Search

Indian parents who have migrated to live with their children in an ‘upside-down joint family’ in Australia put all or most of their money into the son’s account. It enables them to help with the children’s mortgage and/or business while contributing to their everyday costs. This money is usually transferred without documentation or accompanying equity as money in India is seen as belonging to the family rather than the married couple. The intersection of migration, ageing, a different family structure and loss of social and financial control can lead to emotional and financial tensions. It can be fertile ground for elder abuse. This paper draws on data from conversation circles and interviews with 38 older Indian men and women in Melbourne.

Aim To evaluate the impact of oral health literacy (OHL) on the periodontal health among low-income-group workers of dental institutes. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 137 class III and IV workers of dental college. Data collection was done by using a customized pro forma including demographics, REALD-30 for calculating OHL, and items on oral hygiene habits like toothpaste use, brushing frequency, and any other oral hygiene aid. Following which periodontal health status was determined, which was categorized into severe, moderate, and mild periodontitis (health). The analysis was done using the SPSS 11.5. Periodontal health status was associated with OHL scores, oral hygiene habits, and demographics using the chi-square test. The statistical significance level was set at 5% level. Results Among the 137 subjects, 25 participants reported health/mild periodontitis, 53 had moderate periodontitis, and 59 had severe periodontitis. Low OHL was observed in 52.5% and only 13.8% had high OHL. The participants who had low OHL, 56.94% (n = 41), were having severe disease, while the subjects who had better OHL, only 21.05% (n = 4) were found to have severe disease. Conclusion The people with low socioeconomic classes can be reached effectively if the community involvement concept is used through the workers of dental institutions. But first efforts should be made to improve the OHL of these workers. Clinical significance Improving OHL can be of great help to the clinicians and the community health workers because it helps them to make patient adherent to the treatment and the medications prescribed to them. Periodontitis affects people with low socioeconomic status and in the present study it was class III and IV workers. Improving OHL of this population will decrease the oral disease burden of India.

Across cultures, men control and use economic and financial resources to instill fear, intimidate and degrade their wives/partners so that women lose their sense of self and human rights. This form of abuse takes different pathways as it strips away the moral norms associated with the gender of money. In middle-income, Anglo-Celtic marriage, the joint banking account symbolises partnership in marriage, but can also become a medium of coercive control. Among recent Indian migrants, the culturally accepted male control of money becomes abusive when money is not used for the wellbeing of all members of the family. Drawing on ongoing qualitative research into cross-cultural experiences of economic abuse in Australia, this chapter argues that economic abuse constitutes a breach of trust which must be investigated within the broad context of the gender and morality of money. It should be criminalised in order to recognise that its impact on women and their safety can in some instances be greater than physical assault.

In this article, I present a cross-generational analysis of the gendered meanings and politics surrounding monetary remittances. Indian female migrants to Australia, who contribute significantly to household incomes, have recently started to question the sources and directions of remittances. This happens when the woman's earnings are sent, without consultation, to the husband's parents for luxuries, while the family in Australia is struggling. Women in paid work also want to send their earnings to their own parents, particularly if there is financial need. Remittances have become a testing ground for the traditional belief that the husband and his family own the money in the patrilineal marital household. It is possible to interpret male control of remittances without consultation as a form of financial abuse of the wife in the sending household. The article draws on two qualitative studies on five decades of Indian migration to Australia covering 203 people from 112 families.

This chapter is focused on changing gender dynamics in inheritance and remittance practices and their effect on the morality of money in the family across five decades of migration from India to Australia. Inheritance and remittances are no longer wholly male. Drawing on two large-scale qualitative studies of nearly 200 Indians from over 100 families, who have migrated to Australia, the chapter shows that ‘the good daughter’, together with the ‘good son’, is changing the moral discourse around money in the patrilineal Indian family. At the same time, male control and ownership of household money is no longer accepted without question in some migrant Indian families.

Trampolines are widely used by children, but trampoline injuries can be severe and may require hospital care or even surgery. This pilot study examined the effectiveness of an educational intervention on caregivers' perceptions of trampoline use and safety for their children. Primary caregivers were recruited from the orthopedic clinic at the Children's Hospital at our institution in 2015. Caregivers were asked to complete a survey at two time points, initially in clinic and one week post educational intervention. The educational intervention was a pamphlet outlining trampoline safety data. Data analysis occurred in 2016. From the 100 primary caregivers recruited, 39 caregivers owned a trampoline, and 10 had presented to the emergency department with their child for an injury related to trampoline use. After educational intervention, caregivers had higher rating of perceived danger associated with trampolines (6/10 vs. 8/10, p, Highlights • Rating of perceived danger of trampolines increased after educational intervention. • Educational intervention improved knowledge of safe trampoline practices. • Caregivers are receptive to recommendations against trampoline use from physicians. • Two-thirds agreed that trampolines are dangerous after educational intervention. • After education half of caregivers would still allow their child to use trampolines.

Global financial inclusion has increased but the gender gap has remained intractable at around seven per cent between 2011 and 2017. This gender gap is also evident in the use of digital channels despite the transformational effect of mobile money and banking on financial inclusion. A policy emphasis on financial inclusion has meant that the unbanked are seen as a market. Much of the debate and literature focuses on how banking access can be assured in a sustainable way for providers and users. This needs to be complemented by a focus on the empowerment of women and men, giving them the freedom to choose the life they want. The design of financial products and services needs to take account of the ‘gender of money’. that is, the way women and men use, manage and control, inherit and own money in different ways across cultures. The one universal trait is that women use more of their money, compared to men, for the welfare of their children and household. So financial inclusion has to work with the social and cultural nature of money and the communication and social worlds of men and women. A focus on empowerment will help dilute the danger of financial inclusion becoming a synonym for a cashless society. The use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has co-existed with traditional channels of communication and forms of money. Mobile money initially enabled more efficient access to and transmission of cash. ICTs have also over time increased digital financial transactions.

Changes in the patterns of migration, communication and the growing economic power of Asia have contributed to changes in remittance flows. Indians who migrated to Australia between the 1970s and 1990s sent money one way to their transnational family. For the migrants who arrived since 2001, money and communication go two ways between India and Australia. Money comes from families in India for education, and often for housing, business and with family reunion. This is because of an expanded middle class, the liberalization of foreign exchange restrictions, more frequent and affordable communications, together with the dominance of student and skilled migrants in Australia's migrant intake. Migration as settlement has been replaced by the increased mobility and circularity of current middle-income migration from Asia. Enumerating two-way family flows is a first step to gauging the economic value of migrant money to the source and destination countries.

A major cause of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) failure is the drug resistance-associated mutations in polymerase gene of HIV-1. Paucity of data regarding potential drug resistance to protease inhibitors (PIs) prompted us to carry out this study. Drug resistance (DR) genotyping of the entire protease gene was performed in 104 HIV-1 ART-naive and first-line ART-experienced patients. The DR pattern was analyzed using the Stanford HIV-DR database, International AIDS Society-USA mutation list and REGA algorithm version 8.0. Subtyping was done using Mega 4 and REGA HIV-1 subtyping tool-v2.01. Majority of our sequences 98 (96 %) were subtype C and remaining four (3.92 %) were subtype A1. In three (2.9 %) DE patients, major DR-associated mutation at D30 N and M46I positions were detected. Approximately 70 % polymorphisms as minor mutations were observed in protease gene, of which 14 distinct amino acids changes were linked to partial DR such as G16E, K20R, M36I, D60E, I62V, L63P, I64M, H69K, T74A/S, V77I, V82I, I85V, L89M, and I93L. The two major and several minor mutations detected in this study confer low/intermediate levels of resistance to most PIs independently or together. Our results conclude that resistance testing in HIV-1-infected patients should be performed before the initiation of PI therapy for better therapeutic outcome in this region. This information not only will shed light on the extent of current DR in HIV strains but also will aid in patient treatment and drug designing.

Indian migrant money in Australia has been and is predominantly male. This reproduces the male ownership of money in traditional Indian patrilineal families. Women in patrilineal India do not always inherit property, even though legally women have equal rights of inheritance in ancestral property. Women among the early Indian migrants to Australia reproduced the gendered norms relating to money and property in India, rather than challenged them. We do not know enough about the management of money in the households of recent Indian migrants. But the incidence of financial abuse among recent migrants shows that money remains male. I deal with this in greater detail later in the chapter.

I am sitting in a village near Tarn Taran in Punjab in the winter afternoon sun in Pargat Singh’s compound. He has a large landholding. The house is new, the wheat is growing and I can hear the buffaloes. His two daughters are settled overseas, one in Melbourne and the other in Canada. His cousins are also overseas. His wife brings out sweets and pakoras with brewed tea. His mother is on a charpoy, a bed woven with twine, surrounded by his daughter’s brother-in-law and sister-in-law. Pargat tells of his sister’s husband Puran Singh who was offered a good job in the USA. He went there first, and the plan was that his wife would follow. Puran returned in two months, saying “My heart did not fit there.” Pargat says it became a family joke: “Two people came back from America. One was Columbus and the other was Bhai (Brother) Puran Singh.”

The relationship between the morality of money, migration and family is the context for remittances becoming one of the largest international flows of funds. Remittances are a currency of care in the global South. This is connected with two characteristics related to money and relationships. Firstly, money is part of the morality of family relationships, for money is shared across generations. Secondly, money is personal for it is often the preferred gift at births, weddings and funerals. Money is a medium of relationship. Money can be a preferred gift without necessarily being accompanied by remittances. In Japan, for instance, cash is gifted for the New Year but it is not a migrant country. However, this correspondence between money as a gift and remittances is seen clearly in countries of the global South.

In this paper we use the case study of professional Indian migrants in Australia to explore how family remittances function as a special kind of transnational family money. We draw on qualitative r...

Studies of money management and control will have more cross-cultural relevance if the family context of money across generations is taken into account. The study of money management and control in middle-income nuclear and joint family households in urban India illustrates the importance of examining money flows within the wider family context because there is a two-way flow of money beyond the married couple – between parents and adult children, siblings and other members of the extended family. In the three or four generational joint family, control and management at the household level is not necessarily duplicated for the constituent couples. We draw on open-ended interviews of 40 persons from 27 urban middle-income households in North India, between November 2007 and January 2008, to show that the male control of money is the dominant pattern. This pattern is linked to the ideology of male dominance that is found among the middle, lower middle and struggling households, particularly in non-metropolitan households. The upper-middle-class households predominantly in metropolitan households show a pattern of joint or independent control. The focus is on the couple's money decisions within the context of the wider family.

The migration experiences of Indian students challenge traditional frameworks of multiculturalism in Australia. First, unlike earlier groups of migrants, Indian students pay to study hoping to become migrants. Indian families contributed AU$2.9 billion in educational fees, living expenses and tourism in December 2010 and generated 28,975 full-time equivalent jobs. Second, the students’ narratives are largely centred on mobility and acquiring greater options rather than settlement. Third, Indian students come from a country that is an important trading partner for Australia. And last, like other migrants, the students live in transnational families that go beyond the traditional national framework of multiculturalism. This study draws on 35 open-ended individual and group interviews with Indians who arrived on student or spouse visas in 2005 or later and 12 persons who occupy leading positions in Indian community organisations, media and local government.

In search of potential therapeutics for tuberculosis, we describe herein synthesis and biological evaluation of some substituted 4-arylthiazol-2-amino derivatives as modified analogues of the antiprotozoal drug Nitazoxanide (NTZ), which has recently been reported as potent inhibitor of Mtb H 37 Rv ( Mtb MIC = 52.12 μM) with an excellent ability to evade resistance. Among the synthesized derivatives, the two compounds 7a (MIC = 15.28 μM) and 7c (MIC = 17.03 μM) have exhibited about three times better Mtb growth inhibitory activity over NTZ and are free from any cytotoxicity (Vero CC 50 of 244 and 300 μM respectively). These two compounds represent promising leads for further optimization.

The linking of money, family and migration has become increasingly important with the rise in Indian remittances to US$ 21.7 billion in 2004, the largest amount of remittances in the world. The economic importance of remittances has meant that they have primarily been studied as money flows resulting from direct migration. Some attention has been paid to their economic impact at the local, regional and national levels in India. In this article, I argue that sociologists and anthropologists have much to contribute to the study of remittances, as a social phenomenon linked to family and migration. The emergence of a transnational Indian family also means the development of a special kind of transnational family money, where money is equated with or measured against filial care. In the global context of migration, remittances are one of the ways families negotiate shifting arrangements of care, responsibility and security for the young, for women and for the elderly. These perspectives will help develop the sociology of money in India, connecting it to migration, family, marriage and gender relationships.

This paper examines the users’ perspective on the security of Internet banking in Australia within the social context. This user-centered design approach supplements the technological and industrial approaches to security. The user-centered research on banking was conducted at the Royal Melbourne University of Technology University and Griffith University, both of which are part of the Smart Internet Technology Cooperative Research Centre. We conclude that the most effective way to increase the perception of Internet banking security is to increase ease of use, convenience, personalisation and trust. Without the perception of security, there will be little trust in banking and transactions on the Internet. This will impede the use of Internet banking and e-commerce which are increasingly important aspects of the nation’s critical infrastructure.

This paper examines the mismatch between the impersonality of electronic money on the one hand and Australian customers’ desire to have a personal banking relationship on the other. This gap is illustrated by a critical appraisal of literature relating to the sociology of money, the adoption of information and communication technologies and self‐service technologies. The paper argues that bank‐marketing professionals adopt an activity‐centred social marketing strategy. This strategy places customers and their activities at the centre to help ensure a fit between payment activities, services, and values relating to money within different cultural contexts. The strategy has managerial implications for, when payments services are tracked according to customers and activities, the data required are different from data generated by following customer segments and products. An activity‐centred social‐marketing strategy has the potential to increase trust in banks and halt the shift of financial relationships to intermediaries such as brokers and financial planners.

Background Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is an avoidable iatrogenic infection. The aim of this single-center, cross-sectional study is to determine awareness of the presence of urinary catheters to prevent CAUTI. Methods Providers (Interns, residents, service and private attendings) were randomly asked to fill a questionnaire regarding the presence of urinary catheters in a total of 109 patients under their care over a two-month period on inpatient general medicine floor (GMF) and intensive care unit (ICU). The awareness of catheterization among the different groups was calculated. Results (see table) 93 GMF and 16 ICU patients were evaluated by a total of 30 providers. 96.7% of interns/residents were correctly aware of catheters, as were 97.9% of service hospitalists. Only 63.6 % of private attendings were correct about the urinary catheters. Overall hospital service teams demonstrated good knowledge of catheterized patients. Conclusion Physician awareness is the first step in the prevention of CAUTI. We postulate that our hospital teams may be more cognizant of catheter presence because of frequent inter-disciplinary team interactions. Further study is needed to asses for continued interventions and education for frequent voiding trials, interdisciplinary rounds and daily assessment of catheter necessity/timely removal, which are integral parts of the CAUTI prevention bundle. Provider Unaware of presence of catheter Erroneously believed catheter present Correct response Total correct Location GMF ICU GMF ICU GMF ICU Intern 01/82 N/A 01/82 N/A 80/82 N/A 97.5 % Resident 00/82 01/16 02/82 01/16 80/82 14/16 95.9 % Service Hospitalist 00/82 01/16 00/82 01/16 82/82 14/16 97.9 % Private Attending 2/11 N/A 2/11 N/A 7/11 N/A 63.6 % Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Providers and policy-makers are interested in understanding consumers' use of new media and technologies. The challenge, however, is to work out ways in which qualitative research on the social construction and uses of the new communications technologies can connect with and reformulate issues central to industry and policy.In this paper, I present a way of exploring the perspectives of the user, and connecting them to the language and perspectives of providers and policy-makers. Users and their activities are placed at the centre of the questions. The questions and concepts then focus on the activity and nature of communication rather than the goods and services sold or the technologies being used. Information and communication technologies are studied within their social context. This research is most often qualitative because, for the most part, we are discovering new questions and exploring ambiguity.Once the user's perspectives have been discovered, it is easier to engage in dialogue with providers and policy-makers by focusing on concepts central to both sides, such as ‘design’ and ‘trust’. These concepts link issues important to the user to issues of production, diffusion and consumer confidence.

There is seemingly little connection between conversations about electronic commerce at an OECD workshop in San Francisco and talk of ritual cash payments at a Maori funeral in New Zealand. Yet money is at the centre of both conversations. There is a hesitant acceptance in regional policy dialogues that the cultural meanings of money have to be taken into account before any consensus is possible on issues of electronic commerce. Recent sociological work on money is also questioning the duality of the market and society. In the last five years, there has also been interesting sociological work showing how social relations and cultural values shape different kinds of market, domestic and personal monies. It is also revealing the cultural distinctiveness of the media and forms of transfers. Sociologists of money, particularly in the United Kingdom, have addressed the management and control of money in the household and how these relate to social welfare payments. Sociologists are also addressing the use and non-use of electronic money in the home, relating it to social inclusion and exclusion. Policy makers and sociologists of money have areas of common interest. However, sociologists are mostly absent from this policy debate on electronic commerce. The challenge for sociologists is to first connect the new information and communication technologies to changes in the medium, form, meaning and relationships of money. We can then begin to forge a language that can address issues of electronic commerce and culture.

An estimated 215 million people across the globe migrated in 2010 (Swing 2010). As people move, nuclear and extended families splinter across national borders. In Australia, roughly half of Australia’s population is migrant or the Australian-born child of a migrant (Hugo 2012a) and so in some measure belong to a transnational family. However, transnational families are studied most often within the frameworks of migration rather than family studies. This is partly because in the West, as Bryceson and Vuorela (2002a, 28) note, ‘there has been a tendency to make the family synonymous with the household. . . . This confl ation . . . would woefully fail to capture the composition and structure of transnational families’. The focus on the couple in the West, rather than the family, also contributes to this neglect of the transnational family (Singh 1997).

Results Among 35 patients, there were 17 drug naive and 18 first line drugs experienced HIV-1 infected patients (22 males & 13 females; mean age: 35.95 years; mean CD4 cells: 216.4cells/mm). Majority of our patients showed mutations at T12S/T (82.85%), K14R (40%), I15V (71.42%), L19I/T/V/M (97.14%), M36I (71.42%), R41K (88.57%), L63P (65.71%), H63K (100%) and L89M (74.28%) positions in both group of patients while other mutations were at positions 35, 37, 45, 60, 62, 77, and 82 in few cases. Interestingly, one first line drug experienced patient showed major DR mutations at D30N and M46I positions. Majority (94.28%) was belonging to subtype C and 2 patients were belonging to subtypes A (A1).

Current systems for banking authentication require that customers not reveal their access codes, even to members of the family. A study of banking and security in Australia shows that the practice of sharing passwords does not conform to this requirement. For married and de facto couples, password sharing is seen as a practical way of managing money and a demonstration of trust. Sharing Personal Identification Numbers (PINs) is a common practice among remote indigenous communities in Australia. In areas with poor banking access, this is the only way to access cash. People with certain disabilities have to share passwords with carers, and PIN numbers with retail clerks. In this paper we present the findings of a qualitative user study of banking and money management. We suggest design criteria for banking security systems, based on observed social and cultural practices of password and PIN number sharing.

Money in middle-income Anglo-Celtic marriage is joint and nebulous, whereas money in cohabiting heterosexual relationships is separate and calculable. The move from cohabitation to marriage is accompanied by greater jointness in the management of money. As the nature of the couple's commitment becomes more explicit in marriage, money becomes more nebulous and less calculable. However, in both marriage and cohabitation, the questions of equality, power and control are blocked so that the reality of women's lower income does not challenge the popular discourse of marriage and cohabitation being equal partnerships. The secular rituals of the marital joint account and purposive pooling in cohabitation channel information to reduce the gap between ideology and experience on the one hand, and the contradictions between coexisting ideologies on the other. These conclusions are based on two separate qualitative studies of 16 married couples and 15 cohabiting couples in Mel bourne, between 1991 and 1994.