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Every nation has social aims which are belongs to their ideology. Education is one of the powerful source by which the real concept of ideology can be determined. This paper discusses the importance and need of the implementation and awareness of higher education in northern areas of Pakistan in order to bring attention from government sector to raise the budget and take economic measures to build educational institutions at graduate and post graduate level in order to globalize with the communities. The overall strategy of this study is quantitative and survey based. A total of 250 teachers were selected from 10 educational institutions of northern areas out of whole by random sampling. For data collection, a structured questionnaire based on “Likert Scale” containing 20 items served as the instrument of the study. Five hypotheses were made to evaluate results. The collected data were analyzed quantitatively using Correlation, Regression and Anova to explore the nonexistence economic condition of northern educational system. Results and findings suggested that the educational system of northern areas strongly need the surety of developed universities, sound economic opportunities and awareness regarding gender discrimination, skilled and trained instructors and administration, technological advancement to promote higher education system in northern areas of Pakistan.

This research study describes the mediating effect of career success for the relationship of shyness with life satisfaction. Current research is based on employees of telecom sector of Lahore Pakistan. Current research proposes four hypotheses. 252 employees of telecom sector are randomly selected for collecting data. Three of the hypotheses are about direct relationships and one is about the mediation effect of career success for the relation of shyness with life satisfaction. The study provided the significant results in reaching the conclusion. All the hypotheses are accepted. Moreover, the career success partially mediates relation of shyness with life satisfaction. In future, these types of studies may also conduct on other sectors like the banking sector; textile sector and education sector for validate the results. It is also worthwhile to collect the data from employees of the Government sector of employees. For generalizing the results data will also collect cities like Islamabad, Faisalabad and Karachi.

El presente documento es el resultado del análisis de una revisión documental y cibergráfica dividida en dos partes, la primera para revisar los conceptos de mercadotecnia, mercadotecnia social y mercadotecnia con causa, la segunda consistió en revisar en las diferentes redes sociales a las empresas que aplicaron estrategias de mercadotecnia con causa en la pandemia por COVID-19 durante el periodo de abril 2020 a marzo de 2021 para entender como éstas, a través de sus actividades ayudaron a la sociedad y sector gubernamental para hacer frente a esta situación, pero sobre todo en el sector salud. Estas empresas lograron crear alianzas con organizaciones sin fines de lucro para mejorar su imagen y lealtad al igual que el de sus productos o servicios, esperando ser vistas como empresas socialmente responsables que ayudaron a la comunidad a la vez que se beneficiaron en el incremento de sus ventas.

This paper focuses on analyzing the changes in behavior carried out by three economic actors, from the government, business actors and consumers in the era of the pandemic transition to the new normal. This paper includes a literature study that draws data from reading results in the form of books, journals and other readings. Based on existing searches, the results obtained show that the government sector issued policies to save the country's economy while still following the health protocol. From the business sector, business actors use technology in the form of social media to market and sell their products. Meanwhile, the consumer sector uses cellphone application services to order daily necessities to avoid the spread of Covid-19 by staying at home.

PurposeThe author augments an otherwise standard business-cycle model with a rich government sector and adds monopolistic competition in the product market and rigid prices, as well as rigid wages a la Calvo (1983) in the labor market.Design/methodology/approachThis specification with the nominal wage rigidity, when calibrated to Bulgarian data after the introduction of the currency board (1999–2018), allows the framework to reproduce better observed variability and correlations among model variables and those characterizing the labor market in particular.FindingsAs nominal wage frictions are incorporated, the variables become more persistent, especially output, capital stock, investment and consumption, which help the model match data better, as compared to a setup without rigidities.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest that technology shocks seem to be the dominant source of economic fluctuations, but nominal wage rigidities as well as the monopolistic competition in the product market, might be important factors of relevance to the labor market dynamics in Bulgaria, and such imperfections should be incorporated in any model that studies cyclical movements in employment and wages.Originality/valueThe computational experiments performed in this paper suggest that wage rigidities are a quantitatively important model ingredient, which should be taken into consideration when analyzing the effects of different policies in Bulgaria, which is a novel result.

The research we conducted was motivated by the existence of two disagreements between Jamaahs of the Al-Hidayah mosque in Sukamukti Village, Cikijing District, Majalengka Regency in responding to the circular letter of the Regent of Majalengka Number 400/646/Kesra regarding the Guidelines for Romadhon worship and Eid al-Fitr whether to follow the government's recommendation that said that during the Covid-19 pandemic all routine worship activities that are usually carried out in mosques such as congregational prayers, routine recitations, Friday prayers, tarawih prayers and Eid prayers are carried out at home or are the calls of religious leaders inviting their congregation to continue carrying out routine worship as usual at mosque. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. Namely by utilizing qualitative data obtained from interviews with religious leaders, representatives of the village government and congregations of mosques. From the results of the research, it turns out that the congregation of the Jami Al Hidayah mosque prefers to follow the recommendations of religious leaders than to follow the recommendations of the Regent of Majalengka. From this the author knows that in fact the religious leaders are more obeyed than those in the government sector

Recently, blockchains have found a place in all sorts of industries, ranging from healthcare to the government sector, finance, real estate and utilities. Blockchain has proved to be advantageous to the applications which previously required a central authority and a trusted intermediary, as now blockchain allows them to operate in a decentralised manner and helps them to achieve the same functionality much more efficiently. Transactions in blockchains are trustless, that is, the involved parties without knowing each other and without establishing any trust relations, sit in any corner of the world and such transactions thus occur without any trusted middlemen. For authorisation of these transactions, strong cryptographic principles, which form an essential part of the blockchain infrastructure, are used. Smart contracts basically add a layer of logic and computation to the already existing trust infrastructure of the blockchain, and thus allows for appropriate, heavily automated and distributed workflows, to function efficiently. In this chapter, we outline the art of using smart contracts and blockchain technology to implement a decentralized, secure, transparent yet anonymous digital voting system.

Technological advances and strategic environmental changes encourage the government sector to improve bureaucratic performance and services. Salatiga's Department of Communication and Informatics (Diskominfo Kota Salatiga) is a service that provides communication and informatics, statistics and coding services. However, in carrying out their duties and functions, there are still problems which indicate that the IT governance process is still not optimal, so that there is a need for identification and assessment efforts. This study aims to analyze the maturity level of IT governance using the COBIT 5 framework domain Deliver, Service and Support (DSS). The results of this study indicate that the level of capability of the DSS01, DSS03 and DSS06 processes is at level 2 (Managed process). While the DSS02 and DSS04 processes are at level 1 (Performed process). The recommendations in each process may be an input for Diskominfo in improving the quality of public services and for realizing good governance.

There is a lack of clarity around intra-organisational evaluation roles and pathways into these roles in non-government organisations (NGOs). This article presents three auto-narratives from the authors who are working as internal evaluators in the NGO sector. We examine this phenomenon of role ambiguity by exploring our evaluation journeys and struggles to find identities in the formal evaluation community. Findings from the auto-narratives identify implications for the evaluation field regarding professionalisation. This article explores how aspects of professionalisation, such as clarification of roles and tasks of internal evaluators, could facilitate their recruitment, assess credibility and guide career trajectory. Elucidating internal evaluation career pathways contributes to the evaluation discipline by providing information relevant for evaluation capacity building, evaluator training, and the professionalisation movement.

Mediante un estudio descriptivo y correlacional, se analizó la relación entre la percepción de la calidad de la gestión administrativa del director y el grado de compromiso laboral de los docentes de algunos colegios privados de El Salvador, en un contexto donde cada año los docentes renuncian a sus trabajos y pasan a laborar al sector gubernamental. Se administraron dos instrumentos, uno para medir la percepción de la gestión administrativa del director y otro para medir el grado de compromiso de los docentes, a 87 docentes de los siete colegios de las regiones metropolitana y occidental de El Salvador. Se encontró que los docentes tienen un compromiso laboral muy bueno. De igual manera, la percepción que tienen los docentes de la gestión administrativa del director es muy buena. Al observarse la correlación entre ambas variables, se determinó que es positiva y alta. Se observó que cuánto mejor perciben los docentes la gestión administrativa del director mayor es el compromiso con su trabajo. El liderazgo del director es importante para el compromiso laboral de los docentes, por lo cual su selección y nombramiento deben ser realizados con cuidadoso análisis. Referencias Alam, S. (2017). A study on leadership styles executed by principal and academic coordinator in one of the private schools in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Academic Research International, 8(3), 71-78. Calik, T., Sezgin, F., Kavgaci, H. y Kilinc, A. (2012). Examination of relationships between instructional leadership of school principal’s and self-efficacy of teacher and collective teacher efficacy. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 12(4), 2469-2504. Chiang Vega, M., Núñez Partido, A., Martín, M. J. y Salazar Botello, M. (2010). Compromiso del trabajador hacia su organización y la relación con el clima organizacional: un análisis de género y edad. Panorama Socioeconómico, 28(40), 92-103. Clayton, J. K. (2014). The leadership lens: Perspectives on leadership from school district personnel and university faculty. International Journal of Educational Leadership Preparation, 9(1), 58-75. Del Valle López, J. (2016). Modelo asociativo entre factores determinantes del desempeño organizacional y la satisfacción de los públicos (Tesis doctoral). Universidad de Montemorelos, Montemorelos, Nuevo León, México. García Rivera, B. R., Mendoza Martínez, I. A. y Puerta Sierra, L. M. (2012). ¿Es el downsizing un factor de impacto sobre los comportamientos innovadores, el compromiso organizacional y las capacidades de aprendizaje de los trabajadores de una empresa de alimentos en México? Revista Internacional Administración y Finanzas, 5(3), 57-78. González de la Rosa, J. (2016). Modelo de factores predictores de desempeño e imagen institucional validado en colegios confesionales dominicanos (Tesis doctoral). Universidad de Montemorelos, Montemorelos, Nuevo León, México. Jiang, D. Y. y Cheng, B. S. (2008). Affect- and role-based loyalty to supervisors in Chinese organizations. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 11, 214-221. https//doi.org/10.111/ j.14-67-839X.2008.00260.x Kumar, D. N. S. y Shekhar, N. (2012). Perspectives envisaging employee loyalty: A case analysis. Journal of Management Research, 12(2), 110-112. https://doi.org/10.2139/ ssrn.1961430 Lai, T., Luen, W., Chai, L. y Ling, L. (2014). School principal leadership styles and teacher organizational commitment among performing schools. The Journal of Global Business Management, 20(2), 67-75. Mack, K. (2016). The perceptions of the leadership behaviors of elementary school principals through professional experience in Texas (Tesis doctoral). University of Phoenix, Phoenix, EE. UU. Méndez Cruz, A. (2015). Clima y compromiso organizacional percibido por los empleados del parque Eco arqueológico en México (Tesis de maestría). Universidad de Montemorelos, Montemorelos, Nuevo León, México. Mustapha, N., Zainal Abidin, M. Z. y Saufi, S. (2013). Measuring the influence of dispositional characteristics and motivational factors on employee loyalty among teachers at private Islamic schools in Kelantan, Malaysia. International Review of Social Sciences & Humanities, 5(2), 127-134. Oberholster, F. R., Taylor V, J. W. y Cruise, R. J. (2000). Spiritual well-being, faith maturity, and the organizational commitment of faculty in Christian colleges and universities. The Journal of Research on Christian Education, 9(1), 31-60. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10656210009484896 Okutan, M. (2014). My school principal is not a leader. Education, 135(1), 93-100. Ontiveros Ramírez, F. (2016). Modelo de asociación entre factores predictores del desempeño y compromiso laboral validado en maestros del corporativo educativo adventista de la Unión Mexicana del Norte (Tesis doctoral). Universidad de Montemorelos, Montemorelos, Nuevo León, México. Restrepo-Abondano, J. M. y Restrepo-Torres, M. L. (2012). Cinco desafíos en el ejercicio del liderazgo en los rectores de colegios. Educación y Educadores, 15(1), 117-119. Saad, N. (2012). The effects of teacher’s participation in decision making of commitment. The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 6(9), 1-16. Samkange, W. (2013). Management and administration in education: What do school heads do? A focus of primary school heads in one district in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education, 3(3), 635-643. Shaw, J. y Newton J. (2014). Teacher retention and satisfaction with a servant leader as principal. Education, 135(1), 101-106. Wachira, F. M., Gitumu, M. y Mbugua, Z. (2017). Effect of principal´s leadership styles on teachers´ job performance in public secondary schools in Kieni West Subcounty. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 6(8), 72-86. Ward, C. J. (2013). Why leadership matters: One school’s journey to success. Educational Leadership and Administration Teaching and Program Development, 24, 62-74. Wasserman, E., Ben-Eli, S., Yehoshua, O. y Gal, R. (2016). Relationship between the principal’s leadership style and teacher motivation. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 15(10), 180-192. Zamora Poblete, G. (2009). Compromisos organizacionales de los profesores chilenos y su relación con la intención de permanecer en sus escuelas. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 41(3), 445-460.

Blockchain Technologies, known as BCT have been praised by most people as a new and revolutionary means of ensuring secure and transparent data sharing and record keeping with potential uses in a number of sectors. The government sector is one of them. The potentials of DLTs are among the motivating reasons why most government agencies are looking to this technology to help make them become more efficient, accountable, cost-effective, and transparent. Some, on the other hand, are looking for ways in which the DLTs can help increase the trust in government agencies as well as various governmental institutions. Despite the endless potentials of the DLTs, they are still in infant stage and at the same time having a number of risks that may deter its future integration and use. This paper proposes a framework towards the integration of DLTs into government organizations of various levels like municipalities and public services that will help in introduction of them in governmental tasks such as digital ID management, secure document handling and voting while keeping them simple for administrators to use and apply in every organization and domain.

Dear Editor,We read with great interest, the article titled “Evaluation of treatments for Bartholin’s cyst or abscess: A systematic review” by authors BJG Illingworth K Stocking M Showell E Kirk JMN Duffy Published in BJOG volume 127, issue 6, May 2020. The article was particularly relevant owing to the fact that Bartholin’s Abscess is a common gynaecological presentation which we encounter regularly in clinical practice.Whilst this article provided some insight into the various techniques for managing Bartholin’s Abscess around the world[1] , there were a few points that we would like to raise. It was not unexpected that the meta-analysis finally concluded that no single technique was superior to the others. This may very well have been due to the different criteria used by these studies to assess the effectiveness of the procedure. Since the failure or success of any technique is largely based on the effect on the quality of life and perception of the outcome by the patient, it may have been more prudent to compare different surgical interventions in terms of patient acceptance, overall satisfaction and long term outcome. Also this analysis compiled data from countries where health services are provided by the private and /or the government sector where the financial incentives for performing procedures vary widely [1] . The article does not elaborate on the proportion of patients who had received pharmacological treatment for varying durations prior to these surgical interventions, which undoubtedly may have influenced the outcome[1]. The analysis also does not include any study where marsupialization was performed under local anaesthetic which may be equally if not more effective than the word catheter at equal cost. In the light of current pandemic situation that the whole world is facing, expertise into minimally more invasive gynaecological procedures to be performed in office setting would also be a key point of consideration. We look forward to the authors comments on these factors.Piyushi Sharma,1 Thangamma Katimada-Annaiah,1 Montasser Mahran,1 Dilip Patil,1 Elvyna Lim,1 Joseph Nattey,1 Tarley Davies1Bedford Hospital NHS TrustReferences1. Illingworth BJG, Stocking K, Showell M, Kirk E, Duffy JMN. Evaluation of treatments for Batholin’s Cyst or abscess: A systematic Review. BJOG 2020;127:671-678

Fraud is a problem that has never been resolved from year to year. One type of fraud that often occurs in the government sector is corruption. Various attempts have been made by the government to detect fraud, but the efforts that have been made have not been effective in reducing fraud. This study aims to propose a conceptual model for detecting fraud by linking whistle-blowing, forensic audits, and investigation audits. The conceptual model of this research is expected to provide input to managers and decision makers regarding the factors that need to be considered in improving fraud detection so that in the future fraud prevention methods will be better and better.

The United States saw mass layoffs and unemployment during the Great Recession, where jobs have been slow to recover especially in the government sector. Research on cutback management became widespread in the late 1970s into the 1980s and several researchers have called for attention to be reignited to determine what lessons can be applied to the Great Recession and beyond. However, little attention is paid to the influence of cutbacks on employees. How do layoffs impact public personnel? Using nationally representative employment data, this study examines sector differences in job loss, advance notice, job mobility, and sector switching. In addition to distinctions across job sectors, differences within the government sector across federal, state, and local employees are explored. Findings raise several questions for research and practice regarding the ability to recover staff in a timely manner, the diversity of the organization, and the capacity to cope with future crises.

This research survey was done in relation to my studies at University Technology Malaysia (UTM) specialising in Management and Administration in Education. The main aim and objective of my study is to critically analyse women transformational leadership issues in the Government Sectors and Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs), as well the chances of women to be appointed as District Officer and Assistant District Officer in the State Administration of Sabah. Thirty (30) Sabahan women leaders are randomly selected as respondents from the five (5) Organisations in the Government Sector and (5) five NGOs for this study. The survey questionnaires were distributed to the targeted respondents to find out their needs and expectations, if any, for their views, opinions and recommendations on how to improve women opportunities for career advancement within their respective organisations and workplace in Sabah.

This current study aimed at identify the reality of electronic monitoring of women leaders in government sectors in Makkah Al-Mukarramah and to identify the level of administrative empowerment of women leaders in government sectors in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, and to find the relationship between the reality of electronic control and administrative empowerment of women leaders in government sectors in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, the study followed the descriptive approach to its relevance to the nature of The study and its objectives. The study sample consisted of (56) women leaders in government sectors in Makkah Al-Mukarramah. The study highlighted several results, the most important of which were: 1.Most of the study sample items are approvals of the reality of electronic monitoring of women’s leaders in government sectors in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, and the most prominent of them is that women’s leaders assume responsibility when an error occurs due to their work in the place. 2.Most of the study sample items are approvals of the reality of administrative empowerment of women leaders in government sectors in Makkah Al-Mukarramah. The most prominent of which was the ministry’s confidence in the capabilities of women’s leaders to perform their work efficiently. 3.That there is a positive relationship of statistical significance at the level of 0.01 or less between the practice of electronic monitoring and the level of administrative empowerment among women leaders in the government sector in Makkah Al-Mukarramah. The study recommended several recommendations, the most important of which were: Researching the obstacles that limit the level of administrative empowerment of women leaders in government sectors in Makkah and addressing them, and creating an appropriate environment that improves the level of administrative empowerment among women leaders in government sectors in Makkah Al-Mukarramah.

This research examines the relationship between motivational factors, job performance, employee engagement and the impact of motivational factors on job performance function of employee engagement as a mediator in the government sector in the Sultanate of Oman. A quantitative study methodology was used, and six hypotheses were evaluated using 111 representative government employees from the Ministry of Education. This study is a pilot test. This study uses quota sampling, and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and path analysis techniques were used for the analysis. The study's findings indicate that these factors have a favorable association, that motivational factors have significant positive relationships with employee engagement and job performance, and that employee engagement acts as a partial mediator in the relationship between motivational factors and job performance. This study is critical for leaders and regulators interested in enhancing job performance in Oman's public sector. This is one of the few studies on the mediating function of employee engagement in the link between motivational variables and job performance. This is the first research of its kind in Oman for the public sector. Other motivational variables could be examined and evaluated in the private sector in Future research.

This study aimed to describe existing patterns of female pharmacy students' perceptions and their expectations regarding employment, job sectors, salaries, difficulties, and burdens, and to understand students' long-term prospects for employment in the pharmaceutical sector. The second objective was to assess students' perceptions of their careers in the short- and long-term.This prospective survey was conducted on female pharmacy students at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah from January 12, 2013 through January 21, 2013. The survey instrument was distributed online using Survey Monkey and was designed to assess students' opinions regarding employment in pharmacy.A total of 108 students responded to the surveyed. Approximately half reported that they would prefer to work in the government sector (50.9%), followed by the academic field (19.4%). Community pharmacies were underrepresented in the responses. Students' working durations, their preferred working shifts, and their 10-year prospects differed significantly from what was expected (p0.001). Similarly, students' preferences to work specific shifts (p0.001) and their long-term prospects (p0.001) were significantly different from what was expected. Participants perceived community and private pharmacies as the least rewarding in terms of remuneration. Approximately 61.1% of the participants perceived salaries at private hospitals to range between $1865 and $2397/month (p0.001).Female graduates anticipate challenges in the pharmacy workforce, especially in the pharmaceutical sector. Lack of training, job stability, as well as religious and cultural constraints appeared to influence female graduate's decision to join a particular sector in the pharmacy field.

The aim of this paper is to examine the effects of management information system, training and discipline on employees performance at government sector in Jakarta. The questionnaires were administeredto get primary data from 60 persons. Descriptive statistics and path analysis were used to explain the variance in outcome variables. The result shows that there is a significant influence of the variables of management information system, training and work dicipline toward the work performance among the employees, either partially or simultaneously. Partially, variable of management information system indicates the highest influence toward employees performance with R2 = 0,312. Meanwhile, simultaneously the three independent variables determine the highest influence toward variable of work performance with adjusted R2 = 0,469. Keywords: management information system, training, discipline, employees performance

This research aims to clarify the limited income of the research sample members. The family also has a variety of economic resources and is adequate for the family. To illustrate the economic and social effects of limited income on families. As well as assessing the economic and social situation of low- income people. Provide solutions that contribute to addressing the causes of low economic income for low- income people. To achieve the objectives of the research, the descriptive approach was used to interview a certain segment of the low- income community as a sample of research workers in the government sector, in the Directorate of 70 in Sana'a. The sample size was 68 (researched) heads of households. Through the results collected from the field research and analysis area, a number of general results were reached, the most important of which is: the majority of the families of the members of the sample did not depend on a single economic source, but depended on additional economic sources multiple and varied, confirmed by 63% of the total sample, this indicates that A family that does not fully depend on the monthly salary of the state. However, despite the multiplicity of these sources, they are not enough for the individual and his family, because of the high prices. The results also showed that the majority of the families of the sample members could not save any cash for any emergency they might face, accounting for 82% of the total sample.

BACKGROUND: Mothers' perceptions about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are central to the management of the disorder. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, experiences, and attitudes of mothers with ADHD children toward ADHD and identify their common sources of information and service barriers from the perspectives of these mothers in the Dammam, AI-Khobar, and Al-Qatif areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study comprised mothers of 132 children with ADHD who attended private and government sector special education schools and day-care centers in the Al-Khobar, Dammam, and Al-Qatif cities of Saudi Arabia. All the mothers completed self-administered structured questionnaires. RESULTS: About 47% mothers of children with ADHD had poor knowledge of ADHD, 74.2% had a positive attitude toward the condition, and 51.5% had a neutral perception of their children. Most of the children received combined therapy, with 69.5% exhibiting improved behavior. The most common concern of mothers was fear of the side effects of medication (39.4%). The mothers were the first family members to seek advice; the most common reason for first visit to clinic were poor social skills (45.5%), and attention hyperactive aggressive behavior (45.5%). The most common reason for the delay in diagnosis was failure to recognize the child's aberrant behavior (67.4%), whereas the most common source of information was internet (63.6%). CONCLUSION: It is important for clinicians to address the mothers' perceptions of ADHD as part of the treatment for ADHD to improve the children's quality of life. It is also important to develop educational materials and awareness campaigns that target mothers and facilitate good communication between the services through the social media.

Public sector service management model has some characteristics that are different from the private sector. The private sector is based on the choice of the individual in the market. Organizations in the private sector are required to be able to meet the tastes and individual selection decisions to meet each individual customer. Such a state is different from what happened in the public sector. The public sector is not based on individual choice in the market but a collective choice in government. Public sector organizations based on the demands of society is collective. Keywords: Comparative Management With the Government Sector Private Sector

T he study aimed to identify the degree of knowledge of rural working women for the materials of the legal protection of their rights under the Egyptian Labor Law in both the government sector and the private sector in Sharkia Governorate. Determination of the degree of application of the labor sector (governmental - private) to the materials of the legal protection of the rights of working women under the legislation of the Egyptian Labor Law, from the point of view of rural working women,and measure the applied gap between two sector (governmental - private) for this materials in Sharkia Governorate, also determining the factors affecting the degree of knowledge of materials of rural working women in the legal protection of their rights under the legislation of the Egyptian Labor Law, and The degree of the contribution of each of all influencing factors significantly, finally determining the factors affecting the degree of application of the (governmental - private) sector to the legal protection of the rights of rural working women under the legislation of the Egyptian law, and the degree of contribution of each of the factors affecting significantly, in addition to identify the positive and negative effects of working of rural women in the Sharkia Governorate. The study was conducted data on a random sample of women working in the governmental sector and the private sector in the villages of al-Nakhariyya and al-Hajarsah in Sharkia Governorate about 171 researched women by 5% of the total number of women in the labor force in the two villages, the field data were collected by a questionnaire of a personal interview form from the beginning of May to the end of August 2018. The field data were analyzed using several statistical methods: Frequency and percentage, mean, weighted average, Pearson coefficient, “Step Wise”. The study reached several results, which are: (A) The degree of knowledge of rural women working in the governmental sector with the provisions of the Egyptian Labor Law regarding the employment of women is Medium (83.1%), While the degree of knowledge of rural women working in the private sector of these materials is low (58.7%). (B) The degree of application by the governmental sector of the provisions of the Egyptian Labor Law with respect to the employment of women is 89%, while the private sector has a low rate of 96.1%. (C) There is an application gap between the governmental sector and the private sector regarding the application of the legal protection materials for the rights of working women under the Egyptian labor law legislation. This gap is in favor of the governmental sector. (D) There are a four independent variables explain about 68.4% of the total variance in the degree of application of the labor sector to the legal protection of the rights of working women under the Egyptian labor law legislation, these variables as follows: the degree of knowledge of legal protection materials for the social aspects, The degree of knowledge of the legal protection materials for financial fields, the number of training courses and seminars, The degree of women’s self-development and the demand for their rights, In percentages (57.6%), (7.3%), (1.5%), (2%), respectively.

The purpose of this research was to test the role of management commitment in improving financial report quality. This research was quantitative-qualitative study used primary data sourced from the questionnaire on 47 samples. Data analysis used multiple linear regression. The results showed that the implementation of internal control systems had significant positive effect on the quality of financial statements, while the implementation of accounting standards had no effect on the quality of financial statements and management commitments were not strengthening the implementation of internal control systems and the implementation of accounting standards on the quality of financial statements of government sector.

Problem behaviour in Australian schools is a frequent topic of public discourse and media coverage. Educational reports have highlighted concerns in relation to classroom management, student disruption, and disengagement, and government statistics show high rates of student suspension. While educational policies in the state schooling sector promote a proactive approach to behaviour support, with most jurisdictions recommending the uptake of Schoolwide Positive Behaviour Support (SWPBS), the implementation of such policies at the school and individual student levels can be less than optimal. In Queensland, Positive Behaviour for Learning (PBL) is endorsed as the local version of SWPBS, and almost half of Queensland state schools have received training in school implementation of positive behaviour support practices. However, lack of formal systems to support implementation has resulted in inconsistent attention to monitoring and fidelity of implementation. In addition, a tension exists between traditional approaches to behaviour management, with a heavy reliance on exclusionary sanctions for those students with the most challenging behaviours, and adoption of PBL, which emphasises a preventative continuum of behaviour support for all students. This chapter will provide an overview of the current status of positive behaviour support in Queensland state schools and offer implications for future directions.

China’s government debt includes central and local government debts. Among them, central government debt under budgetary management is clearly defined, i.e. outstanding balance of year-end national debt.

The purpose of this study is to report on a survey that was carried out to access the perception of the academic users, and their awareness about the use of e-books at existing level. The survey also seeks to find out the preferences of the users regarding the format for using books. A quantitative approach which employs a survey technique was used to collect information on e-books utilization habit among medical students. Statistical analyses were carried out on the data using Software Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). This study found that most of the undergraduate students have common habits as they read e-books for academic purpose and still preferred to read text books in print format. The factors; such as easy and round the clock access, non-consumption of energy through physical visit to the library and users friendly features offer a comfortable platform for the students to use the reference e-books. However, unreliable service, eye fatigue, requirement of username and password cause to feel uncomfortable with the service. Moreover, the role of librarian is perceived to be an important remedy for all the inconvenience incurred. Only 119 medical undergraduates participated in the study. Furthermore, these students are enrolled in 5th year MBBS in the oldest government sector medical colleges of Lahore. This study is important in terms of obtaining a better understanding of e-books utilization and to provide a rich insight from academic professional to enhance the e-books collection. This is believed to be the first published study about the utilization of e-books by the medical undergraduate students'.

Com base nas semelhanças socioeconômicas e históricas entre 4 dos principais países latino-americanos (Argentina, Brasil, Chile e México), o presente trabalho se propõe a investigar se tal proximidade foi capaz de gerar convergência de renda, absoluta ou condicional, no período de 1960 a 2012. O referencial clássico do modelo de Solow foi adaptado para incorporar o setor governamental, o grau de abertura econômica e, ainda, se o período neoliberal interferiu nessa convergência. Os resultados corroboram a hipótese de convergência, tanto absoluta quanto condicional, consistentes com a presença do Estado nessas economias e levando-se em conta o grau de abertura ao comércio internacional, porém não foram conclusivos quanto à relevância do neoliberalismo no processo.

The main objective of this research is to study the effect of personality, emotional intelligence (EI), affectivity, emotional labor and emotional exhaustion on counterproductive work behavior (CWB) of front line employees in the government sector. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to 625 front line employees working at service counters in 25 ministries in Malaysia. We received responses from 519employees (response rate = 83%). The data was analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The main findings are: (1) personality factors of employees drive their EI, affectivity, emotional labor, emotional exhaustion, and CWB and (2) EI and affectivity impact emotional labor, emotional exhaustion and CWB. Through the integrated model, we have studied the indirect roles of emotional labor and emotional exhaustion. This is one of the few studies that have effectively integrated the five constructs into a single framework to study their effects on CWB. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es estudiar el efecto de la personalidad, la inteligencia emocional(IE), la afectividad, el trabajo emocional y el agotamiento emocional en el comportamiento laboral contraproducente de los empleados de primera línea del sector público. Se diseñó un cuestionario, que se distribuyó a 625 funcionarios de primera línea destinados en ventanillas de 25 ministerios de Malasia. Recibimos respuesta de 519 funcionarios (índice de respuesta del 83%). Los datos se analizaron mediante el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM). Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: (1) los factores de personalidad gobiernan su inteligencia emocional, afectividad, trabajo emocional, agotamiento emocional y el comportamiento laboral contraproducente (CLC) y (2) la inteligencia emocional y la afectividad influyen en el trabajo emocional, el agotamiento emocional y el CLC. Mediante el modelo integrado hemos estudiado el papel indirecto del trabajo emocional y del agotamiento emocional. Se trata de uno de los pocos estudios que han integrado eficazmente los cinco constructos en una estructura única para estudiar sus efectos sobre el CLC. &nbsp

This paper is a review of IBS implementation in Malaysia and Singapore. It investigates the limitations and opportunities in implementation of IBS in Malaysia and Singapore. In Malaysia, Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) defines Industrialised Building System (IBS) as a construction technique in which components are manufactured in a controlled environment (either onsite or offsite), then transported, positioned and installed into a structure with less additional onsite works. Content analysis is the method adopted in this study. Data is collected from books, journal articles, annual reports and newspaper articles. Studies show that IBS contributes many benefits including labour reduction, cleaner and neater sites, easy installation, fast completion, enhancement of quality finished products and flexibility. Construction industries in countries like Singapore and Malaysia have shifted the construction methods from conventional to prefabrication. In Malaysia, Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) is still promoting IBS in the private sector, whereas, government sector has successfully adopted IBS. However, in Singapore, Housing and Development Board (HDB) has implemented prefabrication in its construction industry. IBS has many benefits but with these benefits there are some limitations and hindrances as IBS is not widely adopted. This study highlights the benefits and challenges to overcome for the improvement in the implementation of IBS.

Wynne Godley and Hyman Minsky were two macroeconomists who ‘saw the crisis coming’. This paper develops a simple macrodynamic model that synthesises some key perspectives of their analytical frameworks. The model incorporates Godley’s financial balances approach and postulates that private sector’s propensity to spend is driven by a stock-flow norm (the target net private debt-to-income ratio) that changes endogenously via a Minsky mechanism. It also includes two fiscal rules: a Maastricht-type fiscal rule, according to which the fiscal authorities adjust the government expenditures based on a target net government debt ratio; and a Godley–Minsky fiscal rule, which links government expenditures with private indebtedness following a counter-cyclical logic. The analysis shows that (i) the interaction between the propensity to spend and net private indebtedness can generate cycles and instability; (ii) instability is more likely when the propensity to spend responds strongly to deviations from the stock-flow norm and when the expectations that determine the stock-flow norm are highly sensitive to the economic cycle; (iii) the Maastricht-type fiscal rule is destabilising while the Godley–Minsky fiscal rule is stabilising; and (iv) the paradox of debt can apply both to the private sector and the government sector.

The leverage ratio of non-financial businesses and the government sector in China has been on the rise since the outbreak of the global financial crisis. China’s leverage ratios are not high compared with those in developed countries but substantial implicit liabilities and fast growth of debt indicate considerable potential risks. The rapidly rising leverage ratio is closely connected with such factors as overreliance on indirect financing, low efficiency in the use of funds, large amounts of funds occupied ineffectively because of overcapacity and overuse of monetary and credit policies as instruments. Now the top priority for financial regulators is to resolve the debt issue and prevent systemic financial risks.

This paper describes the first stage of an internal grant provided by the Sultan Qaboos University to conduct a research project exploring the actual readiness of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to adopt a national migration plan to IPv6. Document analysis was used to derive necessary data on steps taken by the Omani concerned authorities to pave the way for the migration process. It was found that the Telecommunication Regulatory Authority (TRA) established IPv6 project 10 years ago. It has issued a circular on ‘The National Migration Plan for Government Sector’ informing all administrative units of the Sultanate about the preparation of the national plan to prepare detailed transition plans to migrate to IPv6 by the end of year 2020. Data on these agencies’ (specifically higher education institutions) response is scarce and unclear. From the literature review, it was found that there is no research dedicated for the Omani HEIs IPv6 readiness. Therefore, next stage of the research project will investigate the actual readiness of HEIs as perceived by their stakeholders including ICT personnel, technical administrators, and senior administrators to implement the next generation of Internet protocol in these institutions.

Services give us more satisfaction for our life, these are visible or not visible but it's provide those satisfaction do not give us more money. In this condition for satisfaction and complete our ambitions banking play an important role for our society and it is a most important institution for our society. The sector plays an important role in economic development of a country. It is a pillar for any strong nation economy. An efficient banking system is recognized as the prime requirement for the overall progress of any nation. The banking system of India is featured by the large network of bank branches, providing more services not only customers but to the nation also. Banks are most important institutions for our financial and non financial requirements. Actually bank provides more facilities for our life. In India networking of bank branches are very large. According to Narsimham committee "Private sector bank should be allowed to be established in India these new private sector banks will complement the overall financial sector reforms". ICICI bank is most popular and second largest bank in private sector. ICICI Bank services provided and cooperated with peoples for his necessity or needs. It is a private bank, so this study based on the various types of services provided by ICICI Bank with private sector comparatively government sectors banks and in this time private banks are very powerful and they give strongly highly facilities and services with competition for government banks. Dr. Pushpa Suryavanshi "ICICI Bank and Services for Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd9411.pdf

The extent to which women in India occupy sufficient and important leadership positions in the government and hold powerful positions in the political system has a direct bearing on the socio-economic and political development of the nation. With this backdrop, we provide a historical review of women’s participation in and contribution to the government sector since Indian independence; present the current political leadership provided by women in India; highlight the initiatives, legislation, and reforms undertaken by the Indian government for promoting women’s leadership in government; discuss the current issues and trends related to women’s leadership in government positions in India; and suggest potential measures to promote and strengthen women’s leadership in the government sector in India.

Effective communication in organization is important to regulate the role of organization, coordination, controlling and evaluation from leader to staff and staff to leader, and miscommunication in information can lead to wrong-decision making and ineffective. This research is aimed to explain the importance of communication and its effect in organization by using the methodology of a simple linear regression. Two-way communication model (vertical and horizontal) proved to be effective within this organization based on the findings in this study. This model helped in reaching effective organization like well-established organization atmosphere, excellent employee performance and job finishing punctuality. The importance of communication in the organization is undisputable consequence. Organizational communication allows the company to obtain a valuable result which is unachievable by any standalone individuals. It is then understood that without cooperation from individuals in the organization, the organizational goal is not achievable. The weakness of this study appeared in the government sector due to the small scope held only in Badan Pendidikan dan Pelatihan office.

The objective of this study was to explore generational differences on work engagement levels of employees in a South African government healthcare institution. The Ultrech Work Engagement Scale measured the participants’ levels of work engagement and it was administered to a random sample size of government healthcare institution employees (n=289). Statistical analyses of the data were conducted and the results of ANOVA indicated that the levels of work engagement significantly differ depending on the employees’ generational cohort or group for the dimensions vigour, dedication and absorption. In terms of contributions and practical implications, recommendations are made regarding proposed organisational development interventions to enhance employees’ work engagement levels in a healthcare institution context as well as to conduct future research.

The present investigation to find out the difference of adjustment between girl students of nursing living in home and hostel. The sample constructed of 160 girl students of nursing, out of which 80 girl students of nursing living in home, 60 from girl students of nursing living in hostel for this purpose of investigation. Adjustment stress scale Bell Adjustment Inventory (BIQ) was administered to measure their adjustment stress level. Scoring has been done as per manual. The data was analyzed by statistical ‘t’ test and correlation. Result was found that, there is significant difference in level of adjustment between girl students of nursing living in home and hostel. There is more adjustment level in the girl students of nursing who living in home then living in hostel. It was also found that, there is no significant difference between level of adjustment between private sector and government sector’s girl students of nursing.

The basic model we have thus far developed offers a comprehensive view of the resource allocation process in a closed economy with or without a government sector. These settings, valuable as they are as learning devices, are nonetheless restricted as far as actual policy applications are concerned. We need to further elaborate the model structure and we will do so next by introducing an external sector—hence opening the economy to trading partners—and by allowing some domestic resources, most notably labor, to remain partly unused. These are two phenomena that cannot be ignored in any economy-wide modeling exercise that wants to be capable of handling real-world issues. Finally, we will discuss a limitation of the present version of the model which is more of an empirical and data related nature and has to do with the fact that the goods demanded by households may not correspond to the goods produced by firms.

The basic Keen model is a three-dimensional dynamical system describing the time evolution of the wage share, employment rate, and private debt in a closed economy. In the absence of government intervention this system admits, among others, two locally stable equilibria: one with a finite level of debt and nonzero wages and employment rate, and another characterized by infinite debt and vanishing wages and employment. We show how the addition of a government sector, modelled through appropriately selected functions describing spending and taxation, prevents the equilibrium with infinite debt. Specifically, we show that, by countering the fall in private profits with sufficiently high government spending at low employment, the extended system can be made uniformly weakly persistent with respect to the employment rate. In other words, the economy is guaranteed not to stay in a permanently depressed state with arbitrarily low employment rates.

The article deals with the concept of CRM in the government sector. CRM is a tool used by the private sector, companies are trying to access to customers not only as a source of profit, but as a business partners with whom they have good relations. In the government sector may consider citizens as customers. The first part of the article is devoted to statistics on complaints from citizens on police work and the second part is devoted to research into the perception of police officers on the issue of complaints.

Section 12 of the Indian Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 (the RTE Act) states that 25% of the entry-level places in all private schools should be free and reserved for students from economically and socially disadvantaged families. The Indian State governments will pay schools a per-child fee based on costs in the government sector, or the actual school fee if that is lower. This substantial funding, and accompanying ideological support, for private sector schools is justified mainly in terms of the need to meet Education for All targets. This article shows that there are many similarities between this scheme and the Assisted Places Schemes that ran in Great Britain from 1980 until 1997. It examines these similarities and differences between the schemes and draws conclusion about the potential effects of the Indian scheme in terms of social justice based on the evaluations of the British schemes.

In this paper I look at the most recent policy attempt to address the intractable issue of inequality in Australian schools, the Review of Funding for Schooling Final Report (2011), colloquially known as the ‘Gonski Report’, or simply ‘Gonski’. I highlight its important insights and some of its analytical limitations. I show how a fixation on sector-by-sector (government, Catholic and independent) analysis and disputation distracts from layers of disadvantage and advantage across all sectors, while also acknowledging that there is a disproportionate concentration of disadvantage in the government sector which must thus be properly funded. I illustrate how socio-educational advantage (SEA) and disadvantage are compounded and how the social segregation between schools on the top and bottom rungs is manifest and with associated problems. As implied throughout, systemic relational analysis, which recognises that educational advantage and disadvantage are mutually constituted is a diagnostic necessity which is...

This paper reports on a survey conducted among more than 800 engineering students at elite universities in China and the USA. Results from the survey reveal that US and Chinese students are roughly equivalent in their desire to form or join start-up ventures. Far more US students, however, plan on actually doing so. In contrast, Chinese students are more likely to join the state/government sector. Our results also reveal a wide gap in perceptions on the availability of financing, mentorship, and other innovation resources. The findings suggest that the innovation ecosystem in China remains underdeveloped in certain important respects.

The authors evaluated the level of Total Quality Management (TQM) adoption in Qatari educational institutions within private and semigovernment institutions. To accomplish these objectives, a literature review was done of TQM adoption in higher education institutions, followed by a survey questionnaire. Data were collected from Qatari educational institutions with SPSS used in performing the analysis. It assessed awareness, understanding, benefits, and progress of TQM implementation based on the 11 critical success factors (CSFs) or essential elements developed in the revisited model of leverage points for a total quality culture transformation. The strongest driving force toward TQM was teamwork while the strongest restraining force was lack of knowledge of TQM principles and its associated tools. The analysis concluded that although there was a low level of TQM implementation, the dominant perception of TQM in general was positive where a culture toward collective consciousness or teamwork was beginning...

Oil income enables generous government sector wage and employment policies in Saudi Arabia. Combined with availability of low-cost foreign labor and rapidly growing working age population, large disparity between government and private sector salaries skews Saudi worker preferences for government sector employment, increases their reservation wages for private sector employment, and results in high unemployment. Initiatives under 2011 Royal Decrees for increased government sector employment and compensation may further exacerbate Saudi unemployment in the longer run. Oil curse in Saudi Arabia is also on persistent and large Saudi unemployment.

This paper investigates the crowding-out effect of public debt and the related loss in the long-run output in the framework of neoclassical growth models. To accomplish this task, we incorporate the government sector into three basic neoclassical models, which differ only in their assumptions about the consumption behavior of households. First, we consider the crowding-out effect of public debt in the Ramsey-Cass-Koopmans (RCK) model with dynamic optimization and the altruistic intergenerational links of households. Then, we drop the assumption of intergenerational links in the Blanchard (1985) model and later the assumption of dynamic optimization as well in the Solow model. Our results show that, contrary to the RCK model, public debt reduces long-run output in the Blanchard model and the Solow model, although to a different extent: the crowding-out effect is marginal in the former, whereas it can be very large in the latter depending on the households’ saving rate and the population growth rate. However, we demonstrate that under the conditions of developed countries, even the upper limit of the output loss triggered by public debt is moderate at best. This conclusion holds even if the output loss resulting from distortionary taxes is taken into account. Our main policy contribution is that according to the neoclassical growth models, the long-run burden of public debt around the current 90 percent average debt-to-GDP ratio seems to be of minor importance in the Eurozone.