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Objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer um levantamento bibliográfico para estabelecer um protocolo fotográfico aplicado à Harmonização Orofacial, de fácil execução e que seja útil ao cirurgião-dentista, e outros profissionais da área, porém respeitando os princípios básicos da fotografia. Revisão da literatura: Isso é importante, uma vez que, a foto digital é um recurso tecnológico que facilita o registro das imagens de interesse e tem sido bastante utilizada na odontologia. As imagens exercem um papel importante para o planejamento e para o acompanhamento do tratamento, tanto pelo profissional como pelo paciente, e ainda possibilita uma análise comparativa das fases do procedimento. Na Harmonização Orofacial (HOF), a padronização fotográfica é de extrema importância para se observar a evolução e mudanças proporcionadas pelos procedimentos realizados. Concluímos, então que há uma necessidade de se estabelecer uma normatização para o registro fotográfico na HOF, para que esta seja uma forma de documentação que componha o prontuário do paciente e possibilite a utilização das imagens de forma precisa e objetiva, permitindo a análise da evolução dos tratamentos realizados.

This paper examines the welfare effects of international trade on workers in a new dynamic general equilibrium discrete choice model of labor mobility, where the workers’ choice set of jobs is endogenous. The analysis exploits differential exposure of sectors and regions to destination-specific demand shocks to estimate the impacts of exports on wages, employment, and labor mobility, using employer-employee panel data for Brazil. It then employs the same empirical strategy to estimate structural parameters and the different components of changes in model-implied worker welfare. Counterfactual simulations show that the endogenous number of job options significantly magnifies the welfare effects of trade shocks.

We document new facts about the evolution of firm performance and prices in international markets, and propose a theory of firm dynamics emphasizing the interaction between learning about demand and quality choice to explain the observed patterns. Using data from the Portuguese manufacturing sector, we find that: (1) firms with longer spells of activity in export destinations tend to ship larger quantities at lower prices; (2) older exporters tend to use more expensive inputs; (3) revenue growth within destinations (conditional on initial size) tends to decline with market experience; and (4) input prices and quantities tend to increase with revenue growth within firms. We develop a model of endogenous input and output quality choices in a learning environment that is able to account for these patterns. Counterfactual simulations reveal that minimum quality standards on traded goods reduce welfare by lowering entry in export markets and reallocating resources from old and large towards young and small firms.

The authors investigate the impact of exchange rate movements on wage determination in unionized labor markets. Using a simple model of international oligopoly, the authors show that organized labor has a rational incentive to accept lower wages in the face of a currency appreciation. They examine this proposition empirically using a matched worker-firm data set for Portugal and, though the impact varies considerably with worker characteristics, find results consistent with the predictions of the model.

Do individual top managers matter for wages and wage policies? Are there general differences in “style” among managers with respect to worker compensation? To shed light on these questions, we exploit a large panel dataset from Portugal that allows us to match workers, firms, and managers, and follow the movements of the latter across different firms over time. While accounting for the effect of worker and firm heterogeneity, we estimate the role of top manager fixed effects in determining wages and wage policies. The estimates suggest that (i) top managers have a significant influence on wages and wage policies; (ii) there exists different managerial “styles”; and (iii) managers’ (observable) attributes matter for worker compensation., COMPETE; QREN; UE Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)

What drives export quality? Using Portuguese firm-level data on exports by product and destination market, we find that f.o.b. unit values increase systematically with distance, and tend to be higher in shipments to richer nations. These relationships reflect not only the sorting of firms across markets, but also the within-firm variation of unit values across destinations. Within product categories, higher-productivity firms tend to ship greater quantities at higher prices to a given market, consistent with higher quality. In addition, firm productivity tends to magnify the positive effect of distance on within-product unit values, suggesting that high-productivity, high-quality firms are more able to serve difficult markets.

In this paper we analyse the impact of changes in product market competition on wage outcomes in the presence of an open shop union. With less than full union membership, product market competition is shown to aect not only a unionised …rm's pro…ts but also its payoin the event of a dispute. In contrast to the pre- diction of the standard model, increases in product market competition may now increase wage levels. The model is therefore able to accommodate the mixed empir- ical …ndings regarding the impact of product market competition on union wages.

We develop a two-country, multi-sector model of oligopoly in which unionised and non-unionised sectors interact in general equilibrium. The model is used to study the impact of trade liberalisation, deunionisation and firm entry on wages in unionised and non-unionised sectors, and on welfare. We find that a shift from autarky to free trade increases non-union wages and welfare, whereas the effect on union wages is ambiguous. We also show that partial deunionisation leads to higher wages in both unionised and non-unionised sectors, but only increases welfare when the proportion of unionised sectors is sufficiently low. Finally, wages in non-unionised sectors necessarily increase with firm entry, while the response of union wages and welfare depends on the trade regime.

In many countries wages are set in two stages, where industry-level collective bargaining is followed by firm-specific arrangements determining actual paid wages as a mark-up on the industry wage floor. What explains the wage set in each of these stages? In this paper we show that both the industry wage floor and the average wage cushion are systematically associated with the degree of firm heterogeneity in the industry: The former (latter) is negatively (positively) associated with the productivity spread. Furthermore, since the response of the wage floor dominates that of the wage cushion, workers in more heterogeneous industries tend to get lower actual paid wages. These conclusions are reached in a model of Cournot oligopoly with firm productivity heterogeneity and a two-tiered wage setting system. They are then confirmed by administrative data covering virtually all workers, firms and collective bargaining agreements of the Portuguese private sector for the period 1991-2000., NIPE – Núcleo de Investigação em Políticas Económicas – is supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology through the Programa Operacional Ciência e Inovação 2010 (POCI 2010) of the III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio (QCA III), which is financed by FEDER and Portuguese funds.

Este artigo, elaborado no âmbito de um grupo de estudos sobre propriedade intelectual (PI) em tecnologias da informação e sensíveis,1 analisa a questão do regime de proteção do programa de computador no Brasil à luz das experiências européia e norte-americana. A revisão da evolução da legislação internacional e brasileira bem como seus efeitos práticos sobre a proteção dos programas de computador revelam que as mudanças tecnológicas nas tecnologias da informação vêm levantando dilemas complexos no âmbito legal em todo o mundo. Nos Estados Unidos, a legislação é mais flexível, privilegiando os interesses das empresas de software. Já na União Européia a maior diversidade de atores é um entrave para o desenvolvimento de uma diretiva regional. O Brasil segue as regras do Acordo TRIPS e também enfrenta muitas dificuldades para harmonizar o estímulo ao desenvolvimento tecnológico com condutas que promovam o benefício econômico e social.This paper reviews the legal framework for intellectual property protection for software as a product in the USA, European Union and Brazil. Rapid technological change in the world software industry poses new challenges for existing intellectual property regimes. The USA has responded with a flexible interpretation of property rights which in fact favors the software industry. In the European Union, the larger heterogeneity of actors and interests resulted in a fail in the attempt to approve a unified directive. Brazil follows the rules agreed in the TRIPS but also faces difficulties for harmonizing incentives for innovation with conducts which head to social and economic development.

We examine the impact of privatisation on wage formation in unionised labour markets. Using longitudinal worker-firm data for Portugal spanning the period 1991-2007, we find that privatisation leads to higher wages, and show that this effect is driven by the fact that privatized firms tend to pay larger mark-ups on the union wage floor. These findings accord with a theoretical model in which actual paid wages are determined via sector-wide collective bargaining and firm-specific "fair-wage" policies, and where private ownership affects wage-setting incentives in both of these stages., COMPETE, QREN, FEDER, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)

Rauch (1999) introduced a product classification scheme that has since been widely used to empirically identify differentiated goods. Using firm-level data on export unit values, we provide direct evidence that this classification is well suited for capturing quality differentiation.

This paper examines whether an expansion in the supply of public preschool crowds out private enrollment. The paper uses rich data for municipalities in Brazil from 2000 to 2006, where federal transfers to local governments change discontinuously with given population thresholds. The results from a regression-discontinuity design reveal that larger federal transfers lead to a significant expansion of local public preschool services, but show no evidence of crowding out of private enrollment. This finding is consistent with a theory in which households differ in their willingness to pay for preschool services, and private suppliers optimally adjust prices in response to an expansion of lower-quality, free-of-charge public supply.

Evidence on the impacts of a large-scale expansion in public preprimary education is limited and mostly circumscribed to high and middle-income countries. This paper estimates the effects of such an expansion on progression in primary school in rural communities of Guatemala. Combining administrative and population census data in a difference-in-difference framework, the paper examines a large-scale construction program that increased the number of preprimaries from around 5,300 to 11,500 between 1998 and 2005. The results indicate that the program increased by 2. 1 percentage points the fraction of students that progress adequately and attend sixth grade by age 12. These positive effects are heavily concentrated among girls.

Many developing countries have adopted the market approach for expanding the supply of child care, but little is known about the economic behavior of independent providers. This paper draws on uniquely rich administrative data on child care centers and their inputs from Sao Paulo to examine the role of local household income in shaping the entry and quality choices of private suppliers. It documents three main facts: (1) entry rates are considerably higher in high-income districts; (2) the quality of provision as measured by teachers’ schooling, group size and equipment is highly heterogeneous across space and increases systematically with local household income; and (3) a considerable share of centers operates below recommended (but not regulated) quality standards, especially in low-income districts. These findings accord with a model in which heterogeneous providers optimally adjust the quality of care to the willingness to pay for quality of local consumers. Market-driven heterogeneity in the quality of provision across space is a key consideration for understanding the effect of regulations on the supply of child care.

We investigate the impact of exchange rate movements on wage determination in unionised labour markets. Using a simple model of international oligopoly, we show that organised labour has a rational incentive to accept lower wages in the face of a currency appreciation. This proposition is examined empirically using a matched worker-firm dataset for Portugal. We find results consistent with the predictions of the model, though the impact varies considerably with both worker characteristics and the regional unemployment rate.

Introduction and Overview D.Greenaway, R.Upward & P.Wright Globalistion and Turnover C.Davidson & S.Matusz The Wage and Unemployment Impacts of Trade Adjustment P.Bastos & J.Silva Trade and Rising Wage Inequality: What Can We Learn from a Decade of Computable General Equilibrium Analysis? N.Winchester Unemployment in Models of International Trade U.Kreickemeier Human Capital and Adjustment to Trade R.Falvey, D.Greenaway & J.Silva Trade Adjustment and Occupational Mobility R.Upward & P.Wright The Labour Market Implications of Fragmentation and Trade under Imperfect Competition B.Dluhosch The Labour Market Impact of International Outsourcing I.Geishecker, H.Gorg & S.Maioli Immigration and Labour Market Adjustment A.Hijzen & D.Nelson

What drives export quality? Using firm-level data from Portugal on exports by product and destination market, we find that free-on-board unit values increase systematically with distance, and tend to be higher in shipments to richer nations. These relationships reflect not only the selection of firms across markets, but also the within-firm selection of product varieties across destinations. Furthermore, they prevail irrespective of the size of the exporter and the value of the export flow.

In recent years the labour market consequences of trade liberalisation appear to have become a major source of anxiety. The spectre that freer trade leads to job josses and induces a ‘race to the bottom’ in wages appears to be widespread among the general public, and has frequently spilled over into the policy arena.1 These concerns are not inconsequential. In the European Union, for example, negative perceptions towards globalisation were highlighted as one of the main reasons for the recent rejection of the European constitution by French and Dutch voters (Niblett, 2005). At the same time, opinion polls carried out in the older member states point to a rising anti-Europe attitude, partly reflecting fears that an enlarged Europe may be amplifying the threats of globalisation by opening borders to cheaper labour and products from the new member states (Dempsey, 2005).2 Concerns about this issue are also evident in the US. In a speech made just before his visit to China in March 2007, Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson Jr. argued that: Despite our healthy economy and rising living standards, more and more Americans seem to doubt that trade brings greater benefits than costs. Some politicians from both parties, reflecting what they are hearing from their constituents, are moving further toward embracing protectionism. This is a worrisome trend. (…) We must make it a priority to help workers succeed in our rapidly changing and increasingly global economy, while maintaining our commitment to open markets and the benefits that come with them.3

In this paper we analyse the impact of changes in product market competition on wage outcomes in the presence of an open shop union. With less than full union membership, product market competition is shown to affect not only a unionised firm's profits but also its payoff in the event of a dispute. In contrast to the prediction of the standard model, increases in product market competition may now increase wage levels. The model is therefore able to accommodate the mixed empirical findings regarding the impact of product market competition on union wages.

Institutional changes in telecommunications services have revolutionized the way national governments and multilateral agencies treat the sector. In Latin America, changes have been especially dramatic since new regulation has given rise to a completely different group of actors and industry structure. This chapter looks at the impact of international telecommunications agreements on Latin America. First, a framework is developed in section 6.2 in order to analyze conflicts, challenges and local interests in the telecommunications services sector. Second, multilateral and regional agreements are reviewed, namely the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), Mercosur and NAFTA. The effect these agreements have had on telecommunications regulations in Latin America is analyzed in section 6.3. Finally, the chapter investigates conflicts and reactions to the new agenda. These include convergence and divergence in Latin American national policies concerning competition, propriety, safeguards, countervailing duties and antidumping measures. The argument stems from proper identification of factors affecting national telecommunications policies, including the relationship between national regulation agencies and distinct lobbies: users, equipment and service suppliers, existing regulated firms, new entrants and international agreements.

By focusing on the concrete history of attempts by two major newly industrialized countries (NICs) — Brazil and Korea — to promote indigenous innovation in the computer industry, this paper explores the interaction of state structures and industrial organization in shaping developmental strategies. It is argued that Korea's initially stronger private sector and especially its cohesive state apparatus gave it substantial advantage, but that the changes in Brazilian industrial organization fostered by its informatics policy have increased the future potental of Brazil's indigenous computer producers.