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This article suggests that much of the use of the Navajo language in contemporary Navajo written poetry, especially English dominant poetry, serves as an icon of proper Navajo usage. It is a purist view of the Navajo language. Navajo poetry is implicated, even if tacitly, in a discourse of linguistic purism that is tied to an oppositional linguistic ideology that sees Navajo and English as discrete and distinct “objects.” Navajo poetry erases the contemporary sociolinguistic diversity - including bilingual Navajo - on the Navajo Nation. And in so doing, it closes off parts of Navajo sociolinguistic realities and in its stead creates an imagined Navajo language community.

Portuguese language students in the United States typically also speak Spanish, and Portuguese programs, influenced by ideologies of linguistic purism, ceaselessly battle against its interference. This article describes a qualitative study of the treatment of Spanish utterances—called taquitos by participants—in a beginner-level Portuguese class. It presents the classroom as a space of language socialization where students are apprenticed into a culture of strict language separation that demonstrates our field's monolingual bias. Microanalysis of videorecorded classes shows how error correction practices socialize students into upholding monolingual immersion through constant vigilance and mobilization against taquitos. Gaze, body orientation, and gestures as attention markers reveal a taquito hot seat that marginalizes and places Spanish-speaking students in intense negative focus for not producing Portuguese in “uncontaminated” forms. Given the harm such practices may cause, the article urges the field to examine our rigid insistence upon artificial classroom monolingual immersion and promote flexible, strategic translanguaging for more effective world language pedagogy.

After the 2016 spelling reforms deleted the accent circumflex from some French vowels, on right-wing French Twitter, the circonflexe reappeared in the center of the French flag – echoing the flag of Vichy France. Tweets with the hashtag #JeSuisCirconflexe resemiotized the accent circumflex as icon of a lost Frenchness, or voiced the racial other in a colonial faux pidgin to frame them as illiterate and brutish. Drawing on research on resemiotization (Leppänen, Sirpa, Samu Kytölä, Henna Jousmäki, Saija Peuronen & Elina Westinen. 2014. Entextualization and resemiotization as resources for identification in social media. In The language of social media, 112–136. London: Palgrave Macmillan) and raciolinguistics (Flores, Nelson & Jonathan Rosa. 2015. Undoing appropriateness: Raciolinguistic ideologies and language diversity in education. Harvard Educational Review, 85(2). 149–171), this article explores how constructions of mock youth French use raciolinguistic tropes to imagine a language of social decline, connecting linguistic purism to racist myths of white genocide and the great replacement. Despite this, youth invert the imagination of their illiteracy, using playful language and satirizing white speech (Rosa, Jonathan. 2016b. Standardization, racialization, languagelessness: Raciolinguistic ideologies across communicative contexts. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 26(2). 162–183) to contest French nationalism – reframing #JeSuisCirconflexe as #JeSuisSirCornflakes.

In Maningrida, northern Australia, code-switching is a commonplace phenomenon within a complex of both longstanding and more recent language practices characterised by high levels of linguistic diversity and multilingualism. Code-switching is observable between local Indigenous languages and is now also widespread between local languages and English and/or Kriol. In this paper, I consider whether general predictions about the nature and functioning of code-switching account for practices in the Maningrida context. I consider: (i) what patterns characterise longstanding code-switching practices between different Australian languages in the region, as opposed to code-switching between an Australian language and Kriol or English? (ii) how do the distinctions observable align with general predictions and constraints from dominant theoretical frameworks? Need we look beyond these factors to explain the patterns? Results indicate that general predictions, including the effects of typological congruence, account for many observable tendencies in the data. However, other factors, such as constraints exerted by local ideologies of multilingualism and linguistic purism, as well as shifting socio-interactional goals, may help account for certain distinct patterns in the Maningrida data.

This study compared implicit attitudes toward codeswitching in two French-English bilingual groups: Quebecois and Albertans. Earlier research showed that Quebecois value linguistic purism. Recent research shows changes in explicit attitudes. Therefore Quebecois might show similarly positive implicit attitudes toward codeswitching as Albertans. They might view codeswitching as polite if it facilitates communication. Participants watched conversations in two conditions, codeswitching and no codeswitching, and rated considerateness. The Quebecois rated codeswitching as less considerate than not. Albertans showed the reverse. The Albertans’ ratings were linked to their judgements of actors’ language knowledge. These results suggest that Quebecois still implicitly value linguistic purism.

In this article we examine the ideology of linguistic purism among the members of the Ladinokomunita virtual community, which was founded in 2000 with the aim of promoting the use of the Judeo-Spanish language and Sephardic culture. In the research we start from the idea that ideology as an integral part of social identity is something that is constructed and transformed in linguistic interaction through the use of tactics of intersubjectivity (Bucholtz and Hall 2004, 2005) and always in the function of a broader social context. Therefore, taking into account the tendencies of glocalization that operate in contemporary society, in this work we analyze the purist attitudes present in Ladinokomunita from the point of view of the social treatment approach (Garrett et al. 2003) with the aim of showing that the ideology of the linguistic purism of its members is a manifestation of broader social processes, in which attempts are made to reconstruct and revitalize the ethnic identity of the Sephardic community.Key words: linguistic purism, ethnic identity, tactics of intersubjectivity, Sephardic Jews, Judeo-Spanish.

Aversion to loanwords may express itself in various ways: deliberate and motivated by ideology of linguistic purism or more implicit and motivated by the strength of one’s national identification and ethnolinguistic vitality. A study of Polish philology students assessed their tendency to choose loanwords versus synonymous native words. The results supported a two-path model of linguistic purism. Social identity (strength of identification) directly predicted avoidance of loanwords, whereas ideological concerns (conservative political views) predicted it indirectly, through purist ideology.

Iceland’s literary tradition, conservative linguistic heritage and ideologies of linguistic purism have been a major strand in Icelandic national identity. The preservation of linguistic and literary continuity is a principal objective of overtly expressed Icelandic culture policies. At the same time, the advent of globalisation has entailed increased everyday presence of an international language, along Icelandic, in important spheres of modern life. There are concerns that this has impact on reading habits, linguistic input, and language environment in general. Against this background, the present paper offers a description of prevailing Icelandic language ideologies, modern linguistic practices, language policies, and the possibilities and limitations of present-day language management efforts.

In this article, we provide a systematic study of the extent and influence of the ideology of purism in Afrikaans historical linguistics. The study takes the form of a critical discourse analysis that indicates how the nationalistic, puristic ideologies of Apartheid were transferred – implicitly and explicitly – to linguistic descriptions of the history of Afrikaans. We firstly engage in a discussion of purism – specifically genetic and sanitary purism – and the role of nationalism in linguistic purism. We then divide the historical linguists of Afrikaans into three categories that do not correspond to certain periods very strictly, but follow a chronological order to some extent: the pre-philological, philological, and alternative schools of thought. Finally, we trace how Afrikaans historical linguistics practiced significant erasure in the name of purism at first, transferring certain aspects of nationalism and purism to scientific inquiry, to then become less puristic and more inclusive with ti...

Research into linguistic purism often reflects a critical, if not contemptuous attitude towards its subject of inquiry. The reasons for this are purists’ prescriptivist stance, as well as their frequent association with ethno-linguistic nationalism, an ideology in moral disrepute. We argue that this approach of purism produces blind spots. Following Pratt’s suggestion, we reconsider linguistic purism in this article as the effect of a utopian discourse and show how a desire for (linguistic) purity is at the very heart of the project of modernity. We apply our theoretical framework to the history of purism in modern Flanders (nineteenth to twenty-first century).

Grishechko O.S., Akopova A.S., Grishechko E.G. (Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation) Linguistic purism as an area of linguistic analysis describes the practices of identification and acknowledgement of a certain language variety as more structurally advanced as compared to its other varieties. Linguistic protection is associated with preservation of some abstract, classical, conservative linguistic ideal and performs the regulatory function, above all. The puristic approach to the development of the English language has been subjected to heated debate for several centuries and is reflected in both scientific research and literary texts. Supporters of purification of the English language champion the idea of protection of “pure language”. The idea, however, is actively criticized by opponents. Key words . Linguistic purism, pure language, linguistic protectionism, linguistic purification, language protection, dialect, purist, antipurist. DOI: 10.18522/1995-0640-2015-4-185-192

Linguistic purism is a term that refers to the urge to preserve a ‘desirable’ language form while eliminating ‘undesirable’ linguistic elements – a drive profoundly intertwined with nationalism. A particularly salient manifestation of this phenomenon is the controversy on the use of foreign loanwords. This article examines the contrasting expressions and metaphors used to describe the national language and foreignisms found in newspaper articles published in contemporary Japan and argues that the growing tendency to discuss national language in contrast to foreignisms can be understood as a particular manifestation of ongoing (re)negotiation of national identity. Criticisms and praises of the use of loanwords are found to be grounded upon a desire to establish specific understandings of Japaneseness in reference to the otherness felt within a society that is symbolized by loanwords, constructing an ‘internal Other’ to a Japanese ‘Self’, the identity of which is neither autonomous nor clearly delineated.

Based in part on his recent book Čiji je jezik? (Who does Language Belong to?), the author reviews the intricate relation of language, ideology, and politics in Croatia in the last 20 years, including new examples and analyses. The article emphasizes problems related to Croatia specifically, which might be of interest to foreign Slavists and linguists, while the monograph (in Croatian) deals with the problems of language, society, politics, ideology, and sociolinguistics in general. Izhajajoč deloma iz osnovnih tez svoje pred kratkim izšle knjige Čiji je jezik (Čigav je jezik?) avtor podaja pregled zapletenega odnosa med jezikom, ideologijo in politiko na Hrvaškem v preteklih dveh desetletjih, vključno z novimi primeri in razčlembami. Razprava se osredotoča na vprašanja, povezana s Hrvaško, ki so lahko zanimiva za tuje slaviste in jezikoslovce, medtem ko se knjiga (v hrvaščini) ukvarja s problemi jezika, politike, ideologije in družbenega jezikoslovja na splošno.

This chapter outlines the regime’s attempts to regulate (‘co-ordinate’) the public discourse and impose its ideological norms through terror, censorship, secret ‘Sprachregelungen’ (instructions on usage issued to the media), and semantic re-codification, evidenced by the case of the Duden dictionary. The concluding section focuses on uncertainties concerning the ideological status of the German language as a ‘third force’ of racial ideology (alongside Blut and Boden) and reveals how after much confusion (reflecting contradictory positions within the regime) this particular ‘language question’ was emphatically resolved by Hitler personally, in decrees banning the use of Gothic typeface (Fraktur) and any criticisms of loan vocabulary (the ‘Fremdwort’). The chapter concludes with observations on the reach of mother-tongue fascism under National Socialism, despite the regime’s rebuttal of linguistic purism.

This chapter provides a background on Arab nationalism, and analyzes it as a political and language ideology. It focuses on the topics of diglossia and standard language ideology as well as nationalism and linguistic purism and discusses directions for future research. An understanding of the role of the Arabic language in the construction of nationalisms, including Arab nationalism, across the Arab world stands at the intersection of several disciplines. The chapter draws primarily on two, history and linguistic anthropology, each of which conceptualizes ideology in complementary ways. R. S. Humphreys claims that Arab nationalism has no equal among the ideologies that "have played on the Middle Eastern stage". The chapter examines diglossia in light of the notion of standard language ideology before turning to a discussion of nationalism and linguistic purism in an effort to understand the consequences of iconizing the fushaa as the prime focus of Arab nationalism.

This paper is based on recent research into the small, highly endangered language Giernesiei1(Guernsey, Channel Islands).2Language documentation has found unexpectedly rich variation and change in Giernesiei usage, not all of which can be accounted for by regional and age-related factors. At the same time, our research into language ideologies and efforts to maintain and revitalise Giernesiei has revealed deep-seated purist or ‘traditionalist’ language attitudes that resist and deny language change. This nostalgic view of language and culture can hyper-valorise ‘authentic’ traditions (arguably reinvented3) and can lead to reluctance to share Giernesiei effectively with younger generations who might ‘change the language’, despite an overt desire to maintain it. This mismatch between ideologies and practices can be seen at language festivals, in lessons for children, and in the experiences of adult learners who were interviewed as part of a British Academy-funded project. I present a taxonomy of reactions to variation in Giernesiei, which confirms and extends the findings of Jaffe4in Corsica. I also discuss recent revitalisation efforts that try to bring together older and ‘new’ speakers and promote the role of adult learners and ‘re-activate’ semi-speakers. The findings support the view that full evaluation of language vitality should include documenting the processes and ideologies of language revitalisation.5,6

Known to be a diverse country of multiple cultures and multiple languages, India has faced the challenge of dealing with this resource called diversity. This chapter provides an overview of national-level language and education policies relevant to linguistic minorities and thus to Kumaunis. Language policies, both explicit and implicit, are evident in the Indian Census and Constitution as well as language-related education policies, including the Three-Language Formula and national recommendations related to medium of instruction. These policies accommodate Indian multilingualism and yet in some ways ignore diversity, grouping together many linguistic minorities and relying on linguistic categories that are arguably inventions from colonial times. Another layer of language planning involves the implementation of these policies and the actual use of language in the classroom, including translanguaging.

Há basicamente dois discursos no que diz respeito ao vocabulário gírio: um é fundamentado na perspectiva purista de língua (na qual a gíria é considerada um vocabulário feio, pobre e/ou sujo); por outro lado, a perspectiva sócio-histórico-cognitiva entende a gíria enquanto rico componente linguístico (BARRA, 2007; MATTIELLO, 2005; ZARBALIYEVA, 2012). Levando isso em consideração, o presente estudo qualitativo-hermenêutico objetiva investigar que ideologia está presente nos discursos de professores de inglês do Ensino Médio. Além disso, o foco do presente estudo também diz respeito à investigação de possíveis implicações da referida ideologia para as aulas de inglês no contexto brasileiro. Para as finalidades supracitadas, os professores foram entrevistados e seus discursos foram analisados sob a abordagem da Análise Crítica do Discurso (MACHIN; MAYER, 2012), mais especificamente fundamentado na perspectiva sociocognitiva (WODAK & MEYER, 2009). Os resultados mostram que os discursos dos professores embasam-se em ambas as perspectivas (purista e sócio-histórico-cognitiva). Como consequência, o uso e ensino de gírias no Brasil são limitados devido a diversos fatores, em especial, ao campo semântico.

This study aims at identifying whether mother tongue use is related to the perception of linguistic identity among Korean immigrants to Australia. For the purpose of the study, the degree of exposure to Korean was investigated, followed by attitudes towards Korean as an index of strength of linguistic identity, and finally their perception of linguistic identity based on Korean use and Korean proficiency was analyzed. The data was collected by means of a questionnaire survey from eighty four secondary school students who have been staying in Sydney, Australia. The results showed that 85% of the participants used Korean at home (77% with their parents), showing only 15% of the participants were learning Korean after school. Furthermore, the participants had more negative attitudes towards Korean compared to English. When the factors of Korean use and Korean proficiency were analyzed, there was a clear relationship: the more frequent and fluent users of Korean language, the stronger perception of linguistic identity they had. Therefore, this study concludes that language use leading to language proficiency is closely related to the perception of linguistic identity and suggests that the exposure to mother tongue is necessary in second language situations in order to maintain one`s linguistic identity.

Grammar is defined as “a science which identifies the rules of a language after analysing phonology, syntax and sentence structure” (Turkish Language Institution 2005). Functional Linguistics has gained popularity in the recent centuries after related researches. Again by Turkish Language Institution (2005) defines “function” as: “Any duty, any functionality or ability to perform a duty.” From the distinctions given above, it is necessary to classify and define Functional Linguistics and Functional Grammar separately. Functional Grammar is a Structural Linguistic Trend which deals with the components and the connections between these components of a language in terms of informational functions, which gives priority to informational function to identify and evaluate language facts and finally by this concept, which tries to find out correct linguistic description. As for the methodology the main rule here is to identify the functions of linguistic facts which try to fulfill the informative duties and thereby find the specific value of it in the language system. (Vardar ad, 1998: page 129; by Iscan, 2007 ). “Functional Linguistics tries to identify the main meaningful components of the language system, the connections between these components and their functionalities of informative duties.” ( Rifat, 2000 , Page.63).

Contemporary TESOL methodologies have been characterized by compartmentalization of languages in the classroom. However, recent years have seen the beginning signs of paradigmatic change in TESOL methodologies that indicate a move toward plurilingualism. In this article, the author draws on the case of Hong Kong to illustrate how, in the past four decades, deep-rooted ideologies of linguistic purism combined with dominant TESOL knowledge claims have made it difficult to develop locally appropriate methodologies. She outlines the innovative work of some teachers who build up plurilingual pedagogies in content classrooms despite these difficulties, and on this basis proposes suggestions for future work.

It is often claimed that France is a particularly purist country; the Académie française is seen to be representative of a purist outlook and popular works such as Étiemble's attack on English influence Parlez vous franglais? (Étiemble, 1964) have served to bolster this view. However, this claim has not been empirically verified. In order to determine whether or not the rhetoric around purism in France matches the reality, we developed a questionnaire to investigate whether or not ordinary speakers of French in France are purist, taking the theoretical framework in George Thomas's Linguistic Purism as a base (Thomas, 1991). This questionnaire was distributed online to a random sample of participants in France. To contextualise the findings, the questionnaire was also distributed to French speakers in Quebec. The results of the study show that, contrary to expectations, the French respondents display only mild purism and the Québécois respondents are more purist in the face of English borrowings (external purism). However, the French respondents are more concerned with the structure or ‘quality’ of the French language itself (internal purism) than their Québécois counterparts. This study also highlights some problems with Thomas's framework, which requires some modification for future research.

The aim of this article is to explore the interconnection between language, linguistic human rights (LHR), and law through an analysis of the Ndebele use of isihlonipho sabafazi (women's language of respect) in a courtroom setting. Using a cultural approach to discourse as an interpretive framework, the analysis illustrates that the LHR framework is not adequately sensitive to gendered forms of language discrimination. LHR is predicated on the protection of languages of minority ethnic groups and does not take into consideration gendered intra-group differences, leading to the sidelining of intra-linguistic variation, which exposes some members of the same linguistic community to intra-linguistic discrimination. Using isihlonipho sabafazi as a case in point, the article argues that this form of language use is a type of gender discrimination that contributes to women's linguistic exclusion and social marginalization. Given that language is not only a tool for communication but also central to culture, the...

Pueblo societies comprise a culture area, and a zone of linguistic convergence or Sprachbund, that encompassed four distinct language families. Pueblo groups are also quite genetically homogeneous. The general forces promoting or diluting cultural differences across groups are defined and given a preliminary weighting through time for Pueblo societies. The Neolithic demographic transition and the hierarchical society transition (defined herein) contribute to homogeneity across groups derived from a single descent group, but create differences among groups derived from different descent groups. High mobility across communities and across regions contributes to cultural similarities across phylogenetically defined groups, as may adaptation to similar environments. Pronounced tendencies towards within-group conformity and linguistic purism were probably late (i.e., early first-millennium ad) developments in the Pueblo world.

The Travel Diary of N. Demidoff is a valuable source of observations of the process of penetration into Russian of foreign onomasticon because it is both written in view of its publication, thus respecting certain rules of language, and at the same time it is a travel diary, reflecting the peculiarities of the conversational speech of that time. The abundance of foreign proper names and other international words proves that the author does not adhere to the idea of linguistic purism and considers the foreign vocabulary as an opportunity to expand the representation in Russia of the overseas world. The process of linguistic interaction concerns various levels of the recipient language: phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases, syntactic constructions. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate that the onomastic system is most permeable to the influence of foreign languages, since the proprial unit is matched with a new object and concept borrowed from another culture. This is the viewpoint, from which we will approach the analysis of proper nouns in the Travel Diary of N. Demidoff.

S'ncamtho is an urban youth variety which uses Zimbabwean Ndebele as its matrix language. The youth language has had influences on the Ndebele language over time. This article argues that Ndebele benefits from S'ncamtho, its urban youth variety in terms of vocabulary although efforts at linguistic purism often moderate this contribution. The article avers that S'ncamtho terminology creates synonyms and polysemy in some cases whereby S'ncamtho lexis become as popular as the Ndebele counterpart and in some cases the S'ncamtho lexemes are more popular. The article goes on to evaluate the treatment of popular S'ncamtho terminology in the only Ndebele monolingual dictionary Isichazamazwi seSiNdebele (ISN) and gives recommendations on standardising some S'ncamtho terminology in Ndebele. The article is motivated in part by the debate that arose after the S'ncamtho term for prostitute umahotsha was included in a grade seven (primary school) examination. However, looking closely at S'ncamtho and Ndebele it is not linguistically and socially possible for S'ncamtho and Ndebele to share space and speakers and remain independent of each other’s influences on the other.

The book of Latin stylistics Syntaxis ornata seu de tribus Latinae linguae virtutibus (1754) deals with the three virtues of Latin — purity, refinement and richness. The attention is focused on the issues of word and sentence purity on the background of the vernacular languages of Hungary in the 18th century. The author emphasizes how to avoid lexical and syntactical barbarisms and solecisms. This paper presents the most frequent mistakes made in Latin bases on the extensive lists in the book, which also allow the investigation of the analogies and differences between classical and neo-Latin syntactic structures. Principally, these occur in the predominant use of the conjunction quod instead of ut and of infinitive forms. The grammar book is also significant from the perspective of modern philology, as it also observes the progress and reciprocal influence of the domestic — German, Hungarian and Slovak — vocabularies.

This article presents linguistic features of and educational approaches to a new variety of German that has emerged in multi-ethnic urban areas in Germany: Kiezdeutsch (‘Hood German’). From a linguistic point of view, Kiezdeutsch is very interesting, as it is a multiethnolect that combines features of a youth language with those of a contact language. We will present examples that illustrate the grammatical productivity and innovative potential of this variety. From an educational perspective, Kiezdeutsch has also a high potential in many respects: school projects can help enrich intercultural communication and weaken derogatory attitudes. In grammar lessons, Kiezdeutsch can be a means to enhance linguistic competence by having the adolescents analyse their own language. 1

In the last days of March 2007, the beautiful and captivating colombian city of medellín hosted an often bland yet, on this occasion, surprisingly media-appealing event: surrounded by a generous cohort of reporters, the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language was holding its regular conference, the thirteenth since its conception in 1951. The gathering began on the twenty-first and culminated three days later, at the Teatro Metropolitano, with what could arguably be described as one of the most highly publicized events in the history of the Spanish language: the official approval of the Nueva gramática de la lengua española ‘The New Grammar of the Spanish Language’ (henceforth NGLE). The Colombian president, Álvaro Uribe, and the head of the Spanish monarchy, King Juan Carlos I, presided over the ceremony, providing the occasion with the solemnity (and media pull) that it so critically required. After a series of opening remarks and speeches, the king stood, faced the academicians—one from Spain, one from the Philippines, and twenty from the Americas—and, as he called their names individually, asked, “¿Aprobáis la Nueva Gramática?” ‘Do you approve the New Grammar?‘ Each in turn, with a distinguished assembly of politicians, businessmen, and publishers as witnesses, rose and answered with a simple yet unequivocal “Sí.”

This article examines how ideologies of language purism are reformatted by creating interdiscursive links across spatial and temporal scales. I trace convergences and divergences between South Asian and Quebecois sociohistorical regimes of language purism as they pertain to the contemporary experiences of Montreal's Tamil diasporas. Indian Tamils and Sri Lankan Tamils in Montreal emphasize their status differences by claiming that the former speak a modern “vernacular” Tamil and the latter speak an ancient “literary” Tamil. The segregation and purification of these social groups and languages depend upon the intergenerational reproduction of scalar boundaries between linguistic forms, interlocutors, and decentered contexts. [Tamils, Quebec, diaspora, linguistic purism, spatiotemporal scales]

Linguistic nationalism was a decisive linguistic ideology all through the nineteenth century. Consequently, by its very nature, it determined thinking about language throughout the entire period, and thus, linguistic behavior, as well. Based on metalinguistic data, this paper attempts to reconstruct the form of existence of this linguistic ideology in Hungary in the period of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1867–1918). The author’s aim is not to explore and contrast the various prominent and less prominent individual views of the period but rather to reconstruct and explain the general, collective system of ideas and values that underlies their apparent multiplicity and which is more or less constant throughout the period at hand. The paper hence wishes to contribute to a significant and neglected domain of historical sociolinguistics, the recognition of the history of linguistic awareness.

The chapter addresses the topic of developing literacy from the perspective of “later language development”, focusing on linguistic literacy. Attitudes to written language as a key component of linguistic literacy are reviewed across different periods in history and from the perspective of different disciplines. Lexical, syntactic, and discursive features of text construction are then analyzed as relatively more or less impacted by whether the medium of expression is speech or writing. The data-base consists of 160 personal-experience narratives produced by the same participants in both speech and writing, half in Californian English, half in Israeli Hebrew, from four age/schooling levels (middle childhood, pre-adolescence, adolescence, and educated adults). The chapter concludes by considering what changes in developing linguistic literacy from grade-school to middle- and high-school as manifested in writing/speech distinctiveness. Modality-driven differences between the two means of expression are evident from the youngest age-group: Written texts show greater density in packaging of information, while their spoken counterparts are longer and include more repetitions, and disfluencies. That is, processing factors inherent in the output demands of each modality tend to apply irrespective of age. On the other hand, speech/writing distinctiveness manifests a somewhat U-shaped developmental curve: In 4th and 7th grade, written expression is still largely anchored in the more familiar medium of spoken language; later, from high-school on, increasing differentiation between writing and speech reflects the two modes of expression as distinct styles of discourse; at a third phase of knowledge integration, literate adults manifest bi-directional effects between the two modes of expression, such that their spoken language demonstrates the impact of familiarity with written discourse.

This case study on the linguistic ideas of George Berkeley is designed to exemplify the clandestine intrusion of ‘linguistic Platonism’, i.e. occult conceptions of language, into linguistic theories of modern times. The assumption underlying the study is that occult linguistic thought has played an important role in the formation of all modern theories of language which argue for a cognitive function alongside, or instead of, a communicative function of language. Focusing on the historical emergence of linguistic Platonism in Renaissance esoteric traditions, part I will lay the foundations for a new interpretation of Berkeley’s theory of language (part II), which will be presented in the following issue. Here I will argue that occult concepts of language are indeed amenable to serious historiographic study, widespread convictions to the contrary notwithstanding. I will suggest that the apparent contradictions and other theoretical inconsistencies in occult concepts of language vanish once we allow for the possibility that they can be allocated to two different kinds of language and to two theories of language. It is this double theory of language that provides the theoretical backbone of linguistic Platonism.

Language as a bearer of the people’s sociocultural memory is the basis of the nation’s world perception. Linguistic view of the world – a number of micro and macrocosms reflecting the results of cognitive activity of a human being as a representative of the linguocultural community or ethnic group – is constructed through linguistic means, including lexical ones. Linguistic view of the world also creates the basis of the linguistic consciousness of the personality and national state of mind. This article investigates the problem of the language and thinking interaction in the context of cultural linguistics, an area of the Russian linguistics that emerged on the cusp of the XX-XXI centuries, and language education which basic task under the conditions of humanization of the Russian education is to form a linguistic identity. This work states the Russian scholars’ opinion and author’s interpretation related to this problem. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s2p111

Abstract. At the beginning of the 21st century, South Koreans have embraced foreign languages with almost unbridled enthusiasm. Most of the enthusiasm is directed toward English of course but, for both economic and cultural reasons, Japanese also looms large. Moreover, the decision by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in October 1998 to open up the country to Japanese popular culture has increased the appetite for the Japanese language, especially among the young. Koreans now study Japanese again; they access Japanese Web sites; they travel to Japan. Yet Koreans' enthusiasm for Japanese is qualitatively different from their appetite for English. Japanese may be learned, but it is to be kept out of the Korean language itself. English loans may be adopted "out of necessity," but not Japanese. The South Korean policy of linguistic purism is aimed explicitly at Japanese, and numerous books, manuals, and pamphlets instruct the public on how to recognize and purge Japanese influences from their speech and writing. Newspapers and other media wage periodic campaigns to do the same. The Korean public generally supports and cooperates with these policies and campaigns, which, for the most part, are surprisingly effective. There are numerous problems with Korean linguistic purism, however, and prescriptive intervention in the Korean language by government and media requires a continued investment of research, resources, and public support. How successful these efforts will be in the face of ever-closer ties with Japan remains to be seen.

I present two U.S. court cases in which I participated as a linguistic anthropological "expert" to show how language ide- ologies of the law both influence legal outcomes and conflict with "scientific" ideas about language. One case was the murder trial of a young Mixtec-speaking Indian from Oaxaca; the other was a civil suit brought by four Hispanic women dismissed from an elder-care center for speaking Spanish on the job. I identify in the linguistic ideologies of both cases a principle of "referential transparency" that takes the essential business of words, regardless of the linguistic code, to be communicating propositional information. In the second case, 1 describe a further notion of "linguistic paranoia" in which speaking a language other than English is taken as inherently insulting or threatening. I relate these implicit ideological threads to the legal outcomes, to the restricted notions of potential "language rights" that might emerge from such ideologies, and to the clash between theoretical and judicial perspectives on language. (Keywords: U.S. law, language rights, linguistic ideology, expert witnesses, linguistic anthropology)

SummaryThe unprecedented increase in literary production in Friuli in the post-war period has coincided with the rise of popular ethno-nationalism in the region. Although there is an evident connection between the political, social and cultural fields in Friuli, this relationship is both complex and full of potential conflicts. This paper provides a brief overview of Friulian regionalism, before considering the specific role assigned to literature in Friulian by proponents of regional autonomy. It examines the problematic nature of the dominant ideology of friulanità and discusses the responses of a number of authors to the prevailing themes of cultural discourse in the region. In conclusion, it examines the ideological conflicts caused by modernisation in the region, and considers the impact that the transformation of the region has had on the literary debate, concentrating on the difficulties caused by Friulian linguistic purism.

Mark Twain has of course skewered the German language to his heart’s delight (see A Tramp Abroad). I will comment on the language as a native speaker who is not bothered by the fact that girls in Germany are neutered (das Madchen) or that a woman is not neutered but becomes masculine in (of all cases) the genitive form (der Frau). However, when you meet two or more girls they regain their femininity (die Madchen). So when you encounter Madchen, pay close attention to the article (no pun). Depending on der, die or das, dem, des or den you would know their number (hmm) and whether they are doing something or something is being done to them. Some language! (In Dutch, by the way, a girl is also neutered (het Meisje) but at least she keeps her other feminine assets intact (haar moeder—her mother; haar haar—her hair, etc.).

This publication contains a selection of papers delivered at the 12th International Conference of the International Academy of Linguistic Law (IALL-AIDL) held in South Africa. The foreword to this publication indicates that the IALL-AIDL is an organisation established in Montreal and Paris in September 1984 to deal with the phenomena and problems pertaining to the world linguistic diversity as well as law and language, especially comparative linguistic law (or language law). Comparative linguistic law refers to the different legal and linguistic norms pertinent to the law of language, the language of law and linguistic rights (also called language rights).

This paper explores the language ideologies reflected on the linguistic landscape of one South African university. The main aim of this paper is to show how the language ideology of an institution or a community is reflected on its landscape (signs, billboards, notice boards, buildings). It also argues that there is a mismatch between the language policy put in place and the actual practice. The findings from this study are examined using studies on language ideologies and linguistic landscapes. The paper suggests that the linguistic landscape of an institution or a community should be an actual representation of its people’s language practices and should tie or match with the language policy put in place. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n7p623

The French satirical works `Deux dialogues dans le nouveau langage francois italianize,' by Henri Estienne in 1578, and `Parlez-vous franglais?,' by Rene Entiemble in 1964, were both aimed at patriotism and linguistic purism in France. Although writing in two different contexts, both writers expressed their indifference towards perceived semantic shifts brought about by external pressure. Estienne viewed the Italianized language of the court as a threat to French language, whereas the same threat was seen by Etiemble in the form of Anglo-American language.

My subject is the linguistic personality in relation to linguistic competence for foreign languages.

Listening to Italian screens, even after the neorealist endeavor, it becomes evident how post-synchronization might best be considered a national mode of soundtrack production that becomes a stylistic cipher, continuing with little critical questioning at least into the 70s, and the explosion of the Dolby System’s sound realism in the 80s (Brand Hollywood). Post-synchronization as foreign film dubbing, what I would define as the techno-political application of the principle of covering, normalizing, and anesthetizing the other, is still in operation today.1 Imposed by the fascist Regime, it defined the soundscape of post-fascist Italian national cinema. This raises a question: Is the almost exclusive use of post-synchronization and dubbing in Italy so pervasive because, as Elias Chaluja affirms, Italian directors tend to “consider sound only a simple additive to the image”? Chaluja’s position condenses the opinions expressed by many film workers who strongly oppose dubbing/post-synchronization, including the uncompromisingly critical comments of Jean Marie Straub (“Sul doppiaggio”). Chaluja’s highly political affirmation, in which he posits post-synchronization as an instrument that allows the language of the hegemonic class and dominant ideologies to conquer the screen, needs some attention within the trajectory that the present work is tracing. Chaluja discusses Italian film production of the ‘70s, specifically identifying its fascist origins and censorial purpose, indicating how the battle for linguistic purism embedded in the post-synchronization practice was never radically challenged even after the fall of the Regime.

Purism represents a form of conservatism, a harking back to the favored forms or styles of earlier times: those of relatively recent generations in the case of English, but those of a truly ancient ancestral language in the case of Hindi, and those of a less ancient but still very remote period in the case of Arabic. This chapter suggests that a common challenge for language revitalization and language revival is to limit the restrictive role which puristic attitudes are likely to play in the communities in question, or to channel such attitudes into forms which are useful rather than harmful. It distinguishes revitalization from revival. Puristic attitudes should, in theory, be more of a potential problem in revitalization than in revival. Purity need not be a requirement for persistence, and compromise need not be the death knell, for small languages any more than for larger ones.Keywords: ancient ancestral language; Arabic; compromise; English; language revitalization; language revival; purism

RESUMEN Purismo lingüístico en Cuzco, Peru: Perspectiva histórica En Cuzco, Peru, un grupo de intelectuales mestizos afirma que Qhpaj'simi es el quechua que usaron los nobles incas hace muchos siglos y por lo tanto es la forma más pura de la lengua. Con base en esta premisa se establece una jerarquía social en la cual el uso de la "lengua imperial" es el marcador que separa a sus usuarios de la gente común, usuarios del runa simi. Puesto que las actitudes de purismo linguistico están siempre ligadas a la idiosincracia cultural, las actitudes puristas en el Cuzco se estudian en el contexto de la historia del Indigenismo y su papel en la construction de la identidad regional. RESUMO Lingva purismo en Cuzco, Peruo: Historia perspektivo En Cuzco, Peruo, grupo de mestizaj intelektuloj pretendas, ke Qhpaj'simi konsistigas la keĉuan lingvon uzatan antaŭ jarcentoj de la inkaa nobelaro kaj tial estas la plej pura formo de la lingvo. Surbaze de tiu premiso, socia hierarkio establiĝis, tiel ke utiligo de tiu "imperia lingvo" farigis la marko apartiganta giajn utiligantojn disde la ordinaraj homoj, parolantoj de la runa simi. Ĉar sintenoj pri lingva purismo ciam ligiĝas al kulturaj apartaĵoj, la aŭtoro kuntekstigas la purismajn sintenojn de Cuzco en la historion de indiĝenismo kaj ties rolo en konstruado de regiona identeco.

This chapter examines the dynamic tension between national collective identity and ethnic identity and the importance of a balanced perspective on the part of various ethnic groups whether minority or majority in the quest to establish ethnic and national identities. It discusses the influence of political and nationalistic factors on the provision of mother-tongue education for the Punjabi community in Malaysia. It looks at the marginalisation of mother-tongue education with the Rahman Talib Report, 1960, and how thereafter, these communities had to fend for themselves. This chapter discusses the challenges faced by the Punjabi community and the consequences of these challenges and how the Punjabi language in particular has been impacted by the present day government measures for mother-tongue education.