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Women's lower career advancement relative to men is sometimes explained by internal factors such as women's lower willingness to make sacrifices for their career, and sometimes by external barriers such as discrimination. In the current research, positing a dynamic interplay between internal and external factors, we empirically test how external workplace barriers guide individuals' internal decisions to make sacrifices for the advancement of their careers. In two high-powered studies in traditionally male-dominated fields (surgery, N = 1,080; veterinary medicine, N = 1,385), women indicated less willingness than men to make sacrifices for their career. Results of structural equation modeling demonstrated that this difference was explained by women's more frequent experience of gender discrimination and lower perceptible fit with people higher up the professional ladder. These barriers predicted reduced expectations of success in their field (Study 1) and expected success of their sacrifices (Study 2), which in turn predicted lower willingness to make sacrifices. The results explain how external barriers play a role in internal career decision making. Importantly, our findings show that these decision-making processes are similar for men and women, yet, the circumstances under which these decisions are made are gendered. That is, both men and women weigh the odds in deciding whether to sacrifice for their career, but structural conditions may influence these perceived odds in a way that favors men. Overall, this advances our understanding of gender differences, workplace inequalities, and research on the role of “choice” and/or structural discrimination behind such inequalities.

The increasing popularity of woke brand activism, tied to movements such as Black Lives Matter and Me Too, is creating new opportunities for brands to signal their responsibility and concerns toward social issues. However, such woke activism can lead to consumer backlash, hence carrying significant risks. Brands struggle to convince the public that their virtue-signaling efforts are authentic. Thus, this study explores the dimensions of woke branding authenticity, adopting an interpretive inductive research approach, and conducting content analysis. This study identifies six dimensions for woke activism authenticity: social context independency, inclusion, sacrifice, practice, fit, and motivation. By exploring different drivers of woke activism authenticity, this study proposes as a conceptual model, the woke activism authenticity framework, highlighting the interactions among the woke authenticity dimensions. The findings make conceptual contributions and offer several managerial recommendations toward woke authenticity and neutralizing the perception of inauthenticity.

Modern communication technologies enable efficient exchange of information but often sacrifice direct human interaction inherent in more traditional forms of communication. This raises the question of whether the lack of personal interaction induces individuals to exploit informational asymmetries. We conducted two experiments with a total of 848 subjects to examine how human versus machine interaction influences cheating for financial gain. We find that individuals cheat about three times more when they interact with a machine rather than a person, regardless of whether the machine is equipped with human features. When interacting with a human, individuals are particularly reluctant to report unlikely and therefore, suspicious outcomes, which is consistent with social image concerns. The second experiment shows that dishonest individuals prefer to interact with a machine when facing an opportunity to cheat. Our results suggest that human presence is key to mitigating dishonest behavior and that self-selection into communication channels can be used to screen for dishonest people. This paper was accepted by Axel Ockenfels, decision analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates how healthcare seeking for oneself and “healthcare work” for family—constellations that include the continuation of health insurance, access to formal medical care, and medication adherence—change during a period of unemployment. BACKGROUND: “Intensive mothering” norms that promote selfless caregiving may discourage women’s (but not men’s) engagement in own healthcare seeking behavior. Breadwinning norms may oblige men (but not women) to provide income and other resources, including health insurance. METHOD: This paper relies on data from 100 in-depth interviews with unemployed men and women conducted from 2013 to 2015. An iterative coding process guided data analysis; themes and patterns were evaluated to determine their importance across the data. RESULTS: After a job loss, many women (but few men) stopped seeking previously maintained healthcare for themselves. In contrast, some men rejected obligations to provide health insurance for their family. Moreover, the majority of women (but few men) discussed the prioritization of family in their healthcare decision-making. CONCLUSION: The intersection of financial inequalities and changing gender norms in healthcare seeking and family healthcare work placed a unique toll on women’s health. IMPLICATIONS: These findings expand current understanding of how gender functions as a primary frame and how these frames change, suggesting that gender beliefs about family responsibilities extend to healthcare seeking and family healthcare work and are constrained by social class, even as gender frames change to reshape men’s obligations to provide health insurance.

The research is based on the reality depicted in the novel Bidadari-Bidadari Surga by Tere Liye that the human values of the millennial generation are currently starting to fade. Human value is a basic trait that humans have to love each other and not be concerned with self-interest. This study aims to provide input to the community, especially millennial generations, that human values must be maintained to obtain a harmonious life. Humanitarian problems arise when a sense of concern and tolerance for others suffers a setback due to the non-functioning of the institution optimally. The method used is descriptive qualitative showing the phenomena of human values in society by collecting written data in the forms of words, phrases and sentences containing human values in the novel. The data collection is done by means of note-taking method, referring to the topics of discussion. The results show that human values in the forms of love, sacrifice and tolerance are depicted in the novel Bidadari-Bidadari Surga by Tere Liye. The results of this study are expected to raise awareness among the millennial of the importance of human values for the continuity of peaceful and harmonious life to improve lifestyle quality on an ongoing basis.

While preparing and sharing food both at home and at special feasts remains a valued tradition among Armenians world-wide, the visible shedding of animal blood preceding its preparation does not. I...

The political significance of masses is more obvious than ever. The aim of this article is to develop a conceptualization capable of capturing the dangerous (totalitarian) as well as promising (potentially emancipatory) aspects of masses. It argues that, intricately, the dangers and fruitful potentials of masses are born out of the same fundamental structural features. We may differentiate analytically between different kinds of masses, but all masses contain elements of ambiguity. The mass conceptualization developed builds on a critical, deconstructing interpretation of selected Bataille texts centering on ontological features of individuality and collectivity. Especially, Bataille’s concepts of ‘myth’ and ‘sacrifice’ are accentuated and critically transformed. Contemporary examples of masses – right-wing anti-establishment movements, Occupy Wall Street and Black Lives Matter – are presented and reflected through the prism of sacrifice, with the aim of highlighting the multifaceted and complex nature of the dynamics of masses.

Previous analyses of environmentally conscious intentions showed that the willingness to sacrifice for the environment decreased during the COVID-19 crisis in Austria. There is a large body of empirical research and theoretical models dealing with the explanation of environmental behavior, but these explanations have always been considered in the context of a pandemic-free society. The aim of this research note is therefore to consider the willingness to sacrifice in a crisis period. The data used for the analyses is the Austrian part of the international 'Values in Crisis' survey. For this purpose, more than 2000 individuals were surveyed online about their values, social orientations and their current life situation during the first COVID-19 wave (May 2020). Blockwise regression models are used to examine the influence of crisis perceptions, environmental attitudes and values on the willingness to sacrifice for the environment. The analyses show a relatively strong influence of environmental attitudes and values, but also additional effects of concerns about the COVID-19 crisis and especially its economic impact.Erste Analysen zu Umwelteinstellungen und Umweltverhalten in Österreich zeigten, dass die Bereitschaft, umweltbewusst zu handeln, im Verlauf der COVID-19-Krise gesunken ist. Es gibt zahlreiche empirische Forschungen und theoretische Modelle, die sich mit der Erklärung von Umweltverhalten beschäftigen, jedoch wurden diese Erklärungen stets im Kontext einer pandemiefreien Gesellschaft betrachtet. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es daher, die Verhaltensintention für umweltfreundliches Handeln in einem krisenzeitlichen Kontext zu betrachten. Der für die Berechnungen verwendete Datensatz ist der österreichische Teil der internationalen „Values in Crisis“-Erhebung. Dazu wurden über 2000 Personen zum Zeitpunkt der ersten COVID-19-Welle (Mai 2020) zu ihren Werten, sozialen Orientierungen und ihrer aktuellen Lebenssituation in der Krise online befragt. Mittels Regressionsmodellen werden die Wahrnehmung der Krise sowie der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Umwelteinstellungen und Werte auf die Verhaltensintention für umweltbewusstes Handeln untersucht. Die Analysen zeigen einen starken Einfluss der Umwelteinstellungen und Werte, aber auch zusätzliche Einflüsse der individuellen Besorgnis über COVID-19, vor allem über ökonomische Auswirkungen.

The earliest literary reference to animal sacrifice in Athens is the passage in Homer’s Iliad (2.550–551) that mentions Athenian youths propitiating their legendary king Erechtheus with bulls and rams. It is surprising that this passage has not been associated with the north frieze of the Parthenon, where twelve young men are leading four bovines and four sheep to sacrifice, in contrast with the ten cows on the south frieze which clearly represent the hecatomb for Athena Polias at the Panathenaia. While it is difficult to ascertain the sex of these eight animals, the horns and size of the sheep suggest that they are male. Given the prominence of the cult of the hero Erechtheus on the north side of the Acropolis, it is reasonable to identify these sacrificial animals as an offering to the pater patriae of the Athenians.

Paul, Apostle relates the Good News to the wisdom of God that is understood by humans who give themselves to believe in Jesus. However, the presence of the powerful Sophists with the teaching of worldly wisdom and relying on the power of the word of wisdom (sophia logou), has obscured the true meaning of God's wisdom. This study aims to explore the influence of the Sophists in the life of the Corinthian church which caused Paul to explain the true meaning of wisdom. Knowing the background of the wisdom problem in Corinth will give you a complete picture of the wisdom of God that Paul preached. This study applies historical research methods to find out the origin and influence of the Sophists' teachings. The results show that the sophia logou owned by the Sophists has obscured the meaning of the cross of Christ which is the wisdom of God. The wisdom that Paul means in the letter to the Corinthians is the openness of one's mind to believe in the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross which has implications for congregational unity and survival in the face of problems or struggles.

EnglishIn this article I try to bring to light the convergences and divergences between the German reformer Marthin Luther and the Danish philosopher Kierkegaard. For this purpose, the text was subdivided into four chapters so that it could be possible to bring the main ideas of the authors. The dialogue between Luther and Kierkegaard, where the author defends freedom of conscience as being a freedom from, as Luther does, since our freedom is only found when we love Christ, with a passion so distinct that we are willing to risk everything for him and at the same time sacrifice everything for him. According to Kierkegaard (1978) the subject who is able to be alone in the world, consulting only his conscience is a hero. Kierkegaard appeals to Luther, the solitary monk who faced the Emperor and the Pope, leading first to the creation and strengthening of consciousness in silence and solitude. Thus, only the lonely subject before God, willing to make all sacrifices for God can be free, while the second Luther led to a vision that leads subjects to the abolition of conscience, seeking the forgiveness of sins in Christ so that it is possible to have fun in life. The love of God, which for Luther leads us to freedom for Kierkegaard, keeps us imprisoned and anguished, because the subject will be aware that he will never be able to reciprocate such love. In order to be able to appease such anxiety, you must have a life totally surrendered to Him. portuguesNesse artigo procuro trazer a luz as convergencias e divergencias entre o reformador alemao Marinho Lutero e o filosofo Dinamarques Kierkegaard. Para tanto o texto foi subdividido em quatro capitulos para que pudesse ser possivel trazer a s ideias principais dos autores. O dialogo entre Lutero e Kierkegaard, onde o autor defende a liberdade de consciencia como sendo uma liberdade de, do modo como Lutero o faz, uma vez que a nossa liberdade so e encontrada quando amamos a Cristo, com uma paixao tao distinta que estamos dispostos a arriscar tudo por ele e concomitantemente sacrificar tudo por ele. Segundo Kierkegaard (1978) o sujeito que e capaz de ficar sozinho no mundo, consultando apenas a sua consciencia e um heroi. Kierkegaard apela para Lutero, o monge solitario que enfrentou o Imperador e o Papa, levando primeiramente a criacao e ao fortalecimento da consciencia no silencio e na solidao. Sendo assim, somente o sujeito solitario diante de Deus, disposto a fazer todos os sacrificios por Deus pode ser livre, enquanto o segundo Lutero, levou a uma visao que leva os sujeitos a abolicao da consciencia, buscando o perdao dos pecados em Cristo para que seja possivel se divertir em vida. O amor de Deus, que para Lutero nos leva a liberdade para Kierkegaard nos mantem aprisionados e angustiados, pois, o sujeito tera a consciencia de que jamais conseguira retribuir tal amor. Para que seja possivel aplacar tal angustia deve ter uma vida totalmente entregue a Ele.

Este artigo aponta alguns pontos em comum na trajetória do mártir judeu da época do Talmud, Rabi Akiva, e do mártir brasileiro da época do Brasil-colônia, Joaquim José da Silva Xavier, o Tiradentes. Ambos os personagens viveram em épocas de grande opressão por parte de algum poder dominante, tiveram infâncias difíceis e possuíam ascendência judaica. Humanistas, eles buscavam a justiça e a defesa dos menos afortunados. Nesse processo, Rabi Akiva manteve o judaísmo vivo e o sacrifício de Tiradentes, segundo a história oficial, precedeu a independência do Brasil.

In patriarchal society, motherhood is viewed as a responsibility for women although not all are willing or able to carry it on. To become a mother, a woman has to experience a challenging phase in life and ready to sacrifice everything they have. Feminist critics see motherhood as a complex issue operating patriarchal institution that regulates, dominates, and oppresses women. What is more, some women are not ready with the consequences during the transition to motherhood and bear the status of becoming a mother that often results in having a hard time. To bring this issue into discussion, this study is going to explore the crises that Zikora has to undergo in her transition to become a mother. Zikora is the protagonist in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's short story, Zikora. In analyzing the issue, this study applies the theory of motherhood by Andrienne Rich and uses a qualitative approach with a close reading method. The result of the study shows that motherhood brings women to a new world full of challenges. Motherhood requires not only physical strenght but also mental strenght and self control so that whatever the crises are, women can bear them and overcome the obstacles they are facing.

Sustentado fundamentalmente en fuentes periodísticas, el artículo realiza un análisis descriptivo del ciclismo de Costa Rica entre 1925 y 1949. Se enfatiza en dar a conocer cuáles fueron los ganadores y los tiempos que hicieron en la carrera ciclística San José-Puntarenas desde su aparición en el escenario deportivo costarricense en 1925 hasta 1945. A un nivel general, la carrera ciclística en mención contribuyó a la conformación de un mercado deportivo nacional, lo cual hizo alrededor de la ruta de salida del café del Valle Central hasta el puerto de Puntarenas. Asimismo, se analiza cómo la participación de Evangelista Chavarría en la Vuelta Ciclística a México de 1949 fue utilizada por parte de la prensa costarricense para proponerlo como un referente moral que vence los obstáculos en nombre de Costa Rica. Amén de que se le postula como un ejemplo de humildad y de sacrificio, que dio todo por su país.

Przywrócenie znaczenia ofiary Ofiarniczy wymiar Mszy świętej mógłby być lepiej zrozumiany, jeśli na nowo przywrócilibyśmy pojęcie „ofiary”. Powszechne, świeckie rozumienie ofiary ujmuje ją w kategoriach straty, smutku i rezygnacji z czegoś, podczas gdy biblijne, teologiczne rozumienie widziane jest w kategoriach daru, radości i dawania Bogu. Dlatego w artykule poddano analizie ofiarę w trzech kontekstach, w których się ona dokunuje: niewinności, grzechu i Osoby Chrystusa. Pierwszy z nich to kosmiczna liturgia homo adorans, sprawowana w stanie pierwotnej sprawiedliwości. Drugi to skażona po grzechu forma ofiary oczekującej na odkupienie. Trzecia to ofiara krzyża, w której łaska udoskonala naturę, a pierwotne znaczenie ofiary zostaje przywrócone. Ofiarny Chrystus – kapłan i ofiara – oddaje się członkom swojego mistycznego ciała, aby formować ich do prawdziwej ofiary.

Dr. Radan Sarafov (1908-1968) lived actively but his life is still relatively unknown to the Bulgarian academic and public audience. He was a strong character with an ulti-mate and conscious commitment to democratic Bulgaria. Dr. Sarafov was chosen by IMRO (Inner Macedonian Revolutionary Organization) to represent the idea of coop-eration with Anglo-American politics prior to the Second World War. Dr. Sarafov studied medicine in France, specialized in the Sorbonne, and was recruited by Colonel Ross for the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), remaining undisclosed after the with-drawal of the British legation in 1941. After World War II, he continued to work for foreign intelligence and expanded the spectrum of cooperation with both France and the United States. After WWII, Sarafov could not conform to the reign of the communist regime in Bulgaria. He made a connection with the Anglo-American intelligence ser-vices and was cooperating with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) for more than a decade. Sarafov was caught in 1968 and convicted by the Committee for State Securi-ty (CSS) in Bulgaria. The detailed review of the past events and processes through personal drama and commitment reveals the disastrous core of the communist regime. The acknowledgment of the people who sacrificed their lives in the name of democrat-ic values is always beneficial for understanding the division and contradictions from the time of the Cold War.

Awe is an emotion frequently experienced in religious contexts. Research has documented the effects of awe on feelings of small self, spirituality, and sense of interconnectedness. We extend this l...

This study aims to review the totality of love in Rabia'ah Al Adawiyah's poetry based on the semiotic perspective of Charles Sanders Peirce, namely icon, index, and symbol. The research process was carried out using a descriptive-qualitative method. The results found that there were two forms of icons, eight forms of indexes, and three forms of symbols which were analyzed from the seven poems mentioned in the study. The form of totality of love by Rabi'ah's love is described by of index and symbol. The author concludes that from the eight indexes, the totality of love described by sacrifice, willingness, a sense of closeness, fear of making mistakes, unwillingness to rewards, and unwillingness to another. The totality of love in symbols form is described by word "drunk" which sometimes makes self forgetting and also “prayer” as an effort to completely surrender to God. Keywords: Poetry, Semiotics, Totally of Love, Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengulas bentuk totalitas cinta dalam sya’ir Rabi’ah Al-Adawiyah berdasarkan perspektif semiotika Charles Sanders Peirce, yaitu ikon, indeks, dan simbol. Proses penelitian ini dijalankan dengan metode deskriptif-kualitatif. Adapun hasil yang ditemukan bahwa terdapat dua bentuk ikon, delapan bentuk indeks, dan tiga bentuk simbol yang dianalisis dari tujuh syair yang disebutkan dalam penelitian. Adapun bentuk totalitas cinta Rabi’ah tergambarkan melalui bentuk indeks dan simbol. Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa dari delapan indeks, tergambarkan totalitas cinta berupa pengorbanan, kerelaan, rasa kemelekatan, ketakutan untuk berbuat salah, ketidakpedulian terhadap imbalan, dan ketidakinginan untuk beralih kepada yang lain. Adapun totalitas cinta dalam bentuk simbol ditandai dengan adanya kata “mabuk” yang kadang kala membuat lupa akan diri sendiri dan juga ibadah sebagai upaya berserah seutuhnya kepada Allah. Kata Kunci: Syair, Semiotika, Totalitas Cinta

This study used a qualitative grounded theory approach to explore disaster experiences of law enforcement officers (LEO)s ( n = 56), in two high disaster areas of the United States. Respondents indicated that disasters cause increased stress on LEOs from fatigue, extended shifts, changing duties, increased workload, work–family role conflict, and new operational expectations and challenges within the agency during disasters. Family safety was also identified as a critical stressor and pre-occupation for LEOs during disaster policing, as well as an enhanced reliance on critical thinking as an adaptive response to untrained for challenges that are unique to disasters.

The masculinities of HBO’s Game of Thrones (2011–2019) are marked not just by violence and exploitation, but by contingency, fragility, and abjection. This article draws on theories of abjection to read the abject masculinity of Sandor Clegane, Samwell Tarly, and Theon Greyjoy in the context of theories of hegemonic and hypermasculinity, and, through Greyjoy in particular, tracks his movement from hypermasculinity, through abjection and torture, to a custodial and sacrificial and thus life-giving masculinity, which stands in profound opposition to the hegemonic masculinity of power and domination.

My Sister’s Keeper is a novel written by a New York Times Best Selling author, Jodi Picoult. The content of the novel tells the journey of a young girl making a sacrifice for her sister. This research aims to analyze the psychology of Anna doing a sacrifice for her sister. The type of this research is qualitative. The emerging conflict in main actors was analyzed using content analysis emphasizing on psychological approach. After reading and classifying My Sister’s Keeper Novel intensively, this study found the sacrifice conflict appeared in the novel. Based on the analysis, the novel shows internal and external conflict. Internal conflict (man vs self) of main character is a psychological conflict of Anna’s character about the sacrifice by doing donor of stem cell given to her sister and external conflict (man vs man) comes from her family.

The purpose of this study is to reveal sacrifice in Meyer’s Breaking down. In conducting the study, the writer delimited this study only in reveling sacrifice in Meyer’s Breaking down. Bella focuses on the main character. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method. It means that all of the data is in the form of words and sentences rather than numbers, and it focuses on the process that produces the results. After analyze the novel the writer may conclude that the kinds of Bella’s sacrifice can be formulated into three categories they are: Willing to stop her study and get married in the very young age, Willing to pregnant event it will endanger her life and the third willing to give up her life for her baby. These three types of sacrifice clearly describe in the novel. Finally, the suggestions are 1) Sacrifice is the very important things in human life, 2) Every relationship needs sacrifice to the sake of others life, 3) Sacrifice is a good moral act that important to become a lesson for everyone.

The author of this article analyzes the concept of “revolution” and “revolutionism” in the contemporary culture. He defines the latter as one of the most important cultural institutions of modernity and regards it as a continuous and constitutive process in the New Age society, though acting most of the time in a latent form. Although the boundaries of the concept of revolution are extremely broad today, any study inevitably raises the question of the typology of revolutionary processes, to which the orthodox thought could provide an independent answer. Revolutions can be divided into two types. The first type is political revolutions, a change of political regimes. The second includes systemic revolutions, which lead to a change in the global cultural model. The revolution as a historical phenomenon, along with the subject of colonization, emerges from the Enlightenment and Reformation discourses, which replaced the Christian idea of the catechization of peoples. This led to the revolution becoming a reference point for a society that gravitated toward a radical reconstruction of institutions and identities and which was willing to pay a high moral price for it. Attention is paid to the quasi-religious foundations of revolutionary thought and revolutionary action. The results show that a modern society is a society with horizontal dynamics of development, and its social upheavals, often taking a radical revolutionary format, can only use Christian symbolism to disguise non-Christian content. The Soviet culture reproduced elements of religious practice because the new government clearly wanted to create its own rituals, as the deep religiousness of the people called for it. The main objective of this article is to structure and briefly describe the semantics of revolutionism, in which the eschatological, mystery and psychological aspects are highlighted, and the revolutionary ritual of sacrifice is examined. The author concludes that the authentic and truly spiritual alternative to the revolutionary constructivism of modern society includes the religious transformation of a man, as well as theosis and cosmotheosis, which can also change the existing social model.

The article deals with the eschatological model of the post-apocalyptic world, proposed by the creators of post-apocalyptic films. The division of the genre into apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic is conditional, made on the basis of plot lines, which either end with an apocalyptic event, or begin with it. The analysis of the neomythology of the post-apocalyptic world is carried out through the prism of biblical motives as the very foundation of post-apocalyptic neomythology. Neomythology as a set of interconnected symbolic stories (myths) of post-apocalyptic reality is considered within the framework of the "eschatological mythologem" of the modern cultural and religious tradition. For a more detailed analysis, the series "Wayward Pines" (2014-2016) was chosen, since it reflects the model of the future society in the post-apocalyptic world based on the use of a number of biblical motives and similar storylines. It is noticed that the image of the post-apocalyptic world, captured in the film "Wayward Pines", is the embodiment of the post-civilization stage of development, when human society completely depletes itself. the project of the Homo Sapiens Sapiens' renaissance in the post-apocalyptic world contains a number of motives of the "apocalyptic myth" (destruction of mankind, death and resurrection, free will, forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil, leader consecrated by God, sacrifice, fratricating, incest, God and uprising against his will, prophet and chosen to salvation people) rooted in the tradition of the religious and cultural system of modern civilization. The universal character of their symbols is acceptable for articulation of important existential issues (the ratio of man and society, Good and evil, loneliness and collectivism, personal happiness and general good, responsibility and irresponsibility for the fate of others, preservation and loss of humanity) which face humanity in crisis times and determine the vector of further development.

UPN “Veteran” Jakarta is a university that has fulfilled the requirements on consideration of becoming a state-owned university as proposed by the Ministry of Culture and Education. Out of three considerations for the conversion of private university to a state university, the UPN “Veteran” Jakarta has fulfilled two considerations. Which is that the UPN “Veteran” Jakarta has something novel that can’t be offered by any other universities as the university based on state defense ideas. State defense is an effort by every citizen in defending its nation, where it’s realized in form of patriotism and willingness to sacrifice. Leadership in general terms are the ability or the capability to influence others in order to achieve a certain goal. It is a trait innate in every leader which constituted of: personality, capability, and willingness. Leadership is a sequence of activities done by the leader that can’t be separated from its position, style, and the attitude of said leader. As well as their interaction with the followers and the situation related to. Based on the stated background our team will resume the research by exploring further how urgent it is the value of state defense in enacting the leadership role.

The article presents the issue of prayer in the life of consecrated persons according to the teaching of Benedict XVI. According to the Pope, prayer – which is the essence of life of the people totally devoted to God – is the first important setting for learning hope, hope based on God and His promises. Consecrated persons are ministers of hope, because the relationship with Christ and the spiritual life are for them something fundamental. Their life, fulfilled with prayer and contemplation of God’s matters shall show, where and how faith and trustfulness are renewed and practiced. The prayer of consecrated persons expresses the total sacrifice to God. Being a sign of hope, it is of irreplaceable significance in the contemporary world.

The literary interest in Greenland has been growing steadily in recent years. Both the question of the countryʼs secession from Denmark and the handling of imperialism's historical heritage have occupied the public. The author Kim Leine diligently contributes to the debate with his works on the cultural encounters between Danes and Greenlanders. Following an overview of Leine’s description of the coexistence of colonizers and colonized and the political and religious influence of the former on the latter in the beginning of the 18. century this paper discusses how Leine tries to debunk the common perception of Danes as soft colonizers. The main purpose of the article is to investigate how the difference between the two cultures manifests itself in the father-son relations, with a special focus on the interpretation of the act of sacrifice in the biblical story of Abraham and Isaac. The approach is inspired by postcolonial theory.

Purpose This paper explores and identifies customer-value-related sacrifices that consumers attach to interactive health/life insurance. This paper aims to increase understanding of why individual consumers are not willing to embrace behaviour-tracking-based insurance applications. Design/methodology/approach The authors analysed data from a qualitative survey of Finnish insurance consumers who were not keen on adopting interactive insurance products. Findings Developed through thematic analysis, the framework presented in this paper illustrates consumers’ value sacrifices on four dimensions: economic, functional, emotional and symbolic value. Research limitations/implications The framework and insights emerging in the study hold several implications related to increased understanding of consumers’ perceptions of insurance and to developing interactive insurance services. In addition, this work provides a promising foundation and avenues for further considerations related to digital ethics in insurance. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first piece applying a value sacrifice perspective in studying consumers’ unwillingness to adopt interactive insurance products.

The aim of this article is twofold. First, it collects and discusses the evidence that supports A. M. Belardinelli's identification of the speakers in lines 150–271 of Menander'sSikyonioi; her reconstruction can also be strengthened and improved upon in some important details. Further, a re-examination of line 169 allows for a new interpretation of the staging of the play: three stage doors need to be active, and the third stage building is a shrine which Eleusinios enters to take part in the sacrifice.

Scholars of the religious studies of India have long been intrigued by the seminal roles of rituals in diverse strands of the Hindu tradition. The most outstanding among them pertained to the institution of tīrthas, evident during this period, not only of the remarkable extension of the ritual format and its definitional scope but also an unprecedented proliferation in its numbers. A ritual outline very closely related to tīrtha-centric activities, featured at many prominent religious centres from the time of the Purāṇas, was collective bathing in holy rivers or water bodies on certain occasions, which gained wide popularity and appeal. Given their status, it is important to explore the raison d etre of such water rituals and how the ritual of holy bath heightened. For this purpose, the paper is divided into three sections: the first section explores the sacrificial ritualism in relation to the Vedic Brahmanism and its symbolic transformation over disputation of the Vedic sacrifice. The second section delves into the understanding of the symbolic importance of water in the rituals of the Hindu religion and its association with the sacred sites or tīrthas. The last section elucidates the likely factors contributing to the growing attractiveness of holy water bath in Purāṇic Hinduism which reflects the changed character and format of the genre of religious texts that began to be composed from the Purāṇic period onwards.

The words of Peter and the stretch of his right hand empowered the cripple to become like “the others.” Within a society are people who need a little push to be themselves. There are also people in the society who can empower others but either they are not conscious of it or just do not want to help. A piece of advice, a smile, a touch, an amount of money, education, and food, in a selfless effort or in a sacrifice, are some of the numerous ways of empowering people to do what they think is impossible. Exegetical analysis of Acts 3:1-10 demonstrated how Peter and John healed the cripple, restored his human dignity, and empowered him from begging. This paper contributes to the discussion on cultural attitudes towards empowerment.

The history of the twentieth century is filled with examples of mass murder and destruction of entire nations. Survivors of those traumatic events have horrific memories, which cannot be compared to anything that may happen in the course of an ordinary quiet life. However, coping strategies for overcoming the consequences of such traumatic experience were also developed in the twentieth century. It was made possible by conceptualisation of trauma as a cultural and psychological phenomenon at the level of theory and practice in various sciences. Introduction of this concept into the flesh and blood of modern (popular) culture, or rather its inclusion in the fabric of everyday cultural practices, transformed the concept of trauma into a mechanism of culture. Trauma developed into a concept, as we know it, because it functioned as one of the cultural clichés of the era, according to which economics, politics, science, literature, etc., are built. Of course, mass exterminations of people took place even before the twentieth century; however, they were not interpreted as historical traumas as we interpret them now because, firstly, a sense of distance from the event was not developed, which is characteristic of traumatic interpretation, and, secondly, the narratives corresponded to other cultural clichés (typical of those epochs), which served as the basis for political mechanics, economic processes, etc. This article identifies the main features characterising the functioning of trauma as a cultural mechanism. This objective is achieved by appealing to political economy and Baudrillard’s and Derrida’s critique of the victim order. In this study the term “loss” is used as an umbrella term for various traumatic constructs, such as the victim and the trauma itself. They are characterised as objects of a credit relationship between subjects (both individual and collective), according to which the victim (trauma) construct could be described as a debt obligation that must be fulfilled by paying off a symbolic debt. The study identifies all the acting forces (parties) in the trauma construct, which give form to this construct. The author draws attention to the spatial (topographical) accent of the traumatic narrative, as well as to the necessity of toponymic localisation of the active forces in space.

The system of communication in use in central Mexico at the time of the Spanish Conquest was made up of signs composed largely of pictorial elements, including glyphs (signs in a script) and graphic representations of the ornaments of the deities. It had a generative character that was expressed mainly in the fact that it combined basic signs to create new meanings. This article deals with the combinations between the following signs: the smoking mirror, the flint, the down ball and the skull, all belonging to the field of sacrifice and dismemberment of the human body. They were associated with each other and created the following codified and conventional combinations: mirror-flint, mirror-down, flint-skull, flint-obsidian, skull-down, and a composite pectoral called anahuatl. This article proposes a typology of these combinations, and sheds light on their meanings and the processes of their construction.

The starting point for this study is the dynamic view of homeland formulated by e.g. Karol Wojtyła in his Thinking Homeland (“When I think homeland, I seek the road that cuts through mountainsides… it runs steeply up in each of us and does not allow to stand still”). The study focuses on two profiles of the Polish concept: the noble-intelligentsia profile and the folk-peasant profile. In the former, which continues the tradition of military legions, the relationship between people and homeland is modelled in accordance with the patriotic-heroic ethos, deriving from the Romantic tradition and focusing on active resistance and sacrifice. In the latter, the predominant mood is expiatory, connected with the responsibility for the collapase of the the 1st Polish (Nobility) Republic. This profile includes the all-national homeland, then the regional and European homeland – the ideas of the state, civic, and cultural homeland compete with one another. The folk profile of homeland derives from the tradition of Polish peasantry – peasants did not feel responsible for the collapse of the state, being de facto slaves in the Poland of nobility. The peasant ethos, based on the idea of joint work and social solidarity, is close to the positivistic spirit. It links the idea of duty (homeland can ask for sacrifice) with that of expectation (homeland should extend one’s care over people). The folk profile includes the homeland of family and home, the local homeland, the national homeland, as well as the world as people’s homeland. It is assumed that the two profiles of homeland are to a great extent complementary.

Character education can be instilled in various ways. One of them is through literature. Literature itself is very diverse until now. Among young people, one of the works that have a lot of interest is short stories (short stories), because a short story contains interesting stories to read. In addition, the work also contains a message about positive things. This study aims to describe the value of character education in the collection of short stories Compass 2018 Doa Yang Terapung. Research is included in qualitative research. The method in this study uses descriptive qualitative. The data source in this study is a collection of short stories from Compass 2018 Doa Yang Terapung. Data collection in this study was carried out by reading and understanding short stories and recording data containing the value of character education in the 2018 Compass short story collection Doa Yang Terapung. Data analysis in this study uses the Miles and Huberman flow model, namely data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. The results of this study indicate the values of character education in the 2018 Kompas short story collection Doa Yang Terapung, among others a) the value of religious character education (the value of religious character praying to God, the value of religious character accepting destiny, the value of religious character believing & surrendering to God's destiny; b) the value of nationalist character education (the value of nationalist character, the spirit of heroism, the value of nationalist character). willing to sacrifice for his family, and c) the value of independent character education (character values of a good work ethic, professional character values, creative character values).

In his Heretical Essays, Jan Patočka introduces the concept of the solidarity of the shaken. He argues that it emerges in the conditions of political violence—the frontline experience (Fronterlebnis). Moreover, Patočka brings into discussion the puzzling concepts of day, night, metanoia and sacrifice, which only further problematise the idea. Researching how other thinkers have examined the phenomenon of the frontline experience, it becomes obvious that Patočka did not invent the obscure vocabulary ex nihilo. Concepts such as frontline experience, sacrifice and the metaphors of the day and night were commonly used by thinkers in the inter-war and post-war eras in their examination of community (Gemeinschaft). This study aims to reconstruct the idea of the solidarity of the shaken as contextualized within a broader scholarly debate on the concept of community (Gemeinschaft). Through the critical dialogue between Patočka’s works and the works of Ernst Jünger and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, this study will portray how Patočka, in his discourse on the frontline experience, follows the usual pattern of overcoming one’s individuality, transcending and opening up to the constitution of solidarity. This paper will argue that Patočka defined the solidarity of the shaken in an attempt to revive the positive aspects of a community and break with the regressive (if not sinister) uses to which it was put in the twentieth century.

This article describes the Nanai shamanic set, combining two images—a dog and a tiger. The Nanai shamanic sculpture is viewed as a phenomenon reflecting both the subjective and the objective reality constructed by traditional cultural practices. Parallels with Siberian and Pacific cultures reveal the significance of the domestic animal and the wild predator for the people of the Lower Amur. Using folkloric and lexical data, findings of field studies, and ethnographic evidence, folk images of the dog and the tiger are reconstructed. Viewing the problem in the context of collective knowledge about the world reveals the archetypical and modified layers in the image’s construction. The idea of the dog, typical of all the peoples of Siberia and the Russian Far East, is that of a draft animal, assistant, sacrifice, and guide to the afterworld. Its image in the Nanai shamanic sculpture was meant to enhance the power of the spirit. It was often combined with the image of the tiger, personifying shaman’s power and the progenitors. The analysis of the terminology relating to the tiger attests to the Southeast Asian roots of its cult. The tiger semantics in the Nanai culture resulted from a blend of Tungus, Paleoasiatic, and Manchu (Chinese) elements. These images were used by shamans not only as assistants in “capturing” spirits and holding them in “detention”, but also as a means of communicating with the world of spirits.

The gentle descent from Puerto Rico’s central mountains into the southern coastal plain offers a spectacular seaside vista. It is a panoramic view of a seemingly vast Caribbean Sea in varying hues ...

The question of the meaning of life is concerning to everyone living in the modern world in the age of pandemics. From this point of view, this article can help many people, including young people, who are experiencing life's anxieties. A global coronavirus pandemic is a cause of fear and even panic. The consequences of the pandemic caused by the spread of the COVID-19 virus have led to existential concerns. As a result, human beings, realizing the shortness of life, began to pay attention to existential issues. However, there are optimistic views that can counteract existential crises. It is very important for modern society to understand the meaning of life, which is formed in the minds of nomads, to become a spiritual necessity of existential, vital principles, which have a positive character, aimed at a short life in accordance with human nature. Mastering the problem of the meaning of life at a high level of consciousness is one of the necessary conditions for moral maturity. The essence of human life is to be able to serve one's country and sacrifice one's life to protect it from the enemy. The main purpose of the article is to analyze the problem of the meaning of life in the nomadic worldview, the human being (property) that forms the human being. In order to achieve this goal: the issues that are the core of the nomadic worldview – Man and morality, life and life, the essence of the world, humanity and personality, individuality and morality were taken into account.

This paper focuses on the study of Ronald Dworkin and Human dignity as the highest constitutional value. Ronald Myles Dworkin (1931-2013), a famous American philosopher, jurist, and scholar of the United States constitutional law believes that constitutional provisions are permeated with moral principles and that human dignity is an intrinsic constitutional value, and that it must be consideredin judicial decisions. Dworkin has his concept of rights, arguing that rights constitute claims against the state,and he espouses the idea that it is forbidden to sacrifice individual needs and preferences to achieve the public interest. That is, there are rights that the state cannot derogate from or violate, whatever the rationalizations and justifications. Dworkincategorically affirms that people have the right to be treated with dignity and that rights have an exceptional moral force that stems from the importance of human dignity, and that leads to preventing the formulation and implementation of specific policies even if they aim to enhance the general welfare of society. Consequently, his thoughts and reflections in this regard constitute a solid philosophical basis for the recognition of human dignity as the highest constitutional value.

A liturgia do Xangô gira em torno do sacrifício de animais, seguido pela divisão das vítimas em axé, destinado exclusivamente aos deuses, e em eran, as carnes vermelhas, redistribuídas pela comunidade, redundando numa estratégia econômica e alimentar. Porém, ultrapassando toda utilidade, o sacrifício culmina na festa, na dança, no transe, implicando no renascimento místico do devoto e na renovação da solida­riedade entre os membros do grupo de culto.

This research aims to describe how the values of Pancasila are implemented in community life, elementary schools and students. The research method used a qualitative approach with a literature study method. The information that is used as study material comes from literary sources such as journals, article, and books. The results showed that the implementation in the society of Pancasila Village and MI Hambail Falah has been carried out well and of course can be used as an example for the society and other students. And for the college student environment (campus), the implementation of Pancasila values can be integrated with state defense attitudes such as: love for the homeland, awareness of the nation and state, belief in Pancasila as the state ideology, a sense of willingness to sacrifice, and finally having the basic ability to defend the state

The article explores the idea of an echo, both literal and structural, that connects Old Norse cosmogony and eschatology. The motif of a bellowing sound or cry appears in cosmogony in the figure of Ymir, “Crier”, who is killed by the Æsir, and from his body the world is created. During the eschatological events the booming sound recurs when Heimdallr blows his horn shortly before the Æsir themselves are killed by their adversaries. A cry is also emitted by Óðinn when he sacrifices himself on the Cosmic Tree. The booming bellow is thus associated with death, especially in the context of implicit or explicit sacrifice. The structural resonance between cosmogony and eschatology is composed of a series of five motifs that reappear in the same sequence at both liminal moments. The eschatology seems to be structurally a repetition of the cosmogony, but with inverted roles: the victims are the gods and the sacrificers are the giants, which is the inverse of the situation during cosmogony. The present analysis sheds light on the sacrificial pattern hidden behind the two events, and helps contextualize the motif of the mighty sound that reappears at both moments in the cosmic history.

Blogging among young, tech-savvy mothers has been a popular media outlet for discussing domestic activities since the early 2000s in South Korea. In “mommy blogs,” young mothers negotiate ideal motherhood through the meanings of the sacrificial mother and postfeminist, neoliberal values. Using the frameworks of sacrifice and self-enterprise in a neoliberal sense, I argue that mothers commodify the home space for their neoliberal aspirations while hiding their individual desires behind sacrificial motherhood. Mothers’ baking blog economy, especially the system of power blogger, reveals a sacrificial production of healthy consumable commodities that promotes neoliberal aspirations of mothers to earn social capital. The analysis of power blogging also speaks to the paradox of postfeminist, neoliberal values rooted in sacrificial motherhood. An internalized market rationality is the driving force of mothers’ work, successfully hidden behind the idea of sacrifice. South Korean mommy bloggers resist the prevailing idea of the super mom while reappropriating the relationship between domestic responsibilities and work to suit the motherly duties of sacrifice. This neoliberal aspiration arises from a mother’s sense of individualism and the blurring of the private and public, which reinforces the Confucian patriarchal system.

This paper investigates the fact that many Early Iron Age wetland sacrifices were deliberately placed in liminal zones. The sacrifice of horses as well as the manipulation of their heads, hoofs and tails turned them into liminal creatures. In this way they imitated the liminal creature, in particular the Midgard Serpent that bites its tail in the ocean surrounding the world, and the horses also became guards against dangerous powers from outside Midgardr. The attention to tongues can also be seen on the bracteates that may have served as amulets, reminding their users ofthe creatures guarding the borderlands.

Morgan found that the adi from of the clans formed on the basis of maternal rights, from which the clans based on paternal rights later developed. In this way we understand that the castes we see among the people who are tired of the ancient Social civilization are based on paternal rights and before that there were Social clans with maternal rights. As important as Darwin’s theory of evolution way in biology and how important Marx’s Philosophy of surplus value was in the field of Political, Economy, so important is the discovery that there was a Primitive maternal right that preceded patriarchy in civilized populations. The Social system that forgot this historical background enslaved the woman. set her aside from production. She was stripped of her rights and made to kneel before the man the began to paint her limbs. Myths about women and literary evidence in written form spilled out of masculine thought. Thus, the women become the most physically vulnerable in the attack on the country. In his poems, he shows the way in which the Tamil community considers activities that are considered sacred and pure. Malati Maitri writes about Social liberation, questioning the sacred practices of sacrifice, family morality, domesticity, motherhood and affection.