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This paper analyses two differing approaches to the improvement of local bus services, using the analytical lens of formal and informal institutions. Both formal and informal institutions govern the behaviour of authorities and operators, but they do it in different ways and they have advantages and disadvantages. In so doing we seek to understand both how the informal institutional approach (e.g. voluntary partnership working) can be used effectively, but also to assess its limits; and to understand why a formal institutional approach (e.g. franchising), in spite of its strong underlying basis in law, may nonetheless not always function. Through doing so, this paper contributes to the current understanding of how to handle the unintended consequences of a deregulated market through the different (formal and informal) ways available.

This chapter examines the British policy towards the North Atlantic Alliance. The United Kingdom has always been unambiguous in its position on NATO. London helped to establish the Alliance in 1949 and ever since has striven to be its most important European ally. In consequence, the United Kingdom has provided a significant material contribution to NATO missions and command and sees itself as at the forefront of debates on NATO strategy and purpose. With rare exception (the case of Scottish nationalism), NATO membership is beyond question in domestic politics—and the Alliance has never obtained the same controversial status as the European Union. UK foreign and defence policies retain pretensions towards global influence, evidenced in the 2021 Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy. High standing within NATO is one means by which that influence is to be exercised. The United Kingdom has also traditionally seen NATO as an essential bridge in its relationship with the United States, and this is even more so after Brexit. For London, transatlanticism is key to the Alliance, but this has, at times, created tensions with Paris and occasionally with Berlin. Overall, the chapter portrays the United Kingdom as being amongst NATO’s most stalwart and reliable allies and predicts that this is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future.

This paper provides a critique of the development of international environmental law, showing the influence of ideologies of classical liberalism, welfarist liberalism and neoliberalism on key legal texts. Sharing the assumptions of critical approaches to law and applying a methodology in line with ideology critique, this paper is aimed at deconstructing the prevailing Western understanding of the positive evolution of international environmental law towards better environmental protection. First, it describes the classical liberal understanding of nature and concepts to address environmental problems before World War II through the example of fisheries agreements. Second, it moves to the influence of welfarist liberalism on international law following World War II, which gave rise to several environmental instruments, especially marine pollution agreements, and later the Stockholm Declaration. Third, it looks at the conceptual shift under the influence of neoliberalism that occurred in the 1990s in the Rio Declaration as well as in the biological diversity and climate change regimes. As the paper shows, instead of changing the problematic understandings of nature in international law, international environmental law relies on these liberal classical understandings and further exacerbates the instrumentalization of nature with the focus on economic rationality, and favouring cost-benefit analysis, deformalization of law, deregulation and self-regulation by private actors, management by experts, and market mechanisms to address environmental problems., Le présent article propose une critique du développement du droit international de l’environnement, en montrant l’influence des idéologies du libéralisme classique, du providentialisme et du néolibéralisme sur des textes juridiques-clés. Partageant les postulats des approches critiques du droit et appliquant une méthodologie s’inspirant de la critique des idéologies, cet article vise à déconstruire la compréhension occidentale dominante de l’évolution positive du droit international de l’environnement vers une meilleure protection de l’environnement. Premièrement, il présente la conception libérale classique de la nature et ses concepts visant à résoudre les problèmes environnementaux avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, à travers l’exemple des accords de pêche. Deuxièmement, il passe à l’influence du providentialisme sur le droit international après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, qui a donné lieu à plusieurs instruments environnementaux, notamment les accords sur la pollution marine et, plus tard, la Déclaration de Stockholm. Troisièmement, il examine le changement conceptuel sous l’influence du néolibéralisme, qui s’est produit dans les années 1990 dans la Déclaration de Rio ainsi que dans les régimes gouvernant la diversité biologique et les changements climatiques. Comme le montre cet article, au lieu de modifier les conceptions problématiques de la nature dans le droit international, le droit international de l’environnement s’appuie sur ces conceptions libérales classiques et exacerbe l’instrumentalisation de la nature en mettant l’accent sur la rationalité économique et en favorisant l’analyse coûts-bénéfices, la déformalisation du droit, la déréglementation et l’autoréglementation par les acteurs privés, la gestion par les experts et les mécanismes de marché pour solutionner les problèmes environnementaux.

With the publication of the latest policy review of ACC, Accident Compensation 1995, the question of deregulating injury insurance in New Zealand has once again come to the fore. Action on ACC legislation, although openly acknowledged by all commentators as a necessity, has been slow in coming due to disagreement about the basic premises of rights, entitlements and institutional arrangements and an uncertain balance of power in Parliament. The present article examines the debates around deregulation and efficiency, the principles of "no fault" and "no right to sue", and the failure of the current regulatory regime.

Uzbekistan’s cotton supply chain experienced a wave of deregulation reforms in the last five years. This paper attempts to assess the process and results of the State-driven transition from the centrally planned cotton sector to private cotton-textile clusters. The article employs secondary data sources to analyse the effects of the deregulation policies descriptively. The study reveals that the deregulation reforms increased productivity in the sector. The reform initiatives also vertically integrated the cotton supply chain from production to marketing. However, the reforms failed to transparently incorporate and harmonise the needs of cotton farmers that grow and sell raw cotton. Consequently, the promises of the State-led deregulation reforms and initiatives are eroded. The article highlights the emerging risks and tensions in the current cotton liberalisation and privatisation reforms in Uzbekistan..

The article defines the priorities of the social policy of Ukraine at the present stage. The socio-economic problems of Ukraine are analyzed, their causes and solutions are identified. It is shown that the main reason for the failures of the socio-economic policy of independent Ukraine is the uncritical attitude of Ukrainian reformers to the consequences of neoliberal policies in other countries, as a result of which foreign experience of socio-economic reforms began to be introduced without taking into account domestic specifics. The decline in the role of the state in socio-economic policy, the increase in the role of private business, the privatization of "everything and everyone" led to a sharp social stratification, an economic crisis, which became a trigger for crises in all spheres of Ukrainian society. One of the fundamental principles of neoliberal economics, deregulation, has also collapsed. It turned out that the market is not efficient in areas in which the business cannot make quick and large profits. The so-called "market failures" demonstrated the need for state regulation in the spheres of education, health care, ecology, etc. Conclusions of the study and prospects for further research in this direction. Thus, if the new government really wants to build a successful country of happy people, it must make social and economic policy its top priority. Its primary tasks at the present stage should be: reduction of tariffs for utilities by eliminating from them the corruption component and excess profits of suppliers; revision of the principles of granting subsidies for utility bills. Exclusion from the number of subsidies of those who do not need state aid, but have a formal right to receive it (they work unofficially); the fight against the shadow economy, with the concealment of income from taxation; reforming the system of wages and pensions; creation of jobs with decent wages; establishing interaction between the state and private business in order to increase the social responsibility of the latter.

У статті на основі аналізу наукових джерел та останніх законодавчих змін досліджуються основні види контролю за використанням та охороною земель в Україні. Проведено деталь- ний аналіз дієвості та ефективності державного та громадського контролю у цій сфері. Автором проаналізовано положення Закону України «Про внесення змін до деяких зако- нодавчих актів України щодо вдосконалення системи управління та дерегуляції у сфері земельних відносин» у контексті внесених цим Законом змін до законодавчих актів щодо регулювання відносин у сфері контролю за використанням та охороною земель. Аргументовано неузгодженість Закону України «Про внесення змін до деяких законодав- чих актів України щодо вдосконалення системи управління та дерегуляції у сфері земель- них відносин» з конституційними принципами формування повноважень органів місцевого самоврядування та участі громадянського суспільства в управлінні державними справами. Обґрунтовано необхідність вдосконалення земельного законодавства України у сфері конт- ролю за використанням та охороною земель в Україні. У результаті проведеного дослідження автор доходить висновку, що прийняття Закону України «Про внесення змін до деяких законодавчих актів України щодо вдосконалення сис- теми управління та дерегуляції у сфері земельних відносин» не усунуло недоліки правового регулювання відносин у сфері використання та охорони земель, зокрема, щодо концентрації в одного і того ж суб’єкта владних повноважень – Держгеокадастру, управлінських, конт- рольних та наглядових повноважень у сфері земельних відносин. У висновках автор зауважує, що перспективою подальших наукових розробок у напряму порушених проблемних питань може бути використання отриманих результатів у наступних дослідженнях для удосконалення правового регулювання відносин у сфері використання та охорони земель для реформування системи державного управління та дерегуляції у сфері земельних відносин.

El proceso de descentralización fiscal en Colombia, determinada por la descentralización hacia el mercado, tiene una relación intrínseca con las políticas de apertura económica que pueden ser rastreadas desde finales de la década de los años 60 del siglo XX, en la que se evidencia como el aumento del gasto derivado de las políticas de descentralización fiscal conllevaron a la adopción de políticas enfocadas en la liberalización y desregulación de la economía. Todo esto en sincronía con la puesta en marcha de la Modernización del Estado en Colombia. Este proceso genera un aumento de la opresión fiscal de corte indirecto y regresivo en el país y una pérdida de derechos del pueblo colombiano a partir de los postulados de eficiencia y eficacia impartida por el mercado, los cuales han evidenciado todo lo contrario al no comprender la descentralización atada a las relaciones sociales, económicas, culturales y políticas en el país que han generado una captura del Estado con procesos de corrupción, detrimentos patrimoniales y baja responsabilidad en la prestación de los servicios públicos y los derechos sociales.

This article investigates the effects of air transport liberalisation on economic freedom and air connectivity, and the extended effects on economic development. A PLS path modelling estimator, applied to annual data for 52 countries over the period 2011–2019, shows that aviation liberalisation promotes economic freedom and improves air connectivity. The results also reveal that the economic contribution of air transport liberalisation varies across African countries and regions, relative to their levels of economic freedom and air connectivity. It is concluded that removing barriers to trade using air transport, combined with institutions that support economic freedom and the quality of air connectivity, may foster countries’ economic development.

The regulation of housing quality has a long history in England. As the state itself increasingly became a housing developer in the twentieth century, design standards were subject to self-regulation. Through this, the idea that housing quality includes minimum dwelling sizes - space standards - has entered public consciousness. The 2010-2015 coalition government introduced suggested space standards through planning control, but also extended the range of 'permitted development' - a form of deregulation - where space standards could not be applied. In this paper we explore the history of space standards in England and what these tell us about planning regulation.

The research examined interest rate deregulation and the performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria for the period of 1989-2020. The objective of the study is to examine the impact of interest rate deregulation on the performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria and to examine the causal relationship between interest rate deregulation and performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The estimation output of the research shows a positive relationship between interest rate and bank performance in Nigeria measured by Total Assets of Deposit money banks in Nigeria. The coefficient of determination (67%) also shows above average explanatory power of the independent variables on the dependent variable. The results of the study show a long and short run relationship between the dependent variable (Total Assets) and the independent variables (Interest rate, inflation rate, loans and advances). The result also shows unidirectional causality between Total Assets and Loans and Advances. The research recommended among others that the CBN should consider not frequently changing the MPR (monetary policy rate) and CRR (Cash reserve ration) which most of the time influence interest rate peg of the deposit money banks.

We develop a microfounded macroeconomic model that embeds the key features of the Greek economy. After calibrating the model to Greek data over 1995–2019, we assume that the economy is initially in the year 2019 and then quantify the adverse economic impact of the lockdown measures taken to control the spread of the pandemic, as well as the implications of the various policy measures (at national and EU level) taken to cushion the impact of the economic hit. We give quantitative answers to questions like: What will be the size and duration of the economic downturn? What are the implications of the national fiscal stimulus? What will be the role of the fiscal transfers coming from the European Recovery Fund? Our results imply that the national fiscal stimulus package adopted so far is helpful but, for the Greek economy to enter an era of sustainable growth, a mix of policies is also needed that combines: (i) a growth-enhancing fiscal mix (ii) product market deregulation (iii) a socially productive use of the resources coming from the Recovery Fund.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the level and forms of advertising in the French telecommunications sector between 1952 and 2002 in order to understand the transformation of the leading organization in the sector and its succesful adoption of increasingly sophisticated practices. The context of increased market orientation is examined to investigate how such practices emerge. Design/methodology/approach Extensive historical study of primary source material and secondary sources was conducted to develop acomparison of three eras. For each era, major changes in relation to advertising and promotional practices are identified along with key contextual elements to understand the relative importance of internal or external influences on the adoption of market-oriented practices. Findings Initially, advertising and promotional practices studied were introduced gradually within the state-run organization (1952–1973). They subsequently became increasingly important and systematic (1974–1985) before finally becoming those of a modern organization (1986–2002) in the competitive sphere. In addition to single institutional messages aimed at either consumer or business markets, more abstract forms of communication were used over time and publicity was increasingly targeted at different segments.The French telecommunications sector was aware of the necessity to engage in advertising and promotional activities prior to the existence of competition in its main consumer market. Adoption of such customer-oriented practices was more pronounced initially in the business segment. Advertising and promotional activities to consumers became increasingly significant as the administration modernized and developed innovative services. This growth in promotion and in its sophistication accelerated within the new competitive environment following deregulation and, in particular, with the growth of the mobile sector. Both the external environment and internal organizational transformations thus need to be taken into account when analyzing growing adoption of advertising and promotion. Originality/value This systematic study of the introduction of advertising and promotional practices in the French telecommunications sector highlights how public organizations can introduce practices linked to market orientation. In the organization studied, the fact that increased advertising and promotional activity was driven by organizational transformation in the second of the three eras studied indicates the importance of investigating internal influences and external factors such as competition.

The banking landscape has undergone a paradigm shift from welfare oriented banking to profit oriented banking over a period of three decades. The deregulation has completely transformed a very complexion of commercial banks in the early nineties. Prior to deregulation syndrome, the customers were given short shrift in the social sector banking era. The customers were made to run from pillar to post to get an ordinary personal loan. Only those who can afford to offer security were made eligible for big ticket loans. The borrowers had to wait endlessly for various types of consumer loans. The customers in the current era of liberalized environment are enjoying the privilege of choosing their banks in terms of various considerations. The main objectives of the study is to examine the current customer relation strategies adopted in Indian Banks, to identify the deficiencies in the existing customer satisfaction variables which lead to Bridge the customers and the bank, to study the difference in perception of the customers of the bank toward various services provided by bank and to analysis the satisfaction level of customer services provided by the bank. The survey reveals that assenters are satisfied in most of the aspects and they want to continue with their respective banks. So now if the banks use proper strategies to overcome the shortcomings faced by customers, the banks can easily build a strong relationship and that will allow the bank to earn profit in the competitive environment.

The aim of the work was to study the current state of domestic legislation of state regulation in the field of licensing the activities of business entities manufacturing veterinary medicinal products and its harmonization with the requirements of the European Union. Materials and methods. The research materials were regulatory and legislative acts, regulations and principles of the state policy of Ukraine connected with licensing the activities of business entities manufacturing veterinary medicinal products, in force from 2015 to the present. To carry out this study, the methods of information retrieval, systematization, analytics, graphic, comparison, and data generalization were used. Results. The article presents the main results of the analysis of the Ukrainian legislation which regulates the production of veterinary medicines and preparations. According to the results of the analysis, it was found that in the period from 2015 to 2018, Ukrainian manufacturers of veterinary medicinal products worked in such conditions that did not require a license for this type of activity. By the decree of the President of Ukraine, the program of sustainable strategic development of the country “Ukraine-2020” was approved which provided for reforms in the format of deregulation and the development of entrepreneurship and excluded the necessity of licenses for veterinary drugs production. Conclusions. Based on the study, it can be concluded that the Law of Ukraine “On Licensing of Types of Economic Activities” dated March 3, 2015 No. 222-VIII was actually aimed at reducing the governmental influence and regulatory pressure on the activities of business entities involved in the production of veterinary medicinal preparations.

Industrialisation in its true sense began in India only after her independence in 1947. It has been a long journey since then. Initially, for about four and half decades since 1947, based on the Import-substitution strategy, Indian industry functioned in a highly regulated and protected environment dominated by the public sector. However, a paradigm shift occurred in India’s industrialisation strategy in the early 1990s as a new policy regime aimed at opening up and deregulation of Indian industry was adopted to facilitate the growth of competition. While the Indian industry has been functioning according to this policy regime for the last three decades, new issues have started to emerge. The paper attempts to unravel the cause and consequence of the process of industrialisation that has unfolded in India over the last seven decades and tries to analyse the challenges confronting the Indian industry at present and suggest the policy initiatives that could tackle them.

The development of the Digital Economy in the last decade has become increasingly prominent and significant. The dynamics and transactions of the Digital Economy span from the corporate to household levels, from local to global scales. The use of advanced information technology in the internet field paved the way for the Digital Economy, especially in the financial or financial realm. This reality is directly correlated with the current of financialization of contemporary capitalism which has strengthened as one of the main features of Neoliberal capitalism since the 1980s.This study seeks to analyze the operation of the Digital Economy in the financial sector such as Venture Capital or Financial Technology within the framework of Political-Economy, particularly through the study of International Political Economy. The author believes that the birth and development of the Digital Economy can be understood in two aspects, namely, first, it is directly correlated with the financialization of global capitalism, especially since the current of Neoliberalism emerged in the decade of the 80s. Financial liberalization and deregulation that started in the United States became the starting point for international economic financialization. Changes to the model of transactions and financial products are a direct derivation of financial deregulation initiated by developed countries and global capitalists.Second, technological development is a reflection of the historical development of capitalism. This means that technology in the Digital Economy has a social character and aims to optimize the accumulation of contemporary capitalism. Digital Economy Technology is not independent of social and economic-political formations or entirely as a result of the inherent creativity of the natural impetus of scientific progress.

Este artículo está dedicado a formular la pregunta: ¿Cuáles son los impactos de los cambios en la educación que las políticas neoliberales están implementando en el Sur Global? En este sentido, también busca investigar cuál es el concepto de Educación en las políticas neoliberales en la actualidad, si todavía es educación lo que proponen estas reformas. También busca establecer caminos para una educación efectiva frente a las políticas neoliberales. Sostiene que el neoliberalismo es una forma refinada de imperialismo que tiene en la educación uno de sus campos más privilegiados de atención: la transformación del acceso a la educación en mercancía. Para responder a la pregunta planteada, se analizan las experiencias de Chile, Brasil y Sudáfrica, países que, de diferentes maneras, se vieron afectados en las últimas cuatro décadas por reformas educativas neoliberales. A partir de la experiencia de estos países, se puede ver que las reformas neoliberales en el Sur Global han creado barreras para que las poblaciones, especialmente las más pobres, disfruten de los derechos formales que habían ganado en el mismo período de la apertura política y el fin del Apartheid, haciendo uso del recurso imperialista de la inculcación de que las reformas mismas comprendieron y comprenden el camino sin retorno de la globalización, el trípode de desregulación, descentralización y privatización, y la transformación de todas las relaciones en productos para obtener ganancias.

A pesar de la importancia que tiene la educación jurídica en el fortalecimiento del Estado de derecho, en Colombia se ha investigado poco sobre este tema. Este artículo se propone ayudar a remediar ese vacío analizando la educación jurídica colombiana a la luz de los casos de Alemania, Estados Unidos y México. El modelo de educación jurídica alemán se caracteriza por una fuerte regulación estatal; el estadounidense, por los fuertes controles por parte de la profesión, y el mexicano, por la desregulación y el predominio del mercado. Colombia tiende a parecerse a este último modelo. El artículo plantea que la actual educación jurídica colombiana no es una fatalidad, sino el producto de opciones concre- tas que elegimos hace décadas. Esas opciones han sido con frecuencia nocivas, pero son reversibles si aprendemos de las lecciones valiosas de los modelos de otras latitudes.

Previous research has illustrated that advocacy organizations play a crucial role in education policy networks by communicating educational reform agendas to public and private stakeholders. In the United States, an inter-state consortium of these advocacy organizations has formed their own network. The Policy Innovators in Education (PIE) network is a formal, centrally coordinated policy network that connects state-level advocacy organizations to one another and to national advocacy organizations, think tanks, and philanthropic foundations. Despite more than doubling in size since 2016, little is known about the policy preferences of PIE members. In this paper, we use social network analysis to identify and describe the ideological dimensions of advocacy that structure the PIE Network and to examine how these ideological dimensions have changed as the network has expanded. We find that the central areas of emphasis among these organizations have coalesced around neoliberal ideologies that promote accountability and standards. However, there is an underlying tension within the network that unfolds along two dimensions. On the one hand, preferences for choice and autonomy (e.g., charters, general choice, and autonomy & deregulation) are contrasted to those favoring equitable funding for low-income schools and early childhood education. On the other hand, members emphasize policies involving factors internal to schools (student interventions, leadership standards and accountability) to those external to schools (e.g., familial support, funding-based equity). These tensions within the network have grown more pronounced over time as the network has expanded to include new members with a more ideological narrow set of market-based policy preferences.

Leveraging from the recent short sales deregulation in China, we examine whether analyst optimism bias increases or decreases in the presence of short sales. We use a novel approach of conducting a textual analysis of research reports to quantify analysts’ negative tone on their covered stocks to proxy for their negative information production and disclosure both pre- and post-short sales deregulation. Using a difference-in-differences approach, our findings suggest that, after short sales deregulation, analysts engage in more negative information production and disclosure as revealed by a more negative tone in their analyst reports. The findings are robust to a battery of checks. Additional analysis suggests that when a covered firm obtains future financing or has high institutional ownership, the extent of negative analyst tone in research reports weakens, indicating that analyst conflicts of interest continue to affect analyst research optimism. Finally, we document that negative information production and disclosure by analysts mediates the impact of short sales deregulation on stock price idiosyncratic volatility and cumulative abnormal return, which suggests the important role of analysts in capital market efficiency.

The article deals with the development of transnational corporations, the creation and development of global interstate transport and logistics, telecommunications, and distribution macrologistic systems. The main driving forces of modern globalization in logistics are presented. The potential of international logistics should be aimed at achieving the strategic goals of firms and creating competitive advantages for their products. For the implementation of global logistics, there are deregulation procedures carried out by many countries to remove trade, customs, transport and financial barriers to the development of international trade, socio-political and economic relations. To successfully compete in global markets, a global company must constantly introduce new technologies and innovative ideas aimed at improving product quality, reducing costs, and meeting customer needs. Transnational corporations are international firms that have their business units in two or more countries and manage these units from one or more centers on the basis of a decision – making mechanism that allows for a coherent policy or common strategy, allocating resources, technologies and responsibilities to achieve the result-profit. Companies have a number of reasons for entering the global market. First of all, this is development and growth at the international level. Secondly, all this happens with the active development and implementation of advanced technologies and production capacities, which in turn leads to the main globalization of companies ' activities. The global market dictates its own conditions, and its participants must optimize their resources (innovations in production and service provision), while not forgetting to minimize costs, in order to successfully compete.

Most literature on market competition in the banking industry neglects to address strategic interaction among banks. This paper studies interaction among Chinese banks by dividing banks into two groups: dominant banks (the “Big 5” state‐owned banks) and small‐ and medium‐sized banks (joint‐stock banks and large city commercial banks). We test an oligopolistic model with conjectural variation developed by Spiller and Favaro (1984). Using data from 2007 to 2016, we find that banking competition is not in the form of Stackelberg competition per se. Some strategic interactions exist between small‐ and medium‐sized banks and the largest state‐owned bank. We also study the effect of interest rate deregulation on oligopolies' strategic interactions. Our results show that interest rate deregulation stimulates banking competition by reducing collusiveness among the dominant state‐owned banks and enhancing the market power of small and medium banks.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess whether oil price shocks emanating from oil price increase and decrease have a different impact on the macroeconomic activity. Design/methodology/approach This study conducts the empirical analysis using structural vector auto-regressive model on Indian data for the period from 1996 to 2017. This paper uses four key macroeconomic variables, namely, real gross domestic product (GDP), the real rate of interest, real money supply, wholesale price index inflation and various linear and non-linear measures of oil price shock. Findings Empirical results confirm that oil price shock has a significant impact on various macroeconomic variables used in the study. Specifically, shocks emanating from a decline in oil price have a stronger positive impact on real GDP, whereas, a shock due to the rise in oil price has a weaker negative impact on real GDP. Impulse responses confirm that shocks due to a decline in oil prices are long-lasting compared to similar shocks due to a rise in oil prices. Therefore, this study concludes that the macroeconomic impact of oil price shock is asymmetric in India. Originality/value This paper adds the following new insights: First, this paper presents a distinct relationship between the growth rate of oil price and GDP during increasing and decreasing phases of oil price to drive home the case for this study. Second, India has adopted crucial administrative initiatives such as deregulation of the market for petroleum products and the promotion of renewable energy during the study period. Finally, previous studies have revealed specific behavioral and economic features of people in India with respect to the demand for petroleum products. In light of these factors, this paper based on Indian experience would be justified.

In this paper the impact of legislation on the GDP growth rate is investigated, both before and after the great economic and financial crisis of 2007-2008. The analysis has been performed using data from the twenty Italian regions from 1995 to 2016. Using several econometric models, the most significant result shows that flows of legislation can push economic growth into a recovery phase of the business cycle, while they should be reduced during recession phases, as they constitute a constraint to economic growth.

PurposeThis case study highlights state-logic influence on hybrid organizations and institutionally complex environments through acts of regulation (and deregulation).Design/methodology/approachThis study presents a 30-year narrative case focused on the significant social achievements of the Bonneville Power Administration within the Northwest United States. It combines the analysis of historical documentation, annual reports issued by the organization and interviews with firm management to observe the wax and wane of regulatory influence through time.FindingsThe presented case suggests two ways regulation projects state-logic influence onto hybrid organizations. First, it imposes a “floor” level of baseline social activity that must be met despite pressure from market logic stakeholders. Second, it imposes formal administrative procedures that require interaction with, and often approval from, key social stakeholders. Administrative procedures provide a series of public forums used to promote additional social resource allocation in excess of baseline regulatory mandates.Research limitations/implicationsA narrative case covering a 30-year period will by necessity have to prioritize breadth of analysis over depth. This is a limitation of the analysis presented, but it also provides an opportunity to observe the oscillating impact of state and market-logic influence through time.Originality/valueThe study findings have several implications for the growing accounting literature on institutional complexity and hybrid organization. First, the authors highlight the ways regulation shapes institutionally complex spaces and, as a result, the hybrid organizations formed within those environments. Second, the exogenous nature of regulatory mandates indicate hybrid firms could emerge as both a voluntary and an involuntary adaptation to institutionally complex environments. Finally, this study highlights opportunities to further one’s understanding how state logics influence hybrid organizations through the study of state-owned enterprises (SOEs).

We examine the impact of sector-based reform on income inequality, concentrating on state banking deregulation in the USA, for which we employ annual balanced panel data from all 50 states and the District of Columbia, covering the period from 1970 to 2000, for our baseline analysis. The estimation strategy exploits the variation across states and years in the enactment of laws that remove restrictions on in-state bank branch geographical expansion and cross-state bank business operational expansion to compute the effects of developments in the financial sector on income inequality. We find evidence that inequality on average decreases with within-state branching reform, whereas it on average increases with between-state banking deregulation. Utilizing five different measures of inequality (top decile income share, Atkinson index, the Gini coefficient, relative mean deviation, and Theil entropy index), we determine that our finding materially depends on which measure of income inequality is being considered. We argue that this has not been stressed in the previous literature.

This article reflects on 30 years of Community Access Radio (CAR) in Aotearoa New Zealand. This sector was championed by the state in 1989 to counteract the radical deregulation of the radio market...

This paper examines the evolution of monetary policy framework in the country. It starts the journey with the establishment of the central bank after the Second World War, when there was still no active monetary policy as the country operated on a fixed exchange rate system and supply-led credit programs. The paper describes the challenges with the implementation of monetary policy reforms in the 1980s, particularly the shift to a “managed float” exchange rate system and the adoption of monetary aggregate targeting framework in the context of deregulation and liberalization. It further discusses the development of monetary policy framework and operations, following the creation of an independent Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas ( BSP ) in 1993, with the primary mandate of maintaining price stability. It provides a narrative on how the monetary aggregate targeting framework was modified to its eventual shift to an inflation targeting ( IT ) framework. It highlights the relative success of IT and discusses the innovative approaches undertaken by the BSP to further enhance liquidity management. Moving forward, the BSP ’s monetary policy framework and operations will likely continue evolving and serving as steady anchors of macroeconomic stabilization. This will be guided by foresight, commitment to action and helpful lessons from the past, in the context of increased uncertainty. JEL classification: E3, E4, E5

Covid-19 is reshaping the domestic workforce. Thousands have lost their jobs throughout this pandemic, and we are seeing a decline in private sector unionism that is unlikely to recover under the current regulatory settings. The implications for democracy are considerable. Using the aviation industry as an example, this article defines industrial democracy, provides an insight into industrial democracy in New Zealand, and argues the case for the regulation of industrial democracy post-Covid-19.

This paper discusses the implementation of five key strategies of reducing dwelling time at ports. The five strategies are deregulation of administrative procedures, availability of infrastructure and port facilities, integration of information technology, quality of services, price and incentive strategies. By using partial least squares method and bootstrapping testing, these five variables are a good fit, reliable, and robust as a factor for reducing dwelling time at the port. However, the implementation at Ports in Indonesia still needs to be improved. Four strategies have been running well and they have a significant effect either directly or indirectly on the decrease of dwelling time, namely deregulation of administrative procedures, availability of infrastructure and port facilities, integration of information technology, dan quality of services. While price and incentive have not been maximized to reduce dwelling time at Ports in Indonesia.

As the military regime of Augusto Pinochet deregulated urban transportation in the late 1970s, controversy flared over a popular mode of urban transit called a taxibus, a small bus with a higher fare than a full-sized bus. This article utilizes newspaper sources to examine the struggles that played out between the taxibus industry, the government, and passengers in the midst of shifting policies. It focuses in particular on controversies surrounding students and youth on taxibuses. The article argues that taxibuses became an object of contention because they occupied an ambiguous space in terms of social class, they displayed the military government’s struggle to provide sufficient transportation and, finally, because bus owners, drivers, and passengers resisted deregulation during this period. This study contributes to our understanding of urban transit in the Global South by shifting attention to small-scale bus entrepreneurs, who occupied an important market in Latin American cities.

Deregulation made by Government Regulation No. 40 of 1995 has intensified the competition in the aviation industry. As time passes by, many airlines implement the Low-Cost Carrier (LCC) concept. The negative effect of these LCC is that aviation companies compete to lower their prices, thus neglecting the safety factor. This research method employed in this research is normative research, whereas the material used is secondary data. The result of this research indicates that airplane ticket prices, especially economy class, are regulated in Ministry of Transportation Decree Number KM 106 of 2019 about The Upper Limit Tariff for Passengers in Economy Class Services for Scheduled Domestic Commercial Air Transport. On the other hand, this ministerial decree has not been able to solve the issues that arise in our society. Authors think that airplane ticket price as one of the essential production branches for the country needs to regulated thoroughly in order to achieve the greatest prosperity of the people in accordance with Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution.

This paper deals with the relationship between neoliberalism and communicative language teaching in language-in-education policy. Neoliberalism, or the deregulation of state based on meritocracy, or equal competition, gives rise to paradoxical discourses. On the one hand, sociolinguistic superdiversity shows us the unprecedented mixing and switching of languages by transnational migrants. On the other, language commodification requires us to use standard or monolingual language forms to access high-paying jobs in the global market. Parallel discourses in communicative language teaching pedagogy that distinguish between weak and strong forms also give rise to monolingual and multilingual language practices, respectively. This paper examines how language commodification and sociolinguistic superdiversity relate to the method-related problem of identity, a tension in the literature between the monolingual language practices of weak communicative language teaching, and post-structuralist language learner identities that are delineated by language. By drawing discursive and epistemic links between language commodification and sociolinguistic superdiversity and weak and strong communicative language teaching, I argue that language commodification emerges as a hegemonic discourse in weak communicative language teaching policy precepts, responsible for the method-related problem of identity. I attribute the discursive hegemony to a positivist epistemic framework that imposes preconceived language structures and identities on post-structuralist language learners in second and foreign language learning through monolingualism. This paper discusses important implications of sociolinguistic superdiversity as a counter-hegemonic discourse in superdiverse communicative language teaching contexts, as well as directions for future research.

The Swedish universal welfare state has transformed since the 1990s into a mixed welfare model with increasing deregulation, recommodification, and reverse distribution from the public to the private sector where capital and influence have concentrated. In major cities such as Stockholm, this has resulted in a polarization where groups in the city centre and residential areas have accumulated wealth and resources while groups in marginalized suburbs and neighbourhoods have faced increasing social exclusion and marginalization. Public sector social work has long focused on individual case work, whereas this development calls for increasing community work initiatives. In this article, we analyse the rise of urban social movements mobilizing for inclusion, influence, and social justice as important aspects of contemporary community work in the Swedish urban periphery. Through analysis of semi-structured interviews with community workers and activists as well as media articles, reports, and web-based materials, the results show how the mobilization of the organization Megafonen has contributed to the development of new social institutions and urban commons.

The article considers the problem of evaluating, on a multicriteria basis, the quality of work of elements of the transport and technological system of the seaport.The method for evaluating the performance indicators of the transport and technological system of the seaport is based on the formation and comparison of a data array of conditional indicators of economic, environmental, social, functional and other types of effectiveness of this system.The management of the international transport system, which is the transport and technological system of the seaport, bears a rather complicated econometric character with the logistic principles of “compromise, non-interference, quality, risks” and others. A simpler is the assessment of quality on a multi-criteria basis using human-machine procedures, which is relevant for evaluating the operation of the transport and technological system of the seaport in modern conditions of deregulation. This is typical for seaports.The human-machine procedure involves the use of two possibilities: the first is reliably necessary and accurate data received from decision makers; the second is the development of an algorithm and program that allows you to speed up the calculations of the necessary estimates and establish estimates of the cost of the quality of work in the transport and technological system of the seaport.Particular attention when using the apparatus of human-machine procedures for calculating the quality assessment on a multi-criteria basis deserves the choice of weight criteria with an assessment of the “importance” of deviations of the cost of the work of a particular element from the indicators in the practice of individual elements of the transport and technological system of the seaport.The quality of work of the elements of the transport and technological system of the seaport should be assessed on a multi-criteria basis at the cost of achieving the value of the corresponding estimated efficiency indicator depending on the value of the cargo.A block diagram of the algorithm has been compiled to accelerate the calculation of the necessary estimated data for establishing an estimate of the cost of the quality of work in the transport and technological system of the seaport, which determines the coefficients of the weight of costs in evaluating the work of its individual elements.Thus, the developed method makes it possible to assess, on a multicriteria basis, the volume of costs, the efficiency and quality of work of any element of the transport and technological system of the seaport in uncertain conditions, especially when deregulating cargo transportation, as well as to outline and develop specific measures to improve the estimated performance of this system.

Fil: Bohoslavsky, Juan Pablo Raimundo. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Rulli, Mariana. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios sobre Derechos, Inclusión y Sociedad. Río Negro, Argentina. This reflection considers recent United Nations’ normative developments in international human rights law and their potential to assess, with a gender perspective, retrogressive economic policies being promoted by International Financial Institutions (IFIs) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Orthodox and androcentric economic policies, such as structural adjustment, austerity, privatisation and deregulation of labour and financial markets, normally have devastating effects on women’s rights. Yet, the financial responses with which IFIs are trying to help states manage the effects of the pandemic seem to continue promoting those androcentric economic policies. This piece concludes that ex ante human rights and gender impact assessments of multilateral loans’ conditionalities should be conducted and that women’s participation in this process as well as access to adequate quantitative and qualitative data to understand the differentiated effects of those economic policies on gender equality, are crucial. These reflections were born out of the authors’ own family and country challenges.

During the recent Great Recession (2008–2018), Greece has become the prototype example of the implementation of austerity policies in Europe. Contrary to public discourse, these austerity policies were complemented by substantial labour market reforms that promoted employment and wage flexibility. This article aims to present a theory-driven understanding of the implementation and the effects of these reforms. For this purpose, we employ a qualitative study consisting of semi-structured interviews with 50 labour market experts—government officials and labour lawyers, academics, labour union representatives and employer association representatives. Using Thelen's framework on the Varieties of Liberalization, we conclude that, contrary to the initial aims of the reforms, Greece followed a trajectory of direct deregulation, reducing considerably the level of both coordination between employers and workers, and coverage of employment protection. The interviews show that the dismantling of collective bargaining system was the most decisive move in this path.

On 26 October 2019, the 14th session of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People’s Congress passed and promulgated the Cryptography Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the “Cryptography Law”) which shall be effective as of 1 January 2020. Prior to that, the rules of high legislation hierarchy on cryptography administration could be traced back to the Regulations on the Administration of Commercial Cryptography (hereinafter referred to as the “Regulations”) promulgated by the State Council in October 1999. Thereafter, the State Cryptography Administration and the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Cryptography Law of the People’s Republic of China (Draft for Comment) and the Cryptography Law of the People’s Republic of China (Draft) (hereinafter referred to as the “Cryptography Law (Draft)”) respectively on 5 April 2017 and 5 July 2019. The Cryptography Law which is based on the Cryptography Law (Draft) and has improved the same fills the long-standing legal gap in the field of cryptography and is the first comprehensive law on cryptography administration in our country. By comparing the following articles, we will analyze the main changes of the Cryptography Law against the Regulations and the Cryptography Law (Draft) and its connection with the existing relevant laws and regulations, so as to show the evolution of China’s cryptography regulatory system and its approaches of “regulation” and “deregulation”.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the meaning of mandatory requirements as the subject basis of control and supervisory activities and a factor in the effectiveness of economic activities. Design/Methodology/Approach: In order to achieve this goal in the work is, use the following general and private-scientific methods: dialectical, logical, systematic and comprehensive analysis, comparative -legal, legalistic. Findings: The article examines the questions of the legal structure of mandatory requirements. The necessity of isolating this legal phenomenon in the general architectonics of legal regulation of control and supervisory activities, as well as in the general array of peremptory norms in order to ensure the legal certainty of the subject basis of control and supervisory activities, is substantiated. The paper defines the content and main characteristics of the mandatory requirements. As a result of the study, it is concluded that there is an active process of formation of legislation on mandatory requirements as a component of the general system of legislation on control and supervisory activities. Practical Implications: Improving the legal mechanisms of control and supervision of production will allow to achieve the improvements I have the relationship of government and business, reducing excess pressure on legal entities of different legal forms of ownership and individual entrepreneurs. Originality/Value: The findings, made by the results of this study, will contribute to improve the effectiveness of the protection of rights and legal interests of business entities during the supervisory activities subjects of public administration.

This article analyses the inherent conflict between public and private interest from a long time-perspective, using the example of Sweden from 1620 to 2000. The main argument is that there have been two equally decisive historical shifts in the political discourse on how to organize public services in the past: First, a shift from an early modern patriarchal discourse to a more expansive articulation of publicness during the nineteenth century. Second, a shift toward privatization and deregulation in the late twentieth century. Both these shifts must be considered to fully explain the changing forms of public organization up to the present day. Theoretically, the concept of “publicness” is used to explain the political discourses on the organization of public services. Drawing on three discursive chains, the argument is that the political development was affected by the politicians’ conception of the political community, the form of organization, and by perceptions of values such as equal access and modernity. Our results demonstrate how and why political arguments for or against private service providers have motivated profound changes in the way public services are perceived of and organized.

Using a sample of 197 commercial banks operating in the MENA region, this paper examines the impact of competition on bank profitability and risk-taking, during the period 2011–2018. To assess competition, we have used both market structure-based and non-market structure-based indicators. Results indicate that competition would impact differently banks’ profitability and risk-taking. On the one hand, an increase in competition seems to hurt banks’ net—interest margin and loan quality, but on the other hand, the competition seems to enhance banks’ ROA and ROE. In line with existing literature, we suggest that competition reduces interest-based income, and increases bank fragility, but it seems to enhance the development of new non-interest-based activities, improving hence the overall banks’ profitability. We argue that our findings would contribute to the current debate on the effectiveness of the deregulation reform initiated in several MENA countries and help to resolve the trading-off between competition and bank stability.

This article introduces a special issue on economic systems and everyday abuses of labour rights. In recent decades, neoliberal policies have transformed both the world economy and the world of work. Hard-won rights and protections have been eroded by deregulation, outsourcing, and subcontracting. New forms of unstable, isolated, and insecure work have emerged. This introduction examines the driving forces behind the increasing prominence of precarious work, the accelerating role of migrant labour within global economic systems, and the political relationship between everyday abuses and forms of severe exploitation which have recently come to be defined as human trafficking and modern slavery. We argue that a singular focus upon individual cases of extreme exploitation is unlikely to be effective, and can also draw attention away from the larger systems, interests, and abuses that are associated with the smooth and regular operations of the global economy. We also suggest that at least some of the energies which have recently been expended debating the contentious category of ‘modern slavery’ could be usefully redirected towards lower profile interventions concerned with worker and migrant rights. There are never going to be simple or straightforward solutions to labour abuses, so it is necessary to take many bumpy paths simultaneously, with small steps forward and some steps backward.

Spain underwent two major labour reforms in 2010 and 2012 under the assumption that deregulating the labour market and decentralizing collective bargaining would automatically reduce unemployment (deregulation hypothesis). This article highlights the impact of demand and the sectoral structure of the economy to explain the behaviour of this variable (structural hypothesis). Analysing subnational panel data, the authors assess the capacity of these two hypotheses to explain unemployment trends. Their results cast doubt on the deregulation hypothesis and indicate the importance of cyclical and structural factors.

This paper reviews the retail interest-rate-control deregulation in China over the 1993-2015 period and provides a preliminary assessment of the PBC's replacement monetary framework. I show that the interest-rate controls triggered the development of deposit substitutes that banks used to circumvent the restrictions, which in turn drove deposits out of commercial banks.This gave rise to concerns about deterioration of bank profits and build-up of financial frangibility, which have pushed up the PBC's deregulation acceleration over the post-2012 period. I quantify the distortionary effects of these controls: disintermediation, a rising shadow banking system and financial repression. Despite the official lift-off of the controls, the retail interest rates are still subject to the PBC’s window guidance and other pricing mechanism guidance. The interest-rate corridor does not function well in confining money market rates. This suggests that the PBC adopt a target money market rate system.

In response to debates on emergent and rogue forms of urbanism that are reshaping the African city, this article examines the night-time leisure economy as one particular social context in which the tensions and opposition between regulation/deregulation and informality play out. This article shows how ideas that centre on Northern entertainment spaces and drinking venues (bound with policy initiatives to reposition the city) have come to inform policy initiatives to regulate working-class public spaces in South African cities with the objective of controlling unruliness. Through a case study of informal and illegal drinking venues in Sweet Home Farm, a slum settlement in Cape Town, we provide an insight into the ways in which people seek to reclaim social space and impose their own vision of the creative city. The article demonstrates that while illegal drinking venues can be imagined as ?unruly, unpredictable, surprising [and] confounding?, they are characterized by a responsive agility to the social, cultural and physical environment. We argue that the capacity and tenacity of informal drinking venues to adapt to regulatory pressures present a range of possibilities for reimaging the night-time leisure economy in ways that are inclusive of the poor and conducive to negotiation.