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The article deals with such an interesting and rather complex, multidimensional phenomenon as lacuna on the material of three unrelated languages-Russian, Azerbaijani and English. The lexical lacunae are systematized and analyzed on the following groups: motivated and non-motivated lacunae. Motivated lacuna is connected with the following fact: the native speakers of the other languages do not have this reality idea. Such lacuna can be revealed in the field of the unequal lexeme. However, non-motivated lacuna is not explained by the absence of the idea. The idea exists, but the native speakers of the other languages did not call it owing to the certain cultural, mental, geographical, social, psychological or other reasons. Perhaps, they did not attach importance to them. So, non-motivated lacunae are considered on the concrete lexical-semantic groups in the article :1. Family relationship terms which are divided into two groups: a) blood relations; b) marital relationship. It should be noted that there are no special terms of marital relationship in English unlike Russian and Azerbaijani. The terms of blood relations are used together with the word “law” in postposition in order to denote the necessary marital relationship in English. 2. Nature: natural phenomena, flora and fauna. This group includes a lot of various lacunae connected with nature, natural phenomena. Such lacunae are caused by such objective factors as features of landscape, climatic conditions, relief, predominance of concrete animal, bird, insect, fish species etc. Certainly, the main factor is concrete people’s perception of nature, natural phenomena. Perception of the world influences nomination, highlighting specific natural objects taking into account the degree of their importance. When studying lacunae it is important to take into consideration both extra- and intralinguistic factors.

In the article the paradigm notion as a model of scientifi c problem formulating and solving is investigated. Polysemantic of this notion in modern sc ience motivates its active usage in the metalanguage of different natural and humane disciplines as well as in linguistics. In modern linguistics round the paradigm notion a terminological fi eld has been formed, i.e. paradigmatical relation, paradigmatical distribution, paradigmatical word, paradigm of lexeme. For our investigation methodologically important are notions of lexical and semantic paradigm and stylistic paradigm. Ability of word shaving common meaning to vary by stylistic traces is a base of stylistic paradigms modelling. The stylistic paradigm notion ponderability has motivated the hypothesis about the stylistic resources of language paradigmatic organization forming. One of stylistic paradigm manifestation is an imaginative paradigm. The structure and content of such paradigms studying is connected with observation of dynamics of poetic images able to create a system. The paradigmatic rows of images – parts of the human body notions studying is determined by the interest of modern linguistics in the importance of human factor in the lingual system. Such lexisis qualifi ed as somatic and the thematic group of nouns having the ‘body’ archisemeis determined with the somatisms term. Somatisms are the vast segment of modern Ukrainian language dictionary and artistic style. Correlation of their observation makes possible to state the specifi cs and tendencies of poetic language development in their projection on the literary language system. The analyses of lexical and stylistic sub-groups of usual somatisms absent in the poetic vocabulary has shown the division on the sub-groups of colloquial and occasional wordsand expressions. The segment of somatisms’ poetic vocabulary unlike from another one which is present in the literary language dictionary is pointedly represented by units from the Old Slavonic language and slangisms. Incommensur ability of the lexicographical and text poetic set of somatisms is pointedly illustrated by the individual-authors’ neologisms

The article is aimed at analyzing the Hutsul language picture of the world, which is modeled by the Ukrainian language of fi ction, by focusing on the nominative unit polonyna. The substratum of the regional and dialectal picture of the world constitutes subdialect as linguistic and territorial phenomenon, characterized by the predominant part, which corresponds to a literary language, and number of language units of different levels, characteristic only of this subdialect or of other closely related subdialects along with it. The specifi c nature of the regional and dialectal picture of the world is determined by dialectal language units naming extralinguistic realia, corresponding names for which were not needed in the national language beyond dialect area. The lexical Hutsul dialecticism polonyna is an example of de-dialectization of a dialectal lexeme and its inclusion in the vocabulary of a literary language, although it remains an important component of the Hutsul language picture of the world, represented by the Ukrainian language of fi ction. In fi ction, the lexical meaning of polonyna – “a high-mountain meadow used as a pasture in summer” – with different added semantic connotations form the basis of the semantic body of this dialecticism. These added semantic connotations include location, which extends beyond the one expressed by the lexical meaning, a landform, established ownership, an element of the culture of distant shepherding, identifi cation with and attribution to the Hutsul region, the Carpathians, etc. In this fragment, the H utsul language picture of the world is analyzed from the perspective of the Ukrainian language of fi ction, which introduced its components to it, associated, fi rst and foremost, with metaphorization, the fi gurative use of the dialecticism polonyna that expands and enriches its semantic body.

There is a suffi cient number of research works devoted to the study of lexical- grammatical features of emotional lexeme fear in linguistics. But today the question of the functioning and transposition of this lexeme has not been fully studied in the modern Ukrainian language. The aim of the article is to analyze the functioning and transposition of emotional lexeme fear in the modern Ukrainian language, to reveal its semantics as a linguistic and cultural concept, and to determine the peculiarities of language expression. In the article, by means of the analysis of the defi nitions of fear in the Academic Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language, the Etymological Dictionary, and Dictionary of Synonyms, a description of the conceptual features of this lexeme is given, grammatical features are determined, and its transposition phenomena are analyzed in the system of the Ukrainian language. Lexical and grammatical features of the lexeme fea r are the same as in other abstract nouns, but similar use of the word, typical for nouns, is not limited by its functioning. Lexeme fear can be used as an adverb: 1) in the meaning of terrible; 2) in the meaning of expressing admiration, surprise, etc.; 3) in the meaning of extraordinary, very much. Regarding to the large number of someone, something, somebody or something very big, strong fear refers to exclamation The lexeme fear has a wide distributional opportunities: the noun fear + noun (where the main word is a lexeme fear , but this it can also be a dependent word); noun fea r + adjective that points to the emotional state, feelings, emotions of the person; verb + fear , where the noun fear acts as the object of action or state (a part of such word combinations is stable in its composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in terms of the meaning of the word combination, which have the function of separate lexeme, so they function as idioms in the modern Ukrainian language); possessive pronoun + noun fea r. The grammatical transformation of the analyzed word has affected not only at the loss of its original meaning, but also its compatibility with other words. Prospects of the research are the study of verbal representation of the emotional state of fear in a separate fi ction text.

The article examines the well-known poem by I. Brodsky “Pilgrims” (1958), and offers a new, in-depth interpretation of it. The authors of the work focus on the “second” version of Brodsky’s text, supplemented in 1959 with an epigraph from a sonnet by W. Shakespeare. Starting from the epigraphic lines, the authors of the article instead of the generally accepted interpretation of the poem (through the traditional motif of the pilgrim’s wanderings as the endless movement of a person through life) bring to the fore the image (post)Shakespeare’s pilgrims-thoughts, pilgrims-feelings. Changing the perspective of perception allows them to see deeper layers of Brodsky’s poem and re-interpret already familiar images and motifs. Thus, the title lexeme of the text — “pilgrims” — is explained; the “strange” image of the “blue sun”, interpreted by critics as an element “from science fiction”, is reinterpret-ed; the semantics of the motif of the modern “bar”, read by researchers “as a symbol of mysterious foreign luxury”, is explained; the “unexpected” quotation in the text of a poem by N. Nekrasov, unloved by Brodsky, analyzed and explained; etc. Identification of broad intertextual layers of “Pilgrims” — poems by K. Balmont, V. Bryusov, F. Sologub, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam, M. Lokhvitskaya, etc. — allows the authors of the work to demonstrate the multiplied potential of the poem, to in-crease the intensity of the tragic understanding of the world by the lyrical hero of Brodsky.

This article presents a new stage of the research project on the frontal analysis of conditions and results of contextual actualization of lexemes representing the Russian concept MENTALITET/MENTAL’NOST’ (‘MENTALITY’). Here, the author studied the word mentalitet (‘mentality’) in non-usual subject-predicate combinations. The aim was to analyse semantic transformations of the lexeme mentalitet in the conceptual metaphorical models of reification and animation. L.O. Cherneiko’s method of cognitive interpretation of abstract words and the method of conceptual analysis elaborated by Nizhny Novgorod Conceptological School were applied in the paper. For material the author turned to the Russian National Corpus. The scientific value of the article consists in introducing a new aspect of conceptual analysis, i.e. conceptual metaphorical transformations of the word mentalitet in subject-predicate combinations. The key findings are as follows: 1) in the contexts of conceptual metaphorical reification, the lexeme mentalitet is interpreted as a sensually perceived object: a concrete thing, device, mechanism, material (substance); 2) in the contexts of conceptual metaphorical animation, mentalitet is perceived as a living, rationally and efficiently acting being endowed with consciousness, emotions and will. The author comes to the conclusion that this borrowed abstract concept has been to a large extent appropriated by the Russian linguistic worldview. The paper makes a sufficient contribution to contemporary cognitively oriented linguoculturological research strategies as well as to the theory and practice of conceptual analysis. The practical value of the article lies in the opportunity to use its main results in journalism and PR projects, as well as in compiling a new type of concept dictionaries and in linguistic examination of media texts. For citation: Zhukovskaya L.I. Semantic Transformations of the Lexeme mentalitet (‘Mentality’) in the Metaphorical Models of the Subject-Predicate Relationship. Vestnik Severnogo (Arkticheskogo) federal’nogo universiteta. Ser.: Gumanitarnye i sotsial’nye nauki, 2021, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 37–46. DOI: 10.37482/2687-1505-V101

The article is devoted to the cross-cultural study of the concept GEMÜTLICHKEIT representing ethnospecific emotional state relevant for the German-speaking community. To achieve the aim the language specific of the name of this concept – lexeme Gemütlichkeit – was revealed with the help of etymological, definitional, and contextual analysis, as well as the search for the interlingual equivalents, the usage of cross-cultural data and the data of representational language corpus. It has been proved that the concept GEMÜTLICHKEIT together with the concepts SICHERHEIT, ZUVERLÄSSIGKEIT and GEBORGENHEIT forms a unique “safety-cosiness quartet” of the German-speaking communities value system, i.e., the fragment of the world picture which together with the concept ORDNUNG is opposed to the existential fear – ANGST. A semantic profile of the word query Gemütlichkeit was built on the basis of the language corpus data. The profile “peaks” are the key features of the concept GEMÜTLICHKEIT. These features form the basis of the relevant definition of the lexeme Gemütlichkeit. The development of the definition was aimed not only at closing the gap in reference literature that needs a clear and complete definition of the concept GEMÜTLICHKEIT, but also at forming an adequate idea of this emotional state in the minds of the representatives of non-Germanspeaking communities.

The article introduces a comparative analysis of the images of language consciousness that arise in native speakers of German and Russian as reactions to the lexeme Instagram . The vocabulary associated with this social net remains understudied in Russian linguistics. The research was based on a free associative experiment and compared verbal reactions of German and Russian native speakers aged 20–25. The core of the associative field Instagram appeared to be similar for both linguacultures. For Russian respondents, the core of the associative field of Instagram involved such frequent reactions as video, advertising , stories, photos, blogger, animals, business, food, subscribers , etc.; for German participants – Werbung (advertising), Bilder (pictures), Fotos (photos), Informationen (information), Videos (video), Essen (food), Fake (fake), Filter (filter), Posten (posts). The main difference was that the former saw Instagram as a means of earning ( money, business, business platform, self-promotion, shop , etc.), while the latter used it for communication ( Messenger (messenger), Kommentieren (comment), Freunde (friends). The obtained results can be explained by the global nature of the network, similar interests of its users, and linguistic globalization.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the oldest word-symbols, used to name animals: тур (bison), олень (єлень)(deer), лось (elk), вепр (wild pig), ведмідь (bear), віл (bull/bufallo), кінь (horse), змій (snake), павук (spider), and connected with the cosmogonic perceptions and beliefs of our ancestors. They are constituent parts of the mytho-poetic map of the world, reflected in the texts of folk songs. It has been specified that the notion “a folk poetic word-symbol” is a language symbol that has its individual sound form and reveals a constant associative connection with an object of the reality and a notion that is fixed in the mentality of the folklore bearers. A symbolic meaning has been considered as a derivational meaning of a word that appears as a result of strong associative connections. In the focus of the analysis is the fact that the names of wild animals – тур ‘bison’, олень (єлень) ‘deer’, лось ‘elk’, вепр ‘wild pig’, ведмідь ‘bear’ – combine such symbolic meanings as ‘strong physical strength’, ‘endurance’ and ‘space power’, that is why they are often endowed with supernatural extraordinary abilities. Thus, бик/віл (bull) and корова (cow), creators of the universe, are associated with the creation of the world. In the seasonal-ritual poetry the name коза (a female goat) conveys such symbolic meanings as ‘resurrection of an ancestor’, and ‘wealth/wellbeing’. Cosmogonic beliefs of our ancestors contributed to the linguistic descriptions of a диво-кінь (miracle horse), adding some extraordinary characteristics. A key lexeme кінь (horse) contains such semantic features as ‘space power’, ‘python’ – a medium between the world of the living and the dead, and ‘a transmitter of records’. Such fauna-symbols as ящур (lizard), змій (snake), and павук (spider) are associated with the lower layer of the world structure. Mythologemes ящур and змій(змія) reflect chthonic creatures, and actualize such symbolic meanings as ‘a master of the underground and underwater kingdoms’, ‘magic healing power’, but their semantics in modern texts of folk songs is often ambiguous. The name павук (spider) has also become a myth-symbol in the folklore with the meanings ‘a weaver, a founder of the world’.

The article analyzes the linguistic features of Andrzej Stasiuk in terms of the stylistic meaning of the lexemes denoting color. A case study material is the translation of the novel “East”. Andrzej Stasiuk is a modern Polish writer, whose prose depicts the real images and real pictures of life, which are often created through sounds, smell, and, especially, color. This distinguishing feature of the author’s style, namely lexemes used for color nomination, has become the subject of this research work. The emphasis is laid on the most productive groups of color names, which became the centers of the artistic image creation manner in the author’s text. The study has revealed that particularly productive are the lexemes related to the green color. In general, we can argue that A. Stasiuk’s prose is ‘green’. It is commonly known that green is the color-symbol of life, youth, and hope. The writer uses it both in direct meaning (in depicting landscapes or even water objects) and figuratively (strengthening the impressions of certain events, the emotional state of the character, as a feature of the character). The study has also identified a high frequency use of the lexeme red, which belongs to the spectrum of hot colors. A. Stasiuk uses it mostly in the direct meaning (describing fire, sunset). Frequently, the epithet red is used to bring some emotional detail to the description in the text, thus, increasing the expressiveness of the whole novel. Significant semantic and stylistic load in the works of A. Stasiuk falls on the adjective black. In the author's text, it is traditionally an attribute of evil, sorrow, and the like. The use frequency of color-lexeme gray is insignificant. The study has revealed its usage in both direct and figurative meaning. There are some examples with such color names as blue, brown, white, gold. They are mostly used in the metaphorical structures and in common word combinations. A small number of examples illustrate a group of words-characteristics: colorful, another color, parti-colored, sandy (all their use cases are in the direct meaning).

The article is devoted to the linguistic-statistical analysis of nominacentric proverbs of the Kazakh language on the basis of a proverbial collection «Қазақ мақал-мəтелдері» (Kazakh proverbs and sayings, 1990). The collection includes about 2225 proverbs and sayings by thematic classification. Proverbs and sayings of the Kazakh language in this dictionary are of great didactic and educational value both for schoolchildren and for university students, since they assert moral standards (hard work, patriotism, honesty, nobility, courage, etc.) and condemn human vices (laziness, cowardice, greed, etc.). The linguistic-statistical study was carried out (in absolute numbers and percentages). These are nominacentric proverbs with the notion of a person and with the basic lexeme of a person, as well as with words of other parts of speech that convey the meaning of a person (sen (you), erkek (man), ayel (woman), etc.). According to the results of the linguistic-statistical research the quantitative dominance of one group of proverbs over the proverbs of other groups demonstrates not only their statistical characteristics, but also qualitative (semantic and stylistic) properties.They are used more often in the speech of native speakers compared to proverbs characterized by low quantitative characteristics. In the process of conducting scientific analysis linguistic-statistical, semantic-stylistic methods, as well as the method of theoretical description were used.

One of the central problems considered by the Moscow School of Psycholinguistics is the analysis of ethno-cultural language consciousness specificity of speakers belonging to different language and culture communities. This article deals with psycholinguistic comparative analysis of categorization of the concept ОСЕНЬ (Autumn / Fall) in Russian and Chinese language consciousness. The aim of this article is to identify cultural and national features of categorization of the concept ОСЕНЬ (Autumn / Fall) in Russian and Chinese language consciousness. The article considers the data from different Russian and Chinese dictionaries (Russian associative dictionary, mythological, etymological, explanatory and semantic dictionaries of the Russian and Chinese languages) as well as the results of the associative experiment involving the stimulus ОСЕНЬ (Autumn / Fall), conducted for Chinese speakers. The article constructs associative fields of the lexeme ОСЕНЬ (Autumn / Fall) and highlights the basic cognitive categories of the respective concept in Russian and Chinese language consciousness. The article uses methods of statistical, quantitative, component, semantic, psycholinguistic and conceptual analyses, as well as analysis of associative experiment data. Since comparative analysis of the concept ОСЕНЬ (Autumn / Fall) in Russian and Chinese language consciousness has not been carried out in linguistic research yet, the results obtained are relevant for the development of associative lexicography, psycholinguistics, ethnopsycholinguistics and cultural linguistics. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of creating a bilingual associative dictionary (on the material of the Russian and Chinese languages) and the use of the data obtained in the process of teaching psycholinguistics and intercultural communication.

The paper presents preliminary results of the comparison of the Dictionaries of word associations for French referred further to as FAS-1 and FAS-2, compiled respectively in 2010 and 2020. To check the reliability of their data we used information on word associations provided by an alternative source, the French project Jeuxdemots, which began in 2007. The first part of the article accounts for dynamic processes in the vocabulary of direct associative dictionaries, focusing on the analysis of the associative field of the adjective malade . We established that the psycholinguistic meaning of this item hasn’t undergone considerable changes during the last 10 years: most frequent associations are the same, its structure has not changed, small semantic changes in the content of certain categories are not essential and can be neglected. As for its structure, the associative field of malade includes the following major slots: ‘kind of disease’, ‘symptoms’, ‘treatment’, ‘visual characteristics of the patient’, ‘ways of spreading’, ‘health’, and some other related concepts. Cultural allusions and reactions to the form (not to the meaning) of the lexeme were singled out too. The paper also puts emphasis on the emergence of words related as reactions to the pandemic of COVID-19 though they represent only 0.03 % of the 506317 reactions collected in FAS-2. To provide a comprehensive comparison, dynamic changes in the inverse vocabulary were also studied. The list of reactions elicited by 50 or more stimuli (so called super-connectors) was analyzed, as well as the list of the most frequent reactions. For this purpose, two special research dictionaries were designed, based on the reactions to 610 identical stimuli. The lists of the first 75 super-connectors in FAS-1 and FAS-2, as well as the most frequent reactions, proved to be almost identical. We only observed an increase in the frequency and number of stimuli which provoked reactions related to the material side of life (namely, work, earning money, studies), and their decrease for reactions related to social life. However, to summarize the major result of the comparative analysis, we may state that the changes in the associative norms of speakers of French are insignificant, being within the statistical margin of error.

Observing the interlanguage of Russian speakers learning French in an academic setting enabled us to note that it is subject to a double influence from the mother tongue (LM langue maternelle) and the first foreign language (LE1 langue étrangère1), which in most cases is English.Teaching methods traditionally practiced in Russia have always emphasized the comparison with LM in order to eliminate the negative effects of interference. In contrast, very few attempts have been made to assess the impact of LE1. The challenge is therefore twofold, to understand the mechanisms of interaction of different languages in the learner’s mind and to develop a more effective pedagogical approach to neutralize the negative influence of plurilingualism and mobilize its constructive potential.The mature linguistic awareness of a multilingual speaking subject establishes fairly clear boundaries between the different language systems that are part of it. While in the consciousness of learners, the partitions that separate different languages are permeable. Sometimes students are not able to attribute a particular term (or word) to a particular system. The problem apparently is attributable to the deficiency (due to lack of language experience) of the discrimination mechanism which would make it possible to detect the “intruder” and to eliminate it.The survey carried out among 54 students who had reached level B1 in French aimed to assess their ability to identify foreign words in a text that included words that did not exist in normative French with Russian or English roots, as well as words of Franglais already adopted by French.The results showed that in 45% of cases, learners have difficulty locating and discriminating a lexeme belonging to another language, which testifies to the absence of clear boundaries between different language systems that make up a learner’s multicompetence. The interpenetration of different systems is facilitated by the existence of a common lexical background due to mutual borrowing. Also, the results support our hypothesis that at the intermediate level (B1) the influence of LE1 is stronger than that of LM, because false anglicisms have been found to be more difficult to detect than words with Slavic roots. It also turned out that the Russian-speaking interlanguage fully adheres to the “Franglais” of native French-speakers.In moving from theoretical research to French as a Foreign Language (FFL) didactics, it should be taken into account that the learner’s vocabulary only partly results from memorizing the studied content (from the “input”). There always remains a part of personal production resulting from the transfer. If the results of the languages transfer are sometimes inadequate, this should not cause the teacher to fight the mechanism itself. Rather, teaching practices should be put in place that would optimize this mechanism.

Введение. Производится реконструкция субъективной семантики лексемы «вина» по результатам ассоциативных экспериментов с молодыми носителями русского языка. Цель – выяснить, какие компоненты смыслов связаны с лексемой «вина» в языковом сознании современного молодого человека и какие из этих компонентов являются превалирующими. Материал и методы. Для достижения поставленной цели среди студентов омских вузов были проведены свободные ассоциативные эксперименты. Результаты этих экспериментов были сопоставлены с данными Русского ассоциативного словаря, что позволило проследить изменения в языковом сознании молодых носителей языка за последние несколько десятилетий в динамике. Результаты и обсуждение. В толковых словарях понятие «вина» определяется исключительно как факт проступка, преступления или же причина чего-то неблагоприятного. Однако анализ ассоциативных полей, полученных в результате свободных ассоциативных экспериментов, свидетельствует о расхождении лексикографического толкования вины с тем комплексом значений, который отражен в языковом сознании молодого носителя русского языка. Гораздо более значимым для реципиентов является психологический аспект исследуемой семантической области: вину они определяют в первую очередь как чувство индивида, напрямую связанное с его совестью и вызывающее целый комплекс негативных эмоций. Кроме того, вина связывается со сферой социально-нормативных отношений, то есть той сферой, которая регулируется законом или иными правовыми нормами. Заключение. По сравнению с 1980–1990 гг. произошли существенные изменения в языковом сознании молодых носителей русского языка. Возросло число реакций на стимул «вина», отражающих связь с областью права, что может говорить о повышении уровня правовой грамотности. Однако наиболее значимыми для реципиентов стали эмоционально-чувственная характеристика вины, а также контексты, в которые входит данная смысловая область, как в отношениях между людьми, так и в морально-нравственной самооценке личности. Introduction. This article reconstructs the subjective semantics of the “guilt” lexeme based on the results of associative experiments with young Russian native speakers. Aim and objectives. The aim of this research is to find out what components of meanings are associated with a given lexeme in the language consciousness of a modern young person and which of these components are prevalent. Material and methods. In order to achieve this goal, free associative experiments were conducted among the student audience. The results of these experiments were compared with the data of the Russian Associative Dictionary, which made it possible to trace the changes in the language consciousness over the past few decades in dynamics. Results and discussion. In explanatory dictionaries, guilt is defined solely as a fact of misconduct, crime, or the cause of something unfavorable. However, the analysis of the associative fields obtained as a result of free associative experiments indicates a discrepancy between the lexicographic interpretation of guilt and the complex of meanings that is reflected in the language consciousness of a young Russian native speaker. Much more significant for the recipients is the psychological aspect of the studied semantic area: they define guilt, first of all, as an individual’s feeling, directly related to his conscience and causing a whole range of negative emotions. In addition, guilt is associated with the sphere of social and legal relations, that is the sphere that is regulated by law or other legal norms. Conclusion. Compared to 1980–1990 there have been significant changes in the language consciousness of young Russian native speakers. The number of legal responses to the “guilt” incentive has increased, which may indicate an increase in the level of legal literacy. However, the most significant for the recipients were the emotional and sensory characteristics of guilt, as well as the contexts in which this semantic area enters: both in relations between people and in the moral and moral self-assessment of the individual.

The society tends to promptly respond to numerous social changes in the modern world. These changes are reflected in national cultures, customs, everyday and professional practices and, needless to say, in the language. Applying the continuous sampling method, the author selected gender-marked English proverbs (48) and anti-proverbs (48) containing the lexemes wife, husband, man, woman, bride, groom, and bachelor in order to discover gender role shifts in Anglo-American linguoculture. The dictionaries by A.T. Litovkina and W. Mieder (1999 and 2006) as well as The Penguin Dictionary of English Proverbs edited by R. Fergusson and J. Law (2000) were used. The descriptive and analytical method as well as definition analysis were utilized. The research revealed more negative female connotations in anti-proverbs compared with traditional proverbs. Wife proves to be the most active lexeme in the structure of proverbs and anti-proverbs, which indicates a strong social interest in the woman, her lifestyle pattern, model of behaviour, and moral values. At the same time, the image of the wife is more negative than the image of the husband, who is presented as a victim. These facts allow us to infer that both proverbs and anti-proverbs are mainly authored by men. Thus, it can be concluded that the androcentric worldview is still characteristic of the English and American societies.

The paper considers the semantic structure of the concept IMAGE in the German language. The article presents the results of the definitional analysis of the lexeme “Image”. The procedure of the definitional analysis, which enabled us to identify cognitive integral elements in order to objectify the concept of IMAGE, is specified. The classification of all identified semes is given in accordance with the activity-based approach; and the dominants of the ideal cognitive model of IMAGE are singled out, which include SUBJECT, OBJECT, MOTIVES, RESULTATIVE, and PROCEDURAL-SUBSTANTIVE SIDES of the concept. The structure of the idealized cognitive model of IMAGE is constructed of the units identified at the three stages of componential analysis. It is argued that the idealized conceptual model is associated with positive characteristics of an individual or a group of people in the eyes of others. At the same time the terminals included in the slots of the cognitive model are attacked in order to discredit a political opponent or to indicate the negative consequences of the politics conducted by the members of the outgroup. The author comes to the conclusion that the speaker purposefully tries to present his political opponents as inconsistent with the idealized cognitive model of IMAGE, discrediting their positive image in the eyes of others.

An overview and contextual-semantic analysis of the cases of usage the lexeme ‘gold’ (zaraniia-) and ‘silver’ (ərəzata-) in corpus of Avestan sources (Yasna, Yashts, Videvdat, Aogəmadaēca, etc.) are provided in the article. ‘Gold’ is used in the Avesta 101 times. ‘Silver’ — only 12 uses, while this metal is always contextually linked with gold. Silver has a semantic connection with the aquatic sphere. Gold is the material from which, according to the texts, the garments of several deities are made (Vayu, Aredvi Sura (partially)). Gold attributes or decorated with this metal tools have a number of gods and heroes (Yima, Mithra, Verethragna, Tishtria, Sraosha) are made completely or partially from it. In the myth of Yima, the divine instruments, the golden suβrā and gilded aštrā, are endowed with reproductive features and help to create the first kingdom (Videvdat 2.6—38). This ideal mythical world turns into the Afterworld. A set of semantic attributes show that gold is directly related to the Otherworld, where the souls of the righteous deceased receive gold places, golden or silver clothes (Videvdat 19.31—32; Aog. 12, 17). The fact that silver and other «colors» are added to gold may indicate the expansion of the spectrum of precious metals and their penetration into the sphere of funeral beliefs. In the treatise of Aogəmadaēca (84), silver-gold (a metaphor of wealth), along with cattle, horses and bravery, is included in the system of concepts related to the Thanatological worldview of the pre-Zoroastrian representations of ancient Iranian tribes.

This article focuses on the representation of the image of Russia in the discourse of foreign media (2014–2020). Taking into account the definition of the image of the state as a special concept, the article claims the lexeme «Russia», as well as the identities associated with this image in political and mass-information discourse. This concept contains historical, metaphorical, evaluative, ethnocultural and associative layers. Based on scientific research on the problems of media discourse, image-formation, associations, and using the methods of critical discourse and conceptual metaphorical analysis, the article reveals the range of means of reaching the concept of «Russia» used by the media. Discourse depends on grammar, semiotics, semantics, structure and argumentation, therefore it is important to answer the questions: how do «they» speak about «us» and how is the image of «us» formed in text or speech? To achieve the goal, we had content analysis of massmedia and had the associative experimental technique too. These tools demonstrate the ideological values of the discourse in question and the associations that it forms in the minds of people. The paper suggests that the scheme of analysis of the image of state in the political mass media discourse, offered in it, can be applied to the investigation of images of other states.

Статья посвящена описанию глагола «погрязнуть» по лексикографическим источникам, фиксирующим словарный состав русского языка X - XVII вв. В работе используется метод лингвистического портретирования, позволяющий объединить данные этимологических и исторических словарей и увидеть динамику развития семантического, словообразовательного, сочетаемостного и стилистического потенциала языковой единицы в диахронии. В статье подробно изложены материалы этимологических и исторических словарей русского языка, приведены и описаны многочисленные варианты употребления имперфектива грязнуть и перфектива погрязнуть, зафиксированные в словарях, содержащих лексику древнерусского и старорусского периодов: гр#зъти, гр#зhти, гр#зити, гр#знqти, погрязати - погр#зти, погр#зити, погр#знqти. Установлено, что в древнерусском языке глагол гр#зноути (гр`t#знuти) имел прямое номинативное значение «погружаться, тонуть» и редко употреблялся в памятниках письменности. Многозначным и наиболее частотным был положительный, результативный член глагольной видовой пары перфектив погрязнуть (погр#зноути). В статье приведены все лексико-семантические варианты глагола и примеры словоупотреблений, зафиксированные в словарях, отражающих лексику X - XVII веков. В статье приведены синонимы и многочисленные дериваты глагола погрязнуть , в том числе рассмотрена семантика абстрактных существительных, образованных от глагола погрязнуть ( погрязение, погрязнение, погрязновение ) и отражающих влияние церковнославянского языка на книжно-письменный литературный язык древнерусского и старорусского периодов. Лексикографический портрет лексемы погрязнуть проявляет неоднозначность в трактовке некоторых значений в разные исторические периоды. Проведенный анализ позволяет сравнить значения лексемы, увидеть их отличительные особенности и сделать вывод о существовании самостоятельных стереотипных образов, существующих в сознании носителей языка в X - XVII веках. The article is devoted to the description of the verb "to wallow" from lexicographic sources that fix the vocabulary of the Russian language of the X - XVII centuries. The method of linguistic portraiture is used to combine data from etymological and historical dictionaries and see the dynamics of the development of the semantic, word-formation and stylistic potential of the language unit in the diachrony. The article details the materials of etymological and historical dictionaries of the Russian language, presents and describes numerous variants of the use of an imperfective “gryaznut’” and a perfective “pogryaznut’”, recorded in dictionaries containing the vocabulary of the Russian language of the X - XVII centuries. It has been established that in the ancient Russian language, the imperfective “gryaznut’” had a direct nominative meaning of "dive, sink" and was rarely used in monuments of writing. The multi-valued and most frequency used was the positive, effective perfective “pogryaznut’”. The article presents all lexical and semantic variants of the verb and examples of word usage recorded in dictionaries that reflect the vocabulary of the X - XVII centuries. The article presents synonyms and numerous derivatives of the verb, including the semantics of abstract nouns formed from the verb “pogryaznut’” and reflecting the influence of the Church Slavonic language on the book-written literary language of the old Russian period. The lexicographic portrait of the lexeme “pogryaznut’” shows ambiguity in the interpretation of certain meanings in different historical periods. The analysis allows us to compare the meanings of the lexeme, see their distinctive features and conclude that there are independent stereotypical images that exist in the minds of native speakers in the X - XVII centuries.

[Resumo] Este traballo ten por obxectivo abordar a análise etimolóxica dos topónimos de base Sarand- (Sarandeses, Sarandín, Sarandón e Sarandós) e Serant- (Serantellos e Serantes). Para a análise do corpus bótase man das fontes existentes, refutando as diferentes propostas etimolóxicas en base á estrutura lingüística e á presenza documental de cada forma. A hipótese que aquí defendo é que todos estes topónimos teñen unha orixe común, que asenta nun antigo radical indoeuropeo especialmente produtivo en Galicia: *ser-, *sor- ‘fluír, discorrer’. [Abstract] The main aim of this paper is to analyze the etymology of the place names Serantes, Sarandós and their lexical family: Sarandeses, Sarandín, Sarandón, Sarandós, Serantellos and Serantes. Authorized sources are used for the analysis of the corpus, refuting the different etymological proposals based on the structure and documentary presence of each place name. I will try to show that all these place names have the same origin, which is an old european lexeme that abounds in Galicia: *ser-, *sor-, ‘to flow, to gush’.

Introduction. The paper aims to establish whether cancer discourse can alter when being communicated via social networks. We supposed that every platform has intrinsic characteristics which might affect the way certain topics are being delivered. Because there has been much criticism from the cancer community about the media representation, we decided to observe what might be called an alternative discourse of cancer of social networks. Therefore, we chose to review Instagram accounts of two cancer influencers, who aspire to revise existing stereotypes about people with an incurable disease.Methodology and sources. The chosen methodology includes the statistical concordance analysis, Metaphorical Identification Procedure (MIP), structural semantic and syntactic studies of two narratives organized as a minicorpus. The combined approach was employed to reveal lexical markers of both cancer discourse and Instagram narratives in the narratives of two Insta influencers Nicky Newman and Laura Hughes.Results and discussion. The results of the study suggest that Instagram narratives of cancer patients differ from other texts about cancer. Bloggers strive to maintain constant simultaneous communication with a large number of people; therefore, their texts are designed to be entertaining, involving and diverse in subject matter. When narrating about their life with the cancer diagnosis, bloggers broadcast a positive media image of a happygo-lucky person. In the narratives chosen for this study, there is hardly an example of the CANCER-WAR metaphor. The main ways of conceptualizing cancer are the CANCERCONSPIRACY, CANCER-JOURNEY, CANCER-COHABITANT metaphors.Conclusion. Quantitative analysis of the English language corpus aimed at identifying key words and concordances of the lexeme ”cancer”, does not help fully define the cancer discourse. It is necessary to further research into the obtained data. Consequently, it is necessary to take into account the genre of ”cancer” narratives.

The aim of the article is to define the status of political correctness in the Polish language and its re-lationship with linguistic politeness. An important element is to describe the various approaches and attempts to define political correctness and to reflect on the ideologization of the studied phenomenon. The first step is to develop a theoretical basis, discussing the issue of linguistic politeness and political correctness. In the next part, both phenomena are confronted and their relationships are discussed via the example of the lexeme Murzyn (Black). The analysis of the problem showed the ideological entangle-ment of political correctness and a negative evaluation of this phenomenon, despite the assumptions convergent with linguistic politeness, which does not raise objections from language users.

This article examines the semantic and structural features of the lexical and semantic field of “beauty” in the Russian language. The lexical and semantic field of the basic lexeme “beauty” is defined: beautiful, pretty, natural beauty, cute, attractive appearance, good, deftly. Russian Etymological Dictionary edited by Fasmer M., Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Dal V. I. and Explanatory Dictionary by Ozhegov S. I. were used to identify the characteristics of each component of the lexical and semantic field of the lexeme “beauty”.

Aim. The purpose of this work is to identify the role of words with the root 'мал' (on the example of the words малый, немалый, маленький, немаленькая, малыш, малолетство, малолетний) in the dilogy of F. Vigdorova «Family happiness,» «Favorite street.». Methodology. The article establishes the frequency of use of words with the root 'мал' in the dilogy; examines the lexicographic data of the studied words; analyzes the nest of words with the root 'мал' from the point of view of semantics. The research uses the following methods: linguistic observation and description, statistical calculation, and elements of component analysis. Results. As a result of the semantic analysis of words with the root 'мал' determined that they are «“embedded” in the national mentality», showing features of the idiolect of the writer. They identify the reflection of conceptual content of the substantial unit of Russian culture, the national conceptual sphere of CHILDHOOD in the mental-lingualism complex linguistic identity of F. Vigdorova. Therefore, allow drawing conclusions about the traits of her worldview to evaluate the moral-philosophical view of the writer. Research implications. The scientific novelty of the work is that the previously published articles did not present an analysis of the semantics of words with the root 'мал' (on the example of the words малый, немалый, маленький, немаленькая, малыш, малолетство, малолетний) in the literary texts of F. Vigdorova. The research results can be used in the preparation of lectures and practical classes on linguistic semantics, linguoculturology, and the language of fiction in higher educational institutions.

This article discusses formal and structural features of one word based linguistic units containing common lexeme “e'tiqod” (faith) in the Uzbek language. “Spirituality is an integral unity of many original human qualities and attributes such as hatred of evil, will, perseverance and so. on” [3]. Raising and bringing up a generation of healthy and harmoniously developed people is one of today's priorities. The concept offaith in the Uzbek linguistic description of the world in our linguistics has not yet studied the problems of systemic, structural, genetic, cognitive features and lexicographic description, the linguistic value has not been determined.

From the perspective of philosophical religious study, religion and atheism are viewed as social phenomena and legacy periodically defined and redefined in lo­cal contexts. Historically and in modern spiritual culture, they are a collective set of heterogeneous forms ascending to the Greco-Roman cultural context of the terms “ἄθεος” and “religio”. Explicit and implicit characteristics of these cross-cultural and trans-historic symbolizations of normative images of true forces of being are analyzed as disconnected from various marginalities and de­viations constructed at different stages of global civilization development in lo­cal centers, including Russia. The lexeme “ἄθεος” is viewed in the spectrum of connotations from the tragic abandonment by gods to the heroic enthusiasm of the denial of false images of gods”. The lexeme “religio” is shown in the range of connotations from horror of ominous signs to the jubilant veneration of legiti­mate gods leading to harmony with the supreme forces of nature (Cicero). Insti­tutional and elementary phenomena of religious commitment and atheism are separated and defined in the light of distancing unfamiliar and familiar rather than by traditional division of faith and mind or sacred and profane (N. Luh­mann). Man has always created speculative realms (magic, myth, religion, phi­losophy, and science) where the unknown was symbolically presented as hope of communication with mysterious actors, experienced as joy and jubilation in the case of support, or as disappointment and weeping in the case of absence of such support.

The article considers the peculiarities of the nation stereotype functioning in the novel Notes of a Ukrainian Madman by Lina Kostenko. In the focus of the analysis are the basic concepts (the nation, the people, Ukrainians, the state, a society), by means of which the author's stereotype of the Ukrainian nation is revealed. A set of evaluative nominations that construct a model of the nation stereotype has been established. The greatest number of epithets refers to the lexeme nation. They create a nominative field of the author's stereotype and express mostly negative connotations. The study has revealed that the expression of the author's model of the stereotype is the image of the protagonist as a representative of the society of the Ukrainians, living in the XX-XXI centuries, whose communicative behavior demonstrates an evaluative attitude to his people. Evaluative nominations that construct a model of national stereotype in the text of the novel are mostly endowed with negative connotations and high expressiveness. The usage features of various linguistic and stylistic means, metaphorical techniques, as well as occasionalisms, loanwords, ethnonymes in the author's representation of the Ukrainian nation are analyzed. Verbalization of the image of Ukraine is carried out by means of syntactic constructions of monologue, dialogue, and quotation. The factors that could influence the individual perception and reproduction of the nation stereotype in the literary text are identified. The author’s stereotype in the analyzed work appears not idealized, but, due to the individual experience of the writer, social and political factors, critically considered. Prospects for further research on national stereotypes in linguistics concern the development of the criteria for selecting factual material, texts of various functional styles and genres, as well as the comparative study of the specifics of modeling stereotypes, their verbalization and dynamics in the works of different writersю

The article highlights one of the dominant features of Lesya Ukrainka's epistolary idiolect in the context of family communication, which is manifested primarily in the presence of occasional names in the active vocabulary of each member of this family and which serve markers of lexical regulations, characteristic of this family sociolect. On the example of one of such lexical innovations functioning - Ulita, the peculiarities of its origin and motivation in the Kosach family communication have been established (Olga Petrovna Kosach (Olena Pchilka), mother of Lesya Ukrainka, was probably involved in its creation). The study argues that this lexeme is most actively used in the thematic plane of epistolary communication, usually connected with the literary works of the family members. Lesya Ukrainka uses it as a nomination of her own works (first regarding those that are created slowly, then – any work (newly created, old, handwritten, or printed). Quite often, it concerns a separate text variety, most frequently, a piece of poetry. The most frequent fixations of this token we observe in the epistolary texts of Lesya Ukrainka and Mykhailo Kosach. The study has revealed a number of productively used derivatives (mostly adjectives and verbs), in particular ulitnyi, ulitiachyi, ulityty, zaulichuvatysia, rozulitytysia and more. An important feature of their functioning in the idiolect of both communicants is their high degree of compatibility, especially the token ulitay, the use of the author's individual derivatives, such as naulicheno, ulityna, ulitynnia, etc. The available graphic markers for the lexemes ulita and ulitnyi in the letters of Lesya Ukrainka and Mykhailo Kosach most probably demonstrate the intertextual status of these tokens and their borrowing from the mother's idiolect, as all other derived tokens of this word-forming series are devoid of such distinction. The active use of such lexical innovations in the epistolary interpersonal communication of the family should be considered as a manifestation of language play within a confined space, partly - a kind of creative entertainment for each of the communicators, a means of stylistic expression of their idiolect, but in no way a manifestation of infantilism or compulsion, initiated by their mother, Olena Pchilka.

The article analyzes the linguistic means of creating the image of wind in the poems by B-I.Antonych and argues that the poet's vision of this image is a unique combination of the traditional and modern. The poet's worldview is holistic by nature, and accordingly, all the elements in his works are closely interrelated and, at the same time, contradicting each other. The vivid and metaphorical language of his poetry reflects the philosophical, literary, artistic, and linguistic trends of the first decades of the XX century. The core lexeme wind in the poet's linguistic creativity acquires new multifaceted figurative meanings and emotionally expressive shifts. The image of wind is correlated with the established symbolic and metaphorical associations: wind – spring – youth, wind – the energy of movement – unreserve, wind – space – freedom. The image of wind is also characterized by ambivalence. It is a symbol of thirst for life and young ardor, and, simultaneously, a symbol of obstacles and confrontation. The use of metaphorical transferences, based on various associations, allowed the poet to transform the phenomenon of nature into a lyrical hero, full of energy of movement. Most often, the author uses the metaphor of music – the wind, which is motivated by his perception of nature as continuous music of existence. In general, movement and sound are dominant in the structure of this image. With the help of metaphors, the author created a sensory image of wind, having involved acoustic, visual, tactile, and olfactory image-perceptions. The study has revealed that the metaphorical model of man → wind extends to the following areas of associations: man as a social being, age differentiation, appearance and character traits, and the actualization of a gender. The verbalized image of wind comprises the associations typical of the language of folklore, and, alongside, it is the embodiment of the poet's individual vision of the world. It is a particular unity in which the tradition and innovation interact, which directly affects the content of symbols and metaphorsю

The paper studies the concept of identity verification of the personality in the state system from the perspective of finding additional socially marked meanings/connotations of the word “identity/ identité”. It is also necessary to consider the contexts affecting the variety of meanings that this concept embraces.The study is based on the contexts derived from the French mass media. While describing the concept of identity verification, we use the term “diagnostic markers” to classify the meanings of the lexeme “identity/identité”. These markers can be represented by the linguistic units of different levels, which are used to detect the meaning of identity in a particular information context. The study of the concept helped to detect the associative field of “identity/ identité” from the perspective of personality verification in the state system. Thus, the nuclear meaning is the obligation for a French citizen to carry la carte d’identité/an identity card, while the peripheral meanings include the following: true and false optionality for providing the proof of identity; the contrast between real and official identities; identity as a proof (official document) of one’s nationality; lack of identity in the meaning of absence of legal proof of identity; identity in the context of restrictions imposed as a result of tough immigration policies. The social markers used to identify the personality within the state system were also analyzed from the perspective of ascribed and achieved identity. The first type refers to the situation of actually living in the chosen country, while the second type occurs when a person chooses a country for future residence.

The article presents a reconstruction – on a material of 394 surveys – of modern stereotypes of a Pole/Ukrainian among the students of the Faculty of Philology of the University of Lodz. An analysis of several points of more extensive questionnaire was proposed, namely: a request to provide a definition of a Pole/Ukrainian; expressions with the same reference as the Pole/Ukrainian; features of a “typical” and “real” Pole/Ukrainian. In student definitions of the name Pole/Ukrainian, geographical, ethnic, nationality categorization is more often used, while linguistic, ethical, and identity are used less often. The students consider lexeme Polachek, compatriot, countryman, ours, theirs and others, as equivalents of the word Pole and they give names instead of the word Ukrainian: foreigner, neighbour, brother from the east and others. The image of a “real” Pole/Ukrainian is more positive than the image of a “typical” representative of the nationality. Both for a Pole and a Ukrainian, the stereotypical image emerging from the survey data is ambivalent. The influence of national stereotypes on teaching Polish as a foreign language and the possibility of using the obtained data in glottodidactics were taken into account. Artykuł przedstawia rekonstrukcję – na materiale 394 ankiet – współczesnych stereotypów Polaka i Ukraińca w środowisku studentów Wydziału Filologicznego Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego. Zaproponowano analizę kilku punktów obszerniejszej ankiety, a mianowicie prośbę o podanie: definicji Polaka/Ukraińca; wyrażeń o tym samym odniesieniu, co Polak/Ukrainiec; cech „typowego” i „prawdziwego” Polaka/Ukraińca. Ujawniono, iż w studenckich definicjach nazwy Polak/Ukrainiec częściej stosuje się kategoryzację geograficzną, etniczną, narodowościową, natomiast rzadziej używa się językowej, etycznej, tożsamościowej. Za odpowiedniki wyrazu Polak studenci uważają leksemy Polaczek, rodak, krajan, nasz, swój i in., a zamiast słowa Ukrainiec podają nazwy: obcokrajowiec, cudzoziemiec, sąsiad, brat ze Wschodu i in. Obraz „prawdziwego” Polaka/Ukraińca jest bardziej pozytywny niż obraz „typowego” reprezentanta narodowości. Zarówno dla Polaka, jak i Ukraińca stereotypowy obraz wyłoniony z danych ankietowych jest ambiwalentny. Uwzględniono wpływ stereotypów narodowościowych na nauczanie języka polskiego jako obcego oraz możliwość zastosowania uzyskanych danych w glottodydaktyce.

This article scrutinizes the semantic structure of the lexeme khram (‘church’) in the Russian language. The paper is relevant due to the need to describe and analyse key lexemes in the Russian linguistic worldview. A special place among such units is occupied by religious words, including khram. Russian linguists’ turning to religious vocabulary elucidates the value of these words, which for a long time had been banned for well-known reasons. Currently, religious vocabulary is studied in different aspects: the history of individual words; the development of the semantics of specific lexemes and their functioning in various texts; the linguistic and cultural features of using religiously marked language units; religious concepts playing an important role in shaping the linguistic worldview, etc. In this paper, using the descriptive method and the comparative analysis of lexicographic sources and texts of sermons, the author characterized some peculiarities of the semantics of khram. The research showed that this word’s semantics is not confined to the meanings found in dictionary entries, which are clear and comprehensible to all members of a certain speech community. Noteworthy, linguoculturological information is not included in dictionary definitions. At the same time, a word belonging to the religious sphere is connected with a whole range of religious and cultural meanings. By studying the functioning of the lexeme khram in the texts we can trace the changes in its meanings and semantic content.

This article deals with the problem of discourse designing of the negative image of Russia in Spanish mass media using metaphorical models with the target domain “Russia”. Within the framework of this study, a metaphorical model is defined as a mental scheme of connections between different conceptual domains, which is formed and fixed in the minds of native speakers. The material includes Spanish articles from reputable sources (El País and BBC News in Spanish) mentioning Russia (over 500,000 characters in total). With the use of discourse, corpus and lexical-semantic analysis as well as conceptual analysis of metaphorical models, the author found that the negative image of Russia is constructed in Spanish political media discourse through the following metaphorical models: “Russia is the country of Putin”, “Russia is the heir to the USSR” and “Russia is a pseudo-saviour of the world”. The following frames can be distinguished within the structure of the model “Russia is the country of Putin”: 1) Russia belongs to Putin; 2) Putin is a lifelong president; 3) Putinism is an ideology of Russian citizens. The metaphorical model “Russia is the heir to the USSR” includes the following stereotypical scenarios: 1) authoritarian, undemocratic methods of governance; 2) “Soviet” way of living; 3) backward economy. The frame that exists within the model “Russia is a pseudo-saviour of the world” actualizes the scenario of providing humanitarian aid for show. Among the lexical and grammatical representatives of these metaphorical models are the following: prepositional construction with de and the proper name Putin; adjectives with the semes “infinitely long, eternal” and “entire”; adjectives containing semes of distance/separateness; lexeme soviético, etc. The nominative field of the considered image contains both direct nominations, represented by the toponyms Rusia, Moscú and Kremlin, and metaphors that are mainly related to the size of the state. The stereotypical features of the source domain make it possible to create a negative image of Russia as an authoritarian, undemocratic state with an almost monarchical system, outdated Soviet governance methods, saviour-ofthe-world ambitions, and ostentatious behaviour in the international arena.

Terminology represents a significant factor in healthcare communication between specialists and patients. The present paper deals with the lexicosemantic characteristics of multi-word lexical units multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, epidural abscess, Huntington’s chorea, and carpal tunnel syndrome. The research questions focus on collocations, word combinations, and concordances in which they regularly appear; the first lemma to the left and the first lemma to the right from the studied lexeme demonstrate the principal positions of our interest. Simultaneously, the researcher considers their semantic restrictions, semantic prosody, and grammatical relations that influence their lexical features. The whole linguistic material is investigated in the framework of the text corpus English Web 2015 (enTenTen15) with the help of the search tool Sketch Engine. To begin the research, the frequencies of these lexical units are elaborated. The researcher also looks into the morphological classification of the studied words as these two factors affect them from the lexicological perspective. The research outcomes confirm that the nervous disease names appear in a wide range of structures, and they considerably contribute to successful communication in the medical surroundings. Moreover, the results indicate that the lexicosemantic behaviour of the terms reflects extralinguistic factors (psychological, social) of individual communication acts. The phenomenon is to be further examined and interpreted within the corpus analyses of other chosen lexical units, not only from the field of medicine. Eventually, the researcher outlines possible pedagogical implications of the research results in the process of teaching English.

The relevance of the article is the problem of studying of key concepts of the cultures which is in recent times one of the dominant positions within the framework of the problem of interaction and mutual influence of language and culture. In this regard, this work is carried out within the framework of directions of modern linguistics, cultural linguistics. The purpose of the study is to examine the representation of linguistic-cultural concept of "Моң" (lyrical sadness, melody, nostalgia) on the material of Tatar songs, proverbs, phraseological units and fiction in the Tatar language consciousness. The chosen method of linguoculturological analysis, including the observation of language material and the description of linguistic facts, the method of analysis of dictionary definitions, etymological, contextual and interpretative analyses, the method of structural-semantic modeling of lexical units allowed the authors to thoroughly review and analyze the studied concept.

В статье представлен обзор лексики послесвадебных обрядов в тувинском языке и в описании этнографического своеобразия обрядов. Такой подход оправдан в связи с тем, что фразеологически связанное значение лексемы или фразеосочетания свабедной обрядности понимается правильно, без искажения. Материалом исследования послужили материалы из опубликованных работ, словарей, а также данных экспедиций автора по ареальным зонам тувинского языка в 1999–2015 гг. Анализ лексики традиционного послесвадебного обряда позволил выявить следующие особенности: а) наименования и фразеосочетания традиционных послесвадебных обрядов в основной своей массе являются собственно тувинскими устойчивыми сочетаниями с общетюркскими компонентами (2 лексемы и 6 фразеосочетаний); б) в корпусе названий традиционных послесвадебных обрядов встречаются также собственно тувинские фразеосочетания из общетюркских основ и монгольских заимствований (4), подтверждающие тот факт, что на протяжении длительного времени тувинцы жили в тестном контакте с монголами; в) значительная часть фразеосочетаний зафиксированы в речи носителей зарубежных говоров тувинского языка — ховдинского, цэнгэльского, цагаан-нуурского, а также эрзинского говора юго-восточного диалекта, монгун-тайгинского, кара-холского и бай-тайгинского говоров западного диалекта, а также хондергейского говора центрального диалекта; г) только 4 фразеосочетания и 1 одна лексема вошли в состав общеупотребительных; д) анализируемые примеры показывают лексические, фонетические диалектные особенности речи носителей юго-восточного, западного, центрального диалектов и в зарубежных говоров тувинского языка; е) с течением времени значения некоторых слов, связанных с послесвадебными обрядами подверглись сужению или расширению.

Loanwords are words that entered one language from another language (the source language). These types of words are also termed as borrowed words. They are not part of the recipient language vocabulary, they are adopted from some other languages and become part of the borrowing language’s vocabulary” Nordquist,R (2019)[i]. Borrowing is a universal linguistic phenomenon; the majority of world languages contain borrowed words, because no nation has ever been completely isolated from other nations. (Jepersen,1964)[ii]. Words are generally 'loaned' when two different cultures come into contact with each other (Hoffer,2002)[iii]. This might result from immigration, trade, fashions or foods, travelers’ tales, the arts (paintings, books, poetry, or film), technologies, wars, or colonization. Borrowing could occur across different linguistic levels; such as lexeme level, phonological level, morphological level, and/or syntactic level. When a loanword transfers into a recipient language it is either adopted or adapted as noted by Bueasa, N (2015)[iv]. Adoption occurs when the loanword is transferred into the recipient language without any change and is keeping its structure and pronunciation. For example, in English, the word “cafe” is adopted from French. On the opposite side, there is an adaptation in which the loanword undergoes linguistic changes to adapt to the phonological, or morphological, or syntactic structure of the recipient language. For example, the French word “coiffeur” /kwɒfˈɜːr/ is adapted in Egyptian Arabic (henceforth, EA) phonologically as /kuwafe:r/, this type of integration happens intuitively for ease of pronunciation. Like other languages, loanwords do exist in Arabic (Versteegh, 2014)[v]. Little studies such as Hafez (1996)[vi] examine the integration of loanwords into Egyptian Arabic (EA). Hence, the current study focuses on investigating the phonological integration of loanwords into EA by Egyptian native speakers.

The paper continues a series of works that test materials of the Kalmyk Heroic Jangar Epic Explanatory Dictionary. Goals. The work seeks to examine the role and functions, provide a definition analysis of the lexeme цаг ‘time’ included in the wordlist of the Explanatory Dictionary. Materials. The paper analyzes a total of 28 temporally different Kalmyk Jangar epic texts. Results. The analysis of epic texts concludes the lexeme may be defined as core one, or hyperonym of Jangar epic temporal vocabulary, and is most frequently used throughout the narrative. Epic texts give rise to eleven meanings of the header word цаг within the Explanatory Dictionary, basically in set expressions, including when paired with other temporal lexemes. The word цаг is characterized by extensive co-occurrence with lexemes related to different parts of speech that gain new meanings within set expressions. In the epic narrative, the lexeme цаг appears in such set expressions as арзин сүүр бәрх цаг ‘feast time’; дәәни цаг ‘war time’, both being linguocultural concepts. It also pairs with other elements of time-denoting microfields, namely: natural time (зун ‘summer’, намр ‘autumn’); calendar time (сар ‘month’, җил ‘year’); time of day (хонг ’24-hour period’, өрүн ‘morning’, сө ‘night’, үд ‘noon’). The lexeme цаг is also used in set expressions that include temporal adverbs denoting ― duration of length or process (оньдин ‘constantly, always’); remoteness of action (кезәнә ‘long ago, in ancient times’); certain period (маңһдур ‘tomorrow’). In most cases the lexeme цаг co-occurs with verbs of motion, action, state, and auxiliary verbs. Frequent enough are цаг-stemmed expressions that denote age periods or other periods in lives of epic heroes or war horses.

The paper focuses on associative verbal potential of the lexeme Rozhdestvo (‘Christmas’) in contemporary Russian youth’s linguistic worldview. The research is based on findings of an associative linguistic experiment. The experiment allowed explicating culture codes unconsciously reproduced by respondents, and produced easily calculable results. Each of the respondents had to write down five linguistic units associated with the stimulus word Rozhdestvo (‘Christmas’). Linguoculturological approach is used to interpret the obtained data as it allows analysing how cultural phenomena are represented in linguistic consciousness. The authors discover certain mobility of the linguistic means that verbalise Christmas semantics, as well as certain heterogeneity of people’s conceptions of the feast. The study reveals contemporary cultural context and discourses significant for the youth environment. The experiment’s primary result can be considered our visualisation of the cultural syncretism reflected in the perception of the lexeme Rozhdestvo. The findings can help when developing projects in education, communications, advertising that exploit cultural images and/or elements of cultural context, and serve as basis for further studies.

The article is dedicated to the investigation of the peculiarities of the categories of prospection and retrospection in the aspect of artistic communication, namely, considering these two compositional components from the point of view of their functioning as temporal markers of text organization. The study of the category of time in many of its expressions is intriguing by the fact, that time relates to a number of such phenomena, which contain in themselves certain ambiguity as, firstly, in a person’s perception time continuance can be regarded differently and, secondly, time may possess multidirectional field of vectors. In such a case subjectivity plays a significant role and influences, on the one hand, different manifestations of characters’ behavior in a text of imaginative prose and, on the other hand, the very process of concepts design and structuring. Descriptive and quantitative analyses supply us with the opportunity to define lexical means of representation of the category of time in the novel “The Choice” by Nicholas Sparks, among which a certain role is given to the very title word, which functions as the most prominent mode of actualization of the categories of prospection and retrospection. It is important to contemplate not only the semantics of the given lexical vocabulary unit, which, first of all, contains the idea of prospectiveness, but also its qualitative and distributive characteristics, which ensure the dynamics of the plot development of the novel. The story line reaches its culmination partly because of its coincidence with the highest recurrence of the lexeme “choice”. Contextual-interpretational method of functional and linguistic analyses makes us consider that, on the one hand, that multidirection of vector manifold of text organization may be regarded as a dominant feature of artistic time in the novel, and, on the other hand, such an approach lets us interpret the given peculiarity as a determinant in the process of text continuum organization as a whole.

In this article, the role of commercial vocabulary is becoming very important for the development and formation of the intellectual potential of modern students. Monitoring technologies of teaching foreign (English) language are considered. In many developed countries, work is underway to develop telecommunications technology failures, special attention is paid to commercial language in the development of the intellectual potential of modern students. As stated in scientific books, the first priority for professional development and the personality of a person is the formation of the intellectual potential of a modern student. To achieve these goals, first we must know the features of professional development of the individual.

Currently, examination of concept notations is becoming relevant not only in the field of linguistics, but also relevance an urgent problem in the context of worldviews. The notation is formed in the mind, in the sensory cognition system, in the world of the internal image. Article analyzes the meaning of a representative lexeme concept of conscience in the Kazakh language and identifies its national-cultural features. The concept of Сonscience is the main linguistic aspect in the daily lives of individuals, between his communication with members of society. In this article examined discusses the relationship concepts of morality, modesty, honour, faith, honesty, dignity, etc. As an input for concept of conscience an interpretive study of was chosen , a collection of works by the writer T. Akhmetzhan . Generally in Kazakh knowledge, the concept of conscience can determine a person’s life.

This article presents and discusses a study that focuses on appellatives that designate an inhabited place in Ukrainian and English. This research topic has not been in the limelight of contrastive linguis­tics so far. The study is based on the assumption that the notion of the inhabited place reflects the reality of the objective world associated with the residence of a group of people in a certain territory and is present in the semantic scheme and consciousness of a person. The article aims at identify­ing the basic semantic and structural changes in the vocabulary denoting an inhabited place in the Ukrainian and English languages emphasising the necessity to reveal regular semantic relations in modern languages using the data of language historical development. The corpus of the study is com­prised of seven Ukrainian and four English etymons, which are divided into five groups in Ukrainian and four groups in English according to the peculiarities of their development in the languages under consideration. The material of the present research is comprised of dictionary entries associated with the etymons denoting an inhabited place in Ukrainian and English. The results of the study indicate that appellatives signifying an inhabited place in Ukrainian and English as distantly related languag­es show similar patterns of meaning and form development in diachrony, which is reflected in the dictionaries of Ukrainian and English and supported by the data from genetically related languages.

The results of a comparative analysis of the vocabulary of a thematic group of Vepsian-speaking naming concepts of “boy” and “girl” are presented in the article. The authors believe that it is the historical realities of life and the special position of males in the Russian state, primarily associated with the allotment of land, reflected in the formation of vocabulary of the Veps language of this group. The question is raised about the Vepsian special desire to present and embody in language images certain complete, terminological, correspondences to Russian naming, which initiated the appearance of borrowings from the Russian language and Russian dialects. Attention is drawn to the studies of etymologists regarding the lexeme denoting a boy, a young man, which is considered to be Russian borrowing in the Veps and Karelian languages: Veps. priha Kar. Briha

The purpose of the study in the article is to identify the components of the psycholinguistic portrayal of the traitor in the Ukrainian artistic prose of the second half of the twentieth century. Materials & Methods. Elements of component analysis, method of classification, discourse analysis, content analysis, as well as lexico-semantic, associative methods were applied in the article and on the basis of these methods it has been provided the analysis of the images of the movie story «Ukraine in Fire» by O. Dovzhenko, the novel «House over a torso» by I. Kachurovsky, the novel «Whirlwind» by Yu. Mushketyk, the novel «The ground under the hooves» by V. Drozd). Results. It is considered the place of traitor images in the structure of literary works. The emphasis is placed on the dynamics of their development within the artistic time space. The focus is also made on the psycholinguistic markers forming the hero’s/antihero’s portrait in the creative work. Comparison of the methods of designing the image of the traitor at different levels of organization of the artistic text in all the analyzed works is carried out. Conclusions. It has been found that the psycholinguistic content of the traitor character type is directly dependent on the author's self-esteem model. The external evaluation, as a rule, remains stable. The description of the traitor’s psychological portrait in all cases shows the displacement of the axiological vector, the change of the poles of the opposition “one’s own – another’s”. In general in the Ukrainian military prose of the second half of the twentieth century the linguistic-psychological portraits of the traitor-gadget, traitor-freak and traitor-punisher are most vividly presented. However, there are other models.