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Solar radiation plays an important role in many skin disorders pathomechanism. The group of diseases characterized by ultraviolet hypersensitivity is called photodermatoses. Most common acute reactions include photoallergic and phototoxic. Skin eruptions may have a variable clinical picture, however most often they are erythematous-papular or bullous. Skin lesions typically occur in areas exposed to ultraviolet radiation since they only develop if a topical or systemic exogenous chemical substance (medicine, cosmetics, etc) has been used. Five cases of patients with photosensitivity reactions have been presented.

One of the greatest achievements of the Ancient Maya was a logo-syllabic writing system. The Maya left many glyphic inscriptions carved, incised or painted on different media. Unfortunately, from that rich scribal tradition only four manuscripts, known as codices, survived. They are painted on bark paper and contain, above all, almanacs with auguries. However, by looking at reports prepared by chroniclers during Colonial times, and documents transcribed in Mayan languages using the Latin alphabet, one can see that a variety of subjects could have been raised in lost codices.

Schematyczność, rozumiana jako powtorzenie, jest jednym z podstawowych kryteriow podziału literatury na popularną i wysokoartystyczną. Fascynująca wydaje się zatem tworczość pisarza – noblisty, ktora opiera się na obsesyjnie powtarzanych motywach, figurach i wątkach. W tworczości Patricka Modiano nieustannie powracają bowiem schematy powieści kryminalnej oraz klisze przejęte z tradycji literackiej, przede wszystkim francuskiej. Artykuł jest probą odpowiedzi na pytanie: dlaczego i w jaki sposob Patrick Modiano wykorzystuje schemat kryminalny? Wybrane utwory autora (Ulica ciemnych sklepikow, Zagubiona dzielnica, Dora Bruder, Żebyś nie zgubił się w dzielnicy) zostały poddane analizie w kontekście strategii charakterystycznych dla konwencji kryminalnej. Pozwoliła ona wskazać trzy najważniejsze funkcje kryminału w tworczości Modiano; użycie schematu kryminalnego jako: odzwierciedlenia mechanizmow pamięci, skonwencjonalizowanej formy literackiej komunikacji oraz przedstawienia przymusu powtarzania. Przykład tworczości francuskiego noblisty pokazuje, jak kryminał przekracza granice literatury popularnej, co prowadzi nas do pytania, czy tradycyjne kategorie literackie są dziś jeszcze użytecznym narzędziem badawczym.

Most of the studies about donation decisions focus on some personality factors, self-esteem or some family characteristics as separate sources of influence and do not take into account interdependence of these variables. The study attempts to conceptualize and validate an integrative framework, based on SCT A. Bandura, incorporating personal, environmental and behavioural determinants of the decision to register as a potential bone marrow donor. The study hypothesizes and tests the interdependent variables model of personality traits, self-esteem, practical past prosocial behaviours and family functionality as the key determinants of the decision of registration as potential bone marrow donor (PBMD) on the sample of 305 Polish young adults aged 18–25 years. The study was conducted using Polish versions of the following questionnaires: TIPI by Gosling et al. for measurement of the Big Five personality traits, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES), PBQ (based on the Self-Report Altruism Scale by Rushton) by Moron, and Family Apgar scale by Smilkstein for assessing family function. The results obtained due to using a hybrid data-mining’ techniques LR and CART, allow the formulation of predictive equations defining the probability of making the decision to register as a potential bone marrow donor as a result of personality traits of agreeableness, conscientiousness, and self-esteem, as well as positive affect in family modelling and adaptation. However, the negative role of past prosocial behaviours, also demonstrated in research, requires further explanations. Although these methods may supplement the existing statistical models and contribute to the interpretation of factors of decision concerning the registration as a PBMD, further testing of the model according to the investigated variables requires the use of casual modelling methods in order to verify hypotheses concerning the occurrence of a specified structure of relationships between these variables.

One of the major achievements of the Maya civilization was an introduction and development of an exceptionally refined writing system. In the history of that civilization, three basic periods may be distinguished: pre-classical (2000 yBP – 250 yBP), classical (250 yBP – 900 yP), and post-classical (900 yP till the Spanish Conquest). It is especially the classical period in which a tremendous development of Maya architecture and art took place. It is also in this period that a growing number of inscriptions were produced, though the first glyphs had occurred much earlier.

Odysseus or in Latin, Ulysses, is kind of literary character who, by his special qualities and his adventures, gives writers many possibilities of variation in reworking the myth. The demand of the audience as well as the authors’ desire for originality provide the main motive of the myth to be presented in a new way. Thanks to it, every writer, who undertakes a piece of work, tries to produce a new portrait of the well-known mythical hero. The source of variation in the myth can also be the natural tendency of authors to assimilate the old material to contemporary fashions and customs1. Problems of morality must have also arisen in the development of the myth over the centuries. Another cause of change in the traditional material lies in the writer’s technical inventions. All of these factors are interesting enough to the present author in presenting the many faces of the Homeric hero, Odysseus, which have changed over the course of time.

Based on the concepts of Huber’s centrality of religiosity as psychosocial resource, a non-experimental, moderated mediation project was designed in a group of 176 women and 84 men, who voluntarily participated in an online study, analysing the relationship between the prayer and the fears (for health, economy/finances, social life and family relations) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the general tendency in dependencies between variables. Among the assessed components of religiousness crucial for alleviating the fears of the COVID-19 pandemic, two forms of prayer—Private Practice and Public Practice—turned out to be the most important. Private Practice seemed to appease the fears of threats to family and social relationships of persons assessed, while Public Practice was revealed as the predictor of intensifying of the general, summed up level of fears. The areas of health (illness threat) and financial security fears were not associated neither with prayer nor any other components of religiousness. It means a selective predictive associating of prayer with the appeasing of only specific types of fears, namely those of a social nature. The results obtained point to the importance of the addressed topic in the context of searching for psycho resources in coping with difficult situations and determining their impact.

The theory of conceptual integration / blending is a methodology that enables decoding of complex semantic structures. It not only allows to correctly read hidden meanings of polysemantic concepts, but also to analyse how these structures were created. The concept of blending is useful not only for researchers (especially in the interpretation of numerous cultural texts), but also for authors at the stage of creating their works. An appropriate process of blending guarantees the creation of new, original qualities resulting from a combination of several conceptual structures into one and it also enables the expression of ideas difficult to articulate. The examples of such multidimensional concepts can be found in the novels of Joanna Bator (the laureate of Nike Award in 2013), who (being a cultural expert and anthropologist) tackles in her works various philosophical or sociological issues. She presents her critical observations as specific — metaphorical, metonymic, symbolic and blended — images. This article provides several such examples in order to present how creating and reading blends is connected with “watching” and creative writing as well as sensual and rational exploration of things/meanings in culture.

Based on Huber’s centrality of religiosity concept, a non-experimental research project was designed in a group of 178 women and 72 men, voluntary participants in online studies, quarantined at home during the first weeks (the first wave) of the pandemic, to determine whether and to what extent religiosity, understood as a multidimensional construct, was a predictor of the worsening of PTSD and depression symptoms in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study made use of CRS Huber’s scale to study the centrality of religiosity, Spitzer’s PHQ-9 to determine the severity of depression, and Weiss and Marmar’s IES-R to measure the symptoms of PTSD. Our study, which provided interesting and non-obvious insights into the relationship between the studied variables, did not fully explain the protective nature of religiosity in dealing with pandemic stress. Out of five components of religiosity understood in accordance with Huber’s concept (interest in religious issues, religious beliefs, prayer, religious experience, and cult), two turned out to contribute to modifications in the severity of psychopathological reactions of the respondents to stress caused by the pandemic during its first wave. A protective role was played by prayer, which inhibited the worsening of PTSD symptoms, whereas religious experience aggravated them. This means that in order to interpret the effect of religiosity on the mental functioning of the respondents in a time of crisis (the COVID-19 pandemic), we should not try to explain this effect in a simple and linear way, because religious life may not only bring security and solace, but also be a source of stress and an inner struggle.

Pedagogiczne refleksje nad konstruowaniem i wspólną negocjacją świata przez jednostki na podstawie doświadczenia i relacji społecznych są istotnym elementem włączania i rozwijania idei pedagogiki partycypacyjnej (Naumiuk 2014, s. 25). W tym celu należy odejść od modelu kształcenia skoncentrowanego na podziale ról na nauczyciela (tego, który naucza) i ucznia (tego, który jest uczony) oraz na ekspertów i nowicjuszy. Punktem wyjścia powinna być aktywność obu stron w procesie zdobywania i pogłębiania wiedzy, a dopiero potem dzielenie się wiedzą, budowanie sieci osób aktywnych i wspólne działania (Potyrała 2016, s. 276). Przyroda jest znakomitym laboratorium i miejscem badań, a obserwacja i obcowanie z nią podpowiadają nam, jak zdobywać wiedzę, pracować w grupie, chronić przyrodę i zachowywać się w jej środowisku (Korwin-Szymanowska i in. 2015, s. 9–36). Celem artykułu jest ukazanie możliwości poszerzenia oferty edukacyjnej w zakresie rozwoju zawodowego nauczycieli przyrody oraz przedstawienie teoretycznych założeń nowych tendencji edukacyjnych wraz z propozycjami ich wdrożenia do praktyki akademickiej.

Simultaneously with the technology development, the access to the information has become easier. Internet is the possibility of learning and pleasure but it brings the risk as far as an easy access to pornography is concerned. During our research we came under scrutiny the scope and frequency of using pornography among young adults and we confirmed how influential it is on the attitude and the behavior of the above-mentioned. 230 t. of people gave their responses in the request research via Internet. These answers proved to be useful to estimate the scope of using Internet pornography. It was shown as well, that pornography has the influence on people's attitude to sexual intercourse before marriage and abortion and changes the attitude to pornography as such.

Wobec zwiększającej się liczby ruchów ludnościowych zasadne wydaje się podejmowanie badań nad różnorakimi skutkami migracji, zarówno w sensie jed- nostkowym, jak i społecznym. Celem pracy jest wgląd w mechanizmy samoorga- nizacji polskiej rodziny emigracyjnej, z wykorzystaniem systemowej perspektywy rozumienia rodziny migracyjnej, inspirowaną podejściem S. Minuchina i takich ram teoretycznych, jak koncepcja „dzieci trzeciej kultury” R. H. Ussem oraz problemów akulturacji, roli sieci społecznego wsparcia a także psychologii miej- sca – nie-miejsca M. Augé.Dzięki zebranym metodą wywiadu zogniskowanego oraz rozmów indywidual- nych, jakościowo przeanalizowanym w grupie 48 rodziców (przy uwzględnieniu zmiennych: bliskości międzypokoleniowej, wzorców relacji zewnętrznych oraz unikatowej dla rodziny emigracyjnej zmiennej relacji z miejscem pobytu) informa- cjom przyporządkowano trzy modele funkcjonowania rodziny emigracyjnej, wyjaś- niające problemy nieefektywnych strategii akulturacyjnych na emigracji. Modele te odpowiadają rodzinom spójnym – uwikłanym – splątanym wg S. Minuchina:„rodzina-magnes” (o dużej bliskości międzypokoleniowej, wysokim poziomie lęku grupowego i spójnych wzorcach kontaktów zewnętrznych, wytwarzająca w efekcie relatywizm miejsca), „rodzina-kotwica (o niskiej bliskości międzypoko- leniowej, niespójnych wzorcach kontaktów zewnętrznych, wytwarzająca problem nieumiejscowienia oraz fatamorganę kotwicy u dzieci i separacji u rodziców) oraz „rodzina-repelent” (o niskiej bliskości międzypokoleniowej, niespójnych wzorcach kontaktów zewnętrznych, wytwarzająca alienację u matki i asymilację u córki).

In view of the numerous reports, suggesting a negative effect of the informal relation (cohabitation) to the functioning of individuals attempt to obtain answers to questions or wives and woman in informal relations shows different levels of satisfaction of the relationship (intimacy, disappointment, similarity, self-realization, support, commitment and depreciation) and the severity of self-esteem (in general self-esteem, competence, a sense of popularity, a sense of being loved, leadership skills, self-control, moral self-acceptance, a sense of physical attractiveness, vitality, identity integration, and strengthen self-defense)? The study of two groups of women who remain in cohabitation relationships and marriages (n = 30), using the Multidimensional Self-Assessment Questionnaire by E. J. O’Briena and S. Epstein in adapting D. Fecenec; Matching Marriage Questionnaire by M. Plopa and Marital Communication Questionnaire by A. Kaźmierczak and M. Plopa showed that the wives and woman in informal relationships did not differ in the severity of self-esteem. The non-married cohabiting and married showed similar levels of severity: a general self-esteem, competence, popularity, being loved, leadership skills, self-control, moral self-acceptance, sense of physical attractiveness, vitality and mental integration. Women in informal relationships showed different levels and severity of satisfaction from the relation in which they live. The similarity and intimacy partners were rated as higher in unmarried women in informal relationship compared with married women. This means that the tested relationships in the perception of cohabiting women in informal relationships were characterized by a significantly higher level of involvement of the partners in the development of the relationship in comparison with married women.

ON 19 May 1998 Teresa Prekerowa, one of the most prominent and well respected contributors to these pages, passed away quietly after a long illness. As the 18-year-old Teresa Dobrska she entered the Warsaw ghetto illegally numerous times to bring aid to the family of her friend Alina Wolman; later she helped to smuggle the whole family out of the ghetto and found hiding-places for them on the ‘Aryan side’ near Warsaw. In 1941 she rescued a 4-year-old Jewish girl whom she found crying in the street in ‘Aryan’ Warsaw, taking her into her own home and later placing her in a convent. In 1943 she and her new husband hid a Jew for nine months in their own flat....