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Recent developments in evolutionary biology have led to a call for an extension of standard evolutionary theory, with its emphasis on processes such as selection and drift, into a much larger theoretical framework that includes processes such as niche construction, developmental plasticity, inclusive inheritance, and developmental bias. Skeptics argue that these processes are already subsumed within the standard theory and thus an extension is not required. Here, we outline what this evolutionary "rethink" might mean for the study of human origins. Specifically, can paleoanthropologists benefit from an extended theoretical toolkit? The papers in this special issue suggest it can be useful but may not be necessary, depending on the kinds of questions that are being asked.

The efficiency of committee voting and referenda with common-interest issues critically depends on voter motivation, i.e., on voters' willingness to cast an informed vote. If voters are motivated, voting may result in smart choices because of information aggregation but if voters remain ignorant, delegating decision making to an expert may yield better outcomes. We experimentally study a common-interest situation in which we vary voters' information cost and the competence of the expert. We find that voters are more motivated to collect information than predicted by standard theory and that voter motivation is higher when subjects demand to make choices by voting than when voting is imposed on subjects.

The principle of balanced justice in Islamic inheritance law dictates that men and women are equally entitled to appear as heirs, with different forms. Based on the qath'i text, the just and balanced means in the Islamic inheritance law is that the male portion is equal to the share of two women (2: 1 for male and female). The difference in costs is not due to gender issues, but rather the differences in duties and responsibilities imposed on men are greater than those imposed on women in the context of Islamic society, according to conventional standard theory which states: "The greater and heavier the burden is men, the greater the rights that will be obtained ", due to the costs that must be incurred to carry out greater responsibilities.

This book seeks an inequality-sensitive measure of development. In this chapter, we review the standard theory in this regard for the case where there is a single dimension of development (say, income). Part of the theory is concerned with the question how we should measure inequality. However, inequality ranking is only one part of development ranking. The efficiency aspect is also to be taken into account. The important question for us is whether we can arrive at a complete development ranking, i.e. whether we can rank all pairs of economies in terms of development. It turns out that while the answer to the question is, in general, in the negative, for any given pair of economies, it is possible to formulate necessary and sufficient conditions (in terms of the observed data on incomes of the individuals in the economies) under which the two economies can be ranked. The notions of Lorenz dominance and generalized Lorenz dominance play important roles in these conditions. Whenever these conditions are violated, however, there would be ranking failures, i.e. we would be unable to rank the two economies in terms of their levels of development.

In conventional economic standard theory, leadership as a productive factor systematically plays only a minimal role. As an expression of the principal-agency relationship, leadership is equated with position and right of direction, which allows only a fragmented analysis of the leadership function in organisations. Based on the consideration that every leadership relationship is a relation of leader and follower, but that not every leadership relationship is relational, the characteristics of relational leadership are developed. Transcultural leadership, a prerequisite that cannot be ignored in value creation networks, will be presented as one of the forms of relational leadership and made accessible for in-depth discussion.

This study aims to assess the evidence regarding the relationship between previous and new schools of linguistics. According to Kuhn (1970), old linguistic paradigms incorporate vocabulary and apparatus from previous or traditional paradigms. In particular, this review addresses the Question: Do new paradigms in linguistic arise from old or previous ones, as Kuhn suggested? The study is significant in understanding emerging schools of linguistics based on previous ones. A qualitative literature review was applied to compare new and old schools of linguistics. According to the findings, there is substantial evidence that functionalism, structuralism, and Transformational-Generative Grammar support Kuhn's argument. Most notably, the changes of the transformational-generative grammar from a consistent and straightforward Standard Theory to an improved Extended Standard Theory, and finally, to the Minimalist Program, point towards the same conclusion. Interestingly, the transformations demonstrate how new paradigms arise from old paradigms without borrowing many concepts, terms, and experiments from them. This study draws the attention of linguists in the 21st Century to pay closer attention to the trends in schools of linguistics.&nbsp

When an agent receives information from a source whose accuracy might be either high or low, standard theory dictates that she update as if the source has medium accuracy. In a lab experiment, subjects deviate from this benchmark by reacting less to uncertain sources, especially when the sources release good news. This pattern is validated using observational data on stock price reactions to analyst earnings forecasts, where analysts with no forecast records are classified as uncertain sources. A theory of belief updating where agents are insensitive and averse to uncertainty in information accuracy can explain these results.

Between 1789 and 1803 the National Debt Office issued unbacked interest bearing notes whereas the Bank of Sweden issued silver backed notes. The massive note issuance by the National Debt Office led to different exchange rates and two units of account. The situation gave rise to an early paper standard theory formulated by Anders Wappengren, a well-read merchant who was strongly influenced by Adam Smith and the French physiocrats. Wappengren had a firm understanding of monetary systems and the adjustment mechanism under floating exchange rates, including such concepts as purchasing power parity and price stickiness.

Caldwell sets out an alternate view to the prevailing orthodoxy that syntax is the fundamental structuring force of language. Focussing his discussion around discourse, he distinguishes between two kinds: discourse in the large sense – a set of semantic relationships that become conventionalised through continuous use in the same way; and discourse in the small sense – a particular act of speech, writing, or conversation that takes place ‘within’ a discourse in the large sense. Caldwell argues that discourse naturally structures itself in three different ways: through the discontinuity of its terms and forms; by the mutual presupposition of the terms ‘inhabiting’ the discourse; and the directionality, purpose and aim of a discourse (in the small sense). These three forms of the coercive structure of discourse provide a discipline to it that differs from the syntax of standard theory, and highlight how the meaning of our words comes not from the terms themselves, but from the discourse within which they are situated.

Currently, the standard theory of medicine is evidence based medicine. We propose a theory of principle based medicine. Principle based medicine attempts to understand human body as an integrated system that is enabled and constrained by the physical and chemical environment. A principle based medicine is not to exclude evidence. On the contrary, principles are summaries of broad range of evidence. A principle based medicine often utilizes a broader range of existing knowledge to help understand the function of human body than evidence based medicine.

In the policy debate, intellectual property is often justified by what seems to be a straightforward argument: if innovators are not protected against others appropriating their ideas, incentives for innovation are suboptimally low. Now, in most industries and for most potential users, appropriating a foreign innovation is itself an investment decision fraught with cost and risk. Nonetheless, standard theory predicts too little innovation. Arguably the problem is exacerbated by the sensitivity of innovators to fairness; imitators do get a free lunch, after all. We model the situation as a game and test it in the lab. We find more appropriation, but also more innovation than predicted by standard theory. In the lab, the prospect of giving imitators a free lunch does not have a chilling effect on innovation. This even holds if innovation automatically spills over to an outsider and if successful imitation reduces the innovator's profit. Beliefs and the analysis of experiences in the repeated game demonstrate that participants are sensitive to the fairness problem. But this concern is not strong enough to outweigh the robust propensity to invest even more in innovation than predicted by standard theory. The data suggest that this behavior results from the intention not to be outperformed by one's peers.

A considerable amount of research has been devoted in an effort to identify the behavioural traits that distinguish entrepreneurs from other people. A strand of the literature investigates the attitudes that entrepreneurs exhibit towards uncertainty, either objective (risk) or subjective (ambiguity). Indeed, the standard theory predicts that people, who are involved in entrepreneurial activities, tend to have distinct risk and ambiguity attitudes compared to those who engage in salary-paid employment. Nevertheless, the empirical evidence on this topic, based on field data, is mixed. Recently, methods from the experimental economics literature have been employed in order to shred light to this issue. This chapter provides an extensive review of the literature that experimentally studies the correlation between uncertainty attitudes and entrepreneurial decision making. The chapter concludes with a discussion of potential paths for further research.

La actual teoría de la argumentación jurídica tiene como base epistemológica la ética discursiva de Habermas y, en última instancia, la noción kantiana de la racionalidad práctica. Dicho paradigma se basa en una razón fría, que aspira a ser neutral, imparcial, universal y descontextualizada. Este enfoque abandona cuestiones centrales para la argumentación, tales como el carácter de la persona oradora, las emociones del auditorio o la persuasión producida por los elementos estéticos. Por eso, frente al paradigma habermasiano, las llamadas «éticas de la virtud» podrían dar lugar a un nuevo punto de vista de la teoría de la argumentación que se preocupe por los auditorios reales desde una noción de la racionalidad más humana, hermanada con la emoción y la biografía. The epistemological basis of the current theory of legal argument is the discursive ethics of Habermas and, ultimately, the Kantian notion of practical rationality. This paradigm is based on a cold reason, which aspires to be neutral, impartial, universal and decontextualized. This approach leaves issues that are central to the argument theory, such as the character of the speaker person, the emotions of the audience or persuasion produced by the aesthetic elements. So, against the Habermasian paradigm, «virtue ethics» could lead to a new point of view of the theory of argumentation that cares about the actual audiences from a notion of the human rationality, coupled with emotion and biography.

According to the standard theory of administrative unlawfulness an act that is public law unlawful is, for that reason, invalid and of no effect in law. In this article I suggest that the theory ought to be rejected. I begin by outlining the standard theory as well as noting its endorsement by the Supreme Court in the case ofAhmed (no. 2). Having in the main part of the paper criticised the theory, I move to lay out an alternative: that unlawfulness signals not the invalidity of an administrative act but a duty on the part of the court to invalidate it. Noting that the alternative rests upon what appears to be a paradox – that unlawful administrative action may nonetheless have legal effect – I try to show why it is more apparent than real. Finally, I return to the decision inAhmed (no. 2).

International audience; The standard theory of inequality measurement assumes that the equalisand is a cardinal quantity, with known cardinalization. However, one often needs to make inequality comparisons where either the cardinalization is unknown or the underlying data are categorical. We propose an alternative approach to inequality analysis that is rigorous, has a natural interpretation, and embeds both the ordinal data problem and the well-known cardinal data problem. We show how the approach can be applied to the inequality of happiness and of health status.

We extend Eshelby’s integral representations for elastic inclusion problems to the case of gradient theory of elasticity. Gradient elastic effects associated with the existence of an interphase layer, within a simple and robust gradient model whose properties are described by the harmonic equation, are discussed. The decomposition of the corresponding solution into “classical” and “gradient” components is established. It is shown that the aforementioned Eshelby-type integral formulas for gradient elasticity can be expressed in the same form as in the standard theory of elasticity, but only for the “classical” part of the solution. The implementation of Eshelby’s approach in determining the effective properties of composites by the three-phase method requires the derivation of a complete solution for the gradient model. An example of application of the so-obtained generalized gradient method for determining the effective properties of composites with size effects due to cohesion and surface forces is given.

Recent reports suggest that the “endowment effect” may be due to conditions under which it is observed and explained by incentives long recognized in standard theory. Evidence from new experiments, reported here, provides empirical support for the role of the economic environment on people's perceived reference state and consequently on their valuations, as suggested by Koszegi and Rabin [Koszegi, B., Rabin, M., 2006. A model of reference-dependent preferences. Quarterly Journal of Economics 121, 1133–1165], and indicates that the disappearance of the valuation disparity is more likely due instead to conditions that weaken the perception of reference states. Further, these conditions appear to be poor approximations of those that prevail in most cases for which valuations are normally made.

This paper describes and provides support for a non-representational theory of perception called the Fractal Catalytic theory, which proposes that perception is a catalytic type of process that occurs at multiple scales.1Enzyme catalysis involves a vibratory facilitation of a reaction. A catalytic model for smell at the molecular level is supported by evidence that smell involves a vibratory process.2This type of facilitation can be generalized to the neural level, where many neuroscientists have observed vibratory neural patterns. At the level of the organism, we describe research with blind individuals who experience a visuo-spatial world through patterns of sounds or tactile vibrations. Such research argues against the standard theory that people are representing objects and events, and supports the view that experience arises as an organism mediates (catalyzes) the transitions in its surround. The theory relates to the biologically-grounded theory of Autopoiesis3as well as proposals that catalysis is central in biological evolution. We examine the implications of this theory for the nature of consciousness.

Rank-order tournaments are usually implemented in organizations to provide incentives for eliciting employees’ effort and/or to identify the agent with the higher ability, for example in promotion tournaments. We close a gap in the literature by experimentally analyzing a ceteris paribus variation of the prize spread - being the major design feature of tournaments - in a symmetric and an asymmetric setting. We find that effort significantly increases with the prize spread as predicted by standard theory. However, only for sufficiently large prize spreads weak players competing against strong players strain themselves all the more and sorting of agents is feasible.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which we require a special theory of foreign direct investment (FDI) for extractive industries.Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines the general theory of FDI using internalising theory and location theory and augments this by using special features that apply to the extractive industries including the obsolescing bargaining argument.Findings – The paper shows that a special theory is clearly required to explain the particular circumstances of extractive industries. However, the received theory relying on internalisation and location elements performs well.Practical implications – Despite the current issues around extractive industries and its peculiarities, analysis of the reasons for FDI (including Chinese FDI) remains explicable by standard theory.Originality/value – FDI in the extractive industry provides a good test of the general theory of FDI and a special theory nested within this gives a great deal of insight into current ...

The ultimate aim of this working paper is to determine the implications of Extra/Intrapositionl) phenomena2) in Afrikaans for the Revised Extended Standard Theory (REST). In order to achieve this aim, an attempt is made to construct a descriptively adequate grammar of the phenomena in question within the framework of the REST. The version of the REST referred to here is outlined in Chomsky and Lasnik (1977), Chomsky (unpublished) and Chomsky (1978). Sinclair (1978) provides a systematic exposition of this theory.

Judges and juries frequently must decide, knowing that they do not know everything that would be relevant for deciding the case. The law uses two related institutions for enabling courts to nonetheless decide the case: the standard of proof, and the burden of proof. In this paper, we contrast a standard rational choice approach with a satisficing approach. Standard theory would want judges to rationally deal with the limitations of the evidence. We posit that this is not only descriptively implausible, but also normatively undesirable. We propose a theoretical framework for a judge who only considers scenarios that "she does not dare to neglect", and aims at decisions that are "good enough", given the undissolvable limitations of the evidence. We extend this approach to parties who strategically exploit the limited factual basis, and to judges who have to allocate limited resources for fact finding to more than one case.

The slope of the yield curve has been shown empirically to be a significant predictor of inflation and real economic activity but there is no standard theory as to why the relationship exists. This article constructs an analytical rational expectations model to investigate the reasons for the empirical results. The model suggests that the relationships are not structural but are instead influenced by the monetary policy regime. However, the yield curve should have predictive power for output and inflation in most circumstances. Various implications of the theoretical model are tested and confirmed empirically.

In my paper, I am going to study Petrarch's autobiography through a standard theory of postmodern deconstructionism, and confute the traditional concept of this genre. According to this proposal, every text, canonized by tradition, breaks away from its own place, in order to reorganize everyday tabulations. My work proceeds at two levels. The first part is framed by the traditional quality of the act of writing/reading as self-confession or self-examination. The exact study of Secretum results in a new theory: the autobiography essentially becomes a kind of writing or reading method, recurring in every kind of text. The second part is dedicated to the true or verifiable character of the same composition. Shortly, in this part, I am going to confirm my previous hypothesis through the application of several philosophical prospects. Actually, this critical attitude results in the review of traditional paradigms turning every autobiography into a false-autobiography and all kinds of text into a virtual autobi...

Frustration is a powerful mechanism in condensed matter systems, driving both order and co plexity. In smectics, the frustration between macroscopic chirality and equally spaced layers generates textures characterised by a proliferation of defects. In this article, we study several different ground states of the chiral Landau-de Gennes free energy for a smectic liquid crystal. The standard theory finds the twist grain boundary (TGB) phase to be the ground state for chiral type II smectics. However, for very highly chiral systems, the hierarchical helical nanofilament (HN) phase can form and is stable over the TGB., Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, submitted to J. Interface Focus

Standard theoretical prediction is that rational economic agents participating in rent-seeking contests should engage in socially inefficient behavior by exerting costly efforts. Experimental studies find that the actual efforts of participants are significantly higher than predicted and that over-dissipation of rents (or overbidding or over-expenditure of resources) can occur. Although the standard theory cannot explain over-dissipation, this phenomenon can be explained by incorporating behavioral dimensions into the rent-seeking contest, such as (1) the utility of winning, (2) relative payoff maximization, (3) bounded rationality, and (4) judgmental biases. These explanations are not exhaustive, but they provide a coherent picture of important behavioral dimensions that should be considered when studying rent-seeking behavior in theory and in practice.

The two theories are evaluated relatively with respect to empirical adequacy. It is shown that utility statements derived within the standard approach cannot be related to experience. Contrary to what seems generally believed, revealed preference theory fails to make the widely accepted behavioristic utility concept ordinally measurable. It is argued that the concept of utility as subjective well-being (happiness or satisfaction) is not only theoretically superior, but also measurable from survey information with sufficient precision. If utility is understood as subjective well-being, the available data discredit the standard theory and fully support Duesenberry’s approach.

Section 1 reviews the concept of idionomy, the lawful condition for the existence of individual things or events and for their aggregates. Contrary to autonomy, idionomy is a relational concept. It refers to a specific cluster of laws, determining a subjective class of individuals besides an objective ensemble of possible variations. Section 2 summarizes various types of these idionomic clusters, to be distinguished by their primary qualification, their secondary foundation, and their tertiary disposition to be interlaced with other clusters. Section 3 investigates whether a biotic species corresponds to an idionomic cluster as described in Sections 1 and 2. I shall argue that the view of biotic species being natural kinds is not at variance with the standard theory of evolution.

This paper attempts to build on Hind’s hypothesis (1989) that the Roman invasion of AD 43 took place in Sussex, by examining the implications for the conquest campaign. It is suggested that the usual tactics of the Roman army and the size of the invading army are not consistent with the standard invasion campaign theory, in particular the events leading up to the so-called battle of the Medway. Other aspects of the evidence available to us are also inconsistent with the standard theory but can be explained in terms of a Sussex landing. The result is to offer further support for Hind's hypothesis.

From the viewpoint of standard theory, firms have sometimes seemed to overcontrol pollution. However, Gordon (1990) and others have noted that the more diversified investors are the greater the degree of internalization of externalities. This paper explores the implications of diversification for the firm's choice of pollution in comparison with alternative explanations of voluntary pollution control, such as profit-seeking through regulatory influence, and altruism. The paper also addresses issues arising from the spatial aspects of pollution, and the relationship between stockholder and managerial incentives for pollution control. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The provision of public goods is often used to justify the state. Since many highly-valued goods such as education, national defense, roads, etc., possess some public characteristics (i.e. non-rivalry and non-excludability), standard theory predicts such goods will be underprovided by private markets. The state is typically seen as the remedy to this problem. In contrast to this typical view, this paper analyzes the private provision of public and quasi-public goods in a free society. In particular, we examine philanthropy as an avenue through which such goods are already produced and may be provided in a society without a central government. We use Buchanan’s (1965) theory of clubs and Leeson’s (2011) discussion of clubs and “constitutional effectiveness” as a springboard to analyze how philanthropic giving and the provision of goods with public qualities under anarchy might work.

Intuitive theories are defined as coherently interrelated systems of concepts that generate explanations and predictions in a particular domain of experience. 2 studies tested whether the child's theory of mind can be characterized as an intuitive theory. In Study 1, 3-year-old children who did not pass a false belief pretest were trained in 2 groups: (1) on the concept of belief, or (2) on the related concepts of desire and perception. Training took place over 2 weeks, with children given mental state tasks and receiving feedback according to their performance. Both training groups showed improved false belief performance on the posttest, compared to a control group trained on number conservation. This result is interpreted as demonstrating coherence in the child's theory of mind. In Study 2, these findings were repeated and expanded: training on belief as well as training on desire and perception resulted in improved performance on a variety of standard theory of mind posttests. Results are discussed with respect to competing theories of children's intuitive psychological knowledge.

The shapes of the bargaining sets for firm-union negotiations are rigorously analyzed in two cases, according to whether bargaining is over wages alone (with employment set according to the labour demand schedule) or over both wages and employment. When bargaining concerns wages only the bargaining set becomes a one-dimensional curve, and so the standard theory of the Nash bargaining solution does not apply. Therefore existence and uniqueness conditions are proved directly. The Kalai-Smorodinsky solution is also analysed, and results are illustrated using a constant elasticity example.

The standard theory is not about whistleblowing, as such, but about justified whistleblowing–and rightly so. Whistleblowing always involves revealing information that would not ordinarily be revealed. But there is nothing morally problematic about that; after all, revealing information not ordinarily revealed is one function of science. Whistleblowing always involves, in addition, an actual intention to prevent something bad that would otherwise occur. The standard theory is not a definition of whistleblowing or even of justified whistleblowing. The theory purports to state sufficient conditions, not necessary conditions. Falsification of the record is, of course, harm in a sense, especially a record as historically important as that which the Rogers Commission was to produce. But falsification is harm only in a sense that almost empties "harm" of its distinctive meaning, leaving it more or less equivalent to "moral wrong." The standard theory has trouble making good on its claim to explain how whistleblowing can be morally permissible without being morally required.

After two decades of parliamentary democracy, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) have quite different records of government stability. At the same time there continues to be turbulent fluctuation within the individual countries. To explain this variation, the authors draw on characteristics of parties and party systems for 138 governments in 12 CEE countries. The analysis is structured by two distinct logics that underlie the effect of party-related attributes on government survival: the logic of internal friction within the government and the logic of external pressure from the opposition. The authors argue that in the “difficult” contexts of postcommunist party systems, these two logics do not operate independently of each other. Instead, they suggest that standard theory needs to be revised to account for the interactions of government and opposition characteristics. Their model of these interactions not only includes standard numeric and ideological variables but also integrates specificities of the postcommunist context: the regime divide and the low degree of party-system consolidation. Quantitative and qualitative findings demonstrate that government stability in CEE is interactively determined by whole constellations of party attributes.

After more than a century since its birth, Quantum Theory still eludes our understanding. If asked to describe it, we have to resort to abstract and ad hoc principles about complex Hilbert spaces. How is it possible that a fundamental physical theory cannot be described using the ordinary language of Physics? Here we offer a contribution to the problem from the angle of Quantum Information, providing a short non-technical presentation of a recent derivation of Quantum Theory from information-theoretic principles. The broad picture emerging from the principles is that Quantum Theory is the only standard theory of information compatible with the purity and reversibility of physical processes., 20 pages, 3 figures, contribution to the Special Issue: Selected Papers from Symposium on Natural/Unconventional Computing and Its Philosophical Significance. This paper is meant to be an introduction for non-specialists to the main results of arXiv:1011.6451 and arXiv:0908.1583

In this study, I investigate supply chain contracts in a setting where a supplier uses its inventory to directly satisfy a retailer's demand. These “pull” contracts have increased in popularity in practice but have not been studied experimentally. In a controlled laboratory setting, I evaluate a wholesale price contract and two coordinating contracts. The data suggest that the benefit of the two coordinating contracts over the wholesale price contract is less than the standard theory predicts, and that retailers, in the two coordinating contracts, exhibit a systematic bias of setting the coordinating parameter too low, and the wholesale price too high, relative to the normative benchmarks. In an effort to explain this deviation, I explore three behavioral models and find that loss aversion and reference dependence fit the data well. I empirically test this result in a follow-up experiment, which directly controls for loss aversion and reference dependence, and observe that retailers make significantly better decisions. Lastly, I administer a number of experiments which reduce the complexity of the problem, curtail the amount of risk, and increase the level of decision support, and find that none improve decisions relative to the treatment that controls for loss aversion and reference dependence.

Our monetary economies of production are not based upon relative exchanges described by the standard theory. Money is neither a commodity nor a positive asset; it cannot be exchanged against physical goods and services. It follows that payments do not consist of mutual transfers of commodities. In fact, each producer working for the needs for the community produces wealth for himself. Further, transactions on any markets are absolute exchanges. One of the consequences of this is that market prices do not measure wealth; rather, they are coefficients of redistribution of products.

This chapter examines the standard definitions of illusion and hallucination. These definitions assume a standard theory of perception in which a goal of perception is to estimate true properties of an objective physical world. This standard theory of perception is usually justified on evolutionary grounds: Those creatures that see more truly are ipso facto more fit. However, a closer examination of perceptual evolution using the tools of evolutionary game theory reveals that this standard assumption is incorrect. Perception has not evolved to report truth, but instead to guide adaptive behavior within a niche. In this regard, our perceptions are much like the windows desktop of a computer, which serves to guide useful interactions with the computer while sparing the user from having to know the truth of its structure and function. This understanding of perceptual evolution requires us to replace the standard definitions of illusion and hallucination with new ones that better reflect the central role of perception as a guide to adaptive behavior.

There is a presumption in some circles that the identification of an externality or a public good presents a prima facie case for government intervention. Tyler Cowen has assembled a group of articles that challenge this view by arguing that the market, broadly construed, can handle many problems of public goods and externalities that are normally considered the province of the state. Although these articles present a stimulating perspective on problems of externalities and public goods, several of the essays overstate their case and misrepresent the standard theory of public goods and externalities.

Experimental measurements of the center of the H_{beta} Stark profile on three different installations have been done to study its asymmetry in wide ranges of electron density, temperature, and plasma conditions. Theoretical calculations for the analysis of experimental results have been performed using the standard theory and computer simulations and included separately quadrupolar and quadratic Stark effects. Earlier experimental results and theoretical calculations of other authors have been reviewed as well. The experimental results are well reproduced by the calculations at high and moderate densities.

Credence goods markets suffer from inefficiencies arising from informational asymmetries between expert sellers and customers. While standard theory predicts that inefficiencies disappear if customers can verify the quality received, verifiability fails to yield efficiency in experiments with endogenous prices. We identify heterogeneous distributional preferences as the main cause and design a parsimonious experiment with exogenous prices that allows classifying experts as either selfish, efficiency loving, inequality averse, inequality loving or competitive. Results show that most subjects exhibit non-standard distributional preferences, among which efficiency-loving and inequality aversion are most frequent. We discuss implications for institutional design and agent selection in credence goods markets.

The standard theory of the firm suggests a number of seemingly common sense hypotheses including homogeneity, monotonicity, symmetry, and convexity. But Shumway, among others, has pointed out that, when tested with aggregate data, these common properties are rejected more often that not. The papers in this session examine this issue from three perspectives. Love presents a general discussion of conflicts between theory and estimation and offers the explanation that often so-called "tests" of the common properties are not traditional statistical tests but rather

It is now widely recognised that the distortions common in many developing countries lead to a bias against exporting. In consequence many governments have begun to provide export incentives aimed at compensating for this bias. This article begins by examining the range of such incentives offered in South-East Asian countires. It then goes on to use the standard theory of the second-best to develop a simple framework within which these policies can be assessed. The difficulties encountered in constructing a system of export incentives that will not introduce distortions of their own are highlighted. The constraints imposed by GATT obligations are also noted.

Two different methods of calculating the small-signal gain of a traveling-wave tube (TWT) based on J.R. Pierce's standard theory (1950) and the theory of finite beam thickness of K. Ura and M. Terada (1962) are described. Three broadband TWTs were built and tested. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical values calculated by the two methods. The method based on the theory of Ura and Terada shows better agreement with the experimental results. A method for approximating the gain in the terminated loss region is also described. >

A dimensão pública ainda é tema merecedor de pesquisa? A sociologia organizacional clássica (ou teoria-padrão) abriu o caminho para a compreensão da administração e da gerência públicas, mas não explorou todas as possibilidades colocadas. A dimensão pública caracteriza-se, do ponto de vista analítico, por duas funções de produção: eficiência (produtos) e efetividade (resultados societais). Muito embora possa haver semelhanças entre instituições públicas e não-públicas no tocante a alguns aspectos de seus modelos organizacionais, a função de efetividade à qual cada uma delas responde é bastante específica. Tal concepção sugere que os pesquisadores de administração e organização públicas explorem novas perspectivas, tais como organizantes e as organizadas (ou, noutros termos, coloquem uma agenda teórica ampliada). Does publicness still make sense as an issue for further research? Classic organizational sociology (or standard theory) has provided a breakthrough for understanding public administration and management, but has not fully explored the agenda. Publicness is analytically characterized by the ownership of two production functions: efficiency (outputs), effectiveness (societal outcomes). While similarities may exist between public and nonpublic entities on some aspects of their organizational models, the effectiveness function they are accountable for is quite specific. Such a perspective allows public administration and organizational scholars to explore new perspectives such as organizing and organized (or the agenda of extended theory).

We characterize the weighted Hardy inequalities for monotone functions in In dimension n = 1, this recovers the standard theory of Bp weights. For n > 1, the result was previously only known for the case p = 1. In fact, our main theorem is proved in the more general setting of partly ordered measure spaces.