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The English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ levels of attention and meditation as well as brainwaves while interacting with an interlocutor in three different second-language (L2) socializati...

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the feedback designed based on EEG (electroencephalography) signals contributes to an individual's creative performance in an immersive virtual reality setting. Two specific forms of feedback were used. The first one was “reminder feedback,” given when brainwaves indicated the participant's attention was not concentrated. The second one was “encouraging feedback,” given when brainwaves indicated that the participant's attention was very concentrated. Sixty high school students were randomly assigned to participate in an open-ended design challenge in an immersive virtual reality setting. Twenty (N = 20) participants received no feedback; twenty (N = 20) participants received reminder feedback; and another twenty (N = 20) participants received encouraging feedback. Findings showed that the participants who received reminder feedback had higher-quality creative products than those in a group with no feedback or encouraging feedback. In addition, EEG feedback also had an impact on the participant's attention and flow state. These findings are discussed in terms of feedback impacts, study limitations, and future research directions.

Future digital lives are predicted to extend beyond mobile smart phoneswith devices appearing as standard eyeglasses having settings for Extended Reality (XR).Thiswill be so that what one really experiences and what is computer-generated will be so tightly mixed together that a person will not be able to distinguish between what is real and what is an illusion. Rather than sliding a finger across a touch screen on a smart phone, it will be possible to make things happen by moving our eyes or by brainwaves. Talking with someone or playing an online game will involve seeing that person in the same room and being able to touch and feel him/her via tactile technology. XR will be used in a variety of education situations with head mounted displays (HMDs) in classrooms for all children and also in home environments where those being educated have their own headset and system; medical students and surgeons will be educated in practical skills by using virtual humans rather thancadavers; oilrig and wind-farm workers will understand how to handle maintenance, repairs, and emergencies, before they ever leave the home office (Abridged from original call for chapters for this book). This chapter reviews texts selected for this volume on Gaming, VR, and immersive technologies for education and in training. It begins with a brief introduction text speculating impact related to well-being.

Participants’ feelings and impressions utilizing electroencephalography (EEG) and the effectiveness of code are compared for different types of programming sessions. EEG information is obtained as an alternate viewpoint during three programming sessions (solo, pair, and mob programming). MindWave Mobile 2 (brainwave detector) is equipped to collect the attention levels, meditation levels, and EEG brainwaves. These data are utilized to distinguish efficiencies, weaknesses, and points of interest by programming session. The results provide preliminary information to distinguish between the three sessions, but further studies are necessary to make firm conclusions. Additionally, alternative methods or systems are required to analyze the collected data.

Affective personality traits have been associated with a risk of developing mental and cognitive disorders and can be informative for early detection and management of such disorders. However, conventional personality trait detection is often biased and unreliable, as it depends on the honesty of the subjects when filling out the lengthy questionnaires. In this paper, we propose a method for objective detection of personality traits using physiological signals. Subjects are shown affective images and videos to evoke a range of emotions. The electrical activity of the brain is captured using EEG during this process and the multi-channel EEG data is processed to compute the inter-hemispheric asynchrony of the brainwaves. The most discriminative features are selected and then used to build a machine learning classifier, which is trained to predict 16 personality traits. Our results show high predictive accuracy for both image and video stimuli individually, and an improvement when the two stimuli are combined, achieving a 95.49% accuracy. Most of the selected discriminative features were found to be extracted from the alpha frequency band. Our work shows that personality traits can be accurately detected with EEG data, suggesting possible use in practical applications for early detection of mental and cognitive disorders.

We investigate the regulation of human brain arousal in the central nervous system and its synchronization with the autonomic nervous system affecting the facial dynamics and its behavioral gestalt. A major focus is made on the sensing observable during natural human eye to eye communication. Although the inner state of the autopoietic system is deterministic, its outer facial behavioral component nondeterministic. Beside the introduction of general validity of the classical empirical interpretation of the vigilance continuum during open eyes, we show that the facial behavior can be used as suitable surrogate measurement for specific states of mind. As a consequence we predict brainwaves from face videos formulated as inverse problem of the underlying stochastic process. Finally, we discuss the impact and range of application field.

This study aims to create a neurofeedback system and observe whether wearing this system assists participants in consciously changing their state of mind. Brainwaves are produced by synchronized electrical pulses from masses of neurons communicating with each other. Through the use of a Neurosky Electroencephalogram (EEG) biosensor, we can detect the brainwaves that result from neuron activity. Attention and meditation levels are two significant examples of brain activity that are reflected by the human body. Our neurofeedback system can monitor attention and meditation levels that humans are normally unable to sense. The Arduino-medium-developed program records brainwaves as attention and meditation values (eSense meter value). In addition, we constructed a vibration system that provided realtime notification to notify participants when their state of relaxation or concentration changed. With appropriate training, users of the neurofeedback system can develop strategies to control their state of mind successfully. [4]

This article reports the study on the brainwaves patterns between the activity of reading the Arabic and reading Malay text among the final year undergraduates in the university of Malaysia Sarawak. Three students volunteered for the research and their brain waves were observed and recorded to find out the difference of brainwave pattern while reading Arabic and Malay language. The observation showed a dominant production of delta followed by theta while reading Arabic and Malay language. The text used for reading were from Verse 36 (Arabic and the translated version in Malay ) of the Quran. The average mean of delta wave were higher for the reading of Arabic language at the frontal lobe than while reading the Malay translation. The frequency of delta rhythm of the Arabic language differed from the Malay language due to the nature of the Arabic language. The neural circuits of the rhythm from the Arabic recitation implicates not on just the spatial visual area at the parietal lobe but also the visual eye movement at the frontal region guided by the Visual system at the Medial temporal area. Keywords: EEG, Quran, Brain waves, QEEG.

We developed a game-based training system to analyse and improve the reading ability of children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). A fairy tale-based interactive narrative is used as an intervention strategy in the behaviour training system, which collects brainwaves and motion-sensing data during treatment. The system includes fairy tales as well as attention and behaviour-related tasks coupled with a brain-computer interface (BCI) and motion-sensing technology. The treatment for the children (N = 5) diagnosed with ADHD was performed for five weeks on a weekly basis, comprised of one 20-minute long adaptation session and four 40-minute long sessions. For the quantitative analysis of the treatment, pre- and post- KNISE-BAAT and general reading questionnaires were administered. Sensing data was also recorded. In-depth post-interviews were conducted after the completion of the treatment programme for qualitative analysis. The paired-samples t-test on both reading comprehension te...

The overuse of smartphones is increasingly becoming a social problem. In this paper, we analyze smartphone overuse levels, according to emotion, by examining brainwaves and deep learning. We assessed the asymmetry power with respect to theta, alpha, beta, gamma, and total brainwave activity in 11 lobes. The deep belief network (DBN) was used as the deep learning method, along with k-nearest neighbor (kNN) and a support vector machine (SVM), to determine the smartphone addiction level. The risk group (13 subjects) and non-risk group (12 subjects) watched videos portraying the following concepts: relaxed, fear, joy, and sadness. We found that the risk group was more emotionally unstable than the non-risk group. In recognizing Fear, a clear difference appeared between the risk and non-risk group. The results showed that the gamma band was the most obviously different between the risk and non-risk groups. Moreover, we demonstrated that the measurements of activity in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes were indicators of emotion recognition. Through the DBN, we confirmed that these measurements were more accurate in the non-risk group than they were in the risk group. The risk group had higher accuracy in low valence and arousal; on the other hand, the non-risk group had higher accuracy in high valence and arousal.

Biogeometry is the patented science of using the energy of shapes and forms to qualitatively make a balance between the biological energy systems and accommodate their interactions with the environment. Balancing the activities of daily life, attaining harmony with our environment, humanizing modern technology, and incorporating science and spirituality are the work of the science of biogeometry. The research in biogeometry was and still is mainly dedicated to the development of a new form of architecture that would improve the human biological system. In this context, the current study aims to develop a scientific approach to investigate the influence of the geometric forms and construction materials of the architectural spaces on the users’ brainwaves and then on their consciousness status which is considered as the main controlling factor in human bioenergy. Trying to consolidating the theoretical views of this effect to be measurable scientifically, the study is based on using a numerical analysis based on a computerized simulation. The results of this study show different influences based on geometric forms and construction materials. The study is carried out using CST Microwave Studio to identify the resonance frequency occurred inside different geometric forms with different construction materials, and then distinguish the related user’s brainwaves which influence his/her consciousness status. This may assist architects and designers in identifying appropriate geometric forms to suit the required uses and functions that need particular consciousness statuses.

Appearance of products is an important topic when they have similar quality.Consumers thoughts obtained from their brains can grasp their actual preference.Consumers brainwaves are used for the analyses and judgments of their preference.Partial least squares are used to ensure tests accurately meet consumers thoughts. With the competition expansion of consumer markets, product appearance becomes important topics when the products, which consumers make decisions to select, have similar quality and content. Hence, enterprises and companies spend a lot of time and money, and pay more attention to enhance product appearances to further attract other consumers. In comparison with using only questionnaires, obtaining consumers thoughts directly from their brains can accurately grasp their actual preference. Undoubtedly, it can provide effective and precious decisions for enterprises and companies. In this study, consumers brainwaves integrated with mental tasks are extracted through a wearable, portable, wireless electroencephalography (EEG) device. The extracted EEG data are then trained using perceptron learning to make the judgments of integrated mental works well for each subject. They are then applied to the analyses and judgments of consumer preference. Finally, questionnaires are also used as the references on the training process. They are combined with brainwaves data to create a prediction model that can significantly improve accuracy. The partial least squares are used to compare the correlation between different factors in the model and ensure the test can accurately meet consumers thoughts.

We propose the use of SSVEP (Steady State Visual Evoked Potentials) in such a way as to cause the eye itself to function as a camera. By recording brainwaves in response to flickering visual stimuli, we read the “mind’s eye” and are able to successfully reconstruct a visual image of subject matter that a person is looking at. In addition to causing the eye itself to function as a camera (see Fig 1), we also propose a new way to visualize and photograph human vision and human perception, i.e. a new way to see and understand human vision. This new “meta-vision” (vision of vision) has many applications in healthcare, from testing human vision to furthering our understanding of the brain.

The purpose of this study was to study the use of Neurosky Smarter Kit in brain exercise training program on both attention and meditation levels’ changes in elderly. The sample of this study were nine participants, which were four men and ten women, aged 61-84 years old. All participants were measured their attention and meditation levels by Neurosky Smarter Kit prior to the brain training program. During the training, should any participant could not proceed to the next session, he/she was measured their attention and meditation levels again. They were allowed to break for fifteen to thirty minutes or as much as they needed. Then, the second brain training was done and that participants were measured their attention and meditation levels again. The result showed that attention and meditation levels were gradually increased with no statistically significant. Both theta and alpha brainwaves were increased statistically significant.

The objective of this study was the study of brainwave activity and cognitive performance by meditation yoga. Study design was experimental design. This study compared the brainwaves of healthy people both before and after practicing by meditation yoga. Samples consisted of ten healthy people with no history of illness, no brain disease, never attended brain surgery. By conducting electroencephalogram (EEG) measurement by the NeuroSky Smarter Kit through the program “MindWave Mobile” showed average level of meditation and attention. Participants also practiced 21 meditation postures yoga program. The results revealed that the post-test scores of all ten healthy people that practiced with 21 meditation postures yoga program had meditation and attention score higher than before training with significant difference at 95% confidence level.

Stress is easily stimulated and affected various systems in the body both in the short and long term such as high heart rate, high blood pressure, high frequency (if brainwaves), low immune and lead to chronic disease and degeneration of the body. These finally increase mortality rate. Stress factors can be found in general such as characteristics, relationships, pollution, workload, consumption behavior and inadequate resting. Easy way to stress solving that no cost, not limit in place and time and familiar with Asia people for 5,000 years ago is mindfulness. Nowadays, there are many ways and many names but with the same purpose of being conscious, not being susceptible to various factors that are constantly stimulating. Now, there is another way that interesting called Dynamic Meditation. So, this study was measured brain waves before and after practiced Dynamic Meditation in eight participants those who used to practice Dynamic Meditation at least 1 month. The result showed delta brain wave, theta brain wave and alpha brain wave increased after practiced with Dynamic Meditation $(\mathrm{p}\lt0.05)$. These brain waves indicate the ability to reduce stress, in and restoration at the cellular level.

This paper explores "You Are the Ocean," an interactive art installation where a participant's brainwaves control a projected ocean simulation. Using an EEG headset, the approximate attention and meditation levels of the participant are measured. As the participant increases her attention and focus, the ocean and sky become stormier. When the participant calms her mind, the ocean too becomes calm. This paper describes the concept, implementation, and participant interaction surrounding the installation. While many existing artworks have used EEG headsets, "You Are the Ocean" is novel in its use of interactive, photorealistic real-time rendering to communicate the intrinsic connection between humans and the planet.

Differences in baseline electroencephalogram (EEG) activity have been found among long-time practitioners of meditation (3+ years) in comparison to novice meditators ( KEYWORDS: EEG, electroencephalogram, brain, yoga, mindfulness, alpha, beta, meditation, OHM

Consumer virtual reality (VR) is a relatively new mass technology that needs to be explored further so we can understand how it affects players from a psychophysiological perspective and how it differs from a common display during gameplay. One aspect of VR gameplay that is particularly underexplored when it comes to psychophysiological data is viewing perspective. This research aims to assess and analyse how players' brainwaves correlate to their subjective feelings when playing in first-person and third-person viewing perspectives in VR. We report the findings of an experiment in which participants play a game in VR under first-and third-person perspectives and have their EEG data recorded. Our findings indicate that some waves correlate to subjective feelings regardless of viewing perspective, whereas others are more reliant on which perspective the gamers are playing in (e.g. Alpha). The results of this research are applicable to the design of VR games, especially those aimed at improving players' health.

Several decades ago, attention was directed to biometrics as an alternative to passwords that can be discovered or 'shoulder surfing' by others. Various authentication methods have been provided that rely on the user's biometrics, such as a fingerprint of a face, iris, voice, and others. Unfortunately, ways were found to imitate these visible fingerprints for using them in penetrations. Therefore, many researchers were interested in studying the possibility of using brainwaves for authentication purposes, as relying on hidden vital features increases the difficulty of breaking and imitation. This paper presents an analytical study of the proposed brainwave-based biometric authentication systems. It provides a comparison of signal acquisition methods for the brainwave-based authentication system. Also, the paper classifies brainwaves using its relevant features. It also presents the phases of the brainwave-based authentication system. Finally, it provides a detailed discussion of several factors that affect the accuracy of the brainwave-based authentication system results, and evaluate the compatibility level of the brainwave with the biometric requirements.

The study focuses on the effect of Horizontal Rotation (HR) intervention on the brainwaves and sleeping quality. HR system is a custom-engineered rotating bed, designed to relax the physical body and to synchronize the electrical activity of the brain. It is known to enhance sleeping quality which resulted in a more relax and focus condition leading to healthier lifestyle. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is used to measure the brainwave electrical activity after being picked up by the metal electrodes connected at the scalp surface of a human. The brainwave signal is recorded before and after the intervention of HR undergoing for three sessions. The result shows that most participants experienced an improvement in sleeping pattern and sleeping quality. In addition, participants achieved higher Beta and Alpha brainwaves showing better focus and relaxation.

The project MKULTRA was quite notorious as the mind control program conducted covertly by the CIA in the 1950s and 1960s. The Subproject 119 was one of their researches, though it was uniquely focused on the electromagnetic means, comparing to the others dominated by the chemicals employed to control the subject’s mind. This project was conducted by two doctors specialized in the brain research field with EEG analysis, identified as Drs. Mary Brazier and Ross Adey at the Brain Research Institute of UCLA in those days. They had articulated several research goals when subsidized as the MKULTRA Subproject, one of which was an activation of human organism by remote electronic means. They had already realized that the brain irradiates extremely low frequencies with respective activities, whose brainwaves could be manipulated electromagnetically. Having said that, the project was mainly purposed to publish some books surveying for the advanced technologies related to the brain electromagnetic function. There was no technological development to control the human mind until the end, though it is necessary to be noted that the CIA has had an intention to manipulate the human being remotely for their intelligence gathering since then.

The surfeit of new technologies, research and methods about the human brain raise concerns around issues of privacy, surveillance, autonomy and consciousness. Do our electroencephalograph, functional magnetic resonance imaging and other biometric data really contain the essence of who we are and what we think? How will this data be used for security identification, thought reeducation, manipulating memories and identifiers called ‘brainotypes’ or ‘brainfingerprints’? If cognitive processes can be monitored and harvested, how do we prepare for this new frontier of surveillance? Artists and musicians have been experimenting with brainwaves since the 1960s. Currently, new types of consumer-grade brain sensors are used for artistic exploration. The idea of the cyborg has given way to the age of human–machine augmentation, with the brain as the next site-specific performative space. What kind of dramatic structures, interventions, methods and contexts will work when the brain itself drives the performance expe...

In the era of wireless communication, WiFi becomes an indispensable accessory to most of us. People use WIFI to interact with the wireless Internet, perform commercial and financial transactions, or conducting recreational activities, etc.Though it offers a more convenient life to people, the strong Electromagnetic waves(EMW) resulted from it endangers human health, that has already turned out to be the primary study for medical science. Furthermore, EMW also attracts concern and panic of the inhabitants living in the surroundings which is filled with high-frequency and low-frequency EMwave. EMW today comes from broadcast towers, the system of the wireless communication, GPS, TVs and defense satellites mostly. Enjoying the convenience resulted from communication technology, people nowadays should also concern about whether EM wave would damage people’s health at the same time. Based on the perspective of cognitive neuroscience, this study mainly focuses on how EM wave produced from WiFi affects subject’s brainwaves under a specific physiological situation. The researcher observes different changing of brainwave when human beings expose in various strength of EM wave, and analyses the affection of EMW toward subject’s brainwaves.

It is challenging to quantitatively evaluate the effect of music on human mind. In this paper, effect of music on human mind is studied using brainwaves. Changes in alpha and beta brainwave signal patterns are analyzed for meditation and attention states. Parameters mean, standard deviation and normalized standard deviation are used. First, the effect of 8 different music genres on states of human mind is studied. Next, the effect of music genre selection, i.e., with the subjects choice or random selection is also studied. Effect of classical music is highest for meditation state, across 15 subjects. It indicates quantitatively the effects of classical music on calming the mind and leading to meditation. Average meditation levels are also higher for preferred music for both male and female subjects. It infers that the preferred classical music helps leading the human mind to meditation state faster than the attention state. The study can help studying other affective states as well.

Music is known to affect different states of the human mind, for example, in calming one's mind and leading to a blissful state. In this study, the effect of music on the states of human mind is examined by observing the changes in the alpha and beta brainwaves patterns. These changes are compared for ‘attention’ and ‘meditation’ state of mind. An electroencephalograph was used to record the brainwaves. Three experiments are carried out in a controlled environment. First, the effect of binaural beats, i.e., perceptual beat frequency created in human mind by the differential of two audio beats played to human ears, is examined. Secondly, the effects of 8 different music genres on states of mind are examined. Lastly, the effects of classical music of 5 different eminent musicians are examined. Parameters mean, standard deviation and normalized standard deviation are derived, for carrying out the comparative analysis of attention vs. meditation state. Results indicate larger effect of classical music for meditation state of mind, than for attention. The study reveals that classical music indeed helps in achieving relaxed or meditative state of human mind.

When people are tired, their conscious activities are sluggish and slow brainwaves predominant in their brains. More specifically speaking, the health of a human body may be affected, and chances of accident may arise due to the lowering of ones’ alertness as a result of the reduction of activity in cerebral cortex. In this study, by means of a portable electroencephalograph machine and brain-computer interface, the brainwave of bus drivers were measured for their fatigue quality. The results indicated that through the empirical formula proposed, we were able to measure people’s fatigue state with a result comparable to sophisticated medical instrument.

9th International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence, ECAI 2017, 29 June 2017 through 1 July 2017, Neurons use electricity in order to communicate to each other. Due to numerous signals sent by neurons, there are oodles of electrical activity in the brain. Sensitive equipment like electroencephalogram (EEG) biosensor perceives the brainwaves emanated from neurons. Beta waves are responsible for problem solving or decision making and associated with attention. Alpha waves are associated with now and meditation. Neurosky EEG biosensor perceives the brainwaves and transforms these brainwaves into attention and meditation values. In this study, Neurosky EEG biosensor is used for measuring the attention and meditation levels of students. A program is developed in C# medium. The developed program records raw brainwave data, attention and meditation average while the students are studying. As the attention and meditation levels are high, the students learn the subjects in the course. If predetermined meditation and attention level are not caught, the developed program does not give permission to pass to another subject. Because of that the students have less meditation and attention average than the predetermined value; they get fewer grades in the exam. © 2017 IEEE.

The film industry has been a major factor in the rapid growth of the Indian entertainment industry. While watching a film, the viewers undergo an experience that evolves over time, thereby grabbing their attention. This triggers a sequence of processes which is perceptual, cognitive and emotional. Neurocinematics is an emerging field of research, that measures the cognitive responses of a film viewer. Neurocinematic studies, till date, have been performed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); however recent studies have suggested the use of advancements in electroencephalography (EEG) in neurocinematics to address the issues involved with fMRI. In this article the emotions corresponding to two different genres of Indian films are captured with the real-time brainwaves of viewers using EEG and analyzed using R language.

Human brain contains of approximately 100 billion neurons. Each neuron communicates with few ten thousands of other neurons in order to carry messages in the brain. Significant electrical activity is produced in the brain over synaptic joints of such neurons sending signals at very low frequencies below (50 Hz), thereby forming the brainwave pattern. The brainwaves are categorized as delta, theta, alpha and beta, as per different frequency ranges. In this paper, the effect of binaural beats on human mind is presented. Alpha binaural beats of 10 Hz are produced by creating the auditory illusion of 10 Hz in the brain by playing the binaural beats of 370 Hz and 380 Hz for left and right ear respectively. Binaural beats are effective only when heard through an earphone. In order to examine the effects of binaural beats on human brain, 10 people are subjected to these beats for 3 minutes. Using Matlab, the attention level and meditation levels are measured by alpha brainwaves, and the comparison graphs are plotted. Relative comparison is carried out for each persons state while listening to the binaural beats. This study provides scientific evidences for the common perception that alpha binaural beats and thus music can help a person in achieving a relaxed state of mind i.e., meditative state in a better way.

The research target of this study was visual emotions evoked by sportswear of female college students. The main purpose of this study was explored the interaction of human psychological emotion and physiological Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) response through SAM model and ERPs instrument in clothing field. The results indicated that: 1. Pleasure of emotion dimension could be as the index of assessing consumption desire. 2. For pleasure and arousal, the most obviously changes of brainwaves were observed from 200 ms to the end of stimulate in forehead area. 3. High pleasure and arousal caused great ERPs amplitudes in the middle of forehead area. 4. Psychology and physiology had consistency in the dimension of clothing styles.

This study, through group counseling applying problem-solving counseling theory, part of positive psychology, wanted to improve anger control and subjective well-being among juvenile delinquents, and to contribute to suggest positive directions and methods in dealing with them. This study processed statistics using a SPSS 18.0 program to analyze the effect of a program. Above all, a Cronbach's α factor was calculated to verify reliability of the questionnaire. The effect of a program was verified by performing a Paired t-test on pre- and post-scores of brainwaves obtained from the stress score and IBREA Brain Tests. The research findings are as follows: 1) The problem-solving group counseling program was effective in reducing anger of risky adolescents. 2) The problem-solving group counseling program was effective in improving subjective well-being among risky adolescents. 3) The problem-solving group counseling program was more effective than the comparative group counseling program. Consequently, the analysis showed that the problem-solving group counseling program was very effective in reducing anger among risky adolescents and solving psychological problems of them.

This paper proposes and evaluates a multiagents system called NORA that predicts emotional attributes from learners' brainwaves within an intelligent tutoring system. The measurements from the electrical brain activity of the learner are combined with information about the learner's emotional attributes. Electroencephalogram was used to measure brainwaves and self-reports to measure the three emotional dimensions: pleasure, arousal, and dominance, the eight emotions occurring during learning: anger, boredom, confusion, contempt curious, disgust, eureka, and frustration, and the emotional valence positive for learning and negative for learning. The system is evaluated on natural data, and it achieves an accuracy of over 63%, significantly outperforming classification using the individual modalities and several other combination schemes.

This study had two aims: (1) to explore the inner experiences associated with increased production of gamma brainwaves in an initial neurofeedback experience; and (2) to measure and compare neurofeedback-enhanced increased output from the prefrontal cortical region of meditators and non-meditators, using the Peak Brain Happiness Trainer(™) neurofeedback system.This was a controlled pilot study; it involved a single session per subject.The research was conducted in a nonprofit laboratory in the United States.There were 12 adults in 2 groups (N = 12): 6 practitioners of Transcendental Meditation(™) and six controls.The measures were self-assessed inner experiences and measurements of clarified gamma output at the prefrontal cortical region.(1) Self-assessed descriptions were comparable for both groups; (2) the associations of 16 supplied descriptors with the initial neurofeedback experience were comparable for both groups and showed highest scores for "happy" (p 0.0001) and "loving" (p 0.0001), and lowest scores for "stressed" (p 0.0001) and "disappointed" (p 0.0001); (3) baseline measures were comparable for both groups; (4) both groups were able to increase gamma brainwaves using neurofeedback (p 0.01); and (5) meditators produced greater increases over controls (p = 0.02).The inner experience associated with increased clarified gamma amplitude from the prefrontal cortex apparently involves positive emotions of happiness and love, along with reduced stress. Meditators achieved greater increases in the gamma band from the prefrontal cortical region over controls during an initial neurofeedback session.

In this research, I looked to understand how meditation could reduce task-oriented frustration. I designed two games, one easy and one difficult, to induce frustration. Using an EEG sensing headband (the Muse), I tracked the participants’ brainwaves to understand the effects of meditating when frustrated. I discovered that meditating increases participants’ average accuracy when playing the difficult game; I also found that meditation makes participants more methodical, taking longer to consider their choices before making a play in the game.

The author describes a triangulation in ancient Egypt: the crossing of a 22.5-mile (diameter) northern circle with an 18-mile southern circle around a shared baseline, which goes eastward 14.1 miles from the vertex of Khafre’s Pyramid in Giza. He hypothesizes that in the 26 th century before the Common Era, Pharaoh Khufu (Khafre’s father) leaned on that triangulation to freeze in stone a master plan, in which the first step was replacing with hope the fear of Egyptians for the monumental catlike goddess that preceded by 65 centuries Giza’s Sphinx. Khufu re-sculpted the head of the eastward-looking lioness into the head of the Pharaoh-Guardian of Upper and Lower Egypt. In so doing, the subluminal speed of the first attention, memory-brotherhood in classical computing, and the Sphinx’s head joined the superluminal speed of the second attention, hope-creativity in quantum computing, and its body. The Sphinx and the Great Pyramid that followed its transfiguration point at the union of the first and the second attention into the Third Attention. As a reflection of Khufu’s master plan and the Third Attention, the logos heuristics connects here Egyptian monuments with the roots of nature, the complex plane, global cooling, autism, madness, open discourse, brainwaves, mysticism, music, Leonardo’s art, meditation, the return of the Mesoamerican demigod Quetzalcoatl, motherly love, and progress.

The aim of this research is find out the effects of minecraft videogames on creativity. Eight undergraduates were assigned to experimental group and control group for recording of the brainwaves while playing minecraft video games and other videos. The results showed that the average of brain waves from different sub-bands for Minecraft games is higher than other games. The dominant of delta waves at Fp1 & Fp2 showed that the subjects are paying high attention and improved their decision-making levels. High T3 & T4 on Alpha( Minecraft's)wave indicates that it stimulates the brain to activate both parts of the brain. The results showed that Minecraft is able to increase high-level thinking. The core cognitive mechanism during playing minecraft video games was the attention network collectively referred as fronto-parietal attentional control network. This is indicated as sub-network known as executive control network, default mode network and salient network in the previous research.

A new way to detect dreaming has confirmed that it doesn't only occur during rapid eye movement sleep, and has shown why people often don't remember their dreams. During sleep, low-frequency brainwaves are detectable across the brain. Now Francesca Siclari at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and her colleagues have discovered that a decrease in these waves in an area at the back of the brain is a sign that someone is dreaming. Siclari's team found this dream signature by using EEG caps to map the brain activity of 32 people while they slept. The team woke the sleepers when they showed various patterns of brainwave activity, and asked them if they had been dreaming. The team found such a strong correlation between dreaming and fewer low-frequency waves in the "hot zone" that they could successfully predict whether a person was dreaming 91 per cent of the time.

This research paper attempts to acquire the electroencephalogram (EEG) to analyze the characteristic frequency bands of the brainwave related to different relaxation activities, i.e., reading novel and watching movie. Based on the cognitive neuroscience, this paper first formulates the relaxation energy index (REI) of the subject when the subject is performing relaxation. The objective of this study is to effectively analyze the learners' energy distribution of relaxation by analyzing influences of different relaxation activities.

Researching metaphor can be approached from various perspectives. Psycholinguistic views offer insight into how metaphoric expressions are comprehended during online tasks and whether online metaphor comprehension differs from literal language understanding. Early psycholinguistic studies used reaction time methods, which allowed researchers to investigate the time course and verify existing theories of figurative language comprehension. However, reaction time studies are somewhat limited in showing differences that occur within the same or comparable time frame. In this regard, electro-physiological methods seem to be more informative. Event-related potential studies re-port differences between metaphoric and literal language comprehension that occur as early as 200 ms (P200) after the presentation of the critical word. They also show that ERP components like the N400 or LPC are modulated by the degree of conventionality and metaphoricity. Finally, source localization methods allow researchers to identify the neural generators of these components. These results show that the neurophysiological perspective offers yet another way of looking at metaphor, which can broaden our un-derstanding of many aspects related to figurative language comprehension

Music has been known to improve learning and cognition. The ways in which musicians think and perform have increasingly become subjects of interest to scientists particularly in light of advances in neuroscience research. This study examines the brainwave activity of a group of violinists as they perform. Using electroencephalography (EEG), the left and right brainwaves of the musicians were recorded when they played a piece of music by first reading the score and then without reading the score. The results indicated that playing with music notation enhances left brain activity while playing without music notation enhances right brain activity. In addition, alpha brainwaves increased significantly on the right side of the brain when the violinist plays with and without score.

Brain is composed by neurons using electricity to communicate to each other. There is a great amount electrical activity in the brain due to collection of numerous neurons sending signal. Neurons send brainwaves detected by sensitive equipment like electroencephalogram or electroencephalograph (EEG). Beta waves emanates from brains responsible for problem solving or decision making. Some equipment like neurosky biosensor intercepts these brain waves. In this study, neurosky biosensor is used in measuring the meditation level of students in the physics course. Developed program process the data of neurosky biosensor sent and make decision about meditation level of student in the course. Program says that “your meditation level is low to pass another subject or solve the exam”.

Almost every healthy, heterosexual man cannot resist the temptation of beautiful women. It is even said that only looking at beauties could help men fresh minds. In this study, we investigated that how male brains react to photos of sexy women. Six healthy males participated in the experiment looking at photos of sexy women in bikinis; all of them presented N170 and P300, which meant the processing of faces and attention allocation respectively. Moreover, classification of the brainwaves of looking at sexy women photos and other tasks, such as listening to music, reached a high accuracy. This suggested another possibility to Brain Computer Interface (BCI) besides the common tasks. It is possible to train the subjects and realize an interesting but simple BCI in the future.

In this essay, I explore the connection between women’s mental health and gender violence within the Italian family through the analysis of a destructive mother-daughter relationship and the resulting transgenerational transmission of psychological problems that allow, from a female perspective, gender discrimination to perpetuate. With this intent, I discuss the story of domestic violence as portrayed by director Francesca Archibugi in her 1993 film Il grande cocomero (The Great Pumpkin), interpreting it as a case of Munchausen Syndrome by proxy (a form of child abuse), whose origins lie in the mother’s conformity to misogynistic sociocultural norms. I therefore perceive the mother’s mental disorder not as the result of a decontextualized individual pathology, but from a feminist perspective, regarding it as a symptom of a collective problem, caused by the unequal way in which relationships between genders are structured in a patriarchal society.

As the media-driven "spiritual boom" that hit Japan in the last decade starts to fade away, the therapies that this phenomenon popularized among fans of everything termed "spiritual" continue to be carried out in small circles of practitioners and their most fervent clients. This article places these "spiritual therapies" within the long history of healing rites in Japan by showing that their current appeal can be explained by two factors. First, these therapies are conspicuously similar to techniques used by New Religious Movements in Japan. Secondly, the cultural criticism promoted by these therapies remains characteristic of modern occult theories and practices and has only been readapted today to suit the peculiar symbolic vacuum of post-Aum Japanese society. Finally, the author focuses on the self-cultivation element that remains central in Japanese healing methods, and argues that spiritual therapies seem to have simplified self-cultivation to such an extent that they reinforce a generalized discourse about ethnicity and about whose way of life (Japanese or American) is best suited to a Japanese clientele.KEYWORDS: spiritual-healing-new religions-nihonjinron-self-cultivation- Ehara Hiroyuki(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)One day in August 2009, I found myself in Enoshima,1 sharing an afternoon coffee with an eclectic group of eight people. The setting was almost perfect for the discussion that was to follow. The Italian restaurant where we all met offers an isolated space in its backyard patio composed of three tables protected from the sun by a large wooden roof. The summer heat, the smell of freshly-made pizza, and the shrilling of the cicadas brought back personal memories of summers spent in Southern Europe, but for the rest of the group the location was probably giving rise to different sensations. Considered to be one of Eastern Japan's most famous "power spots," our visit to Enoshima was also meant, I was later informed, to regenerate our "vital energies."The encounter had not occurred by chance. It had been, in fact, the idea of one of those present that day, Ms. Momoyama,2 to invite me to one of her meetings with three fellow spiritual therapists (all women in their thirties) and their most regular clients (two women, one in her early forties and one in her fifties, and one man who was in his late twenties). The plan was to allow me to follow up on my interview with Ms. Momoyama and her sister, Ms. Chikamatsu (both in their forties), who run a healing salon together in central Tokyo, and peer deeper into the workings of the spiritual business in Japan.A description of some of the people present that day should clarify what I mean by "spiritual therapies." Two of the participants of this debate were students at Theta Healing Japan, a newly established school, acting as the Japanese branch of the Idaho-based Theta Healing Institute of Knowledge. On the official website of Theta Healing, practitioners are said to be using "a technique that connects their own theta, or meditation brainwaves, with universal healing energy to create physical, emotional, and spiritual healing."3 The official blog of the same institution describes a typical session of theta healing as follows:A typical session will begin with the healer discussing your issue with you. They will then use muscle testing4 to identify limiting beliefs hidden within your subconscious mind-the kind of beliefs that could be preventing you from achieving your goals. If you are willing to change these beliefs, the healer will hold your hand and do the "energy work." Most clients report feeling calm and relaxed during a healing and many experience instant relief from their physical pain or symptoms. Some begin to view their lives from a whole new perspective. Sessions are generally an hour long and the theta healer can work on physical healing, changing beliefs, instilling positive new thoughts and emotions, clearing spaces, angel readings, and much more. …

This research presents how the level of academic emotions such as confidence, excitement, frustration and interest, may be predicted based on brainwaves and mouse behaviour, while taking into account the student's personality. Twenty five (25) college students of different personalities were asked to use the Aplusix® algebra learning software while an EEG sensor was attached to their head to capture their brainwaves. Brainwaves were carefully synchronized with the mouse behaviour and the assigned student activity. The collected brainwaves were then filtered, pre-processed and transformed to different frequency bands (alpha, beta, gamma). A number of classifiers were then built using different combinations of frequencies and mouse information which were used to predict the intensity level (low, average, high) of each emotion.

Hitchcock’s fantasy about directly entering people’s brains seemed very futuristic and absurd in the fifties when he expressed these words to his scriptwriter Ernest Lehman. However, a few decades later, scientific and cinematographic technology has improved to such an extent that Hitchcock’s joke seems to be not so far-fetched anymore. In Douglas Trumbull’s Brainstorm (1983) and Katherine Bigelow’s film Strange Days (1995) direct recording and playing of brainwaves is possible. Of course these films belong to the genre of science fiction, and the actual possibilities of such techniques are not as refined as they portray. But I am not interested in the exact state of affairs that might be represented in these films. Rather, I am challenged by the implications for the relationship between human beings (subjects), images and the world — and for the underlying image of thought that Hitchcock’s words express, both in respect of his own work, and in respect of developments in contemporary cinema and contemporary audiovisual culture. What if we do not consider Hitchcock’s words as merely a never-to-be-fulfilled fantasy of having effects on people without representations, bypassing the eyes of the spectators and reaching them directly via the brain, as the psychoanalytic model of thought does? What if we consider him to be a visionary, anticipating contemporary scientific and cinematographic preoccupations, as would a rhizomatic model of thinking, according to which the brain is literally the screen?