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Theories of grounded cognition assume that conceptual representations are grounded in sensorimotor experience. However, abstract concepts such as jealousy or childhood have no directly associated referents with which such sensorimotor experience can be made; therefore, the grounding of abstract concepts has long been a topic of debate. Here, we propose (a) that systematic relations exist between semantic representations learned from language on the one hand and perceptual experience on the other hand, (b) that these relations can be learned in a bottom-up fashion, and (c) that it is possible to extrapolate from this learning experience to predict expected perceptual representations for words even where direct experience is missing. To test this, we implement a data-driven computational model that is trained to map language-based representations (obtained from text corpora, representing language experience) onto vision-based representations (obtained from an image database, representing perceptual experience), and apply its mapping function onto language-based representations for abstract and concrete words outside the training set. In three experiments, we present participants with these words, accompanied by two images: the image predicted by the model and a random control image. Results show that participants’ judgements were in line with model predictions even for the most abstract words. This preference was stronger for more concrete items and decreased for the more abstract ones. Taken together, our findings have substantial implications in support of the grounding of abstract words, suggesting that we can tap into our previous experience to create possible visual representation we don’t have.

The aim of the article is to analyze the specifics of categorization of abstract concepts by adults who use different information sources: traditional / printed and innovative / digital. Methods. An author used a questionnaire method with the open-ended type of questions as the primary tool to study the choice of the preferred information codin g system by adults. To reconstruct the categorical structure of the respondents’ consciousness in their understanding of the concept «sacrament», the method of the semantic differential was used. The differential includes 40 adjectives, which form 7 categories of an average consciousness according to their factorial structure («Assessment», «Strength», «Activity», «Complexity», «Orderliness», «Reality» and «Usuality»). The above categories have been established in a previous study of individuals of different age groups and cultures. Results of the research. The results of a comparative analysis of the category structure and the meaning of the concept «Sacrament» are contained in two groups of adults: the reading subjects and the active Internet users. It is determined that the cognitive complexity of consciousness of the web users is lower than the one of the reading subjects, according to two parameters: 1) decreasing of categories’ quantity that form the concept; 2) simplifying the organization of the category, represented by only one pole. For the active Internet users, the content of the concept «sacrament» is close to the «secret». Conclusions. The empirical data proves the tendency to simplify the categorization in understanding the abstract concepts of active Internet users. This allows designating a new scientific-practical issue of cognitive deformation of adults as the effect of Internet exposure.

In article the metaphysics of being of information is considered and her cat­egorical status. The concept of information plays an especially important role in cognitive disciplines – neurology, cognitive psychology, sociology and arti­ficial intelligence theories altogether forming the scientific basis of new epi­stemology. Information is understood as the objective reality perceived by the subject by means of touch bodies which it fixes and comprehends by means of various semantic pro-positions, logical-mathematical operations and calculations, using it in various communicative practices for achievement of the purposes. On the basis of philosophical traditions of interpretation of cat­egory of life and various interpretations of this abstract concept of modern nat­ural sciences the new understanding of category of life as a basic metaphysical concept of science is offered. The philosophical bases of the theory of creative participation of the person in events of the Universe the famous American physicist-theorist J.A. Wheeler who put forward the thesis “all from Bit” (It from Bit), the information paradigm of the universe developed by the prom­inent modern philosopher L. Floridi. It is demonstrated that the origination and evolution of all objects takes place due to the existence of specific information programs that express the fundamental creativity of the nature. The statement that the category of life in modern interpretation both in natural-science, and in sociocultural aspects expresses life of information, or the information life presented in unity of three spheres of reality – matter, lives and consciousness (reason) is proved.

As Christians, it is our duty to tell the world the truth. The truth is not totally an abstract concept. By the existence of Jesus in time and space, we are able to know God himself empirically according to our sensibilities as human being. In short, proclaiming Jesus’ life is proclaiming the truth itself. Nowadays, this duty requires more effort in order to spread the spirituality of Jesus to more people. Progressive development in many ways and stuff bring more obstacles than before. Those who involve themselves in ecclesiastical services should improve their skills due to many challenges among plethora misleading teaching and misconception about what the truth is. In this case, church takes important part in educating and formatting certain people – they could be either priests, religious men or women, or lay people – through its ecclesiastical studies. As for progress, there are at least four fundamental elements we should to care about in order to build better and updated ecclesiastical education.

অসমীযাEven though the Project ParemioRom (Romance Paremiology: sayings and proverbs on meteorological issues and territory) finished some years ago (FFI2011-24032), it is still valid from a scientific point of view. Its data basis, which is inserted in a previous one (Database of calendar and meteorological sayings in the Romance-speaking areas: BADARE, 2005-2011), the functionality of its geolocalization brings together other four pre-existing search types: textual, according to language, thematic (chronology, meteorology and general) and according to bibliographical sources. The ParemioRom database allows us to have a simple of 726 files of meteorological sayings (paroemies with meteorological or atmospheric implications), organised according to the Astur-Leonese label, proverbs which are mostly located in Asturias, but which extend to Leon; and, likewise, the Romance confrontation between similar paroemies will be shown. Methodologically, all these proverbs will be presented from the abstract concept of what is paremiological. The sample is internally categorised according to thematic varieties such as sun height and projection, fixed dates or various atmospheric phenomena. It also shows similarities of different kind in the Romance-speaking context, specially with Western Galician and Portuguese, at times with the whole Iberian-Romance territory, from which Catalan is usually left apart. Besides, there are also some Asturian-Leonese cases which integrate into a Romance-speaking paremiological continuum, which extends along the diverse European territorial continuum (including the Mediterranean isles), and, in spite of this, far from Romanian, a different language not only in terms of aspect, but also in paremiological and folkloric aspects. The Atlas de ParemioRom (APR) also offers a paremiotype which replies to the formula: «[If/when] the Candlemas cries [rains] → Winter is out; [if/when] the Candlemas smiles [shines] → Winter still to come», with its corresponding Asturian representation in the Iberian-Romance context.. asturianuEl proyeutu ParemioRom (Paremiologia romance: refranes meteorologicos y territorio), anque peracabau oficialmente hai unos anos (FFI2011-24032), sigue calteniendo una vixencia cientifica dafechu. La so base de datos, qu’inxer sobro otra anterior (Base de datos sobre refranes del calendario y meteorologicos en la Romania: BADARE, 2005-2011) la funcionalida de la xeolocalizacion, amiesta esti tipu de busqueda posible a otres cuatro preexistentes de BADARE: testual, por llingues, tematica (cronoloxia, meteoroloxia y ambitu tematicu xeneral), y per fontes bibliografiques. La base de datos de ParemioRom permitenos ufrir una amuesa de les 726 fiches de refranes meteoroloxicos (paremies con implicacion meteoroloxica o atmosferica) axuntaos pela etiqueta d’asturleones; refranes que se localicen na so mayor parte n’Asturies, pero que s’allarguen tamien a Lleon. Y d’igual mou, la confrontacion romance coles paremies homologues o asemeyaes. Too ello, a partir de l’astraicion, metodoloxicamente operativa, del conceutu de tipu paremicu o paremiotipu. L’amuesa xebrase per estayes tematiques: altura y proyeicion del sol, meses, feches fixes, meteoros varios; y permite alvertir semeyances de diversu calter col contestu romanicu: davezu col oeste peninsular (gallegu y portugues), dacuando col conxuntu iberorromance, del que, significatiblemente, el catalan suel quedar al marxe. Danse tamien casos d’integracion asturianolleonesa nuna Romania paremica continua, qu’abarca los diversos dominios del continuum territorial europeu (mas les islles mediterranees de la so contorna); y, sicasi, xebra al rumanu, llingua separtadiza non solo n’aspeutos de la so fisonomia romance, sino tamien no paremico y no folclorico. Del Atlas de ParemioRom (APR) ufiertase finalmente’l paremiotipu que respuende a la formula «[Si / cuando] la Candelaria llora [llueve] → invierno fuera; [si / cuando] la Candelaria rie [sol] → invierno por venir», cola representacion asturiana nel so contestu iberorromance.

espanolJunto a Maderuelo, Nogue, Auge, de Certeau y Burckhardt, mostraremos como el paisaje es fruto de una construccion cultural y es un concepto abstracto. Al creciente proceso de abstraccion del espacio corresponde la paulatina transformacion de los lugares en no lugares. Frente a esta situacion surge la necesidad de activar de nuevo una relacion activa y directa con el espacio. El caminar, la mas elemental “practica del espacio”, es una potente herramienta para volver a vincularnos al lugar que habitamos. Lucius Burckhardt, inventor de la “Paseologia”, nos ensena como el caminar nos hace recuperar nuestra innata capacidad de crear significados. EnglishAlong with Maderuelo, Nogue, Auge, de Certeau and Burckhardt, we will show how landscape is the result of a cultural construction and that it is an abstract concept. The growing process of abstraction of space corresponds to the gradual transformation of places into non-places. Faced with this situation, the need to reactivate an active and direct relationship with space once again arises. Walking, the most elemental "practice of space", is a powerful tool to link us again to the place we inhabit. Lucius Burckhardt, inventor of the "Strollology", teaches us how walking makes us regain our innate ability to create meanings.

The purpose of this research is to reveal the relationship of thinking level with the students’ ability to form a representation of proposition network on the human nervous system concept using modeling based learning. This was quantitative research with 30 science class’ students of grade XI from one private school in Bandung as the subject research, who learned using modeling-based learning (MbL). The instruments used to measure the thinking level were 19 numbers of multiple choices and 2 essays that were developed based on Marzano and Kendall’s level thinking indicator. The result of this research shows that the thinking level of senior high school’ students has reached L3 (analysis) with minimum standard mastery ≥70. The higher the expectation of students’ thinking level, the lower the minimum standard mastery will be reached. The correlation result showS no significant relationship between thinking level and the students’ ability to form a proposition network on the study of neuron structure and function (r= 0,075; p=0,692) with low concept complexity. The significant relationship between thinking level and the ability to form proposition representation is obtained during the study of the central nervous and peripheral nervous system (r= 0,506; p= 0,004) with higher concept complexity. It means the higher students’ thinking level, the better their abilities to form a proposition network. MbL could be recommended for learning biology concept especially abstract concept like the human nervous system. This research concluded that students’ thinking level reached level 3 (analysis) and MbL can facilitate a significant relationship between thinking level and the ability to form proposition networks if the concept taught has a higher complexity compared to the lower complexity concept.

This study examines how analogical mapping is used to analyse ọkụkọ proverbs in Ideke lect. The objectives of the study are to analyse the attribute and relational mapping of selected ọkụkọ proverbs in Ideke lect. The data of the study are drawn from ọmaba chant of Ụmụdịaka in Nsukka area of Enugu State, through an audio recording of Ụdara Nwa onyishi (Ọmabe) chant and also the study uses introspection since the researchers are indigenous speakers of the Ideke lect. The research desgn used in this study is a qualitative research paradigm. The study was done descriptively and purposive sampling was used to sample the population. The analogical mapping theory is adopted as the framework for this study. The study finds out that ọkụkọ proverbs in Ideke lect has abstract meanings which contradict the physical (source concepts) image. Another finding of the study proves that in Ideke lect, ọkụkọ as used in this study possess different semantic impulse due to the sociolinguistic environment where such proverbs are being used. These different shades of meanings will be gotten by aligning the physical concept to abstract concept(s). During the analysis of ọkụkọ proverbs in Ideke lect, it is evident that source domain is liable to form various new abstract semantic realisations which was not the initial semantic usage of the linguistic expression. From the semantic purview, proverbs are complex cognitive tasks which links source domain to the target domain.

In the last few years, machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence have seen a new wave of publicity fueled by the huge and ever-increasing amount of data and computational power as well as the discovery of improved learning algorithms. However, the idea of a computer learning some abstract concept from data and applying them to yet unseen situations is not new and has been around at least since the 1950s. Many of these basic principles are very familiar to the pharmacometrics and clinical pharmacology community. In this paper, we want to introduce the foundational ideas of ML to this community such that readers obtain the essential tools they need to understand publications on the topic. Although we will not go into the very details and theoretical background, we aim to point readers to relevant literature and put applications of ML in molecular biology as well as the fields of pharmacometrics and clinical pharmacology into perspective.

Petroleum explorers commonly acknowledge the contribution of luck in exploration outcomes. Our survey of 237 current industry practitioners revealed that 90% of them believe that luck affects the outcome of exploration projects. However, luck has never been quantified before as a factor in petroleum exploration, and therefore, it remains an abstract concept that is not deeply considered by geoscientists and exploration managers. Luck clearly exists in petroleum exploration, because it contributed to many serendipitously discovered plays and pools. Luck is also a factor in the relative performance of different exploration companies. Looking at companies exploring on the Norwegian Continental Shelf in 1966–2005, we concluded that differences in success rates of individual companies are essentially random. Using a global data set of 3258 conventional exploration wells in which 733 companies took 8096 equity positions in 2008–2017, we calculated that the proportion of variance in geological success rates among the companies is 39% attributable to luck (25% for commercial success), the rest being related to skill. In frontier plays, luck contribution to the variation in geological and commercial success rates between different companies is 100%. The factor of luck is relatively less in emerging (67% for geological success), maturing (38%), and mature (29%) plays. Recognizing that luck is a part of the exploration success equation has numerous implications for exploration strategies, investors, companies, managers, and individual explorers. The factor of luck can be reduced only through a sustainable long-term exploration program with numerous independent wells. Explorers should focus on developing their prediction skills rather than obsess about the binary outcomes of each well.

What are the factors that render environmental concerns salient in people’s lives, and under what conditions do people make connections between an abstract concept such as climate change and concrete experiences in their own daily circumstances? Taking as our focus ethnographic work with children in several different ethnographic settings (Barrow, Alaska; Oaxaca, Mexico; Tuv aimag and Uvurkhangai aimag, Mongolia; and East Anglia, United Kingdom), we explore how the children come to articulate environmental knowledge as a process of “figuring out” and the extent to which the children engage with the changing climate as a matter of concern. The paper provides an ethnographic account of the main themes that emerged in each region, before developing a comparative discussion of some key factors that gave shape to how climate change comes to matter in the lives of the children. Three dimensions are explored: the effect of climate change on livelihoods and the proximity of children’s experience to those livelihoods, the political salience of the narrative of climate change, and the temporal depth invoked by the environment. Publisher PDF

Background Most healing research has focussed on the views of healers, complementary and alternative medical (CAM) practitioners or medical professionals, and little is known about how the general public conceives of healing. Because healing is a complex and often abstract concept, we addressed this gap in the knowledge using creative qualitative approaches with members of the public. We aimed to elucidate the views of members of the public about their healing, to help offer a better understanding to healthcare professionals. Methods Our qualitative arts-based drawing method invited people to respond using crayons and paper to the question ‘What does the word healing mean to you?’ These drawings were followed by a short recorded interview in which people explained their image. We used convenience sampling to approach members of the public visiting a large wellbeing show and a museum. We analysed images and interviews in tandem using a focus on metaphor. Results We interviewed 59 people, including three children. Almost two thirds of participants were female. Participants’ images and interviews documented three main models of the healing process: i) Healing comes from a great external force, exemplified by the sun; ii) Healing comes from other people, whether medical professionals, CAM practitioners or healers; and iii) Healing comes from within, and the individual has the ability to self-heal. People described practices and inner states that could help achieve healing. Some people depicted more than one model, demonstrating the interlinkages between the models, and some described the outcome of healing (wholeness) rather than the process. Conclusions The drawing-based approach encouraged an intuitive way of thinking, capturing concepts that cannot easily be verbalised. Members of the public have nuanced, complex understandings of the concept of healing, and these echo historical and modern concepts of healing and healthcare. The models our participants described often interlink, suggesting an overarching framework for the way people conceive of healing. The findings may be useful both as a guide to further research and as insight that may facilitate healthcare processes.

EnglishDeath in literature is a construction, a representation of an abstract concept. In a mimetic scenario, dead people are unable to speak and, certainly, unable to write books. However, dead voices have been used for centuries to tell stories, since the Greek heritage of Lucian of Samosata’s Dialogues of the Dead (II century) to Machado de Assis’s Brazilian novel The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas (1881), all the way into the twenty-first century. Through the lens of the fantastic, this article analyses the use of fictional posthumous narration in the short story “O Defunto Inaugural” [“The Inaugural Death”], by Anibal Machado, which challenges the narrative conventions of verisimilitude by presenting an impossible character according to the laws of nature. I question the overall reason a dead voice is more appropriate to tell a particular story, and challenge the limited scope of Tzvetan Todorov’s definition of the fantastic by contrasting it with Rosemary Jackson’s broader approach to the fantastic as a type of literature productive in conveying the uncanny feeling of displacement in relation to certain social and political systems. I highlight the potential of posthumous narration as a means to uncover and discuss relevant contemporary issues of personal, political, and social identity, because, as a transcendent figure, this dead man has the authority to speak the truth and reveal secrets. Death provides a safe space to tell a side of the story that they kept silent while alive. portuguesEm literatura, a morte e uma construcao, a representacao de um conceito abstrato. Num cenario mimetico, os mortos sao incapazes de falar e, certamente, incapazes de escrever livros. No entanto, vozes defuntas tem sido usadas durante seculos para contar historias, desde a heranca grega dos Dialogos dos Mortos, de Luciano de Samosata (seculo II d.C.), passando pelas Memorias Postumas de Bras Cubas, do brasileiro Machado de Assis (1881), ate aos nossos dias. Atraves da lente do fantastico, este artigo analisa o uso da narracao postuma ficcional no conto “O Defunto Inaugural,” de Anibal Machado, que desafia as convencoes narrativas de verisimilitude, ao apresentar uma figura impossivel de qualificar de acordo com as leis naturais. Questiono o motivo pelo qual uma voz defunta e mais apropriada para contar uma determinada historia, e contesto as limitacoes da definicao de fantastico de Tzvetan Todorov, contrapondo-as com a abordagem mais abrangente de Rosemary Jackson ao fantastico enquanto um tipo de literatura capaz de transmitir mais precisamente o estranho sentimento de deslocalizacao em relacao a certos sistemas politicos e sociais. Sublinho o potencial da narracao postuma enquanto meio de por a descoberto e debater temas contemporâneos relevantes de identidade pessoal, politica e social, pois, enquanto figura transcendente, este defunto tem a autoridade de revelar a verdade e confessar segredos. A morte proporciona uma plataforma segura para contar um lado da historia que tinha mantido em silencio enquanto estava vivo.

This famous quote from the 19th-century French poet, novelist, and dramatist Victor Hugo somewhat summarizes the complexity of any decision-making process. Typically, a straight line defines the shortest path between two points or objects. These objects need not be physical objects and may simply be an abstract concept, such as an objective or a resolution, in which case the straight line is assimilated to the shortest process one would take to achieve such objective. Through the straight-line metaphor, Victor Hugo attempts to establish the necessity of careful examination of the implications of every decision to be made. Stated differently, it is in the decision maker's best interest to understand, probably to the best of their abilities, the implications or consequences that may happen as a result of the decision being made.

Turkish abstract: Uretim araclarina sahip cikma mucadelesi, yeryuzundeki tum cikar catismalarinin, savaslarin ve gunumuze dek gelen sosyo-ekonomik yapinin nedeni olmustur. Hele ki alt yapinin ust yapiyi onemli olcude belirledigi gerceginden hareket edildiginde bu mucadelenin etkileri tum ciplakligiyla karsimiza cikmaktadir1 . Bu mucadeleyle basat giden ve unutulmamasi gereken onemli bir faktor ise “dusunce ozgurlugu” kavrami ve “dusunce ozgurlugunun onune cikarilan engellerdir”. Gunumuz uygarliginin ve kulturunun ortaya cikisinda fikirleri ugruna hayatlarini kaybetmis kisilerin ne kadar cok oldugu akla geldiginde ise “dusunce ozgurlugunun” anlami ve ugruna verilen amansiz mucadeleler daha iyi kavranabilmektedir. Bu calismada yukarida bahsedilen mucadelelerin coguna kaynaklik etmis Avrupa ulkelerinin yarattigi ve Turkiye’nin de icinde oldugu ortak hukuk kulturunde “dusunce ozgurlugunun” ne asamaya geldigi, Avrupa Insan Haklari Sozlesmesi metni ve Avrupa Insan Haklari Mahkemesi kararlari isiginda incelenmeye ve ugruna nice canlarin verildigi bu soyut kavramin, somut hukuksal cercevesi cizilmeye calisilacaktir. English abstract: The struggle to own the means of production has been the cause of all conflicts of interest, wars and the socio-economic structure that has survived until today. Especially considering the fact that the infrastructure determines the superstructure to a great extent, the effects of this struggle emerge with all its nakedness. An important factor that dominates this struggle and should not be forgotten is the concept of "freedom of thought" and "obstacles to freedom of thought". When it comes to mind that there are many people who lost their lives for the sake of their ideas in the emergence of today's civilization and culture, the meaning of "freedom of thought" and the relentless struggles for its sake can be understood better. In this study, created by the source of meat European countries the majority of the aforementioned fight and Turkey in particular, that the common legal culture "freedom of thought" what stage it comes to European Convention on Human Rights to examine the contract text and the European Court of Human Rights decision in the light, and for the sake of this abstract concept given the nice life , concrete legal framework will be tried to be drawn.

Have you ever tried to determine what true happiness is? Maybe you have looked up the description in a dictionary or other sources? If so, you've probably realized that it is not as easy as you thought. Happiness is an abstract concept that describes a state of mental equilibrium, joy, pleasure, laughter. Happiness is always associated with positive feelings. But it differs from person to person, from culture to culture. It is impossible to measure, difficult to evaluate. So how do we define happiness?

The Functional-Cognitive Category of Femininity in Modern UkrainianThe article describes in detail the latest feminine nouns of professions, job titles, and other activities. These nouns form part of the lexico-semantic system of Ukrainian and at the same time demonstrate its continuous dynamics. These neo-derivatives are actively used in modern Ukrainian media texts, contributing to the modernization and liberalization of the text, and to the creation of gender-linguistic balance. The need to involve feminitives in linguistic use is indicated by their codification in the new Ukrainian Orthography, although in previous editions they were ignored. These arguments and the focus on the idea of bilateral interpretation (semantics as dominant and formal), including in the context of anthropocentrism and active communication, form the basis for the development of the functional-cognitive category of femininity. Research into derivatology and semantic syntax make it possible to consider feminine personal nouns as elements with certain semantic-syntactic features, representing a profound and comprehensive aspect of the research. This is supplemented by the lexico-semantic classification of these units. The specific characteristics of Ukrainian-language names are identified by a detailed study of the means of expressing femininity – suffixes and case forms of feminine personal nouns – and their codified use. This set of features serves as the basis for the interpretation of the category of femininity as an abstract concept that generally denotes units with the meaning of feminine gender and combines three grammemes with a narrower categorical meaning: feminitive subjectivity; feminitive objectivity; and feminitive addressant, which form a certain hierarchy and semantic-cognitive paradigm. Kategoria funkcjonalno-kognitywna kobiecości we współczesnym języku ukraińskimW artykule opisano najnowsze rzeczowniki rodzaju żeńskiego zawodów, tytułów zawodowych i innych czynności. Rzeczowniki te stanowiąc część systemu leksykalno-semantycznego języka ukraińskiego, świadczą o dynamice rozwoju języka ukraińskiego. Te neopodchodne formacje są często wykorzystywane we współczesnych ukraińskich tekstach medialnych, co przyczynia się do modernizacji i liberalizacji tekstu oraz wytworzenia równowagi płciowo-językowej. Na potrzebę włączenia cechy kobiecości do języka wskazuje ich kodyfikacja uwzględniona w nowej „ortografii ukraińskiej”. Wcześniejsze edycje tę kwestię pomijały. Te argumenty oraz skupienie się na idei interpretacji dwukierunkowej (semantyka jako dominująca i formalna, uzupełniająca pierwszą), w tym w kontekście antropocentryzmu i aktywnej komunikacji, stanowią podstawę rozwoju funkcjonalno-poznawczej kategorii kobiecości. Badania nad derywatologią i składnią semantyczną umożliwiają uznanie tych rzeczowników za elementy o pewnych cechach semantyczno-składniowych, reprezentujących głęboki i kompleksowy aspekt badań. Specyficzne cechy nazw żeńskich w języku ukraińskim są identyfikowane w szczegółowym badaniu sposobów wyrażania kobiecości, z uwzględnieniem takich elementów, jak przyrostki czy budowa imion żeńskich oraz ich skodyfikowane użycie. Ten zestaw cech posłużył za podstawę do interpretacji kategorii kobiecości jako abstrakcyjnej koncepcji, która ogólnie oznaczając jednostki ze znaczeniem płci żeńskiej, łączy w sobie trzy obszary o węższym kategorycznym znaczeniu: feminitywa podmiotowe, feminitywa obiektywne i feminitywa adresowe, tworzące określoną hierarchię oraz paradygmat semantyczno-poznawczy.

Researching youth violence raises difficult questions about normative assumptions and the ethical problems of universalising and relativistic epistemologies. Furthermore, the study of youth as not simply an abstract concept, but as an idea that concerns real, feeling and conscious subjects, raises questions for violence studies about the focus of the research and its participatory nature. In this chapter, I examine these issues and raise the possibility of ‘epistemological violence’ (Teo, 2010) when studying youth violence. I begin the chapter with by clarification my use of the terms ‘subjective’ and ‘objective’ concerning violence and epistemologies. Having clarified these terms, I turn to examine the strengths and weaknesses of universalising and relativising epistemologies for studying youth violence. Subsequently, I argue that Political Fractionality offers a framework that avoids synergistic solutions and requires researchers to examine the effects of their political and ethical orientations.

Background. Body constitution (BC) is the abstract concept indicating the state of a person’s health in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The doctor identifies the body constitution of the patient through inspection and inquiry. Previous research simulates doctors to identify BC types according to a patient’s objective physical indicators. However, the lack of subjective feeling information can reduce the accuracy of the machine to imitate the doctor’s diagnosis. The Constitution in Chinese Medicine Questionnaire (CCMQ) is used to collect subjective information but suffers from low acquisition efficiency. Methods. This paper presents a personalized body constitution inquiry method based on a machine learning technique. It employs a random generator, a feature extractor, and a classifier to simulate the doctor inquiry and generate a personalized questionnaire. Specifically, the feature extractor evaluates and sorts the question of the constitution in the CCMQ based on the recognition results of the tongue coating image of patients. The sorted questions and relevant BC label are inputted into the classifier; the best questions are screened out for patients. Results. The experimental results show that our method can select personalized questions from the CCMQ for the patients, significantly reducing the time and the number of questions to answer. It also improves the accuracy of recognizing BC. Compared with the CCMQ, patients had 68.3% fewer questions to answer and the time occupied by answering is reduced by 80.3%. Conclusions. The proposed method can simulate the doctor's inquiry and pick out personalized questions for patients. It can act as auxiliary diagnosis tools to collect subjective patient feelings and help make further judgments on the patient’s BC types.

International audience; The French art of living (art de vivre), although an abstract concept, is strongly connected to the luxury goods industry. We refer to “French luxury” as a sector of excellence that merges culture, lifestyle, and historic luxury brands. Yet, although the French art of living is what can enhance the competiveness and the uniqueness of French luxury businesses of both old and emerging young brands, the concept of art de vivre is not defined in the literature and remains very abstract. In this conceptual article, we define the concept of the French art of living. We identify the five pillars, namely, culinary art and tasting, beaux arts (fine arts), haute couture, French literature, and the art of perfume that French luxury businesses can implement in developing a competitive advantage that is embedded in the French luxury culture.

Mastering relational concepts and applying them to different contexts presupposes abstraction capacities and implies a high level of cognitive sophistication. One way to investigate extrapolative abilities is to assess cross-dimensional application of an abstract relational magnitude rule to new domains. Here we show that angelfish initially trained to choose either the shorter of two lines in a spatial task (line-length discrimination task) or the array with “fewer” items (numerical discrimination task) spontaneously transferred the learnt rule to novel stimuli belonging to the previously unseen dimension demonstrating knowledge of the abstract concept of “smaller”. Our finding challenges the idea that the ability to master abstract magnitude concepts across domains is unique to humans and suggests that the circuits involved in rule learning and magnitude processing might be evolutionary conserved.

While attacks against members of the LGBT community are increasingly covered as hate crimes and are widely viewed as a form of repression, attacks on women are almost never covered as violations of human rights. We propose that until violence against women is recognized as a form of repression and a threat to the physical security of women, we cannot expect much to be done to prevent it. We posit that policies aimed at preventing violence against women are unlikely to come about unless this abstract concept is connected, through a connection frame, to concrete crimes against women. We conducted a framing analysis of news coverage of all confirmed femicides in Massachusetts in 2013 and find that while journalists have the potential to draw these connection frames, they seldom put these killings in the context of violations of women’s rights.

Yöneticilerin organizasyonda odakladığı en önemli konulardan biri, insan kaynaklarının etkinliğini ve verimliliğini sağlamaktır. Etkinlik ve verimlilik bir organizasyonda nasıl sağlanacaktır? Bu sorunun cevabı büyük ölçüde personelin iş doyumuna bağlıdır. İş doyumu ise, bireyin işine yönelik geliştirdiği genel tutumu ifade etmektedir. Bu nedenle iş doyumu somut değil, soyuttur. Diğer bir deyişle görülmez, ancak hissedilir. Bu his, genel olarak çalışma ortamına ve çevresel koşullara bağlı olarak değişir. İş doyumu, birçok bileşenden oluşmaktadır. Bu bileşenler literatürde temel olarak iki gruba ayrılmakta ve incelenmektedir. Bunlar; iş doyumunu sağlayan içsel ve dışsal iş doyumu faktörleri olarak ifade edilmektedir. İçsel faktörler; bireyin işine yönelik tutumunu ifade ederken, dışsal faktörler çalışma ortamıyla ilgili faktörleri ifade etmektedir. Bir diğer ifadeyle bireyin işine yönlendirilmesini sağlayan dış etkenlerdir. Söz konusu bu iki faktör bir araya getirilip, birleştirildiğinde bireyin iş tatmini sağlanmaktadır. Bu iki temel faktör grubu çalışan bireyin hem fizyolojik, hem de psikolojik durumunu etkilemektedir. One of the most important issues focused by managers is to ensure effectiveness and efficiency of human resources in organizations. How can effectiveness and efficiency be achieved in an organization? The answer to this question relies heavily on job satisfaction of personnel. Job satisfaction refers to the general attitude developed by the individual towards her/his job. For this reason, job satisfaction cannot be seen but fel t . This feeling depends also on work ing environment and environmental conditions. As an abstract concept, job satisfaction consists of many components. However, more simply, factors ensuring job satisfaction are basically divided into two groups; namely, intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction factors. Intrinsic factors refer to the attitude of the individual towards her/his job while the extrinsic factors refer to the factors related to the work ing environment. When combined, these two factor groups ensure the job satisfaction of the individual. These two fundamental factor groups affect both physiological and psychological state of the individual

In a dramatic scene in the film Miracle on 34th Street , the idealistic lawyer asserts that we should "not overlook those lovely intangibles, as we'll find out in the end they are the only things that really matter." 1 Presence is one of those intangibles, an abstract concept that cannot be measured directly. According to Merriam-Webster, 2 presence is defined first as person-to-person physical presence, or in her/his direct vicinity, or being with a thing that is "visible and concrete." But more importantly, another more elusive presence is "something (as a spirit) felt or believed to be present." 2

Binding theories assume that a stimulus and the response made to it are bound together in an event file (Hommel et al., Behav Brain Sci 24(05):849-937, 2001). Such bindings can occur even after single encounters. If the stimulus or parts of its features are repeated within the time frame in which the event file is still intact, the previously integrated response is retrieved. Stimulus-response binding can exist at a perceptual, conceptual or a response selection level (Henson et al., Trends Cogn Sci 18(7):376-384, 2014). The current experiments test whether the observed binding of concepts with responses can be extended from concrete to abstract concepts (detailedness) and whether abstract concepts can retrieve the previous response, in the absence of perceptual repetition. In the present experiment participants responded to a target feature (colour) while the detailedness of the stimulus was irrelevant to the task. The results showed a significant interaction of response relation and detailedness relation, even in the absence of perceptual repetition. This interaction is interpreted as evidence for response-retrieval due to abstract concept repetition. Thus, our data suggest a broader impact of binding mechanism on performance as even abstract concepts can be integrated into event-files and later modulate behaviour.

Al-Wujud's philosophy "exists," is the most abstract concept. Therefore, there are two opinions in response to this. One way is to assume that "there" cannot be defined or captured by the mind, but can only be directly captured by intellectual intuition. This may be acceptable to the minds of most people, but is "There" God too? Of course, there are people who argue that "There" is something absolute that is not the same as "There" is something relative. However, this is not the case with Mulla Sadra (philosopher of Isfhan) who argues that "Ada" is single and all for all objects, both concrete and abstract. Nevertheless "There" is God is "There" is pure, while "There" is the other mixed with essence. Because God is pure "There", saying "God does not exist" is an impossibility. If God does not exist, it means that "There" is not there. Isn't that an impossibility? Therefore, God is absolutely necessary (Wajib al-Wujud). Because "There is no" is a contradiction, the opposite statement is true.

Mitoloji, birçok araştırma alanının ya da bilimselçalışmaların temelidir. Edebiyat, felsefe, din, psikoloji ve sanat gibidallarda mitolojinin etkileri görülmektedir. Aslında mitoloji insanın kendiniarayışı, keşfidir; mitoloji aracılığıyla insan, edebiyatı ve sanatı yaratır.Mitolojideki soyut olan her kavram edebiyat ve sanat ile somutlaşır, görselhale gelir. Bu bağlamda makalede Antik Yunan edebiyatının ve sanatının temeliolan Yunan mitleri çalışılmıştır. Antik Yunan mitlerindeki ruh, beden, yaşam,ölüm kavramları incelenmiş; Antik Yunan yazarlarından örnekler alınmıştır.Ardından evrenin ve insanın yaradılışı mitleri Antik Yunan edebiyatı bağlamındadeğerlendirilmiştir. Antik Yunan edebiyatının mitlerinden bazıları Jung veFreud gibi bilim insanlarının görüşlerinden yararlanılarak çalışılmıştır. Soyutbir kavram olan mitolojinin nasıl edebiyat ve sanat ile somut hale geldiğigösterilmiştir. Sonuç olarak Antik Yunan edebiyatının kaynağı olan Yunanmitlerinin felsefi ve psikolojik arka planı ortaya konulmuştur., Mythology is the basis of many research fields orscientific studies. There are the effects of mythology on branches asliterature, philosophy, religion, psychology, art. In fact, mythology is theexploration of man's self; through mythology man creates literature and art.Every concept that is abstract in mythology is embodied by literature and art,it becomes visual. In this article, the Greek myths, which were the basis ofancient Greek literature and art, were studied. The concepts of soul, body,life, death in ancient Greek myths were examined. Then the myths of theuniverse and man’s creation were studied in the context of Ancient Greekliterature. Some of the myths of ancient Greek literature were studied using theviews of scientists such as Jung and Freud. It was examined how mythology, anabstract concept, become concrete with literature and art. As a result, thephilosophical and psychological background of Greek myths, which was the sourceof ancient Greek literature, was revealed.

Until late last century, empathy remained an abstract concept confined to the realms of social science and philosophy. Studies in neuroscience have demonstrated that the brain can understand and share emotions of others without having the same experiences. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coupled with self-assessment and tasks that allow evaluation of empathy has helped to map the areas of the brain that are recruited in response to others’ actions and emotions. Furthermore, progress in the neurobiology of empathy shows that facets of empathy can be trained by taking advantage of neuroplasticity. Understanding the neurobiological basis of empathy can inspire us to rewire ourselves for better patient care.

It is a great pleasure to write this tribute in honor of Scott A. Smolka on his 65th birthday. We revisit Goldin, Smolka hypothesis that persistent Turing machine (PTM) can capture the intuitive notion of sequential interaction computation. We propose a topological setting to model the abstract concept of environment. We use it to define a notion of a topological Turing machine (TTM) as a universal model for interactive computation and possible model for concurrent computation.

Lighting is an important component of indoor environmental quality that can affect occupant satisfaction, wellbeing and productivity. Lighting quality is a broad abstract concept and this has implications for its assessment. Subjective evaluations of lighting are an important complement to objective photometric information, however there is limited existing guidance for the selection of such measures. We review and highlight the advantages and limitations associated with measures of general lighting quality and discomfort glare. Existing measures of lighting quality have broad coverage of individual lighting features but do not always clearly form cohesive scales measuring an underlying construct. Questions used in experimental glare research focus narrowly on glare severity, with ambiguous response rating scales. There is a need for the development of reliable and valid tools to assess lighting quality and its components, with clearly defined definitions and constructs, and explicit reporting of psychometric scale properties. The development of rigorous self-report tools will improve the understanding and design of quality lighting environments.

This paper discusses how the general and abstract concept of legitimacy applies to international institutions, using the United Nations Security Council as an example. We argue that the evaluation of the Security Council’s legitimacy requires considering three significant and interrelated aspects: its purpose, competences, and procedural standards. We consider two possible interpretations of the Security Council’s purpose: on the one hand, maintaining peace and security, and, on the other, ensuring broader respect for human rights. Both of these purposes are minimally morally acceptable for legitimacy. Second, we distinguish between three different competences of the UNSC: 1) the decision-making competence, 2) the quasi-legislative competence, and 3) the referral competence. On this basis, we argue that different procedural standards are required to legitimise these competences, which leads to a more differentiated understanding of the Security Council’s legitimacy. While maintaining that the membership structure of the Council is a severe problem for its legitimacy, we suggest other procedural standards that can help to improve its overall legitimacy, which include broad transparency, deliberation, and the revisability of the very terms of accountability themselves.

Love – an abstract concept becomes more concrete and easier to understand in temporal language including chronological and kairotic terms. In the light of the conceptual metaphor theory launched by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), eight source domains for love are found underlying 204 temporal expressions (80 English and 124 Vietnamese). All the conceptual metaphors and many of the metaphorical expressions are the same in the two languages. These resemblances may be shed light on by the universality of metaphor and the objectiveness of time. However, language is a cultural factor; it develops in the relationship with the culture. Hence, coming from two different cultures, the temporal terms employed to relate love are not completely similar between English and Vietnamese.

Purpose – In the past hundred years, the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has seen a remarkable development with various notions of “what is the right thing to do” for the corporations in that era. This paper aims to highlight the journey of CSR staring from an “abstract concept” in the early twentieth century to a well-recognised and “expected business practice” in the present. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents a meta-analysis of the relevant CSR literature and finds 12 common themes emerging in different periods. This is presented in a chronological order starting from early 1920 to the present day for ease of understanding. The literature chosen is intentionally broad as not to miss a clear view of the times and the themes in CSR discourse. Findings – The concept of CSR was viewed as a “social obligation” in the earlier literature (1920s-1960s), as the businesses were thought to operate for the well-being of a community and not for the prosperity of the sole owner(s). A little later, in the 1960s and 1970s, only adoption of socially responsible activities and practices, which were voluntary and beyond legal obligation, were deemed CSR. The 1980s saw businesses trying to find a rational and financially quantifiable justification for adopting activities that were socially responsible, thus the emphasis of “corporate social performance”. The 1990s shifted the impetus on “reporting, transparency and accountability” with numerous reporting requirements. The 2000s sought a win-win situation through the development of “creating shared value” as a result of adopting CSR initiatives. The concept of CSR became an “accepted and expected business practice” in the decade of 2000, with various governments, global entities and organisations issuing their own understanding and definitions of CSR. Originality/value – This research paper provides an account of the evolution in the concept of CSR in the past century which has seen numerous changes in the manner businesses conduct their operations. The identified themes are reflective of the journey of CSR. This is an informative paper which is very topical in today’s climate of stakeholder scrutiny of business’ working.

Copyright © SLACK Incorporated ABSTRACT Death penalty cases challenge the forensic expert professionally, emotionally, and ethically. The threat of the ultimate punishment our society can inflict calls for the ultimate in professional care from the examiner. Evaluations of “competence to be executed” further heighten these challenges given the proximity of the evaluation, and the evaluee, to the execution of sentence. In this article, the author, a board-certified forensic psychiatrist (American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, Inc.) employed by the State of Missouri, provides reflections upon his work on one recent case that garnered worldwide media attention due to the nature of the medical issues involved. [Psychiatry Ann. 2015;45(12):626-629.] The question “how can you sleep at night?” was posed to me by a visiting medical student from the United Kingdom to whom the death penalty was a fascinating and frightening, yet abstract concept. As I pondered a reply, I reflected on my involvement in seven death penalty cases over my 23year forensic career.

Resumen En el cuadro “La primera chacra”, a través de una paleta vibrante de colores contrastantes y delicados trazos sobre un fondo monocromático oscuro, Yahuarcani representa el lugar donde las plantas son cultivadas, un espacio lleno de vida y espíritus. Según el conocimiento Amazónico, las plantas tienen distintos espíritus que pueden influenciar el mundo material y los cuerpos humanos, y pueden comunicarse con la gente. Esta perspectiva de la naturaleza cuestiona el punto de vista moderno occidental sobre el cultivo de plantas y el lugar de ellas en la sociedad. Pero “La primera chacra” no es una representación del entorno natural, ni una descripción visual de temas mitológicos. Por el contrario, Yahuarcani pinta un concepto más abstracto: una fuerza natural, productora de vida, un dominio donde lo espiritual y lo material están interconectados. En “La primera chacra”, así como en las pinturas “El río” o “Al caer la noche”, el entorno Amazónico no es explícito. Yahuarcani se inspira en el conocimiento y mitos de la Amazonía para producir un trabajo evocativo sobre ella. A través de pinturas en las que el tratamiento estético de las imágenes predomina sobre la narrativa, Yahuarcani da nueva forma al conocimiento ancestral amazónico, reivindicando su importancia y validez en el mundo contemporáneo. Abstract In the first painting “La primera chacra” (The First Little Farm), through a very vibrant palette of contrasting colors and delicate traces over a monochrome dark background, Yahuarcani depicts the place where plants are cultivated, a space full of life and of spirits. According to the Amazonian knowledge, plants have distinct spirits that are able to influence the material world and human bodies, and can communicate with people. This perspective on nature questions modern Western views on farming and the place of plants in society. But “The First Little Farm” is not a depiction of the natural environment, neither a visual description of mythological subjects. Rather, Yahuarcani paints a more abstract concept of it: a natural force, producer of life, a domain where the spiritual and the material are interconnected. In “The First Little Farm” as well as the paintings El río (River) or Al caer la noche (Nightfall), the Amazonian environment is not explicit. Yahuarcani is inspired by the knowledge and myths of the Amazon to produce a work evocative of the Amazonia in his own language. Through paintings in which the aesthetic treatment of the images predominates over the narrative, Yahuarcani reshape the ancient Amazonian knowledge, reassessing his importance and validity in the contemporary world. ReferencesBorea, Giuliana. “Personal cartographies of a Huitoto mythology: Rember Yahuarcani and the enlarging of the Peruvian contemporary art scene.” Revista de Antropologia Social dos Alunos do PPGAS-UFSCar 2, n. 2 (Jul.-Dec. 2010): 67-87.Yahuarcani, Rember. “Los ríos de nuestra memoria.” Mundo Amazónico 5 (2014): 197-209.Yllia Miranda, María Eugenia. “Antropófagos contemporáneos: paradojas y lógicas visuales en la pintura amazónica contemporánea peruana.” Actas del Seminario Internacional Estudios y Encuentros entre Antropología y Arte. Lima: PUCP, en prensa.

Intersectionality, frequently used by political scientists, sociologists and anthropologists as a highly abstract concept, originated as the socio-legal critique, by Kimberlé Crenshaw, of US courts’ ignorance of discrimination against Black Women specifically. That ignorance emerged in cases such as DeGraffenreid, in which the claimants challenged a collective redundancy scheme resulting in dismissing all Black Women on grounds of indirect discrimination. The court refused to recognise Black Women as a category of relevance and did not find any discrimination because the scheme did not impact disproportionally on White Women or Black Men. As regards EU law, some socio-legal scholars of today doubt that intersectionality has any value as a practically relevant concept. This article discusses the question whether and how intersectionality can and should be used in applying EU non-discrimination law through a critical analysis of three ECJ rulings delivered between 24 November 2016 and 14 March 2017. The Parris case concerning the pension claims of two white homosexual Men can be qualified as the Court’s “DeGraffenreid moment” because it refused to recognise discrimination in a case where the intersection of being over 63 and homosexual was the basis of excluding the Men from a survivor’s pension. The Court refused to recognise combined discrimination and found that neither age nor sexual orientation in isolation were the reason of that exclusion. The more recent Achbita and Bougnaoui cases seem to constitute instances of surprising ignorance of racializing Muslim Women through penalising them for wearing a headscarf: The Court, following its Avocates Générales, refused to protect Women against dismissal on grounds of that garment on the basis of extensive justifications for religious discrimination, thus ignoring a pervasive exclusion on the intersection of gender and ascribed race. The article criticises all three rulings with a twofold argument. First, it is submitted that anti-discrimination law should and can recognise intersectional discrimination without losing its focus by a reconceptualization around the nodes gender, race and disability. Second, it is argued that EU anti-discrimination law can be interpreted to encompass this concept by using a purposive interpretation.

The use of technology and information as multimedia learning has a very strategic function. Media is seen as one of the factors that can improve the learning process because the media has strategic roles and functions that can directly or indirectly affect the motivation, interests, and attention of students. The function of multimedia in learning is to overcome the limitations of students’ experiences, be able to transcend classroom boundaries, enable direct interaction between students and their environment, produce uniform observations, instill the basic concepts that are true, concrete, and realistic. Multimedia can arouse new desires and interests and arouse students’ motivation to learn and provide an integral or comprehensive experience from the concrete to the abstract. The advantages of using multimedia in learning include being able to improve students’ ability to understand an abstract concept more easily, in addition to the use of computer media in the form of multimedia can give a positive impression to the teacher because it can help teachers explain the contents of the lesson to students, streamline time, and increase students’ motivation in learning.

Time is an abstract concept that can be understood by making an analogy or a metaphor from a more concrete concept such as a spatial construct. Previous research found that people from different cultures and languages constructed time movement differently. In addition, the use of a specific time metaphor tends to activate a different type of temporal reasoning. Time metaphor studies related to Indonesian culture and language are still limited. Although it is known that Indonesians tend to use different temporal reasoning compare to other countries, how their time metaphors may have an impact on their temporal reasoning is still unknown. It is then important to further investigate the effect of time metaphor on time reasoning particularly in different cultural contexts and how it may have impact on people behavior. This paper will discuss some findings in the area of time metaphor and temporal reasoning, including the influence of culture on time conception.

How can we understand causal relationships and how can we understand words such as ‘cause’? Some theorists assume that the underlying abstract concept is given to us, and that perceptual correlation provides the relevant hints towards inferring causation from perceived real-life events. A different approach emphasizes the role of actions and their typical consequences for the emergence of the concept of causation and the application of the related term. A model of causation is proposed that highlights the family resemblance between causal actions and postulates that symbols are necessary for binding together the different partially shared semantic features of subsets of causal actions and their goals. Linguistic symbols are proposed to play a key role in binding the different subsets of semantic features of the abstract concept. The model is spelt out at the neuromechanistic level of distributed cortical circuits and the cognitive functions they carry. The model is discussed in light of behavioural and neuroscience evidence, and questions for future research are highlighted. In sum, taking causation as a concrete example, I argue that abstract concepts and words can be learnt and grounded in real-life interaction, and that the neurobiological mechanisms realizing such abstract semantic grounding are within our grasp. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Varieties of abstract concepts: development, use and representation in the brain'.

Have you ever savored the ripe fruits or fresh vegetables from land that you yourself had begun to restore perhaps just a few years before? If not, does land restoration seem like an abstract concept with which you have no hands-on experience? Do habitat restoration and species recovery feel like things that happen off in the distance, beyond your sight, your earshot, your taste buds, and your nostrils?

When soul is lost in translation: Metaphorical conceptions of soul in Dostoyevsky’s original Братья Карамазовы ( The Brothers Karamazov ) and its translations into Polish, Croatian and English Given that our understanding of such an abstract concept as soul is almost purely metaphorical, this paper provides a comparative cross-linguistic analysis of the system of metaphorical conceptions of soul in Dostoyevsky’s original Братья Карамазовы ( The Brothers Karamazov ) and its Polish, Croatian and English translations. Special attention is paid to those metaphors that are translated differently between the various translations, either in conceptual or linguistic terms. This paper adheres to the cognitive-linguistic approach to Mind (Reddy, 1979; Sweetser, 1990; G. Lakoff & Johnson, 1999). Consistent with conceptual metaphor theory in general (G. Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; G. Lakoff, 1987; Grady, 1997; Kovecses, 2000; G. Lakoff, 2009; etc.), this paper’s theoretical and methodological approach is based on Sweetser’s (1990) analysis of the system of metaphors for knowledge, on G. Lakoff and Johnson’s (1999) systematic analysis of the metaphorical conceptions of Mind and Soul, and on Strkalj Despot, Skrynnikova and Ostanina Olszewska’s (2014) comparative analysis of the metaphorical conceptions of ДУША/DUSZA/DUSA (‘soul’) in Russian, Polish, and Croatian. The metaphors for soul were examined in a parallel corpus that consists of Dostoyevsky’s original Братья Карамазовы ( The Brothers Karamazov ) and its Polish, Croatian and English translations. Linguistic metaphors were detected using the MIPVU procedure (Steen et al., 2010). The main questions that this paper ains to answer are: Which metaphors for conceptualizing soul are shared by all the languages in question? Which metaphors are translated differently and why? If metaphors are translated differently, is the difference conceptual, cultural or linguistic? Does the type of metaphor (primary, complex) have any influence on the decision to translate the source language (SL) metaphor into a different one in the target language (TL)? What cultural differences are revealed through the analysis of the way metaphors have been translated to other Slavic and one non-Slavic language? Pojecie duszy zagubione w tlumaczeniu: Metaforyczne ujecie duszy w oryginale powieści Братья Карамазовы ( Bracia Karamazow ) Fiodora Dostojewskiego oraz w jej tlumaczeniach na jezyk polski, chorwacki oraz angielski Rozumienie tak abstrakcyjnych pojec, jak dusza jest w pelni metaforyczne. Niniejszy artykul zawiera porownawczą, przekrojową analize lingwistyczną systemu konceptualizacji pojecia dusza w powieści Fiodora Dostojewskiego pt. Братья Карамазовы ( Bracia Karamazow ) oraz w jej polskim, chorwackim i angielskim tlumaczeniu. Zwrocono szczegolną uwage na te metafory, ktore zostaly przetlumaczone inaczej w kazdym wariancie tlumaczenia, pod wzgledem pojeciowym albo jezykowym. W artykule zastosowano kognitywno-lingwistyczne podejście do umyslu (Reddy, 1979; Sweetser, 1990; Lakoff & Johnson, 1999), podejście teoretyczne i metodologiczne – zasadniczo spojne z teorią metafory pojeciowej (Lakoff i Johnson, 1980; Lakoff, 1987; Grady, 1997; Lakoff, 1999; Kovecses, 2000; Lakoff, 2009 i in.) – opiera sie na analizie E. Sweetser (1990) dotyczącej systemu metafor wiedzy, systematycznej analizie G. Lakoffa i M. Johnsona (1999) dotyczącej metaforycznego pojmowania umyslu i duszy oraz na analizie porownawczej K. Strkalj Despot, I. Skrynnikovej i J. Ostatniny-Olszewskiej (2014) pojec metaforycznych ДУША/DUSZA/DUSA ( dusza ) w jezykach rosyjskim, polskim i chorwackim. Przeanalizowano metaforyczne określenia duszy w korpusie paralelnym, w ktorym znalazla sie powieśc Fiodora Dostojewskiego pt. Братья Карамазовы ( Bracia Karamazow ) w oryginale oraz jej przeklady na jezyk polski, angielski i chorwacki. Metafory jezykowe wskazano, korzystając z procedury MIPVU (Steen i in., 2010). Niniejsza analiza jest probą odpowiedzi na nastepujące pytania: ktore metafory pojecia dusza są tozsame we wszystkich analizowanych jezykach? Ktore metafory zostaly przelozone w odmienny sposob i dlaczego tak sie stalo? Jezeli metafory zostaly przetlumaczone inaczej, czy jest to roznica pojeciowa, kulturowa czy jezykowa? Czy rodzaj metafory (podstawowa, zlozona) wplywa na probe przetlumaczenia metafory w jezyku źrodlowym inną metaforą w jezyku docelowym? W jaki sposob metafory i rozumowanie metaforyczne w roznych jezykach wskazują na roznice i podobienstwa kulturowe w pojmowaniu świata?

Abstract. Recently, Sui, He, and Humphreys (2012) introduced a new paradigm to measure perceptual self-prioritization processes. It seems that arbitrarily tagging shapes to self-relevant words (I, my, me, and so on) leads to speeded verification times when matching self-relevant word shape pairings (e.g., me – triangle) as compared to non-self-relevant word shape pairings (e.g., stranger – circle). In order to analyze the level at which self-prioritization takes place we analyzed whether the self-prioritization effect is due to a tagging of the self-relevant label and the particular associated shape or due to a tagging of the self with an abstract concept. In two experiments participants showed standard self-prioritization effects with varying stimulus features or different exemplars of a particular stimulus-category suggesting that self-prioritization also works at a conceptual level.

In this chapter, we intentionally listen to the opinions and ideas of children in order to understand the potential value or relevance, if any, of holism to child health. We present findings from a 2014 qualitative study with children from across Ontario, Canada. This novel study aimed to describe young people’s perceptions of health. Several key findings emerged: (1) Children found standard definitions about health useful but limited in value; (2) Children wanted a model of health that was flexible enough to be “different for everyone”; (3) All the “different for everyone” aspects of health are interconnected; (4) Metaphors such as a cake, a house, a web and a maze were proposed by the children as useful ways of talking about health, and may offer a flexible, practical, holistic and fresh framework for engaging with children about health; and (5) Metaphors are a useful technique for engaging children with the abstract concept of holism.

Knowledge is an abstract concept without any reference to the tangible world. It is a very powerful concept, yet it has no clear definition so far. From the Greek philosophers up to present experts in knowledge management, people tried to define knowledge but the results are still very fuzzy. This chapter has the intention of showing the most significant aspects of the dispute over the definition of knowledge, and the main conceptual barriers in that endeavor. In the first part of the chapter we discuss about the knowledge nature and the attempts made in epistemology to define knowledge. The well-known definition that knowledge is justified true belief is shown to have the limitations given by the justification condition and the truth nature. In the second part, we consider the metaphorical approach to knowledge explanation and we present the main metaphors used for knowledge in the managerial literature: knowledge as objects, knowledge nuggets, knowledge as an iceberg, and knowledge as stocks and flows. In the last part, we introduce a new paradigm of metaphorical thinking based on the knowledge energy. This metaphor opens new opportunities for understanding knowledge as a multi-field paradigm composed of the rational, emotional, and spiritual knowledge fields.

concepts ("freedom") differ from concrete ones ("cat"), as they do not have a bounded, identifiable, and clearly perceivable referent. The way in which abstract concepts are represented has recently become a topic of intense debate, especially because of the spread of the embodied approach to cognition. Within this framework concepts derive their meaning from the same perception, motor, and emotional systems that are involved in online interaction with the world. Most of the evidence in favor of this view, however, has been gathered with regard to concrete concepts. Given the relevance of abstract concepts for higher-order cognition, we argue that being able to explain how they are represented is a crucial challenge that any theory of cognition needs to address. The aim of this article is to offer a critical review of the latest theories on abstract concepts, focusing on embodied ones. Starting with theories that question the distinction between abstract and concrete concepts, we review theories claiming that abstract concepts are grounded in metaphors, in situations and introspection, and in emotion. We then introduce multiple representation theories, according to which abstract concepts evoke both sensorimotor and linguistic information. We argue that the most promising approach is given by multiple representation views that combine an embodied perspective with the recognition of the importance of linguistic and social experience. We conclude by discussing whether or not a single theoretical framework might be able to explain all different varieties of abstract concepts. (PsycINFO Database Record

A metaphoric framing is a message comparing an abstract concept (e.g., the economy) to a dissimilar concept that is more concrete and easier to comprehend (e.g., a vehicle). Metaphoric framings are commonly used in public discourse (e.g., magazine editorials, political campaign advertisements) to communicate about controversial sociopolitical issues. These messages are not mere figures of speech. Mounting evidence shows that even brief exposure to a metaphoric framing can prompt observers to transfer their knowledge of the metaphor's concrete concept to interpret analogous features of the target issue, even though the two concepts are superficially quite different. This article reviews this evidence, demonstrating that the metaphors pervading everyday communication uniquely shape how people think and feel about a host of important issues. The authors draw on theories of motivated social cognition to chart avenues for future research on the situational factors that moderate metaphor's impact on attitudes.

Metaphor is a common linguistic phenomenon.Conceptual Metaphor Theory(CMT)assumes that metaphor is not only just the language we use to communicate:it reflects a cognitive character that sensorimotor experiences and concrete concepts serve as the foundation for the development of more abstract concepts.According to CMT,the sensorimotor information should be an integral part for representing abstract concepts and the sensorimotor experiences also can be activated as the way of abstract conceptual processing.A growing body of work has found that the processes of abstract concepts are linked to the physical experiences that describe them metaphorically.These studies involve spatial metaphor, thermal metaphor,clean metaphor,haptic metaphor and so on.Future researches should focus on the effect of multiple metaphors on conceptual processing,determine how the unidirectional relationship and bidirectional relationship are shaped and develop the application of CMT.

Trabalho enviado em 27 setembro de 2016 Aceito em 01 de novembro de 2016 DOI: 10.12957/rqi.2016.25806 Resumo A proposta central do presente estudo e discutir a correlacao possivel entre Poder Publico, Corrupcao e Justica social. E objeto de preocupacao com a concepcao historica e contemporânea dos construtos Etica Publica, Corrupcao, Justica e Justica social. Discute-se a Justica como um conceito abstrato, vago e relativo, mas que pode ser definido de acordo com a finalidade da Filosofia moral e o Direito em face da convivencia humana. Conclui-se que a Justica social e a premissa fundamental para a concretizacao dos direitos e da Cidadania Palavras-chave: Justica. Educacao. Corrupcao. Pobreza Abstract The central proposal of the present study is to discuss the possible correlation between Public Power, Corruption and Social Justice. It is a matter of concern with the historical and contemporary conception of the constructs Public Ethics, Corruption, Justice and Social Justice. Based on a conceptual and axiological approach, Justice is discussed as an abstract concept, vague and relative, but that can be defined according to the purpose of moral Philosophy and Law in the face of human coexistence. It is concluded that Social Justice is the fundamental premise for the realization of rights and Citizenship Keywords: Justice. Education. Corruption. Poverty

As first-year students come from diverse backgrounds, basic skills should be accessible to everyone as soon as possible. Transferring such skills to these students is challenging, especially in highly technical courses. Ensuring that essential knowledge is acquired quickly promotes the student’s self-esteem and may positively influence failure rates. Metaphors can help do this. Metaphors are used to understand the unknown. This paper shows how we made a turn in student learning at the University of Almeria. Our hypothesis assumed that metaphors accelerate the acquisition of basic knowledge so that other skills built on that foundation are easily learned. With these goals in mind, we changed the way we teach by using metaphors and abstract concepts in a computer organisation course, a technical course in the first year of an information technology engineering degree. Cluster analysis of the data on collective student performance after this methodological change clearly identified two distinct groups. These two groups perfectly matched the "before and after" scenarios of the use of metaphors. The study was conducted during 11 academic years (2002/2003 to 2012/2013). The 475 observations made during this period illustrate the usefulness of this change in teaching and learning, shifting from a propositional teaching/learning model to a more dynamic model based on metaphors and abstractions. Data covering the whole period showed favourable evolution of student achievement and reduced failure rates, not only in this course, but also in many of the following more advanced courses. The paper is structured in five sections. The first gives an introduction, the second describes the methodology. The third section describes the sample and the study carried out. The fourth section presents the results and, finally, the fifth section discusses the main conclusions.

The proliferation of vast information shared through social media and other communication technologies has led us to an era of attention scarcity. Effective crisis response requires both a systematic understanding of how collective attention emerges during disaster events and robust techniques for monitoring the public's attention shift due to the events.However, "attention" is an abstract concept that is very challenging to characterize. In this work, we propose an attention shift network to systematically analyze the dynamics of collective attention in response to real-world exogenous shocks such as disasters. Using hashtags appeared in Twitter users' complete timelines around a violent terrorist attack -- the Paris attacks occurred on November 13, 2015 -- we thoroughly investigate the properties of network structures and reveal the temporal dynamics of the collective attention under both regular time and exogenous shock.