptions of the seriousness of behaviors related to police integrity from the beginning to the end of their academy training. Using a sample of 655 recruits from multiple academies in the United States, multilevel growth models were used. The results showed that the recruits rated scales related to misconduct, code of silence, and a noble cause less seriously at the end than at the beginning of their training. The results also showed that ethics training mitigated the effects of socialization, while organizational injustice intensified the effects of socialization. Female recruits rated the behaviors more seriously at the beginning and the end of training compared to male recruits. The results confirm the role of the academy in socializing officers into the negative aspects of the traditional police culture and highlight important avenues for police reform.

Correctional staff play a major role in the incarceration experience for millions of U.S. adults each year. While much research has addressed misconduct perpetrated by incarcerated persons, less has systematically addressed rule-violating behavior by correctional staff and how such conduct is perceived by formerly incarcerated individuals. Using qualitative data gathered from 38 interviews with men and women recently released from prison, we examine their experiences with prison staff misconduct. Respondents shared observations of staff misconduct related to medical neglect, violence, and contraband, but experiences differed for men and women, raising concerns regarding conditions of confinement. We caution that such conduct has the potential to undermine the legitimacy of correctional authority in prison settings, which is troubling because heightened legitimacy is an important aspect of legal socialization that helps to reduce offending. Research and policy development on the frequency and consequences of prison staff misconduct is warranted.

Scandals show that ethics is an important topic in financial planning. Our research analyses 212 financial ombudsman decisions (2013–2018) to understand the nature of financial planning misconduct in complaint decisions. We develop a coding structure to ascertain what professional conduct involves and then use content analysis and cluster analysis to identify the aspects of professional conduct occurring in these misconduct decisions. Diligence, acting in the client’s best interest and having no reasonable basis for advice are interconnected elements in over half of these decisions. Secondary elements are misleading statements, conflicts of interest and disclosure. Analysis of decisions involving fiduciary duty showed that financial planners failed to ascertain a client’s circumstances and did not form advice based on their client’s information. As financial planning professionalises, future research, financial planning education, policy and practice should address these issues. JEL Classification: D14, G20, G50

The widespread use of digital technology and devices has fundamentally transformed people’s social life in recent decades, particularly in interpersonal relationships. Two popular social phenomena elucidate how social connections and interactions have dramatically evolved due to technological advancement. Sexting has surfaced as a popular way of getting attention or flirting among young populations over the past decade. Online dating also has emerged as a viable avenue for people to seek interpersonal romantic and/or sexual relationships. Based on survey data collected from two Chinese universities and one U.S. university, this study links sexting and online dating by comparatively assessing the prevalence of sexting victimization and factors influencing such victimization among young online daters. Bivariate and multiple analyses reveal that American college students are more inclined than their Chinese counterparts to be victims of receiving sexts. Chinese students with higher degrees of rape myth acceptance are more likely to experience sexting victimization, but such an association does not exist among U.S. students. Internet-related activities were only weakly connected to sexting victimization among college students. LGBT young adults, regardless of their country affiliation, are at a higher risk for sexting misconduct. Female and younger American students were more likely to experience sexting victimization, whereas Chinese students in a romantic relationship were more inclined to experience sexting victimization. If possible, future research should employ a random sampling strategy to draw a larger number of college students from different types of universities in different regions. Future studies should include other theoretically relevant variables, such as self-control and opportunity variables, into the sexting victimization research.

I examine the relation between firms’ financial conduct and wage theft. Wage theft represents the single largest form of theft committed in the United States and primarily affects firms’ most vulnerable employees. I show that wage theft is more prevalent (i) when firms just meet or beat earnings targets and (ii) when executives’ personal liability for wage theft decreases. Wage theft precedes financial misconduct while the theft is undetected, but once firms are caught engaging in wage theft they are more likely to shift to engaging in financial misconduct. My findings highlight an economically meaningful yet previously undocumented way in which firms’ financial incentives relate to employee treatment.

Excluding students from school remains a common form of punishment despite growing critique of the practice. A disparate research base has impeded the ability to make broader assessments on the association between exclusionary discipline (i.e., suspensions and expulsions) and subsequent behavior. This article synthesizes existing empirical evidence (274 effect sizes from 40 primary studies) examining the relationship between exclusionary discipline and delinquent outcomes, including school misconduct/infractions, antisocial behavior, involvement with the justice system, and risky behaviors. This meta-analysis identifies exclusionary discipline as an important and meaningful predictor of increased delinquency. Additional examinations of potential moderators, including race/ethnicity and type of exclusion, revealed no significant differences, suggesting the harm associated with exclusions is consistent across subgroups. These findings indicate exclusionary discipline may inadvertently exacerbate rather than mollify delinquent behaviors.

Child protection in justice is designed to prevent crime among children and juveniles, to keep them away from further crime, and to reintegrate young offenders into society. So, it also covers the areas of prevention, enforcement, and aftercare. As early as the beginning of the twentieth century, it was recognized that child protection covers the elimination of a child’s financial vulnerability, the prevention of moral misconduct, and the representation of the interests of both orphans and the unhealthy. The country’s opportunities have been influenced not only by political ideologies but also by the human and material casualties suffered as a result of the two world wars. The current focus of child protection in justice is always on socio-economic and political problems. Examining the personality and family relationships of juvenile offenders also went a long way in the designated period. The protection of children in justice also affects the areas of administrative law, criminal substantive and procedural law, and criminology. At the end of the paper, I compare the institution of patronage and the preventive patronage.

The paper is devoted to examining legal, factual and procedural grounds of disciplinary responsibility of civil servants in the Russian Empire on the basis of the Statutes of Civil Service, Regulations on Punishments in Criminal and Correctional Proceedings, the Statute of Criminal Proceedings. The author defines the concept of official misconduct (malfeasance in office), the legislatively established list of disciplinary offences and relevant measures of influence, their substantive characteristics, the peculiarities of simple (extrajudicial) and judicial procedure of proceedings in disciplinary cases initiated against civil servants of administrative departments. The analysis made it possible to draw a conclusion about the existence in the second half of the 18th century in the system of the Russian public service of a disciplinary process that has all the features of the legal process and a procedural form of criminal proceedings. The use of disciplinary sanctions was subject to certain rules that protected subordinates from arbitrary use of disciplinary power by their principals. The most stringent forms of disciplinary sanctions involving dismissal from service could only be applied by the court. A number of provisions existing at the time can be used to improve the legal basis of the proceedings in disciplinary cases of civil servants of the Russian Federation.

Background Research misconduct is a global concern in biomedical science. There are no comprehensive data regarding the perception and situation of scientific misconduct among the Iranian medical faculty members. We conducted a nationwide survey to assess the research misconduct among the medical faculty members in Iran. Methods We used the Persian version of the research misconduct questionnaire (PRMQ) on the Google Forms platform. We sent the survey link to a systematic random sample of medical faculty members in Iran (N = 4986). Descriptive analyses were performed on the individual items of the PRMQ, with frequencies and percentages for categorical and Likert-type response items, and means and standard deviation (S.D.) for continuous variables. Chi-square analysis was conducted to test hypotheses examining differences in the frequency of responses related to factors influencing misconduct. We also defined four tenure categories (TC) based on the working years of the participants as tenured faculty members. All the analyses were performed using R 3.6.0. Results The response rate was 13.8% (692 responses). Nearly 70% of the respondents agreed that their publication output would be of higher quality if there were no publication pressure. Approximately three-quarters (N =499, 72.1%) of the respondents had been aware of some instances of research misconduct during the previous year according to their understanding of misconduct. Among the participants, 18.5% perceived the effectiveness of their associated organisation’s rules for reducing research misconduct to be high or very high. Pressure for tenure was identified as the item most frequently perceived with a strong behavioural influence on engaging in research misconduct (80.2%). Conclusions This study confirms that research misconduct needs to be actively addressed among the medical faculty members. Making policies with a focus on boosting awareness regarding the occasions of scientific misconduct and its management seems to be indispensable in the future in Iran.

Learner discipline is one of the bases of effective teaching and learning. If learners are not well disciplined, schools will not provide the best possible education. Therefore, it is important that good disciplinary measures and procedures be put in place in any school. In this article we investigate how learners in schools are currently being disciplined without violating their human rights. The nature and the causes of learners’ disciplinary problems are fundamental. A qualitative data-collection approach was employed in this research. Purposive non-probability sampling was used to select the participants for the study. Experienced educators from school disciplinary committees, Representative Councils of Learners (RCLs) and the school principals of 4 schools were interviewed. We found that the common causes of learners’ disciplinary problems varied from school to school. Furthermore, effective school management was found to be at the heart of learner discipline and the general academic performance of the school. We recommend that parents as first teachers should instill values and morals for their children to distinguish right from wrong. Keywords: corporal punishment; disciplinary problem; discipline; disruptive learner; misconduct; school discipline

The article covers the international standards and reveals their features in the context of the formation of the judiciary as a basis for improving the guarantees of independence of the court and judges. It is established that the reorganization of the judiciary will affect the relationship between the Supreme Council of Justice and the Supreme Qualification Commission of Judges of Ukraine. Ensuring the independence of the judiciary is currently one of the main priorities of this reorganization. It is determined that the main principles of independence of the judiciary and judges are legality, freedom of personal beliefs, in particular, a high level of legal awareness. It is established that one of the guarantees of the independence of the court and judges is the procedure of selecting candidates for the position of a judge. It was found out that a judge could not be subject to disciplinary action for a court decision that he had made, except in cases of a crime or disciplinary misconduct. It is proved that the main grounds for bringing a judge to disciplinary responsibility are: 1) cases of frequent reversal of court decisions made by a particular judge, based on the grounds of their illegality and/or unfoundedness; 2) non-compliance by a judge with the requirements of procedural decisions, which provide the basic principles of the tasks of court proceedings, or failure to take into account some evidence that is present in the case file during the trial and the relevant court decision. It is established that the international standards of formation of the corps of judges are divided into 1) standards that determine the procedure for selection of staff for the position of a judge; 2) standards that contain requirements for personnel applying for the position of a judge; 3) standards that define the features of the training of judges; 4) standards that define guarantees in the course of judges’ performance of their duties. It is proposed to identify areas of legal and organizational improvement of forming the judiciary in Ukraine as the prospects for further research in this direction., У статті висвітлено міжнародні стандарти та розкрито їх особливості у контексті формування корпусу суддів як основи вдосконалення гарантій незалежності суду та суддів. Встановлено, що реорганізація судової системи вплине на взаємовідносини між Вищою радою правосуддя та Вищою кваліфікаційною комісією суддів України, причому забезпечення незалежності судової системи є на сьогодні одним із головних пріоритетів реорганізації. Визначено що основними засадами незалежності судової системи та судді безпосередньо виступають законність, свобода особистих переконань, зокрема високий рівень правосвідомості. Встановлено, що однією із гарантій незалежності суду та суддів виступає процедура добору кандидатів, що претендують на посаду судді. З’ясовано, що суддя не може бути притягнений до дисциплінарної відповідальності за судове рішення, яке ним ухвалено, окрім випадків вчинення ним злочину чи дисциплінарного проступку. Доведено, що основними підставами притягнення судді до дисциплінарної відповідальності виступають: 1) випадки частого скасування судових рішень, що ухвалені конкретним суддею, виходячи із підстав їх незаконності та/або необґрунтованості; 2) недотримання суддею вимог процесуальних рішень, якими передбачено основні засади виконання завдань судового провадження, чи не взяття до уваги деяких доказів, які є присутніми у матеріалах справи у ході розгляду судової справи та ухвалення за нею відповідного судового рішення. Встановлено, що міжнародні стандарти формування корпусу суддів поділяються на: 1) стандарти, які визначають процедуру добору кадрів на посаду судді; 2) стандарти, що містять вимоги до кадрів, що претендують на посаду судді; 3) стандарти, якими визначено особливості підготовки суддів; 4) стандарти, що визначають гарантії у ході виконання суддями покладених на них посадових обов’язків. Запропоновано перспективами подальших досліджень у цьому напрямі визначити напрямки правового та організаційного удосконалення концепції формування корпусу суддів в Україні.

International audience; In 2014 leading publishers withdrew more than 120 nonsensical publications automatically generated with the SCIgen program. Casual observations suggested that similar problematic papers are still published and sold, without follow-up retractions. No systematic screening has been performed and the prevalence of such nonsensical publications in the scientific literature is unknown. Our contribution is 2-fold. First, we designed a detector that combs the scientific literature for grammar-based computer-generated papers. Applied to SCIgen, it has a 83.6% precision. Second, we performed a scientometric study of the 243 detected SCIgen-papers from 19 publishers. We estimate the prevalence of SCIgen-papers to be 75 per million papers in Information and Computing Sciences. Only 19% of the 243 problematic papers were dealt with: formal retraction (12) or silent removal (34). Publishers still serve and sometimes sell the remaining 197 papers without any caveat. We found evidence of citation manipulation via edited SCIgen bibliographies. This work reveals metric gaming up to the point of absurdity: fraudsters publish nonsensical algorithmically generated papers featuring genuine references. It stresses the need to screen papers for nonsense before peer-review and chase citation manipulation in published papers. Overall, this is yet another illustration of the harmful effects of the pressure to publish or perish.

PurposeFirms are increasingly accountable for their suppliers' social and environmental practices. Nonmarket stakeholders nowadays do not hesitate to confront buying firms for their suppliers' misconducts by mobilizing demonstrations, social media campaigns and boycotts. This paper aims to develop a typology of response strategies by targeted firms when they face such contentions and to empirically investigate why these strategies vary among those firms.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on social movement and stakeholder salience theories, the authors develop a set of hypotheses linking their typology of four response strategies to three key contextual factors – nonmarket stakeholder salience, nonmarket stakeholder ideology and the target firm reputation – and examine them using a vignette-based experiment methodology.FindingsThe results suggest that nonmarket stakeholder salience significantly impacts the nature of response (reject or concede), whereas the nonmarket stakeholder ideology is significantly related to the intensity of response (trivial or vigorous). Interestingly, the firms' reputation was found to have no significant effect on their response strategy when they faced stakeholder contentions.Originality/valueThis paper adds both theoretical and methodological value to the existing literature. Theoretically, the study develops and tests a comprehensive typology of response strategies to nonmarket stakeholder contentions. Methodologically, this study is original in leveraging a vignette-based experiment that allows establishing causal factors of response strategies following a supplier sustainability misconduct.

The development of clinical thinking and the improvement of medical care largely depend on doctors and society’s attitude to medical errors. A balanced, rational perspective to medical errors is critical with an understanding of the main aspects of medication errors. The paper presents two important aspects of the problem of medical errors - their probability and, in a sense, their routine, as well as the role of collective relationships in shaping an objective attitude of doctors to errors. The article argues that the correct action of a doctor does not mean that they are unmistakable. The factors that determine the complexity of medicine are listed. The actual and ambiguous effectiveness of the medicine is considered. It is argued that the development of evidence-based medicine is evidence of the relativity of knowledge in medicine. The basic variants of the relationship of doctors in the collective are given. The role of collegiality in improving the professional experience and quality of medical care is specified. It has been shown that the absence of objective criteria of guilt or innocence of a doctor in error exacerbates the problem of errors. It emphasizes the flaw of equating all errors with misconduct and the unilateralism of such an approach in preventing mistakes. A vicious circle is presented, where the traditionally negative attitude towards doctors who made a mistake ultimately leads to concealment of errors, a decrease in the number and quality of error analysis, stagnation in the development of clinical thinking, an increase in the number of errors and, accordingly, the legal tightening of demand for medical errors.

Ольшевська Ю. М., Берлач А. І. Матеріальна від­повідальність державних службовців за чинним зако­нодавством України. - Стаття. У статті розглянуто особливості інституту матері­альної відповідальності державних службовців за нор­мами чинного законодавства. Автором проаналізовано особливості процедури, підстави та порядок притяг­нення до матеріальної відповідальності державних службовців, висвітлено співвідношення норм Закону України «Про державну службу» та актів трудово­го законодавства. Розглянуто підходи вітчизняних науковців до розуміння правової природи інституту матеріальної відповідальності державних службовців, а також значення положень Постанови Пленуму Вер­ховного Суду № 14 «Про судову практику в справах про відшкодування шкоди, заподіяної підприємствам, установам, організаціям їхніми працівниками» від 29 грудня 1992 року при застосуванні до притягнення до матеріальної відповідальності державних службов­ців як суб’єктів трудового права. Автор доходить висновку, що матеріальна відпові­дальність є засобом забезпечення дотримання посадови­ми та службовими особами вимог законодавства та пра­вил внутрішнього розпорядку, посадових інструкцій. Також вона дозволяє компенсувати шкоду, понесену публічними органом або державою у зв’язку з вчинен­ням службового проступку її посадовою службовою осо­бою. Характерною особливістю інституту матеріальної відповідальності державних службовців є особливості правового статусу державних службовців як суб’єктів службового права. Насамперед вона полягає у тому, що відповідно до норм Конституції шкода, завдана рішен­нями чи діяльністю державного органу, його посадових чи службових осіб, компенсується державою за рішен­ням суду, а держава має право в порядку регресу вима­гати відшкодування своїх збитків у державного служ­бовця. При цьому в Законі України «Про державну службу» закріплено порядок процедури притягнення до відповідальності державних службовців, яка відріз­няється від процедури, закріпленої для інших катего­рій працівників в актах трудового законодавства. Зазначено про прогалини у вітчизняному законо­давстві в цій сфері, зокрема про відсутність регулюван­ня процедури оскарження рішення про притягнення до матеріальної відповідальності державного службов­ця, визначення віднесення моральної шкоди до збитків в рамках інституту матеріальної відповідальності.

Financial misconduct has come into the spotlight in recent years, causing market regulators to increase the reach and severity of interventions. We show that at times the economic benefits of illicit financial activity outweigh the costs of litigation. We illustrate our argument with data from the US Securities and Exchanges Commission and a case of investment misconduct. From the neoclassical economic paradigm, which follows utilitarian thinking, it is rational to engage in misconduct. Still, the majority of professionals refrain from misconduct, foregoing economic rewards. We suggest financial activity could be reimagined taking into account intrinsic and prosocial motivations. A virtue ethics framework could also be applied, linking financial behavior to the quest for moral excellence and shared flourishing. By going beyond utilitarian thinking and considering alternative models, we offer a fuller account of financial behavior and a better perspective from which to design deterrence methods.

One of the aspects of post-publication peer review that is difficult for reputable journals or publishers to accept is that it may reveal flaws in their oft-claimed resilient peer review and efficient editorial management. Prospective authors are frequently sold a brand-associated image of a fail-safe process, rigorous editorial handling, and stringent peer review. Yet, in reality, a sector of the published literature that has passed through claimed rigorous screening may still be flawed and contain errors, while some of the peer-reviewed literature is the product of fraud or misconduct. Even top-ranked journals, in terms of journal-based metrics such as the Clarivate Analytics’ journal impact factor, or those that are indexed or hosted on platforms like PubMed, Scopus or Web of Science, have published papers with associated errata or retractions. In such journals, it is possible that erroneous literature has yet to be detected. This paper argues that publishers draw benefit in the form of metrics-based recognition, such as citations to erroneous or retracted papers, or financial reward, either as subscription fees or in the form of article processing charges, neither of which is refunded when a peer-reviewed academic paper is retracted. Knowing that peer review and editorial decisions can be imperfect, publishers have a moral responsibility of toning down claims of the excellence or perfection of peer review when advertising their journals, or they should conduct a full-scale post-publication peer review of their journals’ entire collection to prove it. In turn, academics need to be more proactive in the publishing ecosystem, seeking to correct the literature when errors are found, and not be afraid to call out editors or publishers that defy their claimed academic or ethical excellence.