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The success of toilet training occurs because there are many factors including age, sex, culture, parents' motivation, children's readiness physically, psychologically and intellectually. In addition, one of the important factors for the success of toilet training is the parenting style applied by parents in educating their children at home. This study aims to determine the relationship between working parents' parenting styles and children's independence in toilet training. In this study, a literature study was used by analyzing 5 national journals and 2 international journals. This research study is a type of literature study research by looking for theoretical references that are relevant to the cases or problems found. Based on the results of the analysis of several journals above, there are many who say that the parenting style of working parents is related to children's independence in toelite trening. The results of the research can be used as material to evaluate and prepare health promotion strategies for health workers, especially nurses, in increasing the knowledge and attitudes of parents, especially parents who work outside the home to apply parenting to pre-school children (3 - 5 years) according to the child's personality development. Keywords: parenting style, toilet training

There is a lack of affordable and acceptable sanitation solutions for dense, low-income urban settlements. One option that has been proposed is container-based sanitation, where a sealed cartridge installed in a free-standing toilet is regularly changed and adequately separates users from their excreta. Though container-based toilets are considered a safely managed sanitation solution that meets the Sustainable Development Goal for sanitation, little is known about user experiences to inform how such a solution should be viewed by governments. We conducted a longitudinal prospective cohort study of changes in objective and subjective measures of sanitation quality due to the Clean Team Ghana (CTG) container- based toilet service in Kumasi, Ghana from June to December 2019. We collected data immediately prior to installation of a toilet and 10 weeks afterwards for 292 customers. Most initially used public toilets with good structural quality, but sometimes had poor cleanliness, a lack of handwashing facilities, and required a 14.3 minute mean round trip time to use. The evaluation found that CTG delivers a high-quality service that positively impacts the quality of life of CTG customers, as well as saving them money, reducing gender gaps in quality of life, and addressing the needs of those with physical disabilities. Satisfaction with CTG toilet and service characteristics was high, with the largest increases for satisfaction with smell, comfort, disgust, and privacy. Women in particular were positively impacted both for explicitly gendered indicators like the ability to practice menstrual hygiene management, and other indicators where women scored lower than men at baseline, including ease of access, ease of use, and cleanliness. Use of the service also benefitted those who had been unable to use a toilet for physical or social reasons beforehand. Problems with the CTG service, such as leaking, filling, smelling, or not being replaced as scheduled, were reported by fewer than 10% of customers. While one product or service does not fit the needs of all customers, this evaluation supports the growing body of evidence that container-based sanitation provides a service valued by users and acceptable to policymakers in dense urban settlements.

Mobility inside and outside the home, and in the community, is important to independence of lifestyle after stroke. Existing measures lack content validity relating to these three environments. The aim of this study was to contribute to the content validity phase of developing a new scale for assessing mobility of people with stroke in these settings. An open–ended questionnaire was used to obtain responses from 15 physiotherapists with substantial experience in neurological physiotherapy. Responses were coded to provide a comprehensive list of tasks and destinations. A wide range of destinations was identified for i) inside the home: bedroom, bathroom/toilet, living room, kitchen; ii) outside the home: access to and from property, outside buildings, clothesline, garden and letterbox; and iii) in the community: access to health and shopping facilities, leisure sites and public transport. Although a diverse range of tasks was identified, a common theme emerged to emphasise the impact of the environment on mobility. Responses were recorded in all dimensions of a recently published conceptual model of mobility that focused on environment. These dimensions included distance, time constraints, ambient conditions, terrain characteristics, external physical load, attentional demands, postural transitions and traffic level. Further work is required to quantify environmental dimensions which are relevant to the destinations identified in the three environmental settings of this study.

Although access to adequate sanitation is formally recognized as a basic human right, public toilets have long been flagged as absent necessities by groups marginalized by class, gender, race, and ability in the United States. Navigating public spaces without the guarantee of reliable restrooms is more than a passing inconvenience for anyone needing immediate relief. This includes workers outside of traditional offices, people with medical conditions, caretakers of young children, or anyone without access to restroom amenities provided to customers. This absence is also gendered in ways that constrain the freedom of those who menstruate to participate in the public sphere. Managing menstrual hygiene requires twenty-four-hour access to safe, clean facilities, equipped for washing blood off hands and clothing and mechanisms for discreet disposal of used menstrual products. Public provision of such amenities is woefully inadequate in New York City (NYC), and homeless women especially bear the brunt of that neglect. Public health concerns about open defecation, coupled with feminist complaints that their absence restricted women’s ability to be out in public, catalyzed state investment to construct public toilets in the late 1800s. By 1907, eight had been built in NYC near public markets, and by the 1930s, the city built and renovated 145 comfort stations. However, changing public perceptions, vandalism, maintenance costs, and the City’s fiscal crisis in the 1970s all combined to reduce their numbers and degrade their quality. Public pay toilets provided a brief respite before falling victim to protest by feminists, who were rightly dismayed by policies that required payments for public usage of toilets but not for urinals. Supply deteriorated, and by 2019, NYC ranked ninety-third among large U.S. cities in per capita provision of public toilets. The remaining facilities are inadequately maintained and poorly monitored. The absence of public toilets poses an everyday challenge, but public health emergencies bring the need for public toilets into clear focus––as seen during the COVID-19 pandemic, which eliminated publicly accessible bathrooms in both private and public settings. That said, the effects of COVID on bathroom availability disproportionately affected those who were unable to heed the public health message to shelter at home––mobile “essential workers” and individuals experiencing homelessness. Homelessness advocates have long complained that civic toilet scarcity amounts to de facto entrapment, turning biological necessities into “public nuisances” for want of appropriate facilities. Criminalizing public urination and defecation in the absence of public facilities punishes the existence of individuals experiencing homelessness and challenges outreach workers’ efforts to gain their trust. With women increasingly prominent among those living on the streets or in shelters, this scarcity also impedes managing menstruation. Default reliance on private business is no answer for anyone defying passable “customer” profiles. Nor does the recent success of NYC’s “menstrual equity” efforts in schools, prisons, and shelters, with their primary focus on supplying menstrual products, suffice to cover the daytime needs of those on the move.

Schoolchildren frequently transmit respiratory and gastrointestinal infections because of dense person-to-person contact in schools. We piloted a low-cost handwashing intervention among elementary schoolchildren in Bangladesh. We trained teachers to lead behavior change communication sessions using flipcharts to encourage students’ handwashing before eating, after defecating, and after cleaning school toilets; provided handwashing stations (reservoirs with taps and stool + basin + soapy water solution [mix of 30 gm detergent with 1.5 L water] + pump top bottle with steel holder); and formed hygiene committees for maintenance and covering the recurrent cost of detergent. We evaluated intervention acceptability, feasibility, and potential for sustainability at 1 and 14 months after the intervention. At baseline, of 300 before eating events, no one washed hands with soap, and 99.7% (299) did not wash hands at all as soap was unavailable. Out of 269 after toileting events, 0.7% (2) washed hands with soap, and 88% (237) did not wash hands. After 4 weeks of the intervention, 45% (87/195 before eating events), 83% (155/186 after toileting events), and 100% (15/15 after cleaning toilet events) washed both hands with soapy water as children found it accessible, low cost, and child friendly. After 14 months, 9.4% (55/586 before eating events) and 37% (172/465 after toileting events) washed both hands with soapy water for health benefits. The intervention was acceptable and feasible; it overcame limited access to soap and water and was affordable as schools covered the recurrent costs of detergent. Further research should explore long-term habit adoption and impact on health and attendance.

Sanitation is a public health effort that emphasizes mastery of various environmental factors that affect the degree of human health. Agencies that have a good and comfortable work environment will support improved performance for their employees. This study aimed to identify the description of working environment sanitation in the warship division office building at PT PAL INDONESIA (PERSERO). This research was observational. From the entire office space in the Warship Division, the five rooms with the most employees were selected for this research. The research instrument was an observation sheet with variables of building facilities, water supply, toilet, disease vector, lighting, noise, temperature, and humidity. Data analysis was performed descriptively with scoring. The results showed that four out of the five rooms (80%) that were observed had poor sanitation because they had a score of less than 75%. The results showed that the variables that were included in the criteria of lack of sanitation were toilets, lighting, temperature, and humidity. Suggestions given for the company are for building facilities, water supply, noise, and disease vector to be maintained because they are included in good sanitation criteria. Toilets, lighting, temperature, and humidity need to be fixed immediately, and reported to the officer responsible if things that can reduce the quality of office sanitation are observed. Keywords: sanitation, indoor air quality, work environment

Electric bidet toilets are widely used in Japan and are sanitary devices, that are integral to daily life. Approximately, half of the population washed the anus before or after defecation. Cleaning the anus after defecation using the bidets contributes to hand hygiene and local comfort, and it may be effective against constipation. However, excessive bidet use potentially causes anal pruritus and anal incontinence (AI). Physicians are advised to instruct patients with anal pruritus to avoid excessive cleaning of the anus and those with AI to discontinue bidet use. For the estimation of the inherent severity of AI, physicians should instruct a bidet user with AI to discontinue bidet use and assess the severity of AI later. Additionally, the nozzle surface and splay water of bidet toilets may be contaminated with fecal indicator bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, rendering them a potential vehicle for cross-infection. In the hospital setting, compromised patients must be cautious regarding the shared use of bidet toilets to prevent infection by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Specifically, they should be provided with bidet toilets exclusive for them or may need to be instructed to not use a bidet.

Background: Nocturnal enuresis, also called bedwetting, is involuntary urination while asleep after the age at which bladder control usually begins. Bedwetting in children and adults can result in emotional stress. Little is known about toilet training in pre-modern societies, but attitudes toward training in recent history have fluctuated substantially, and may vary across cultures and according to demographics. Treatments range from behavioral therapy, such as bedwetting alarms, to medication, such as hormone replacement, and even surgery such as urethral dilatation. Since most bedwetting is simply a developmental delay, most treatment plans aim to protect or improve self-esteem. Treatment guidelines recommend that the physician counsel the parents, warning about psychological consequences caused by pressure, shaming, or punishment for a condition children cannot control. Bedwetting is the most common childhood complaint. Children may face certain risks associated with training, such as slips or falling toilet seats, and toilet training may act in some circumstances as a trigger for abuse. Aims: The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and its associated factors among school going children in selected rural areas of Vadodara. Methods: A descriptive research design was carried out for this study. The sample size of the study is 500. Participants were selected using stratified sampling technique. The tool is consists of two parts. First part consist of demographic data of the sample and second part consist of assertiveness self-assessment questionnaire. Results: While assessing the associated factors of nocturnal enuresis in school going children, 15% children are having mild nocturnal enursesis,77%children are having moderate nocturnal enuresis and 8% children are having severe nocturnal enuresis. While assessing the association, there are three demographic variables age, sex and education of father has no significant association. So H0 has been rejected and H1 is accepted. Conclusion: The present study concluded that majority of the children’s is having moderate level of nocturnal enuresis (77%) and minority of the children’s is having severe level of nocturnal enuresis (8%).

Background : Cases of child sexual abuse in Indonesia continue to increase. The need for a parent's role in providing sex education from an early age is expected to prevent children from sexual abuse. Savy Amira Women Crisis Centre mentions that Tambaksari sub-district has the highest crime rate in Surabaya. Perceptions, attitudes and behaviors of parents in the provision of sex education in early childhood can be described in PAUD Tunas Mandiri Pacar Keling Subdistrict Tambaksari Method: This research method is qualitative with phenomenological approach. The number of samples as many as 10 mothers with purposive sampling techniques. The variables studied were perception, attitude and behavior of the mother. Data is collected by indepth interview method and processed with Interactive Model Of Analysis. Result : Most respondents have a perception that sex education is behavior, but respondents know that sex education has a good purpose. This is reflected in the attitudes and behaviors shown by most respondents about how they provide sex education. All they've been doing is part of sex education, it's just that they don't know or realize that. The age, level of education and employment in this study had little effect on perceptions of providing sex education. Conclusion: Almost all mothers interpret the provision of sex education in early childhood is still a taboo thing to give, while for the attitude and behavior of the mother is shown by limiting the child and supervision when playing gadgets,introducing genitalia and teaching toilet training.

Introduction: Enuresis is urinary incontinence where a child should be able to urinate normally but the child can't do it. So, that urine output is not in place or is often called bedwetting. This study aims to determine the relationship between the application of toilet training, constipation and stress with the incidence of enuresis in preschool aged 3-6 years at Tunas Karya Kindergarten, Parakansalak District, Sukabumi Regency 2020. Methods: The research is quantitative non-experimental using a descriptive analytic approach with cross sectional studi design. The sample in this study was 60 guardians of pre-school aged 3-6 years in Tunas Karya Kindergarten, Parakansalak, Sukabumi 2020. Data analysis using Chi-Square Test with SPSS. Results: The results showed that there was a relationship between the application of toilet training and the incidence of enuresis with a P value of 0.000. There is a relationship between constipation and the incidence of enuresis with a P value of 0.001 and there is a relationship between stress and the incidence of enuresis with a P value of 0.000. Discussion: The 60 respondents who experienced enuresis were 35 (58.3%), while those who did not experienced enuresis were 25 (41.7%). Respondents who did not apply toilet training as many as 34, respondents who experienced constipation as many as 32, respondents who experienced stress as many as 34, there is a relationship between the application of toilet training, constipation and stress with the incidence of enuresis.

‘Public’ toilets are crucial to our social and geographical landscape, and access to them has become prominent in recent public and academic debates. Drawing on a qualitative study based on 25 daily diaries and follow-up interviews with people living with the common health condition irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), this paper explores toilet access through the lens of mundane mobilities. Planning journeys, mapping toilets, a reliance on commercial toilets and intersections with travel were key themes emerging from the study. Through the lens of IBS, we see how navigations of seemingly everyday mobilities are problematised through the bodily precarity of unpredictable symptoms intertwined with the availability, comfort and knowledge of ‘public’ toilets. This paper works at demonstrating the interdependency between everyday mobilities and toilet access. IBS offers a particularly useful insight in which the common but often hidden nature of the condition demonstrates the multiplicities of ‘public’ toilet access and how the unpredictability of access meets with, and is embodied, by those with the condition. This paper contributes to interdisciplinary toilet scholarship by engaging in mundane and embodied geographies and centralises toilets as a site of connection for those studying everyday mobilities.

Stunting defines as an abnormal linear growth of children less than -2 standard deviations (SD) of the height measurements according to age. According to WHO (2013), the quality and quantity of nutrient intake and the presence of infectious diseases are directly associated with stunting, while hygiene and sanitation are indirectly associated with stunting. This study aimed to determine whether there is a relationship between disease history and sanitation with the incidence of stunting in children aged 1-5 years in the working area of Sidotopo Wetan Health Center (Puskesmas), Surabaya City. This cross- sectional study was used secondary data from the survey of Puskesmas Sidotopo Wetan children under five - supervising program 2020 which included 166 children aged ≤ 5 years. The dependent variable was stunting, and the independent variables are the history of diarrheal disease and sanitation facilities. The results found that 77 children under five were stunting (46.40%), history of frequent diarrhea was 19.26%, history of the last one month of having diarrhea was 20.47%, permanent healthy toilet ownership 89%, and qualified trash bin were 46.97%. The results of the chi-square statistical test on the research variables further showed a positive relationship with a history of frequent diarrhea (p = 0.023) and diarrhea during the past month (p =

Urban political ecology shows how fractured power dynamics mutually shape urban built environments, formulating everyday negotiations around accessing needed sanitation infrastructure in the Global South. However, given critiques of the effectiveness of state health interventions to promote household toilet uptake and gender equity in sanitation, less attention has been paid to how or why urban poor women might gravitate towards a household toilet at all. I address this by drawing on mixed-methods and ethnographic fieldwork among women from two urban informal settlements in Maharashtra, India. My findings center on sanitation journeys, which I consider to be daily determinations around accessing different forms of sanitation infrastructure. I find that sanitation journeys go beyond what is usually considered a binary decision about “whether” to build a toilet to uncover an active, gendered timeline of connected events which may be sped up, slowed down, or reversed. Second, sanitation journeys occur within the space of tension between local residents of informal housing and municipal governing actors, thus elucidating ways in which the physical environment of sanitation relates to the social environment of gendered conflict, support, and competition. Lastly, a household toilet carries a dual role within these sanitation journeys; it is embedded within imaginaries of upward mobility and home-making, but is also complicated by the threat of eviction. In characterizing these trends and contradictions, I highlight how constrained choice behind sanitation journeys can illuminate ways women juggle the confluence of urban precarities amidst state efforts to change the sanitation environment.

En la capital de Costa Rica, se concentra el mayor porcentaje de personas en condición de calle. Este sector de la población es marginado por la sociedad y presenta deficiencias para suplir sus necesidades básicas. Por lo cual, durante el proyecto, se estudian estas carencias para determinar cuál puede solucionarse a través del diseño de un producto inteligente que mejore su calidad de vida.Debido a lo anterior, se realiza una etnografía digital para obtener información sobre el usuario final y se investigan sus necesidades de mayor importancia. Una vez identificadas dichas necesidades, se decide desarrollar un producto para el manejo de los desechos sanitarios de esta población; este cubre necesidades biológicas, de seguridad y de pertenencia. Para el desarrollo del producto, se lleva a cabo una conceptualización que contempla la definición y validación de requisitos, según la necesidad planteada, un estudio de mercado y un análisis de lo existente. Una vez planteados estos aspectos, se definen sus funciones, tanto prácticas como inteligentes, componentes, perceptualidad, ergonomía, topología, interacción, ensamble, instalación, materiales y manufactura. Esto da como resultado a SU, un sanitario urbano inteligente desarrollado mediante modelado 3D y renderizado de alta calidad. En este diseño, se limita el contacto con el usuario y se plantea una desinfección automática periódica con ayuda de sensores y luz. Además, este es un producto modular de acero inoxidable, lo que facilita su fabricación y montaje de varios sanitarios. Este producto aporta social e individualmente, ya que su implementación reduce de manera indirecta los desechos sanitarios en las zonas públicas y beneficia directamente a los habitantes de la calle.

As national and global water, sanitation, and hygiene targets have been set and programs have been implemented, the study aimed to assess the attainment of these targets at the local level in selected areas in Davao region, the Philippines. Randomly selected households were assessed for water, sanitation, and hygiene indicators using a modified tool that combined national guidelines and global recommendations. Validated access to improved water source for drinking was below the targets in most barangays, while validated sanitary toilet coverages in all barangays did not meet the targets. Significant difference was observed between validated and reported access to improved water and sanitation services in some barangays. Approximately 87.5% of households had a handwashing facility, but only 51.2% of which had both water and soap available. Achieving the targets is challenged by the gap in monitoring due to a decentralized health system in the Philippines. There is a need to standardize indicators and optimize the tool to allow a comprehensive assessment of water, sanitation, and hygiene practices. This will help generate local data that are in line with national guidelines and global recommendations to enhance policy and to determine priority areas for improved water, sanitation, and hygiene service delivery.

Access to clean sanitation is closely linked to women’s dignity, health, and wellbeing, and lack of these is a significant concern. We explore the perceptions about the poor sanitation access for on-duty female police officials working at off-site locations and its implications with regard to their behavior, health, and social lives. We conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey study with 150 on-duty female police officials in the period January–March, 2020 in South India to elicit their perceptions about access to sanitation in off-site locations, their behavioral modifications to tackle this issue, and its impacts on their health and social lives. Data analysis was done using SPSS software. A high percentage of female police officials (69%) reported not having toilet access while on duty in off-site locations, and 80% avoided drinking water during duty to avoid accessing toilets. Poor toilet access was significantly associated with higher risk of genitourinary symptoms (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 0.96–4.83) and urinary tract Infections (OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.05–5.48). About 11% of participants abstained from work for hygiene purposes during their menstruation owing to discomfort without toilet access, with consequent wage loss and significant adverse social impacts (OR: 10.8; 95% CI: 4.7–25.2; p value = 0.0001). Reduced access to clean sanitation facilities for on-duty female police officials has adverse implications on their toileting and hydration behavior, health, and social lives. Gender-sensitive policies and enhanced welfare facilities are needed to motivate and to obviate health and social risks for the female police force engaged in protecting the country’s citizens.

The aim of this study is evaluating the travel experiences of a group of people participating in touristic train travel. In addition, it is evaluating the quality of the services offered during the Eastern Express tourist train journey in order to make this travel a more pleasant and demanding experience. In the research, in which qualitative research method was used, interviews were conducted on 25-28 January 2019. With 56 passengers participating in the Ankara-Kars expedition, landing in Kars and accepting the meeting with the Touristic East Express, permanent meetings of 25-35 minutes were made. According to the findings obtained as a result of the interviews, all of the Participants recommend this journey to others. The most frequently repeated reasons for choosing this travel are natural beauty, touristic trips, advertising, nostalgia and cheapness. The most frequent insufficiencies in services include toilet cleaning and narrow washbasins, insufficiency of electrical outlets in wagons, shorter stopping times at stops, and deficiencies in ventilation and lighting systems. Activities to participate in Kars include going to Sarikamis Ski Center, tasting local dishes and riding a sled in Cildir Lake.

Most people now have their meals outside their homes and are vulnerable to illness caused by food. Unsafe food preparation and supply by vendors have made food safety a concern for public health. Jashore is a densely populated city, this study was designed to evaluate food safety knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of food vendors in Jashore region, Bangladesh. A randomized descriptive cross-sectional study on food safety KAP was conducted among 200 food vendors. Where 96% were male food vendors, 72.5% were smokers, and 63% were found to be overweight or obese. While 72.5% vendors had good knowledge of food safety, only 33% and 0.5% had good food safety attitude and practice, respectively. Among the socio-demographic factors investigated, only the level of education showed significant influence (p = 0.005 and 0.015) on the food safety knowledge and practice of the vendors. While handling food, over 90% vendors did not use any personal protective equipment, 4.5% had diarrhoea, 8.5% did not wash their hands after going to the toilet and 28.5% reused previous leftover oils. The data suggest that the overall food safety knowledge of suppliers in the Jashore region is good but their attitudes and practices need to be improved.

Background Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections have long been an important public health concern in the Philippines. In this review, we describe the current status of STH infections there and highlight the control efforts undertaken to reduce STH burden. Main text A nationwide STH mass drug administration (MDA) programme was started in 2006 but the overall STH prevalence remains stubbornly high across the Philippines, ranging from 24.9% to 97.4%. The continued increase in the prevalence may have been due to the challenges related to MDA implementation which include the lack of people’s awareness about the importance of regular treatment, misconceptions about the MDA strategy, lack of confidence on the drugs used, fear of adverse events and general distrust of government programs. There are existing water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programmes implemented in communities [e.g., Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) program and providing toilet bowls and provision of subsidy for latrine construction] and schools [e.g., WASH in School (WINS) program], but sustained implementation is required to achieve expected outcomes. Although WASH in general is being taught in schools, integration of STH as a disease and community problem in the current public elementary school curriculum is still inadequate. The Integrated Helminth Control Program (IHCP) currently implemented in the country, which is focused on improved sanitation and personal hygiene, health education and preventive chemotherapy, will require continuous appraisal. The sustainability of this programme still continues to be a challenge. Conclusions Despite the major efforts to control STH infections for almost two decades in the Philippines, persistently high STH prevalence has been reported across the country, which is likely due to suboptimal MDA coverage and limitations in WASH and health education programs. Sustainable delivery of integrated control approaches will continue to play a pivotal role in the control and elimination of STH in the Philippines. Graphic abstract

Objective: Handwashing is the best defense against communicable infections due to lack of good personal hygiene practices. The objective of the study is to evaluate the change in knowledge and practice of hand hygiene among the children living in a foster care home of Bengaluru city. Material and Methods: A pre-tested, closed-ended, and structured questionnaire was administered in local language among 98 children, aged 8–16 years, residing in a foster home for boys in Bengaluru city to assess their knowledge and hand hygiene practices before and after a community-based intervention of handwashing technique which was done. Results: The present study showed a significant improvement in knowledge among majority of the children regarding hand hygiene before and after meals, usage of toilet post-intervention. About 96.9% of the children started practicing handwashing using handwash solution and water. Conclusion: Behavior change through communication campaigns improves safe hand hygiene practices on long term.

Clean availability air used when coming from wells (air land) for the needs of everyday residents, air conditions are very murky, yellow, sour and post-idanan from the pollution of domestic waste air from waste air laundry, bathroom, toilet waste and the rest of the rice field irrigation system, although currently Kp. Sendal Kopo, Panenjoan Village has a unit of clean air water is the top thing to treat the surrounding residents Community-Based Sanitation (Sanimas) from the central government is limited only dipoman air waste household results to irrigate rice fields, not for air needs One way in processing ground air by designing air filters from PVC pipes using activated carbon media from coconut shells and additional media foam filter, injury, zeolite stone, activated carbon and sand silica for air to make the air good air. Simple air filter everywhere in Kp.Sendal Kopo, Panenjoan Village, Carenang District, Serang District, Banten Province. Any activity there provides favours throughout the community Kp. Sendal Kopo, Village Panenjoan RT / RW: 004/01 involved in the workshop of making simple air filters and counselling will maintain and manage clean air so that with the village Of Panenjoan will be murky and political air into air that has standard air through clean air design intalasi air

Safe water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) are among key components to prevent and control waterborne diseases such as cholera, schistosomiasis, and other gastrointestinal morbidities in the community. In 2018, there was cholera outbreak in Ngorongoro district that was fueled by inadequate and unsafe water as well as poor sanitation and hygiene. We used an analytical cross-sectional study first to determine the proportion of households with access to WaSH and second to assess factors associated with coverage of household’s access to WaSH. Methods included interviewing heads of the household to assess the availability of safe drinking water, use of unshared toilet/latrine by household members only, and the availability of functional handwashing facility. Eight percent of households had access to WaSH. Access to household’s WaSH was positively associated with household’s monthly income, education of heads of the household, and water use per person per week. To control water-related morbidities, there is a need to improve access to reliable safe drinking water, expand alternatives of households to earn more incomes, and enhance proper sanitation and hygiene services to rural areas and marginalized groups like the Maasai of Ngorongoro in Tanzania.

Supa Pengpid,1,2 Karl Peltzer3,4 1ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; 2Department of Research Administration and Development, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa; 3Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; 4Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, TaiwanCorrespondence: Karl PeltzerDepartment of Psychology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339 (40), Bloemfontein, 9300, South AfricaEmail kfpeltzer@gmail.comBackground: This study aimed to estimate the trends of 20 health risk behaviours among adolescents in Morocco.Methods: Cross-sectional data from 13,109 adolescents (14 years median age) that took part in three waves (2006, 2010, and 2016) of the “Morocco Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS)” were analysed.Results: Among both boys and girls, five health risk behaviours (being physically attacked, annual injury, passive smoking, zero days walking or biking to school, and poor hand hygiene after toilet use) significantly declined over time, as well as among boys the involvement in physical fighting. Inadequate fruit intake and current tobacco use increased among both boys and girls over time, and among girls bullying victimization and among boys poor hand hygiene prior to eating increased over time.Conclusion: More health risk behaviours decreased than increased in this study of three cross-sectional surveys over a period of 10 years. Additional school health promotion is needed.Keywords: tobacco use, sedentary behaviour, nutrition, injury, psychological health, hygiene behaviour, protective indicators, interpersonal violence

Use of human excreta as fertilizer is not a new concept. However, with the use of the modern water-flush toilet, human excreta becomes mixed with water and causes environmental pollution. To reemphasize the nutritional value of human urine in the field, a urine diversion toilet was constructed in a community school situated in Kavre, Nepal. The purpose of establishing the urine diversion toilet is to improve hygiene outcomes through promoting proper sanitation and transforming the school community’s regular practice and attitudes towards urine as a resource. To ensure effective implementation of the urine diversion toilets, intervention mapping was used as a guiding framework. The aim of this paper is to document how the urine diversion toilet was planned and implemented in the school and how the urine diversion toilet was connected with the curriculum to address concerns regarding water, sanitation, and hygiene with a focus on sustainability through intervention mapping. This study highlights the benefits of intervention mapping as a systematic and step-by-step process for the planning and implementation of the urine diversion toilet. This study also highlights the benefits of connecting urine diversion toilets with school gardening, and engaging with local government and other stakeholders about the value of the approach.

One of the main issues regarding the implementation of source-separation-based sanitation systems is user acceptance, which is related directly to the state of knowledge of citizens. A communication platform for the exhibition and interactive information on the topic of resource-oriented sanitation (ROS) was developed as part of the P-BANK transdisciplinary project. The P-BANK platform is based on a toilet in the public space. The communication concept focusses on the actual use of the toilets and the surrounding nutrient cycle. The central object of the communication at the P-BANK, as its name suggests, is the macronutrient phosphorus. This simplification creates a symbolic effect which is supported by the ambiguity of the sound of the chemical symbol “P” for phosphorus in connection with urinating (to pee). Furthermore, this reduction aims at shortening the messages and simplifying the information transfer. In the first project phase, the transportable system was field-tested and evaluated in the context of the 100th anniversary of the Bauhaus in Weimar. After positive reviews and experiences concerning the performance of the technical facilities and the success of the communication concept, the P-BANK will be tested and evaluated in further awareness-raising campaigns.

Not urinating regularly, voluntarily restraining oneself at school promotes the occurrence of voiding disorders.Aim: To determine the prevalence of such disorders in elementary schools (students from 1st to 5th grade) and analyze the role of access to school toilets on voiding habits.Method: Observational, descriptive epidemiological study during the 2017-2018 school year by electronic questionnaire with parents of pupils attending elementary school.Results: 2119 questionnaires were analyzed. The graders sex ratio was 1.07 (1087 boys). 410 families (19%) were classified as “popular” class. First, second and third graders represented 60% of the enrollment (N = 1273). Overall use of school toilets was 87% and 69% of students had appropriate use for urine. The main obstacles to their use were lack of hygiene and comfort (51%), lack of security or privacy (33%), limited accessibility (28%). The overall prevalence of urinary elimination disorders was 9%. Girls had more inappropriate use of the toilet for urine (36% vs 27%, OR 1.5, P = 0.0004). The factors associated with urinary elimination disorders were: not using the toilet (13% vs 9 %, OR 1.5, P = 0.04), being a girl (14% vs 5%, OR 3.5, P

The purpose of this study is to analyze the water quality of the river and the status of water quality of watersheds Kundur Kabupaten Labuhanbatu. Sampling was done at 3 monitoring points along the flow of the river Kundur Kabupaten Labuhanbatu. The determination of the sampling points in the field using the purposive sampling method, with the determination of the sampling points based on the differences in the characteristics found in the study area.Some of the parameters measured were temperature, conductivity, COD, BOD, and oil/ fat are then compared with the criteria of the Raw water Quality of the river class II according to PP R. I. No. 82 Year 2001.On Water Quality Management.Based on the results of the analysis of the obtained results that in the area of monitoring point 1, is the most polluted areas.This is because, in this area there is the activity of a diverse community.Household produces waste that comes from the activity of the bathroom, toilet, kitchen, washing clothes and washing of household appliances.

This study reports the impact of the HiFive program, a 6-week handwashing campaign that targets social and emotional motivators to improve student handwashing in primary schools in the Philippines. We designed a clustered randomized trial to evaluate the impact of HiFive on student handwashing behavior, motivation, and access. Of the sample of 196 primary schools located in two districts, half were randomly assigned to receive the program in the 2017–2018 school year. Survey and observation data were collected 3 months after the conclusion of the campaign. In control schools, only 2.5% of students were observed washing their hands with soap and water, our primary outcome and 14.8% were observed washing their hands with at least water. HiFive led to a 3.7 percentage point (p.p.) increase (P < 0.01) in the rate of handwashing with soap and water and a 5.6 p.p. increase (P = 0.03) in handwashing with at least water after toilet use. HiFive also led to a 10.8 p.p. (P < 0.01) increase in the number of handwashing facilities stocked with soap. The program had limited impact on the motivators targeted by the program, suggesting that the small improvements in handwashing may have been driven by increases in the availability of soap. More research is needed to understand how interventions can effectively trigger social motivators to improve handwashing behavior among schoolchildren, and whether the effectiveness of these programs can be augmented with “nudge”-based interventions from the behavioral sciences.

Poor sanitation poses problems for health and policy. Sanitation policy has traditionally addressed open defecation (OD) by constructing toilets. However, a puzzle remains: in many parts of the developing world, why do people continue with OD despite toilets being built for them? While extant research is insightful, an empirical, socially driven explanation for ‘sanitation behaviour’ is still elusive. We advance such an explanation based upon fieldwork in central India where the state has built private toilets for villagers. Drawing upon and modifying pragmatic and analytic approaches in sociology and anthropology, we analyse ethnographic examples of individual toilet behaviour to present a social mechanism that explains toilet use (TU) as an emergent social practice resulting from a chain of ‘problem situations’ experienced by villagers. We find that coercive methods deployed by the state as part of toilet and sanitation policy do not produce durable TU habits, and that good quality toilets are necessary but not sufficient for behavioural change. Instead, we show the need for non-coercive methods of ‘nudging’ that rely on the dynamics of social learning that may enable context-sensitive policies around toilets and sanitation.

The Pia Fantastica toilet flushes with just one cup of water under an angle of 45 degrees and has no water seal. It has the convenience of a pedestal like a conventional ceramic toilet, and, if well installed, has no smell or fly problem. It is a toilet made out of concrete which can be produced for a price of just US$ 6.50 and is therefore attractive to the local sanitation market. The Pia Fantastica was developed as part of the Biological Urban Sanitation Project (2016–2019) where Black Soldier Fly larvae were used for environmental friendly pit emptying. The project has been translated into a social enterprise “Susamati” run by young professionals in Maputo, Mozambique. Setting up an enterprise is about building a team as well as marketing and sales. At this point, making a financially sustainable enterprise remains a challenge.

This study investigated the influence of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WaSH) management on the bacteriological quality of students’ palms in some schools within the Bamenda municipality, to serve as baseline data for strengthening of hygiene management and health policies in schools. The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional approach with data generated through questionnaires, swabbing of the palms of selected students and doorknobs, as well as culturing of the swabs for microbial identification. SPSS version 16.0 was used for data analysis and Chi-square test to determine significant differences in the level of bacteria on the palms of participants by gender. None of the schools met WHO standards, and the gap between toilet usage and hand washing after defecation was very significant (p < 0.0001). Bacteria isolated included: Staphylococcus spp (63%), Escherichia coli (31%), Enterobacter sp (10%), Bacillus sp (10%), and Coliforms (5%). Two Fungi species: Yeast (10%) and Moulds (3%) were also isolated. The content of the curriculum, teaching and assessment mechanism for the WaSH programme management in schools was found to be in need of greater attention, schools and local governments focus on it being below expectation.

Cholera is a disease that Benin has been fighting against for years but which continues to create economic losses for households. The aim of this study is to assess the level of knowledge of the population about this disease and to assess hygiene practices in order to identify the factors responsible for its sustainability. The data were collected through a survey of 720 households in the 12 departments of the country. These data were analyzed with SAS software and three groups of people were identified on the basis of hygiene measures. The majority of respondents know cholera. The main symptoms they mentioned were vomiting (84.83%) and diarrhea (81.04%). Diarrhea was more reported in group 3 (88.96%) than in groups 1 (86.58%) and 2 (83.19%). Low levels of hygiene were the main cause of this disease. In the absence of toilets, the interviewees pass stool in the bush and at the edge of water sources used in households. Some of them have bins (in particular group 1) for household waste but do not subscribe to refuse collection structures. Therefore, they throw garbage in sometimes unofficial landfills. Others, on the other hand, have not garbage cans (mainly group 2) and they empty garbage everywhere (street, gutters and bushes). In addition, hand washing is hardly ever done after using the toilet. Hygiene practices in some households are insufficient, which does not protect the population from cholera.

Rwanda met the Millennium Development Goal targets for access to drinking water and sanitation. However, the WASH practices of high-risk communities are undocumented. Lack of information may hide disparities that correlate with disease. The purpose of this study was to assess WASH and childhood diarrhoea in Bugesera District. A survey was administered to caregivers. Water and stool samples were collected to assess physical and biological characteristics. Focus groups provided information on community context. Analysis included descriptive statistics, Chi-square,logistic regression, and thematic analysis.Piped water and unimproved sanitation were used by 45.28 per cent and 88.38 per cent of respondents. Most respondents (51.47 per cent) travelled 30–60 minutes per trip for water and 70 per cent lacked access to hand-washing near the latrine. Diarrhoea was less prevalent in children who used a toilet facility (p = 0.009). Disposal of faeces anywhere other than the toilet increased the odds of having diarrhoea (OR = 3.1, 95 per cent CI = 1.2–8.2). Use of a narrow mouth container for storage was associated with decreased intestinal parasites (p = 0.011). The presence of a hand-washing station within 10 metres of the toilet was associated with lower odds of intestinal parasites (OR = 0.54, 95 per cent CI: 0.29–0.99). Water and sanitation access, water handling and storage, and unsanitary household environment underlie high diarrhoeal disease prevalence.

Property rental values are readily influenced by a multitude of interrelated factors such as the state of the economy, neighbourhood amenities and property characteristics. However, there is always an expectation that rental value reflects the occupier’s satisfaction from the neighbourhood and property. As such, this study examines the satisfaction of students with private hostel facilities surrounding the Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA), and the effect these facilities have on the rental values of the off-campus students’ hostels. There are 17,307 students who reside in the private hostels off-campus, of which 392 students were randomly selected from the total population of residents living around FUTA South Gate and given questionnaires. Of the 392 questionnaires administered, 390 were retrieved for analysis, thus representing a 99.5% response rate. The data collected was then analyzed using the Weighted Mean Score (WMS), T-test Statistics, Spearman Rank Correlation and the Multiple Regression Analyses. The findings reveal that there is a significant difference in the rental price paid by satisfied and unsatisfied students. Thus, the satisfied students pay higher rents than the non-satisfied students for a single, self-contained apartment. These occupiers are found to be satisfied with facilities such as the toilet, bathroom, fencing and water supply system in the building. There is a positive relationship between students’ rent satisfaction and their satisfaction with hostel facilities provided. The regression analysis further reveals that rental value is a function of neighbourhood amenities and property characteristics. The study recommends that private hostel developers make adequate provision for functional facilities as these can increase students’ satisfaction as well as enhance residential property rental values.

Soap is sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid produced by saponification reaction. The physicochemical properties of soaps determine their quality and hence determine their efficiency. Four toilet soaps from local markets in Saudi Arabia were analyzed for moisture, pH, free caustic alkali or free fatty acid, total fatty matter and insoluble matter in alcohol. The percentage of the moisture ranged between (3.0534±0.1782 -5.1235±0.4891 %), total fatty matter (79.6907± 0.0534 - 94.8253 ± 0.0622), insoluble matter in alcohol (0.7939± 0.0134 - 1.0368± 0.0234% (and there is no excess free caustic alkali. However, the pH values between (8.715±0.0219 - 9.745±0.0212). This study showed that the percent of moisture, free caustic alkali, insoluble matter, total fatty matter and pH values for different samples found to be in limited range. Finally, the percentage of free fatty acid are (1.0433±0.0813 -1.4107±0.1731%). The soaps analyzed proved to be of high quality and meet the standard values.

Objectives To explore whether a school-based water, sanitation and hygiene programme, which includes group hygiene activities, contributes to the formation of independent handwashing and toothbrushing habits among Filipino children. Methods In this cluster-randomised trial, twenty primary schools were randomly allocated to the intervention or control arm. Intervention schools received group handwashing facilities and implemented daily group handwashing and toothbrushing activities. A soap use to toilet event ratio was calculated to measure children’s independent handwashing behaviour after toilet use, and dental plaque accumulation on Monday morning was measured as a proxy indicator for children’s independent toothbrushing behaviour at home. Results Four months after implementation, handwashing and toothbrushing behaviours did not significantly differ between intervention and control schools. The mean soap use in intervention schools and control schools was 0.41 g and 0.30 g per toilet event, respectively (p = 0.637). Compared to baseline, mean plaque scores reduced by 4.2% and 3.5% in intervention and control schools, respectively (p = 0.857). Conclusions Although health benefits have been established, school-based group handwashing and toothbrushing may not be sufficient to increase children’s uptake of independent hygiene behaviours.

The present study is designed to access the factors responsible for developing recurring infection and antibiotic resistance among children with urinary tract infection (UTI). The socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents are important to determine the level of awareness regarding antibiotic resistance; 16.1% children were between 1 to 5 years of age, 21.9% between 5.1 to 9 years, 29.9% between 9.1 to 12 years and 32.1% between 12.1 to 15 years of age who were suffering from UTI. Out of 137 children, 17.5% males were suffering from UTI and the rest 82.5% were females; it reveals that 34.3% children intakes less than 500 ml of water every day while 40.1% intakes 500 to 1000 ml of water, 21.1% children take about 1000 to 1500 ml of water and only 4.4% intakes more than 1500 ml of water every day. The present investigation showed that 50.4% of the children had a history of taking antibiotics while 29.9% did not know whether the child had a history of taking antibiotics and 5.8% has no history of taking antibiotic. Out of the 81 children who received treatment for UTI, 76.5% were fully cured after receiving antibiotic while 19.8% were not cured after taking antibiotic. Out of the 43 children who took the antibiotic on time, 79% took it for 1 to 3 days, 16.3% took it for 3 to 5 days and 4.7% took it for 5 to 7 days. Positive correlation found with male children, maintaining toilet hygiene and recurrent UTI.54.4% respondent used water to maintain the child’s toilet hygiene suffered from recurrent UTI and 92.8% respondent used other means excluding water to maintain the child’s toilet hygiene suffered from recurrent UTI (p

A suggested mechanism of functional constipation (FC) is the refusal against painful bowel movements and a vicious circle of holding back stool, hardening, colonic dilatation and further painful defecation. The aim of this study is to describe perception of school toilets, prevalence of functional abdominal pain (FAP) and constipation in elementary schools.All elementary schools in Giessen County, Germany were contacted. Parents received a questionnaire on perception of toilets and criteria of functional abdominal pain and constipation in two consecutive years.212 (76.5%) families responded the child would use the school toilet for passing urine always, commonly or regularly (ACR), only 92 (33.2%) did so for passing stool. 46 (16.6%) were always disgusted by their school toilets, further 145 (52.3%) reported to be disgusted commonly or regularly. 126 parents reported their child would retain stool to avoid using the school toilet (45.5%). Children who were disgusted by and avoided using the school toilet showed significant higher prevalence of abdominal pain ACR (23.6% vs. 11.2%, p=0.0103) CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of abdominal pain and constipation is high and increased after one year. Negative perception of school toilets with consecutive avoidance behavior could be an important and improvable influence.ZIEL: Die Vermeidung von Stuhlgang stellt eine vermutete Ursache funktioneller Obstipation dar und ist Teil des klinisch häufigen Teufelskreises aus Stuhlvermeidung, verhärtetem Stuhlgang, Dilatation des Colon und weiterer schmerzhafter Entleerungen. Das Ziel dieser Studie ist die Beschreibung der Wahrnehmung von Schultoiletten und ihrer Korrelation mit der Prävalenz funktioneller Bauchschmerzen und Obstipation im Grundschulalter.Eltern an Grundschulen in Mittelhessen wurden über die Schulen kontaktiert und mittels Fragebogen die relevanten Bestandteile der funktionellen Bauchschmerzen und Obstipation als auch die Wahrnehmung und das Verhalten bzgl. der Schultoiletten in 2 aufeinanderfolgenden Jahren erhoben.212 Familien (76,5%) gaben an, dass die Kinder die Toilette immer, zumeist oder regelmäßig für Wasserlassen nutzten, nur 92 (33,2%) nutzten die Toiletten in der Schule für Stuhlgang. 46(16,6%) fühlten sich immer abgestoßen vom Zustand der Schultoiletten, weitere 145(52,3%) regelmäßig oder zumeist. 45,5% der Befragten gaben an, das Kind würde Stuhlgang willentlich einhalten um die Toilette zu vermeiden. Ein entsprechendes Vermeidungsverhalten war signifikant verbunden mit höher Prävalenz funktioneller Bauchschmerzen (23.6% vs. 11.2%, p=0.01).Funktionelle Bauchschmerzen und Obstipation sind häufig bei Grundschulkindern und nahmen im Folgejahr zu. Eine negative Wahrnehmung der Schultoilette und entsprechendes Vermeidungsverhalten können ein relevanter und modifizierbarer Einflussfaktor sein.

Restoran işletmeleri için hijyen her zaman için önemli konulardan birisi olmuştur. Bununla birlikte son 6 aydır dünya genelinde yaşanan Koronavirüs (Covid-19) salgını nedeniyle çok daha önemli bir konu haline gelmiştir. Hizmet kalitesinin önemli faktörlerinden birisi olan hijyen konusu gerek şikayet yönetimi gerekse dışarıda yeme davranışları konusunda turizm alanyazınında sıklıkla ele alınan bir konudur. Çoğunlukla hizmetin tüm unsurlarıyla birlikte ele alınan bu konu, bu araştırma kapsamında tek başına ele alınmıştır. Tripadvisor.com internet sitesinde yer alan Mersin’deki alakart restoranlara yönelik çevrimiçi hijyen şikayetleri üzerinden veri toplanmıştır. Ocak 2013 – Haziran 2020 arasında, Tripadvisor.com’da Mersin’de bulunan 22 Alakart restorana yönelik yapılan 1600 olumlu ve olumsuz yorum içerisinden, hijyen sorununu işaret eden 106 kişiden 141 yorum elde edilmiştir. Veriler, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden betimsel analiz tekniği ile analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, hijyene yönelik müşteri şikayetlerinin mikrobiyolojik hijyen ve ortak kullanım alanlarına yönelik hijyen boyutlarında yoğunlaştığını göstermektedir. En sık karşılaşılan şikâyet unsurları; “taze olmayan ürün kullanımı”, “kirli mekân”, “kirli eşyalar”, “kirli lavabo ve tuvalet” ve “servis ekipmanlarının kirliliği” şeklindedir. Ek olarak sunum ve personelden kaynaklı hijyen sorunları da ciddiye alınacak derecede yüksektir. Bu bulgular alanyazındaki önceki araştırma bulgularıyla benzeşmekle beraber, alakart restoranlar örnekleminde mikrobiyolojik hijyen yani gıda hazırlama sürecine yönelik hijyene dair sorunların daha baskın olduğu sonucunu ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırma sonuçları restoran yöneticilerinin hijyeni, hizmet sürecinin tüm aşamaları için mutlak bir zorunluluk olarak görmeleri gerektiğini de ortaya koymaktadır.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the motif of the house shown in Parasite, focusing on the characteristics and values of the house of Gaston Bachelard, which are verticality, centrality, and protective value, and examine how this film uses it for class problems. First, this film vertically polarizes the secret underground space of Dong-Ik’s house and the rest of the ground space, and makes the ’irrationality of the basement’ and ’the rationality of the roof’ conflict. This vertical image that does not fit Korean culture, however, when Koreans think of their horizontal houses, not only utilizes the basement reminiscent of darkness, conspiracy, and the depths of human beings, but also expresses the seriousness of expanding polarization symbolized by the basement and the semi-underground and the difficulty of overcoming it. Therefore, it can be said that the verticality of the house in this film is class verticality. Next, in this movie, the ‘sunny garden’ of Dong-Ik’s house and the ‘toilet on the altar’ of Ki-Taek’s house are expressed as the center of the house as an intimate shelter. Unlike the former, the latter is an inadequate center in light of our traditional housing view, which considers a sunny house a good house and toilets to be unclean and to be avoided. The suggestion of the ‘toilet on the altar’, nevertheless, as the center of the semibasement house is to maximize the contrast with the garden, based on the paradox of the toilet, and to highlight as much as possible the harsh conditions with which the underground class is faced. Lastly, the fact that Ki-Taek’s semibasement house does not have a protective value unlike Dong-Ik’s house is revealed through ‘submergence’ which is the biggest disaster of the semibasement house, and through ’smell’ caused by moisture, poor lighting and mold. Floods caused by heavy rains engulf even humble shelters, threatening the survival of the underground people, and smells become a stigma to discriminate against their class. Parasite reveals the roots of serious class problems in our society by using various images of the house.

Background: Breastfeeding is beneficial for both the mother and child. Exclusive breastfeeding protects the child from various infections. It reduces the risks of ovarian and breast cancer in the mother. Poor hygienic and sanitary practices during pregnancy may lead to various infective conditions and adverse obstetric outcomes leading to increased maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Objectives: To determine the breastfeeding knowledge and knowledge and practice of personal hygiene and sanitation among the antenatal mothers. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was performed in a tertiary hospital in Kolkata. 170 antenatal mothers were selected for the study. Data was collected on breastfeeding knowledge and knowledge and practice of personal hygiene and sanitation. Result: 41.8% of antenatal mothers were between 25-30 years of age. According to 98.2% opined that breastmilk should be fed to the child first after birth. 75.9% of them cleaned their teeth twice daily, 72.4% bathed once in a day. 83.5% of them regularly washed their nipples with soap and water. 99.4% washed their hands before eating and after using the toilet, 75.9% had no idea about the 6 steps of hand washing. 37.7% used domestic filter as their source of drinking water. 7.1% used community toilets and 44.7% knows the usefulness of sanitary toilet. Conclusion: In this study, it was found that most of the mothers had adequate knowledge about the importance of colostrum and exclusive breastfeeding and the correct time of initiating complementary feeding. Knowledge as well as practices of hygiene and sanitation were also found to be satisfactory. How to cite this article:Ghosh M, Majumdar KK. A Cross-Sectional Study on Knowledge of Breastfeeding and Knowledge and Practice of Personal Hygiene among Antenatal Mothers in a Tertiary Hospital of Kolkata, West Bengal. Int J Preven Curat Comm Med 2020; 6(1): 3-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2454.325X.202001

This research studies the discursive ways in which male student graffiti at Midlands State University reveal ethnic tensions between the Shona and Ndebele of Zimbabwe. The study is carried out in a...

The performance and improvement of sanitation services in developing countries including India is usually monitored using the parameter ‘availability of household toilets’ and the tool ‘sanitation ladder’ which is defined using different excreta disposal systems. These assessment criteria are developed from the perspective of experts’ rather than users’ perspective and take into consideration only a few attributes which mask the quality of several other attributes of toilets which are essential for the functionality and sustained use of toilets. The current study determines appropriate level of service (LOS) scales/ranges for different aspects of household toilets from users’ perspective using the concept of LOS and applies the same to analyze the quality of service of attributes of household toilets specified in sanitation programs. While LOS scale for quantitative attributes is directly determined through successive interval scaling technique, the LOS scale for qualitative attributes is developed by obtaining a quantitative score for qualitative data using RIDIT analysis and then employing the successive interval scaling technique. This study has found that the LOS of some of the attributes specified under sanitation program is below acceptable LOS (LOS C) which requires improvement.

Wróblewski Hubert, Chojęta Dariusz, Zimna Aleksandra, Zygmunt Ewelina, Maziarz Barbara. Hygiene behaviour among youths before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2020;10(8):199-203. eISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.08.023 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.08.023 https://zenodo.org/record/3986479 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.07.2020. Revised: 25.07.2020. Accepted: 15.08.2020. Hygiene behaviour among youths before and during the COVID-19 pandemic Hubert Wróblewski, Dariusz Chojęta, Aleksandra Zimna, Ewelina Zygmunt, Barbara Maziarz Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin Abstract Introduction and purpose of work: For years, scientific bodies have emphasized the essential role of proper hygiene in preventing infectious diseases. However, as is well known, many do not follow basic hygiene rules. Only in the face of spreading epidemics does the society understand the need to take care of it. Such simple actions are crucial in limiting and inhibiting the effects of an epidemic. Material and method:The results of the study were obtained on the basis of an online survey. Results: Before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, most of the respondents washed their hands 4 to 7 times a day, which took them mainly 10-25 seconds. 91% of adolescents used soap and water to wash their hands. Almost every respondent (96.4%) washed their hands after using the toilet, about 78% after returning home, and every 5th person after contact with money. The vast majority of respondents did not use disinfectants when washing their hands was impossible. As many as 60% of teenagers covered their face with their hands while sneezing and coughing. During the coronavirus pandemic, still the most respondents (37.5%) wash their hands 4 to 7 times a day, but as many as 32.1% do it more than 10 times a day. Almost 37% of people take about 30 seconds to do so, compared to less than 10% before the pandemic. In addition, 66.7% use hand disinfectants. Conclusions: In the situation related to the coronavirus pandemic, an increase in hygiene has been noted in each of the categories. The current situation has prompted young people to change their habits and keep them in the future. Keywords:COVID-19 pandemic; hygiene; youths

The current study describes the use of a procedure called the "potty party", an all-day toilet training method using basic learning principles of “errorless” discrimination with 3 children with incontinence diagnosed with autism. At the start of treatment days, each participant was greeted and prompted to request the bathroom. After the child requested the bathroom, they were taken to the restroom, pants and underpants were removed, the child was seated on the toilet. While on-seat, participants were given liquids, less-preferred reinforcers and engaged in typical daily activities such as discrete trial training. When the child voided in the toilet, specific verbal praise and highly preferred edible reinforcers were delivered. The child was also given time off the toilet with their most preferred toys or items/activities. Time off-toilet subsequently increased with each in-toilet urination until the participants were spending the same amount of time off-toilet, out-of-bathroom, and in the classroom as their peers. Results for all three participants using 3 non-concurrent A-B phase designs indicated that the potty party procedure was effective in decreasing accidents to zero levels for all three participants and increased in-toilet urination for two. Future directions for research in toileting are discussed.

Objectives Regular tooth brushing, at least twice a day, is effective for the control and prevention of dental caries and periodontal disease, and regular hand washing with soap can effective prevent infections. The study aimed to assess the prevalence, associated factors of oral, hand hygiene behaviour, and associated factors among adolescents in six Southeast Asian countries. Methods The sample consisted of 36,173 adolescent school children (median age 14 years), from Bangladesh, Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Thailand, and Timor-Leste that participated in the cross-sectional “Global School-based Student Health Survey” (GSHS) in 2014–2015. Results Results indicated that 17.1% of students reported Conclusions Poor oral and hand hygiene behaviour was identified. Several factors associated with poor hygiene behaviour were identified that can help in designing programmes for promotion of adequate oral and hand hygiene practices.

The study assesses the existing sanitation practices in the rural areas of Fatehgarh Sahib including source identification of groundwater contamination using a semi-structured questionnaire. The survey of water uses and hygiene practices was carried out in 115 rural households of Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India. Further, 45 groundwater samples were also analysed for physio-chemical examination using APHA methods. The study findings reveal that 44% of the study respondents prefer open defecation and 70% of the study participants wash their hands with soap after defecation. However, only 30% of respondents were aware of water contamination indicating poor knowledge about good hygiene practices. This is also confirmed as only 2.6% of study participants reported to treat water before consumption. The water quality in the studied villages was found poor as over 50% of the groundwater sample shows the presence of E. coli, an indication of faecal contamination. However, nitrate levels in groundwater were within acceptable limits. Fluoride concentration was above the BIS acceptable limits. Further, 60% of the groundwater samples were in moderate to very hard category. Poor water quality, sanitation and hygiene practices add to the burden of waterborne diseases and demand to create awareness and behaviour change practices to improve rural water and sanitation practices. Further, the distance between the toilet and drinking water source was not found adequate; hence, it is suggested to build guidelines to minimize the risk of waterborne diseases.

This paper aims to discuss and analyze political satire in Eka Kurniawan's short story titled Corat-coret di Toilet. By applying descriptive qualitative research as well as stylistics approach, researcher then reading the whole text of the short story, analyzing the political satire, and taking notes the sentence related to political satire inside. Found that there are nine sentences of satire in the short story that refer to political satire that was written by some students on the campus toilet's walls against the situation of the government in the year of 1990s where the freedom of conveying aspirations is tightly limited. The ubiquity of political satire in this short story builds critical thinking on the readers and also stimulates them intensely to be able to interpretatively understand what is meant by the political satire, the relation of those political satires with the political and social condition in Indonesia, specifically in the end of New Order and the beginning of reform era. Finally, the political satire in Corat-coret di Toilet reflects legal and social injustice in Indonesia. Nevertheless, Kurniawan's work able to persuade the readers with a sense of humor, sadness, anger and the truth of the Indonesian situation, to understand and care more about social and government phenomena in their own country.

Restoranlar, geçmişten günümüze insan ihtiyaçları ve yoğun rekabet koşullarına ayak uydurabilmek için gelişip değişmektedir. Yiyecek içecek sektöründeki bu değişim ve farklılaşma sürekli bir biçimde kendini göstermekte olsa da; müşteri memnuniyeti sağlama ve sağlık koşullarına uygunluk son yüz yılda restoran işletmeleri de dâhil olmak üzere yiyecek içecek sektöründe önemini kat be kat hissettirmektedir. Restoranlar müşteri memnuniyeti sağlayarak piyasada avantajlı bir konuma geçmek istemektedirler. Müşteri memnuniyetini sağlamadaki önemli noktalardan biri de temiz bir yiyecek içecek hizmeti sunmaktan geçmektedir. Bu bağlamda yapılan çalışmanın amacı, müşterilerin restoran temizlik algılamalarını saptamak ve restoran temizlik algılarının tatmin düzeyleri üzerindeki etkisini incelemektedir. Araştırmada kolayda örneklem yöntemi kullanılarak, Mersin şehir merkezinde yaşayan ve araştırmaya katılmayı kabul eden 427 kişi örnekleme dâhil edilmiştir. Veriler 30 Mart-15 Nisan 2019 tarihleri arasında araştırmacı tarafından bırak topla ve yüz yüze görüşme yöntemleriyle toplanmıştır. Anket çalışmasının ardından çoklu sapan ve çoklu normal dağılıma uygunluk analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda çoklu sapan değerlere sahip 28 gözlem verilerden çıkarılmıştır. Böylelikle 399 kişi ile analizlere başlanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında betimleyici analizlerin yanı sıra açıklayıcı faktör analizi, fark testleri ve regresyon testi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Açıklayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda restoran temizliğinin sırasıyla; “restoranın içi”, “tuvalet”, “yemek”, “restoranın dışı”, “garsonun davranışları” ve “garsonun görünümü” olmak üzere altı boyutta algılandığı tespit edilmiştir. Diğer yandan, katılımcıların restoran temizliği algılamalarında cinsiyet, yaş, medeni durum, gelir, meslek, restorana gitme sıklığı, restoranda ödenen ortalama miktar, restorana birlikte gidilen kişiler, gidilen restoran türü, daha önce aşçı veya garson olarak çalışıp/çalışmama durumu açısından anlamlı farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, algılanan restoran temizliği ile müşteri tatmini arasında orta düzeyde (0,528) pozitif yönlü ve anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Ayrıca yapılan regresyon analizi sonucunda algılanan restoran temizliğinin, müşteri tatmininin %27,8’ini açıkladığı görülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgular, restoran işletmecilerine ve araştırmacılara yönelik öneriler geliştirilmesini sağlamıştır.