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Social behavior involves many processes including cognitive functions. Altered social behaviors associated with many psychiatric disorders might have alterations in the processes. Poor social environment affects development and maturation of cognitive functions that are important for social cognition, possibly introducing social stress as well as vulnerability to the stress into the developing brain. Adolescence and early adulthood have higher sensitivity to social stress, which may be linked to the onset of psychiatric disorders during this time period. Understanding social behavioral processes in detail will be crucial for elucidating mechanisms of emerging the social behavior phenotypes in psychiatric disorders and for devising therapeutic and preventive interventions to introduce the resilience for the onset of psychiatric disorders through modulation of social circuitries.

The article is devoted to the study of some social aspects of the socio-political changes impact in Japan in 2010-2020 and their contribution to the emergence of neologisms in the Japanese language. The active invasion of the English language into the vocabulary of the Japanese language is associated with social processes in Japan caused by its defeat in World War II, the period of American occupation, as well as the aggressive international policy of the 45th President of the United States Donald Trump. The aim of the work is to show the connection between the social processes in Japan and their international reflection under the pressure of US policy, and the appearance of neologisms of foreign origin in the Japanese language. Materials and methods of research: a method of structural-semantic modeling based on a detailed comparison of Japanese vocabulary. We also used a comparative method of studying socio-political processes. A sociological method was used to select the most common neologisms of foreign origin. Results of the work: we studied the neologisms of foreign origin that appeared in the last decade and have become quite densely included in the vocabulary of the Japanese language under the pressure of the countrys socio-political discourse against the background of US international policy, and, in particular, the aggressive political course of the 45th President of the United States Donald Trump in relation to Japan. In total, about 100 such neologisms were selected. We identified the most common neologisms of foreign origin through a sociological survey and studied in detail the history of the emergence of ten of them. These are lexical units that can be characterized not only as neologisms of exclusively foreign origin, but also as words of a mixed type, which are a combination of kango, words formed from roots of Chinese origin, and borrowings, as well as abbreviations of both types of new words. The work reflects the relationship between social processes in the country against the background of the international Japanese-American confrontation and the emergence of neologisms that entered the Japanese language.

Theories in moral psychology have debated whether people’s moral judgments are influenced by social processes, such as others’ opinions, arguments, and actions. This research investigated conformity with moral, social-conventional, and decency issues in adults from the United Kingdom (Study 1, N = 50) and Kuwait (Study 2, N = 164). Participants first had to make individual judgments regarding moral, social-conventional, and decency transgressions. Using a conformity paradigm with low social presence, five to ten days afterwards participants were presented with the judgments of a more permissive majority. British participants conformed to the majority for decency, and to a lesser extent moral, transgressions. Kuwaiti participants conformed across domains. Furthermore, females in Kuwait conformed more than males. These findings are discussed with reference to the influence of cultural, moral and gender norms on conformity. Furthermore, we consider the contributions of these findings in light of theories of moral judgment and conformity.

Little is understood about how emotion regulation strategies typically used to regulate one's own emotions can be used to help others in distress, a process we refer to as social emotion regulation. We integrated research on social support, the self-regulation of emotion, and appraisal theories to hypothesize that different kinds of support and emotion regulation strategies should be differentially helpful for others, depending on the kind of emotion they are experiencing. Specifically, we predicted that helping others to actively modify their situation, as opposed to their appraisals and emotional responses, will be more effective for those experiencing anxiety as anxiety is a response to appraising threat in one's environment. However, helping others to modify their appraisals and emotions should be more effective for those experiencing sadness as sadness is a response to an irrevocable loss. To test this, we created a novel paradigm in which regulation targets were recruited online to write about personal events causing anxiety or sadness and regulation providers were recruited to provide written help to the targets. Study 1 supported the hypothesis using strategies drawn from the social support literature (advice vs. emotional support). Study 2 used strategies drawn from the literature on the self-regulation of emotion (situation modification vs. reappraisal) to demonstrate that as predicted, different strategies are believed to be differentially helpful depending on the target's emotion and when adjusting for individual differences in social and affective functioning, targets judge social emotion regulation strategies to be differentially helpful when implemented by providers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

This article provides an account and discussion of research processes used in a contemporary study of early school leaving in Ontario, Canada. The Ontario Early School Leavers Study was conducted in conversation with 193 young people who left school prior to graduating, their educators and parents. The study was informed by a review of international literatures which point to the need for innovative social approaches and youth-attuned methodologies in the study of early school leaving. We present our research processes as informed by this literature and then present new analyses that illustrate critical social processes in early school leaving. The findings present unique data to show three pathways to early leaving and a constellation of risk and protective situations encountered by these young people along the way. Risk situations included the daily social workings of poverty, low socioeconomic status, the need to take on early adult roles, “place”, academic and social disengagement, negative relations with families and/or school personnel, and inflexible or unsupportive school structures. Protective situations were encountered in supportive families; from parents and teachers; in schools that were caring, flexible, and proactive; and in processes of self determination. The perspectives of the young people are discussed in relation to the international literature and the perspectives of 71 parents and educators who participated in the study. Impacts on practices in secondary schools suggest that early school leaving be recognized and treated as a heterogeneous, complex social process occurring at and across the nexus of families, schools, youth cultures and communities.

Restaurant is a limitless industry, serving food and drinks to everyone near and far from their homes. It takes innovation and creativity in a business in order to continue to compete with other similar companies. Coffee shops are starting to grow and are mushrooming especially in big cities like Bandung. Co-creation is a term with the intention of allowing consumers to create shared value through collaboration their own desired drink which is expected to increase the level of visits at the coffee shop. This research was conducted in a period of less than one year, so the approach method used is a cross sectional method. Through this method with the aim of researchers being able to reveal and examine how much influence co-creation has in coffee shop consumer visits in Bandung. Based on the variables studied, the research method used is the quantitative method. The results show that Co-Creation is in the very high category and is an indication that the majority of respondents have a tendency to believe that all creative activities and social processes through collaboration between the coffee shop and their consumers have been carried out well. The level of visits is in the high category, this shows that respondents have high satisfaction so that it encourages buying behavior and loyalty. This means that a well co-creation will create the consumers to make visits and purchase attitudes.

Social identity is embedded in social structures, generated by various social processes, and has multiple dimensions. We report findings from a laboratory experiment eliciting two-dimensional social identities: a horizontal identity determined either randomly or by preferences and a vertical identity defined by income status and determined either by luck or performance. We also vary income gaps between vertical identity groups. Participants make redistributive allocation decisions between two beneficiaries differing in identity attributes. We find robust evidence of in-group favoritism and that both the identity distance between the allocator and the in-group recipient and income gaps influence the degree of in-group favoritism.

Integrated urban planning is based on the necessity of constantly adapting to complex social processes and applying methodology that supports multidisciplinarity, flexibility, and adaptability. In trying to achieve future visions and to meet trends of urbanization, inherited contextual values are often forgotten. Although the impression that everything was better before is based on nostalgia, the urban development history should still be analyzed. This article analyzes principles of integrated urban planning by reviewing twentieth-century development of Banja Luka. The objective is to recognize, to evaluate, and to adapt those principles to the contemporary context and to reconsider them in the future. The analysis shows the positive and negative values of the development, which reveals that the principles of integrated urban planning were present in each period. As their singularity and fragmentation without the systematic integration was not efficient enough, recommendations for improving integrated urban planning in the specific context are given.

The concept of dimensions appearing in the title of the paper also covers delimitation, formatting, matrix etc. This approach is suitable for historical sociology, which focuses on long-term social processes as well as differences and similarities in different periods of history. Any research interest in this field is represented by a specific social theory with an emphasis on comparative civilization analysis. Historical sociology of knowledge, culture and emotions also has its place here.

On December 8–10, 2020, the international scientific and practical conference “Fundamental problems of education in the context of modern social processesˮ was held at Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University with the support of the RFBR grant. The conference was organised by the NSPU together with the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, the Institute for Education Development Strategy of the Russian Academy of Education, the Ministry of Education of Novosibirsk Region, the Ombudsman for the Rights of the Child in Novosibirsk Region and the municipal autonomous institution for additional education “Palace of Creative Work of Children & Student Youth “Junior”.

The article analyzes the essence of volunteering from the point of view of relations and processes considered at the level of society as a whole. The essence of the concept of "volunteering" in sociological discourse is revealed, the main aspects of volunteering are noted, the importance and necessity of volunteer work in modern society are shown. The dynamics of volunteering as a community and social institution is considered, the types of volunteer activities, the functions of the external and internal orientation of the social community of volunteers are highlighted. The transformations of the nature and content of different types of volunteer activities are revealed.

Objective To examine the interactions and social processes involved when nurses care for women who experience fetal demise and subsequent stillbirth. Design Qualitative design using grounded theory. Setting Single-site urban medical center in New York City. Participants Twenty registered nurses who worked in the labor and delivery department. Methods I collected data via in-depth interviews and recorded, transcribed, and analyzed the data using constant comparative analysis. Results Managing Ambiguity emerged as the overarching preliminary theory to describe how nurses cared for women who experienced stillbirth. This preliminary theory included three themes: Experiencing a Spectrum of Emotions, Managing Patient Care in an Ambiguous Context, and Managing Institutional Ambiguity. These themes provided an overview of the creative/protective and avoidant/conflicted behaviors that nurses brought to their work with women whose fetuses died in utero and were stillborn. These interactions were complicated by institutional policies and additional factors, such as workload, that often denied nurses the resources needed to engage in the patient care processes required to address the trauma experienced by women and their families. Conclusion The preliminary theory Managing Ambiguity provided a perspective on the experiences, behaviors, and social processes involved in caring for women who experience stillbirth. The absence of preparatory education, effective protocols, and institutional support contributed to the ambiguity inherent in caring for these women.

Rural-urban social inequality in Russia is evident. Russian public opinion proposes to reduce the rural-urban income gap, both within the framework of the self-regulating market paradigm, reflected in public programmes, and within the planned command economy framework. In the same ways it proposes to achieve an inter-regional socio-economic balance.The People’s Republic of China (PRC) also faces the problem of reducing rural-urban social inequality. It looks as if it is trying to solve the problem by applying direct measures that can even reverse the processes of urbanization.This article proposes to analyze and adopt the most effective ways of reducing rural-urban inequality, as practiced in China. It is also possible to incorporate in the Chinese state’s management of social processes the methods of reduction of inequality between rural and urban populations, created by the dirigiste trends of Russian public thought, since the socio-economic system of the PRC readily assimilates elements of the planned economy.

The author carries out a retrospective analysis of social mobility elevators and channels functioning within the collective farm system in the USSR in the 1930s. The subject of research is the collective farm peasantry and its border social groups (machine operators, administrative staff of collective farms, and machine and tractor station workers). It is concluded that multidirectional channels and lifts of intergroup and intragroup social mobility operated in Soviet rural areas in the 1930s. The most widespread channel of social mobility was collectivisation. Intensive social processes took place inside collective farms, which resembled social elevators that had an internal corporate character. A professional career in collective farms could be used as a mechanism of mobility: external elevators, institutionalised state practices, “positive” behavioural practices, and “positive” socio-political record. Channels of social and professional mobility functioned within the collective farm system. The most socially significant of them was the transition of workers engaged in horse and manual labour to machine operators. The collective farm system was integrated into the system of social elevators and channels operating in the USSR, but transition to them from collective farms was limited. Administrative, educational, professional, gender, and age barriers were in place for the social mobility of collective farmers. Chance to go beyond collective farms was given to young people receiving education and conscription. Being sentenced to prison meant the collective farmer’s descent to the bottom of the Soviet social ladder. The mechanisms of social descent could be: “negative” behavioural practices, illegal actions, and “negative” socio-political record.

Social change in Muslim is usually marked by the development of the Muslim civilization, social change has been absorbed through the interaction between religion and society which has implications for social processes. Social change in society always demands changes in Islamic law. Sociologically, society is always changing. Literature study research method with a qualitative approach. The conclusion from this literature research can be concluded that the relationship between Islamic law and social change is reciprocal and influences each other, Islam takes a stand to be able to keep up with the times in its own way.

The pattern of displacement carried out by the community triggers the increasing diversity in Indonesia. Be it in terms of culture, religion, ethnicity, and so on. Just like what happened in Tanjung Gunung Village where there are Malay and Buton ethnicities. The research aims to find out the social interaction between Malay and Buton ethnic groups in Tanjung Gunung Village, Bangka Tengah Regency. The method used in this research is by qualitative approach with descriptive method. Data collection techniques used are observation techniques, interviews, and documentation studies. While data collection tools are observation guides, interview guides, and documentation. The results showed that social interactions that occurred between Malay and Buton ethnicity led to dissociative social processes. This is demonstrated by the pattern of interaction in the form of competition and conflict between the two ethnicities

The study of lawyers and legal professionals has long been fertile ground for socio-legal research. Such inquiries typically emphasize the role of these attorneys in shaping social processes and de...

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) proposed a dimensional approach to the assessment of personality disorders (PDs). Both models dictate that the clinician first determines PD severity before assessing maladaptive traits, invoking the level of personality functioning (LPF) construct. We consider LPF a promising dimensional construct for translational research because of its clinical importance and conceptual overlap with the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Social Processes. We aim to identify biomarkers that co-vary with fluctuations in LPF in adulthood, ultimately to predict persistent decrease in LPF, associated with suicidality and morbidity. However, a theoretical framework to investigate stress-related oscillations in LPF is currently missing. In this article, we aim to fill this hiatus with a critical review about stress and LPF. First, we discuss acute stress and LPF. We briefly present the basics of the neurophysiological stress response and review the literature on momentary and daily fluctuations in LPF, both at a subjective and physiological level. Second, we review the effects of chronic stress on brain function and social behaviour and recapitulate the main findings from prospective cohort studies. This review underlies our suggestions for multimethod assessment of stress-related oscillations in LPF and our theoretical framework for future longitudinal studies, in particular studies using the experience sampling method (ESM). ispartof: CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY & PSYCHOTHERAPY vol:28 issue:5 pages:1181-1193 ispartof: location:England status: published

In this text, we analyze a section of the written and photographic production of the artist Euvaldo Macedo Filho (1952-1982), which lived in Bahia, Brazil, aiming to problematize the recurrence of other texts and images, particularly in his photographs, which constitute a metalanguage and a meta-image. Through a methodological selection of writings and series of images, we inquire the artist's gaze, informed by his poetic and visual references, in an attempt to understand, in addition to his creative processes, certain social processes of the hinterlands of the Brazilian Northeast (the "Nordeste") in the end of the 1970’s and the early 1980’s. Showing the body-to-body between subjects, in their different social practices, and the texts and images that populated those spaces, the artist, who worked on the two creative fronts of poetry and photography, displaced the notion of art, which had been questioned, since the 1960s, by photography.

RESUMO Trato neste artigo de processos sociais que envolvem moralidades, normatividades, violências, vida e morte. Argumento, baseando-me em uma pesquisa etnográfica realizada em uma favela de Belo Horizonte, que é a triangulação entre três regimes normativos primordiais - o do “mundo do crime”, o do estado, e o da Igreja - que vai confeccionar o que a teórica Judith Butler chama de enquadramento, ou seja, a moldura que separa quem fica do lado de dentro e quem fica do lado de fora do que é inteligível. Concluo que, por se tratar de um território marcado por violências, é essa triangulação que vai separar quem é “humano” de quem é “matável”. ABSTRACT Between Life and Death: Regulations, Negotiations and Violence in a Belo Horizonte Slum broaches social processes involving morality, normativity, violence, life, and death. I base my argument on an ethnographic research conducted in a slum in Belo Horizonte, which is the triangulation between three primordial normative regimes-that of the “crime world”, that of the state, and that of the church-that will produce what the theoretical Judith Butler calls a framework, that is, the frame that separates who is on the inside from who is on the outside from what is intelligible. I conclude that, since this is a territory marked by violence, it is this triangulation that will separate who is “human” from who is “killable”.

Despite the well-established link between homelessness and incarceration, very little qualitative research has focused on the social processes that underlie this nexus. In this article, I draw on 1...

PurposeIn this paper, the authors argue that fine wines can be considered art and as such can be awarded luxury status. The authors discuss the processes of artification, through which such wines are recognized as art (Shapiro and Heinich, 2012), and heritagization, in which the cultural differentiation implicit in the concept of terroir (the various elements of a microclimate that contribute to a wine's specific attributes) connects a wine to its history and provenance. The investigation focuses specifically on fine wines from Bordeaux and Burgundy, which are renowned worldwide for their depth and flavors. What traits are intrinsic to the definition of art, and what social processes culminate in transforming an entity from nonart to art?Design/methodology/approachIt is a conceptual paper that requires blending several viewpoints to present the authors’ own viewpoints.FindingsThis study aims to address the above questions and argues that fine wines, as a source of aesthetic pleasure, are themselves an art form.Research limitations/implicationsThe implications for producers of fine wines and other artisanal products seeking to elevate brand awareness are discussed.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study are of interest to wine scholars as well as wineries. They provide evidence as to how artification occurs.Originality/valueWhile there are papers that address the issue of artification and heritagization individually, the authors bring to bear the importance of both concepts on specific wine regions in France: Burgundy and Bordeaux.

Widespread conspiracy theories, like those motivating anti-vaccination attitudes or climate change denial, propel collective action and bear society-wide consequences. Yet, empirical research has largely studied conspiracy theory adoption as an individual pursuit, rather than as a socially mediated process. What makes users join communities endorsing and spreading conspiracy theories? We leverage longitudinal data from 56 conspiracy communities on Reddit to compare individual and social factors determining which users join the communities. Using a quasi-experimental approach, we first identify 30K future conspiracists-(FC) and 30K matched non-conspiracists-(NC). We then provide empirical evidence of importance of social factors across six dimensions relative to the individual factors by analyzing 6 million Reddit comments and posts. Specifically in social factors, we find that dyadic interactions with members of the conspiracy communities and marginalization outside of the conspiracy communities, are the most important social precursors to conspiracy joining-even outperforming individual factor baselines. Our results offer quantitative backing to understand social processes and echo chamber effects in conspiratorial engagement, with important implications for democratic institutions and online communities., Accepted at ACM CSCW 2020

En esta investigación concluida, se estudiaron las interacciones sociales de los niños que nacen y viven en prisión, en compañía de sus madres recluidas, bajo el enfoque del interaccionismo simbólico y la teoría del estigma; el objetivo general fue analizar los procesos sociales que viven los niños que permanecen hasta los 5 años de edad al interior del Centro de Readaptación Social de Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo, México, bajo el supuesto de que el estigma es heredado e institucional, y deriva en reacciones comportamentales consecuenciales. La investigación fue cualitativa, utilizando herramientas metodológicas del interaccionismo simbólico y la teoría fundamentada; el muestreo fue teórico; el escenario fue el CERESO de Pachuca, Hgo.; como instrumentos las entrevistas a profundidad y la observación participante; fueron 31 informantes; el análisis de la información fue categorial, utilizando el software Atlas.ti, y posteriormente, análisis y correlaciones con el cuerpo teórico. En esta presentación se exponen los resultados concernientes a una categoría psicológica: la carrera moral, la cual consiste en la interiorización del estigma a partir de las predisposiciones generadas por el entorno. Se utilizan las categorías de chivo expiatorio y la autoprofecía cumplida para analizar los efectos que tiene el estigma criminalizante en el futuro de los niños.

In recent decades, international assessments of the ocean have evolved from specialized, technical evaluations of the state of the marine environment to more integrated and thematically extensive science-policy platforms. As assessment programmes such as the UN Regular Process blossom on the global stage and subsume responsibility for tracking progress on sustainable development, there is a need to consider how their processes wield influence and effectively translate knowledge into action. In the present paper, we undertake a comprehensive review of the literature on global environmental assessments (GEAs) and extract key principles that can be applied to global assessments of the marine environment. We were particularly inspired to identify how social processes could be arranged to best distill, communicate, and produce actionable knowledge. While we look to the advice of experts in the literature, we highlight specific examples from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), and the Global Environment Outlook (GEO). From this review, knowledge coproduction, multilevel collaboration, and futures thinking emerged as the dominant principles of influential and action-oriented assessments. We conclude the paper by contextualizing how these principles may be operationalized for Global Marine Assessments in the future.

Ibn Khaldun and Ernest Gellner have both developed comprehensive yet very different theories of social cohesion. Whereas Ibn Khaldun traces the development of intense group solidarity to the ascetic lifestyles of nomadic warriors, for Gellner social cohesion is a product of different material conditions. In contrast to Ibn Khaldun’s theory, where all social ties are generated through similar social processes, in Gellner’s model the patterns of collective solidarity change through time, that is, different societies produce different forms of social cohesion. While Ibn Khaldun argues that asbiyyah is the backbone of group unity in all social orders, Gellner insists that modern societies are underpinned by very different type of collective solidarity than their premodern counterparts. In this paper I offer a critique of Ibn Khaldun’s and Gellner’s theories of social cohesion and develop an alternative explanation, which situates the social dynamics of group solidarity in the organisational and ideological legacies of warfare. Ibn Haldun i Ernest Gelner razvili su sveobuhvatne, ali vrlo različite teorije socijalne kohezije. Dok je Ibn Haldun razvoj intenzivne grupne solidarnosti pronašao u asketskom načinu života nomadskih ratnika, za Gelnera socijalna kohezija predstavlja proizvod različitih materijalnih uslova. Za razliku od teorije Ibn Halduna gde se sve društvene veze generišu kroz slične društvene procese, u Gelnerovom modelu obrasci kolektivne solidarnosti menjaju se tokom vremena pri čemu različita društva stvaraju različite oblike socijalne kohezije. Dok Ibn Haldun tvrdi da je asbija kičma jedinstva grupa u svim društvenim poretcima, Gelner insistira na tome da su moderna društva oblikovana sasvim drugačijom vrstom kolektivne solidarnosti u odnosu na tradicionalne poretke. U ovom radu nudim kritiku Ibn Haldunove i Gelnerove teorije socijalne kohezije i razvijam alternativno objašnjenje koje postavlja socijalnu dinamiku grupne solidarnosti u organizaciono i ideološko nasleđe ratovanja.

Introduction: The chronic degenerative condition related to Rare Diseases (DR) is permeated by complex social processes and access to health, whose understanding requires evaluation from the perspective of affected patients. Objective: To build up an instrument that allows those affected by these pathologies to evaluate their perception regarding access to healthcare and social support. Methods: Study on the development of an instrument based on the model proposed by Luiz Pasquali. Results: After a factorial analysis, the final result that showed preliminary evidence of validation was an instrument with four domains: Health Resources, Financial Resources, Social Aspects, and Individual Aspects, with 10 items. Final considerations: The final instrument developed gathered evidence of validity, revealing item quality in representing the concepts underlying each domain. Through its psychometric properties, the instrument showed that it has representativeness regarding the perception of the affected by DR regarding their access to health and social support.

The article deals with the contemporary life of Ukrainian society which is characterized by very complex and contradictory social changes. The functioning and development of society take place in various forms of social processes, which require solving a number of problems related to the effectiveness and quality of all levels of the management system. Leadership does not occur by chance because its effectiveness is one of the management components helping to optimize the process itself.

While climate models have rapidly advanced in sophistication over recent decades, they lack dynamic representation of human behavior and social systems despite strong feedbacks between social processes and climate. The impacts of climate change alter perceptions of risk and emissions behavior that, in turn, influence the rate and magnitude of climate change. Addressing this deficiency in climate models requires a substantial interdisciplinary effort to couple models of climate and human behavior. We suggest a multi-model approach that considers a range of theories and implementations of human behavior and social systems, similar to the multi-model approach that has been used to explore the physical climate system. We describe the importance of linking social factors with climate processes and identify four priorities essential to advancing the development of coupled social-climate models.

Decolonisation in higher education requires congruent social processes that support human rights and inclusive knowledge generation. While often discussed, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission o...

In this study, I examined 12 reports published by a neoliberal think tank proposing to reshape public education in New Zealand. In terms of the larger social processes and structures involved, the think tank’s self-declared positioning of this advocacy is that of a primary definer (Hall et al., 2013), ostensibly an expert voice, communicating through the media. My two research goals in this study were to identify the types of educational change being promoted and to uncover the discursive means employed. The sample of 12 reports, published from 2013 to 2018, comprised 647 pages of text. I performed three types of analysis: thematic analysis to identify the ideology of the advocacy, genre analysis of their discursive resources and corpus analysis. The thematic findings reveal proposals to reshape public education through performativity, managerialism and marketization. The genre analysis found the reports followed the structure of the business case genre and drew on elements of business memos, data presentation, sound bite and opinion journalism. The corpus findings provide further linguistic evidence for the main themes.

The article is devoted to consideration of the problem of long-term development of transport under the conditions of uncertainty, which is a fundamental feature of the conditions of human activity. The objectives are to reveal the specifics of the «path dependence» in the field of transport, to show the fundamental nature of the problem of uncertainty of human activity and its special significance for development of transport, to propose a methodological basis for mitigating the problem of uncertainty in the long-term development of transport.While achieving the objectives, it is shown using historical analysis that the development of transport systems forms a specific kind of «path dependence», having a significant long-term impact on the future of not only transport itself, but also on other sectors of the economy, as well as on the development of demographic and other social processes.The location of the population, the development of production capacities, the choice of places of recreation are adapted to the existing transportation network. The decisions regarding location of transport infrastructure, the configuration of transport networks, the use of various technical solutions significantly influence the future of the transport itself.In this regard, it is desirable to reduce the uncertainty of the future of the transport. Uncertainty does not mean absolute unawareness. Although the future cannot be predicted accurately, it can be predicted with a certain probability. It is necessary, while fully understanding the impossibility of achieving complete certainty in predicting the future, to assess, at least at a qualitative level, the probability of these forecasts, strive to increase it and to develop transport systems considering the greater or lesser likelihood of certain forecasts.Hence, it is recommended to use both the logical-analytical method as the basis for forecasting longterm development to identify and consider long-term trends in the development of transport, and the foresight and predictive analytics to reveal newly emerging trends. An important condition of success is the ability to develop and implement various alternative solutions in response to emerging challenges, requiring development of a competitive and innovative environment both in the field of transport and in related areas of economic activity.

Narrativas de sofrimento tem orquestrado diversas reflexões antropológicas que buscam a compreensão de experiências de adoecimento e de processos sociais relacionados a ela. Neste texto argumento que essas narrativas podem comunicar não apenas experiências de circunscrição, mas também de reinvenção de um mundo social. Examinando como o cômico é acionado na fala de pessoas que vivenciaram a lepra e foram submetidas a isolamento compulsório, enxergo no riso uma forma expressiva que possibilita um modo de conhecimento que contribui para a convivialidade e que informa sobre o mundo social estruturado a partir de experiências de adoecimento e de sofrimento.

The review reveals the basic conceptions elaborated by one of the major Russian modern sociologists Zh.T. Toshchenko in his new research. The reviewer argues that the book’s author thoroughly examines the various methodological grounds for identifying the essential characteristics of social dynamics. At the same time, the reviewer focuses on the further development of the theory of modern society, proposed by the book’s author. Thus, Zh.T. Toshchenko, who spent many years researching social deformations, formulates an important concept – the concept of a society of trauma as the third modality of social development along with evolution and revolution. The book offers a fundamentally new view of social life, there is a holistic, systematic approach to all its processes and phenomena. The reviewer concludes that the new book of the social theorist Zh.T. Toshchenko is a significant contribution to sociological theory, since it develops ideas about the state and prospects of Russian society, gives accurate assessments of all social processes.

Foods and foodways are closely connected to social processes and activities. The functions of ceramic vessels in transporting, storing, processing, and serving food are tied to these social processes. Vessel functions can thus provide direct evidence of social activities. This article presents the results of a functional analysis of ceramic vessels from Schroda, a tenth- to eleventh-century farming settlement located in the middle Limpopo Valley, South Africa. Physical attributes such as vessel form, size, surface treatment, and sooting are considered in conjunction with ethnographic sources and comparative archaeological data to identify vessel functions and how these might relate to different activity areas across the site. Continuity and change in vessel use between the site’s Zhizo- and Leokwe-phase deposits are also discussed.

It is well recognized that many psychiatric disorders are strongly influenced by cultural and social factors. Foucault's account of the modern development links together 'madness', psychiatry and the asylum. We pick up the story at the point Foucault left it, the mid-twentieth century, to examine cultural and social processes that are reshaping concepts, discourse and practices - the 'social imaginary' - around mental health, with particular reference to the apparent rise in mental health problems among the young. We conclude that this apparent rise may reflect cultural and social changes in representations of mental health. In addition, over recent decades there have been increasingly evident fractures in social solidarity, interacting with and exacerbating specific socio-political-economic-environmental stressors on younger generations, including increasing intergenerational wealth inequalities and accelerating environmental concerns.

O chiste é uma das formações do inconsciente que mais se insere socialmente, porque necessita de pelo menos duas pessoas do discurso para sua realização. Dentre as técnicas de produção do chiste, a ironia é a categoria compreendida como uma representação pelo oposto e pelo uso do duplo sentido. Este artigo propõe uma discussão sobre a ironia nos textos freudianos, para indagar seu papel nos processos humorísticos e na produção do laço social. Este trabalho apresenta algumas indicações teóricas que reencontram a ironia como portadora de um potencial para a indução de laço social e discute o papel do humor nos processos sociais e, em última instância, indica a natureza sublimatória presente no humor.

Firearm violence is a leading public health issue that contributes to significant health inequalities within communities. Relatively little is known about the community-level social processes that occur at the street segment level and contributed to the community variation of firearm violence. This study examines the spatial patterns of firearm shooting events on street segments and the associated community-level social processes at both the street segment and neighborhood level. Multilevel mixed-effects Poisson regression was used to assess the relationship between measures of social disorder, physical disorder, and collective efficacy at the street segment-level and neighborhood-level measures of social disorganization theory. The results demonstrate that firearm shooting events occur on a small number of street segments across the city. Street segments with higher levels of social and physical disorder, along with lower levels of collective efficacy, are expected to have higher rates of firearm shooting events when accounting for neighborhood-level measures. Overall, the findings indicate specific street segments are experiencing higher rates of firearm shooting events and that these events are influenced by social processes. Prevention efforts should be focused on street segments experiencing higher rates of shootings. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11524-020-00424-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The psychological determinants of acts of dehumanizationThe article discusses the most important sources of various forms of dehumanization and destructive behavior. Modern knowledge and psychological research allow to understand dehumanization as a phenomenon going beyond behavioral acts. The main goal of this article is the presentation of two psychological traditions, that explain violence and social aggression in the light of the individual’s mental dysfunctions, as well as in the light of the dynamics of social processes above all group processes and interpersonal interaction. Presentation of this second research tradition is in my opinion of key importance for understanding the most important and the most serious determinants of dehumanization, although it is systematically underestimated or little known in sociological and political science literature. Identification of relevant sources of dehumanization can contribute to their quicker identification and inhibition.

The subject of the study is the criminological security of the region as part of its public security. The purpose of the study is to define the concept of "criminological security of the region", as well as to identify priority areas of criminological security.As a result of the study, it was concluded that activities to ensure public safety in the region involve, firstly, identifying threats to the state of protection of the most important social values of the region, and secondly, assessing the scale and significance of these threats, predicting their dynamics and impact on social processes in region, thirdly, the preparation of a plan to counter these threats, fourthly, the specific activities of state and other entities to implement this plan.

In Un Franco, 14 Pesetas (2004), Carlos Iglesias tells the story of Spanish migration to Central Europe during the 1960s through a fictional remembering of his family’s years as immigrants to Uzwil, in the Swiss eastern province of Toggenburg. His memories of the Swiss landscape, luminous, green, and open contrast with a grim, grey and enclosed Madrid, both origin and end of the six-year journey. This essay explores the interrelation between memory, space, and human mobility in Un Franco, 14 Pesetas. Through a journey of migration to Switzerland, Iglesias tells a story of return to Madrid, and unveils the contradictions of Spain’s so-called ‘economic miracle’ of the 1960s. Merging experiences of arrival and departure, presents and pasts, Iglesias’s film shows how immigration is rooted in space, and inseparable from economic, political and social processes that are historically specific.

Using focus groups, the research analyses the mental and social processes through which consumers form perceptions and opinions about unfamiliar technologies and the derived products, taking the perception of nanotechnology and nano-products, GM and GM products as example. Our findings suggest that limited understanding of the technological principles and lack of (visible) products prevent the formation of experience-based attitudes and behavioral intentions. In this context, consumers interpret and assess cognitive interventions such as product labels or product information, as well as the trustworthiness of unfamiliar information sources, based on heuristic clues, association, mutual reassurance and previous attitudes. The established determinants of technology risk perception (e.g. knowledge, social norms, perceived risks and benefits and controllability) were the subject of constant deliberation and negotiation among participants. Consequently, the perception of risk and technology communication interventions might vary greatly across different locations and segments of the public, complicating risk communication and trust-building.

The article reveals the role of public finance in the regulation of social processes, analyzes in detail the mechanism of financial regulation of social processes at the present stage of economic development of Russia. Some problems that impede the development of the social infrastructure of Russia are identified, and ways to solve them are proposed. It is concluded that the main problem in slowing down the development of social processes in Russia is not the lack of funding, but the inefficiency of their distribution.

Portugal, with circa 10 million inhabitants, has almost 800 young people, aged 16-24 years, serving prison sentences. The majority comes from low-income families living in sensitive urban areas of Lisbon and Oporto, with low levels of education, and many are Afro-Portuguese or come from African Portuguese-speaking countries. These young people are thus identified with the neighbourhoods where they live, portrayed as violent and problematic. The narratives from the actors of the justice system we interviewed suggest that such depiction results from a set of plural disruptions – social, legal, and institutional – leading to the selectivity and criminalisation of this group of young people. We thus call them the “damned of inclusion” since the plurality of exclusions affecting them hasn’t been addressed holistically by the social inclusion programs created in the last decades. Since these young men are “caught under the radar”, there seems to be a criminal reaction from the law, the judicial practices and the prison system – which turns into a normalizing response. Portugal, con cerca de 10 millones de habitantes, tiene casi 800 jovenes, de edades entre 16 y 24 anos, cumpliendo sentencias de prision. La mayoria son de familias de bajos ingresos que residen en areas urbanas sensibles de Lisboa y Oporto, con bajos niveles educativos. Muchos son afroportugueses u originarios de paises lusoparlantes de Africa. Esos jovenes son identificados, entonces, con los barrios donde viven, retratados como violentos y problematicos. Las narrativas de los actores que entrevistamos del sistema judicial hacen pensar que dicha descripcion resulta de un conjunto de rupturas plurales –sociales, juridicas e institucionales– conducentes a la seleccion y criminalizacion de ese grupo de jovenes. Asi, los denominamos los “malditos de la integracion”, ya que los programas de integracion social de las ultimas decadas no se han ocupado holisticamente de la pluralidad de exclusiones que los afectan. Dado que esos jovenes pasan inadvertidos, parece haber una reaccion penal por parte del derecho, las practicas judiciales y el sistema de prisiones, lo cual se convierte en una respuesta normalizadora. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1235

Land degradation and, subsequently, desertification processes are conditioned by biophysical factors and human impacts. Nowadays, there is an increasing interest by social scientists to assess its implications. Especially, it is relevant to the potential changes and landscape deterioration on population, economic systems and feedbacks of local societies to such adjustments. Assessing social facets should also be related to desertification risks, integrated socio-economic inputs and environmentally sustainable development perspectives. However, investigations about the effects of land degradation conditioned by global socioeconomic-factors from a holistic point of view are scarce. In this review, we pretend to discuss past and recent findings on land degradation risks related to poverty, especially based on Mediterranean Europe. To achieve this goal, we focused on key socioeconomic forces such as developmental policy, production and market structure, social change and population mobility. Our review showed that regional disparities based on complex dynamics of demographic forces (e.g. migration, fertility and ageing) and economic drivers of change (e.g. industrial concentration, urbanization, crop intensification, tourism pressure, coastalization) are keys to understand Mediterranean regions such as Southern Italy, a region exposed to high desertification risk in Europe. We concluded that the overexploitation of territories, soil and water degradation urban expansion, tourism and unplanned industrialization are some sectors and activities which can be highly affected by political and socioeconomic forces leading to unsustainable forms of land management and types of development. Special attention should be paid to social policies, education and training schemes to reduce rural migration and potentiate territorial knowledge to avoid land degradation, considering other social issues such as poverty or centralization. The potential role of win-win policies abating poverty and reducing desertification risk is evident in Mediterranean Europe and achieving land degradation neutrality necessary., Los procesos de degradación del territorio y, consecuentemente, los de desertificación están condicionados por factores biofísicos e condicionantes humanos. Hoy en día, existe un interés creciente por parte de los científicos sociales por evaluar sus implicaciones. Especialmente, un interés por los posibles cambios y el deterioro del paisaje a consecuencia de la población, los sistemas económicos y las reacciones de las sociedades locales a dichos ajustes. La evaluación de las facetas sociales también debería estar relacionada con los riesgos de desertificación, los aportes socioeconómicos integrados y las perspectivas de desarrollo ambientalmente sostenible. Sin embargo, las investigaciones sobre los efectos de la degradación del territorio condicionado por factores socioeconómicos globales desde un punto de vista holístico son escasas. En esta revisión, pretendemos discutir los hallazgos pasados y recientes sobre los riesgos de degradación de la tierra relacionados con la pobreza, especialmente en la Europa mediterránea. Para lograr este objetivo, nos enfocamos en fuerzas socioeconómicas clave como la política de desarrollo, la estructura de producción y mercado, el cambio social y la movilidad de la población. Nuestra revisión demostró que las disparidades regionales basadas en la dinámica compleja de las fuerzas demográficas (por ejemplo, la migración, la fertilidad y el envejecimiento) y los impulsores económicos del cambio (por ejemplo, la concentración industrial, la urbanización, la intensificación de cultivos, la presión del turismo, la cosificación) son clave para comprender las regiones mediterráneas como el sur de Italia, una región expuesta a un alto riesgo de desertificación en Europa. Concluimos que la sobreexplotación de territorios, la degradación del suelo y el agua, la expansión urbana, el turismo y la industrialización no planificada son algunos sectores y actividades que pueden verse muy afectados por fuerzas políticas y socioeconómicas que conducen a formas insostenibles de ordenación territorial y tipos de desarrollo. Se debe prestar especial atención a las políticas sociales, los esquemas de educación y capacitación para reducir la migración rural y potenciar el conocimiento territorial para evitar la degradación de la tierra, considerando otros temas sociales como la pobreza o la centralización. El papel potencial de las políticas de beneficio mutuo para abatir la pobreza y reducir el riesgo de desertificación es evidente en la Europa mediterránea y es necesaria la neutralidad de la degradación del territorio.

In this paper we want to share our experience of using systemic practices from a systemic Fifth Province Approach in the facilitation of meditation groups and retreats. We refer to our way of being and doing as a ‘Fifth Province Systemic Meditative Practice’. The practices and approach we will present can be likened to a kind of human murmuration, where surprising, generative, inter/intra-active and relational processes emerge. These emergent processes or transformations occur spontaneously and are from within the subtle, communicative, behaviour and relational aspects of the whole group. It is in this context that we use the word ‘intra-relational’ after the work of Karen Barad (2007 p33). The term ‘subtle’ refers to all the non-verbal emergences occurring from the spiritual, mental, emotional, behavioural and social processes at play. The first author (Imelda) set the meditation group up twenty years ago and has facilitated it more or less since then. The second author (Jean), facilitates the group from time to time and has, along with the first author, enjoyed tracing and noting both the practices and the emergent processes over time. Indeed, her Master’s in Spirituality examined those processes and explored how they could be learned and applied in a group or individual setting. (Minogue 2018)

The age-friendly cities and communities movement has focused on how to better support older adults to age well within urban environments. Central to ‘ageing well’ and ‘active ageing’ agendas is ensuring that older adults can participate in meaningful forms of social participation. The benefits of social participation in old age have been well documented, and research amongst community-dwelling older adults has explored some of the neighbourhood qualities that facilitate or impede such forms of engagement. However, understandings of how older adults construct and negotiate social participation within everyday urban environments have been largely unexplored. To address this gap, we present results from 104 interviews conducted with older adults living in three cities and nine neighbourhoods in the United Kingdom (UK). The findings explore three themes generated from the research: ‘constructing meaningful social participation in old age’, ‘negotiating access to social participation’ and ‘navigating home and community’. Across these themes, the paper describes how experiences of social participation in old age involve a number of inter-connected physical, psychological and social processes experienced by individuals across a range of environmental settings including the home, outdoor spaces and community facilities. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of the findings for practice, specifically in the delivery of age-friendly communities.