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Urban greenspaces, such as urban public parks, may provide a range of benefits to people visiting those spaces. The extent and type of visitor benefits may be influenced by a range of park characteristics such as the presence of manicured and naturalistic features, the urban setting and visitor perceptions of park naturalness. Understanding visitor perceptions of park naturalness contributes to understanding the role different types of urban greenspace play in providing nature contact and associated benefits for urban populations. Hence, our study set out to determine visitor perceptions of the naturalness and associated benefits of two parks in different urban settings, suburban and peri-urban, in the city of Perth, Western Australia. Each park had different zones in terms of naturalistic and manicured areas for public use. An on-site visitor intercept survey using convenience sampling was conducted simultaneously at both parks in 2017. Sampling was conducted in the naturalistic and manicured zones of each park. The questionnaire included a seven-point perceived naturalness scale (ranging from completely artificial to completely natural) and a park visitor benefits question, drawn from the literature, where respondents rated seven items on a five-point scale (strongly agree to strongly disagree). We found the suburban park was rated as significantly less natural than the Peri urban park. However, there was no significant difference in perceived naturalness between zone types within each park (manicured versus naturalistic). A moderate positive relationship was identified between perceived naturalness and perceived key benefits at both parks. This study further highlights the importance of retaining naturalistic areas within urban environments.

This article explores how the global Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic impacted United States higher education over the course of the first year from Spring 2020?Spring 2021. Utilizing a case study methodology, blending proprietary, closely held, public use, and archival data, we find that political and institutional factors shaped the decision to return to in-person instruction or remain online in fall 2020, which in turn, influenced the enrollment and financial health of institutions in that semester and beyond. Although nearly every institution of higher education was impacted, we find that those most adversely impacted are 2-year public and 4-year private baccalaureate institutions. Despite considerable challenges resulting from COVID-19, we highlight several practices of how systems and institutions are innovating and how this work can be replicated to positively impact higher education for years to come.

Objective The objective of this study was to determine whether the Affordable Care Act's (ACA) major coverage expansions mitigated the impact of unemployment on health insurance coverage status. Data source A 2011-2019 versions of the American Community Survey developed by the University of Minnesota Integrated Public Use Microdata Series program. Research design We use difference-in-difference-in-differences (ie, triple difference) regressions to compare changes in the short-run impacts of local unemployment rates before and after the ACA. Principal findings Before the ACA, rises in local unemployment were associated with uninsurance due to losses in private coverage (ie, both nongroup and employer sponsored).Following the ACA's full implementation, the link between employment and coverage was attenuated by access to publicly subsidized qualified health plans on the ACA's nongroup market, and enhanced access to Medicaid in states that expanded. Our findings suggest protections from unemployment-linked uninsured spells are largest in states that expanded Medicaid. Conclusions Expanded access to coverage under the ACA could mitigate the adverse effects on insurance status and access to care historically linked to job loss. However, should the ACA be repealed, many households stand to lose their ability to turn to Medicaid or subsidized nongroup coverage as safety-net resources to offset the burdens of job loss.

With the scarcity of water resources and the development of recycled water production technology, the promotion of global recycled water use is attracting more and more attention. An increasing number of publications have examined the reuse of recycled water from different perspectives to promote the sustainable use of global water resources. The purpose of this research is to systematically and comprehensively evaluate the knowledge structure, development trends, research hotspots, and frontier predictions in the global research field of recycled water use. Based on 910 screened articles from the Web of Science Core Collection from 1990 to 2020, this paper visualizes and analyzes recycled water use from the perspectives of scientific output characteristics, research collaboration networks, highly cited articles and core journals, and keywords. The results indicate that research interest in recycled water use is on the rise. Authoritative experts, high-impact institutions, and core journals are also identified. The study shows that water resources management, public health, and public acceptance are all hot topics and frontiers of research. This study provides valuable guidance for researchers to support recycled water research directions and regulatory authorities for the interest in recycled water use.

The role of libraries in the lives of users changes depending on the trends encouraged by information technologies. Through cultural and professional development policies, many factors cause the status of public libraries to change, both in relation to normative instances and in relation to the community they serve. Dealing with the opinion of users is the first step in the professionalization of library activities.This paper analyzes the results of the survey Libraries through the Eyes of Users conducted among the users of the public libraries of Montenegro at the end of 2018. The survey is an integral part of the doctoral dissertation New Communication Paradigm in the Network of Public Libraries in Montenegro. According to the available documentation, this is the first survey of this kind conducted among the users of public libraries in Montenegro. The results of the survey indicate clearly that the situation in the public librarianship of the country can be changed only by introducing a new communication paradigm based on the use of modern media and technological achievements.The digital environment has a direct impact on the organization of work in public libraries and the development of new customer services. The aim of the survey is to determine the current situation and give suggestions for improving and affirming the work of public libraries, based on the specific attitude of users about library products. Guidelines for the introduction and integration of modern technological innovations in the work of public libraries must be based on examples of good practice in library and information systems of more developed European countries.The aim of the survey was to measure the level of satisfaction of the users of Montenegrin public libraries with the quality of customer services. By summarizing the results of the research, for the first time, the professional public has gained accurate insight into the views of users on library products, as well as on the infrastructural, personal, and informative qualities of the libraries. The social goal of the research is that the National Library Đurđe Crnojevic, the Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports, local governments, cultural representatives, and the professional public use its results in order to implement specific activities in the process of providing conditions for modern functioning of all public libraries in Montenegro.

Millions of older Americans receive nurse practitioner (NP)-provided home based primary care (HBPC). Little is known about how state scope-of- practice (SOP) laws may impact use of NP-home visits. Using 2017 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Provider Utilization and Payment Data Public Use File (PUF), we examined the impact of state SOP laws on the use of NP-home visits. The PUF file was merged with the 2017 American Community Survey to assess area-level median income. Over 4.4 million home visits were provided to 1.6 million Medicare beneficiaries. NPs represented the largest share of providers (47.5%). In states with restricted SOP laws, compared to NPs, physicians and physician assistants had higher odds of providing HBPC. In states with reduced SOP laws, compared to NPs, physicians and PAs had decreased odds of providing HBPC. Our study provides evidence that SOP restrictions are associated with decreased utilization of NP-provided HBPC.

We need to talk about this geographical spot we know as Baixada Fluminense. Baixada is located in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro and as it is in all over the country it is surrounded by a multicultural diversity since its origin; the difference is that the real scenario consists on unhealthy, violence and extreme poverty, mainly in the further and/or rural areas, which causes certain dissatisfaction on the locals, whom, in majority, do not see the environment as a real thing to concern. In addition, in the intention of promoting the integration of public use to the natural heritage, in a literature review, in this article, we aim to discuss the interaction and the social participation under an environmental education in protected areas perspective in the chosen geographical site. Making it necessary to present a brief history about this region and the spots of preservation we found there, also describe possible measures which allow men to connect to the place they live, like the educational projects Learning and Preserving, Cleaning to Protect and The Zero Tolerance Operation described in the text, that the Nova Iguacu city hall already offer, in theory. Key Words: Baixada Fluminense, Environment, Men and Nature Relationsip.

O uso público em unidades de conservação (UC) pode trazer inúmeros benefícios diretos e indiretos à sociedade, além de representar um grande potencial para incrementar os recursos econômicos das UCs, aproximar a sociedade da natureza e fomentar sua conservação e utilização sustentável. Desta forma, tem se tornado num dos temas mais importantes no que se refere à gestão de áreas protegidas no país. Uma das principais contribuições para a discussão desse tema tem surgido nas instituições de ensino superior, que têm agido fortemente para a construção de uma cultura de valorização dessas áreas protegidas. O Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS), através do seu Campus Porto Alegre, tem desenvolvido inúmeras ações neste sentido, sendo que recentemente, a partir da iniciativa de estudantes, estabeleceu um programa de extensão voltado ao fortalecimento do uso público ordenado em unidades de conservação, o GAUPUC. Inicialmente utilizando a metodologia de um grupo de estudos, na atualidade o coletivo desenvolve ações de extensão direcionadas aos principais atores envolvidos no uso público de UCs: os gestores das áreas naturais, os prestadores de serviços que estão associados à visitação e os visitantes. Neste ano, em função da pandemia causada pelo vírus SARS-COVID, o grupo desenvolveu apenas ações remotas, entre as quais um ciclo de webconferências sobre uso público em UCs e um projeto de divulgação científica nas redes sociais. As reflexões realizadas em relação à trajetória do grupo evidenciam que as atividades práticas desempenharam um papel fundamental na geração de interesse dos estudantes pelo grupo, assim como a autonomia deles na realização das tarefas é um princípio que estimula a sua continuidade no coletivo. Os próximos passos do Programa apontam para a necessidade do estabelecimento de parcerias institucionais com as UCs, visando ações articuladas em programas de voluntariado.

O artigo tem como questão a territorialização da desigualdade socioeconômica no Brasil. O objetivo é verificar a dinâmica das desigualdades nas territorialidades urbana e rural tendo como questão central a distribuição de redes de infraestrutura, serviços e equipamentos de uso público. Tais redes, serviços e equipamentos são insuficientes no território rural e assim associados ao crescimento das desigualdades e das migrações no território nacional. Em termos de método, indicadores socioeconômicos são relacionados à distribuição espacial e quantitativa de equipamentos, serviços e infraestrutura. Aborda-se a questão da função do Estado na territorialização das áreas urbanas e rurais, na medida em que a área rural está institucionalmente incorporada ao planejamento urbano a partir do Estatuto da Cidade. Conclui-se que as desigualdades entre as territorialidades urbana e rural se relacionam com as centralidades urbanas e a polarização das cidades. The article has the issue the territorialization of socioeconomic inequalities in Brazil. The objective is to verify the dynamics of inequalities in urban and rural territorialities with the central issue of distributing networks of infrastructure, services and equipment for public use. Such networks, services and equipment are insufficient in rural areas and, therefore, are associated with the growth of inequalities and migration in the national territory. In methodological terms, socioeconomic indicators are related to the spatial and quantitative distribution of equipment, services and infrastructure. The approach the role of the State in the territorialization of urban and rural areas, since the rural area is institutionally incorporated into urban planning based on the City Statute. It is concluded that the inequalities between urban and rural territorialities is related to urban centralities and the polarization of cities. El artículo se ocupa de la territorialización de la desigualdad socioeconómica en Brasil. El objetivo es verificar la dinámica de las desigualdades en áreas urbanas y rurales con la distribución de redes de infraestructura, servicios y equipos de uso público como tema central. Tales redes, servicios y equipamientos son insuficientes en las zonas rurales y, por lo tanto, están asociados al crecimiento de las desigualdades y la migración en el territorio nacional. En términos de método, los indicadores socioeconómicos están relacionados con la distribución espacial y cuantitativa de equipos, servicios e infraestructura. Se aborda la cuestión del papel del Estado en la territorialización de las zonas urbanas y rurales, en la medida en que la zona rural se incorpora institucionalmente a la planificación urbana con base en el Estatuto de la Ciudad. Se concluye que las desigualdades entre territorialidades urbanas y rurales está relacionado con las centralidades urbanas y la polarización de las ciudades.

In the US, quarantine requires we stay home, but many do not have homes to stay in or may lose theirs due to job or wage loss. For this reason, moratoria have been put on evictions. At the same time, after the latest police killings, and during ensuing protests against racist policing in June 2020, some were arrested for curfew violations, many pulled off the streets but others out of their homes or off their stoops. A real right to housing addresses both homelessness and uncurbed police powers that round up and break in. To address current emergencies and correct larger wrongs of American life, a rent jubilee would better protect tenants than a moratorium. It could be construed as a “taking,” allowed by the 5th Amendment, compensating landlords for their properties’ being taken to serve a “public use.” Popular takings, too, are rising up on behalf of a right to housing that goes beyond rent moratoria for some and the provision of low-grade “public housing” for others.

Ao examinar a história da produção do espaço urbano brasileiro, percebemos como a terra urbana sempre foi compreendida como um produto (excedente) lucrativo para diversos atores sociais, como os promotores imobiliários, os proprietários e o próprio Estado. Tal produção ocorre em duas vertentes: uma, em processos regulares, no planejamento urbano e outra, à margem desse processo, na luta pela terra urbana. Assim, não foi diferente quando da construção da Capital goiana. Um histórico de como se estrutura a legislação urbana na cidade, revela os arranjos que se estabeleceram entre os agentes produtores do espaço urbano, desde sua origem, e que culminaram com a paisagem que se apresenta hoje. No caso de Goiânia, a questão fundiária explica parte da constituição dessa Cidade, concebida como um patrimônio particular, apesar de o Centro Cívico e os edifícios administrativos, motivo de sua existência, terem o significado literal do que é o uso público. Desde a fundação, há 87 anos, a Capital (metropolitana) registra ocupações ‘ilegais’, que conformaram a paisagem espraiada e desigual. As gestões ocuparam-se em publicar planos de desenvolvimento urbano, pautados nos acordos com o circuito imobiliário, mas não se furtaram de usar esse mesmo marco regulatório para publicar a ‘regularização’ dos movimentos do capital.

As an ecologist, I believe we are now seeing the maturing of what we could call the Age of Ecology. An Age in which we finally develop that coherent and essential mainstream narrative for our future; one in which we tackle the interdependencies of nature loss, the climate emergency, and unsustainable production and consumption.The challenge has always been to recognise that the world is our bank account, and we live sustainably only by using its interest, not digging into our capital. If we do withdraw more capital, we must then find ways of investing more, to increase our capital. You can hear this language finally gaining much more traction today as politicians, managers and the public use the phrases natural and social capital, as well as the financial and manufactured capital, and recognise our dependencies on the natural environment.As such, I fully support the holistic, interdisciplinary sentiments and recommendations of Purwanto et al. (2020) in their introduction to the first issue of the Indonesian Journal of Applied Environmental Studies (InJAST). I have promoted interdisciplinary approaches to solving complex environmental problems throughout my career and worked with other academics and practitioners to support the realisation of the societal and economic impact of their research. We have increasingly recognised research impact institutionally and financially, but one main weakness persists and that is the availability of academic journals for publishing such interdisciplinary work. This journal can offer such a space for researchers and encourage the recognition and promotion of evidence to policy and practice communications. Most of all, this journal can foster the culture and confidence to ask the right questions to support the development of evidence-based decision making in policy and operational activities. I have spent a lot of time working with researchers who are doing excellent research but not asking the best questions to help improve management and utilisation of natural resources. Providing a forum in which students and early career researchers can confidently explore the rough answers to the right questions rather than the precise answers to the wrong questions, to paraphrase John Tukey (1915–2000), would be a wonderful role for InJAST.I am delighted to be asked to share my environmental experiences and perspectives in this guest editorial for the second issue of InJAST, reflecting for me a long association with Indonesia and Indonesian environmental managers, conservationists and foresters. I have worked around the world, especially in the tropics, firstly as part of scientific expeditions and then leading increasingly complex research and development programmes and institutions. Since returning to the UK, I have been involved in enhancing the quality and impact of scientific and interdisciplinary research and supporting the application and institutionalisation of the ecosystem approach and ecosystem services assessments. Here, I will focus on three major tropical environmental management programmes, two in Indonesia and one in Guyana, South America.These were complemented by subsequent involvement in the UK Government’s environmental management system. All reflect the evolution of environmental management and the emergence of the ecosystem approach, now being institutionalised slowly but surely around the world.

El uso público de las áreas naturales protegidas incluye los usos turístico, educativo, interpretativo, recreativo y de investigación, realizados por visitantes que participan en actividades que no extraen ni introducen elementos ajenos al área. El objetivo de esta investigación fue establecer una visión colectiva sobre las condiciones sociales y biofísicas deseadas para el Parque Nacional Islas Marietas, México. Esto se construyó mediante talleres participativos con actores clave, para promover el diálogo entre cerca de 200 participantes a través de la herramienta World-Café. Se discutió la problemática de la visitación y actividades recreativas. Establecieron las inquietudes y oportunidades, luego emitieron sus conclusiones con respecto a la problemática que jerarquizaron de acuerdo a su importancia y se consensaron. La problemática identificada y jerarquizada con respecto a la visitación del parque fue: concentración de visitantes en un mismo lugar que rebasa la capacidad de carga y disminuye la calidad de la experiencia; que, aunque los prestadores de servicios turísticos han mejorado su actitud, existen malas prácticas y violaciones a las reglas; que la promoción del parque es inadecuada; que la vigilancia es insuficiente; que las zonas frecuentemente visitadas han disminuido su atractivo para el buceo autónomo y se han deteriorado las comunidades coralinas en la zona. Con esta información se estableció una línea base socialmente acordada para el manejo del área, proceso que constituye la base para el uso público que todavía está en proceso y donde participan diversos actores.

This article addresses the debate between Jurgen Habermas and Charles Taylor on the implications of state secularism for the public use of reason. Recent commentators have traced this debate either...

One of the ways to ensure the sustainable development of settlements is to improve comfort of living in urban areas. The formation of a developed landscaping system is one of the priorities of modern city development and provides an opportunity to realise the main functions of green areas of public use – ecological, historical, cultural, urban and social. Sufficiency or insufficiency of green areas is determined by indicators both objective (the level or area of landscaping per person), and subjective (the feeling of green space and comfort of urban areas). This study addresses both of these aspects. Significant differences in the findings of sociological surveys conducted earlier were also analysed. Residents of the city of Kyiv completed a questionnaire, which evaluated not only the existing greening system of the city, but also the perceived priority directions for its improvement. Four main criteria for assessing the quality of landscaping elements are proposed – environmental friendliness, contact, accessibility and attractiveness.

1. One notable feature of the history of pragmatism is that it is pervaded by debates about how to best characterize the history of pragmatism. One reason for this, as Scott Aikin and Robert Taliss...

Background Public use of face masks has been widely adopted to halter the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, but a key concern has been whether the effectiveness of face mask use is limited due to the elicitation of false feelings of security that decrease the observance of other protective behaviors, the so-called risk-compensation. Methods We exploit quasi-experimental variation, prompted by three major changes in policy, to assess whether public use of face masks elicit risk-compensation by increasing the number of close contacts or decreasing attention to distancing and hygiene measured in daily nationally representative surveys (N = 106 880). Results Number of close contacts: face mask use prompted by the policy changes decrease the number of contacts in two of the three interventions. In the remaining intervention, it has no effect. Attention to hygiene: across the changes, face masks use does not affect people’s attention to hygiene. Attention to distancing: in two of three interventions, face mask use increase attention to distancing. In the remaining intervention, we see a decrease in attention. Conclusions Overall, public use of face masks may occasionally elicit a narrow form of risk-compensation; specifically, reducing engagement in physical distancing. However, such narrow forms of risk-compensation are limited: the results do not reveal any effects on the actual number of physical contacts, only on the psychological attention to distancing advice. Moreover, the negative effect only appears for one of three interventions. The other two interventions suggest that face mask use increases attention to physical distancing.

An understanding of the freedoms (or the lack of freedoms) and their economic consequences on early black Americans provides an informative understanding to the freedoms (or the lack of freedoms), and their economic consequences on other, modern ethnic groups. James Curtis Jr (2017) investigates the link between the social asymmetry and economic asymmetry among early blacks and whites in the United States of America. For the empirical study, James Curtis Jr (2017) uses cross-sectional variables from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample (IPUMS), developed informative conditional ratios, and employed least squares statistical analyses. Findings: This study finds that economic differences among ethnic groups, as measured by differences between early blacks and whites, are intertwined with asymmetrical freedoms, leading to statistically insignificant returns to education, as measured by literacy. One might conclude that the individual’s basic protection of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness must proceed any expectations of measured returns to schooling, particularly among individuals in disenfranchised groups. Furthermore, one might propose education policy such that modern higher education investment programs prioritize education entrepreneurs and/or state/social planners with academic research familiarity of differences in wealth.

This study presents one of the first national studies that combines the migration and race of the economic experiences of free blacks, with an extended analysis of antebellum wealth inequality. In doing so, analyze economic asymmetry among early blacks and whites in the United States of America. For the data analysis, study used information from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample (IPUMS). The present results of informative property ownership and wealth ratios. This study finds that economic differences among ethnic groups, as measured by differences between early blacks and whites, are intertwined with asymmetrical freedoms.

La siguiente investigación analiza, en el marco de la experiencia jurídico-administrativa comunitaria de la primera fase de la monarquía romana, correspondiente a un periodo de naturaleza latino-sabina, el instituto jurídico denominado en los sistemas legales actuales como demanio público, dominio público de uso público, bienes públicos de uso público o cosas públicas de uso público. En la primera experiencia urbana romana los bienes comunes de uso colectivo presentan una serie de caracteres que, en buena medida, han sido recibidos directamente por la regulación jurídica romana posterior quien, adecuándolos y consagrándolos, construirá la categoría res publicae in publico usu. Por su parte, la regulación jurídica actual de los bienes públicos de uso público de numerosas naciones europeas está fundada e influida de modo indirecto, a través de la res publicae in publico usu, por las notas generadas en la primera experiencia estatal romana, sin olvidar que su fundamento más directo se encuentra en el contenido de la voz técnica romana «res publicae», This dissertation presents a series of studies related to the current legal concept of public property, public property of public use, public goods of public use or public things of public use. The period of primary interest for this dissertation is the first phase of the Roman monarchy corresponding to a period of latin-sabine nature. In the first Roman urban experience the common goods of collective use present a series of characters that largely have been received directly by the subsequent Roman legal regulation who, adapting and consecrating them, will construct the category res publicae in publico usu. For its part, the current legal regulation of the public goods of public use of many European nations is based indirectly, through of the res publicae in publico usu, from the notes generated in the first Roman state experience, without forgetting that its most direct foundation can be found in the content of the Roman technical voice «res publicae»

Our data collection was driven by the goal of gathering a corpus of English-language tweets that would be informative of the online debate on COVID-19 vaccines worldwide. To that end, we used the Twitter API Search to collect tweets based on specific keywords related to COVID-19 vaccination. We built a list of such keywords that include terms related to both pro and anti-vaccine discourse as well as words related to the most well known COVID-19 vaccines available so far. Specifically, we consider the following list of keywords: vaccine, vaccination, anti-vaccination, antivax, anti-vaccine, anti-vax, anti-vaxxers, NoForcedVaccination, getvaccinated, pfizer, moderna, astrazeneca, covaxin, biontech, novavax, coronavac, sputnikv, bnt162b2. In total, we gathered over $12$ million tweets, covering 9 weeks, from December 1st, 2020 to January 31st, 2021. This is an important period that includes the launch of the first worldwide COVID-19 vaccination campaign (launched on December 8th in the United Kingdom), as well as several other important real-world events that influenced and dictated people's discussions. This dataset is aggregated by weeks and keywords. Only the tweets IDs are available following Twitter's Privacy Policy. Please cite as:MALAGOLI, L. G. ; STANCIOLI, J. ; VASCONCELOS, M. ; FERREIRA, C. H. ;SILVA, A. P. C.; ALMEIDA, Jussara. A Look into COVID-19 Vaccination Debate on Twitter. In: 13th ACM Conference on Web Science, 2021.

This study evaluates employment patterns of domestic migrants and immigrants and also explores the role of ethnic niching for Asian and African American recent arrivals in the context of local structural transformation (e.g., the shift from manufacturing to services). Employment patterns are examined for industry‐occupation groups using the 5% Public Use Micro Sample of the 2000 U.S. Decennial Census and the 2006–2010 of the American Community Survey. The study area is a Rustbelt city that has suffered from population loss: the Buffalo‐Niagara Falls MSA. Location quotients and shift‐share analysis are used to classify employment shifts into four industry‐occupation groups: growing, transforming, declining, and emerging. Logistic regressions are estimated to identify the role of various demographic factors and ethnic niches on the employment of recent arrivals in the above four industry‐occupation groups. The results show that the employment of recent arrivals vary by migration status and ethnicity. The role of ethnic niches is especially important in declining industry‐occupation groups. The analytical framework can be used to understand where and how migrants, both domestic and immigrants, find work. Future studies can focus on the pros and cons of ethnic niching (e.g., barriers to suitable jobs, ethnic entrepreneurship through niche experience) as structural transformation continues across U.S. regions, especially with new technologies.

Due to the lack of clarity in the hunting legislation regarding the provision of hunting grounds for use and payment for them, the prosecution for poaching, the procedure for issuing shooting cards, the state price policy in the sphere of use, reproduction and protection of hunting resources is ineffective and hinders Ukraine's transition to market-based European relations. This situation leads to a loss-making sector (payback in Ukraine does not exceed 50 %) and a decrease in the reproduction rate of most livestock species in comparison with European countries. Hunting is an integral part of the public use of natural resources. For the most part, it is a painstaking, high-cost process for the proper quality of habitats, breeding, and other resources of game animals, in other words, creating an appropriate (where required) quality level of their range. In addition, it monitors the resources of game animals, namely their quantitative and qualitative composition, assistance in the fight against diseases, severe climatic seasonal events, etc. The article explores approaches to determining the fee for special use of hunting grounds and the mechanism of payment. The authors have noted basic conditions of effectiveness of the proposed method. Hunting resources include animal resources, products of their livelihoods (within hunting grounds) and hunting products. They are the main object and, at the same time, the resource of the hunting economy, however, the high level of poaching, the corruption of the hunting industry, the imperfection of the regulatory framework, insignificant protection measures and the lack of an elementary culture of hunting have a negative impact on hunting resources. The improvement of the negative situation will help facilitate the normative base of the hunting economy, which would become an instrument of Ukraine's transition to sustainable development of this sphere of management. As a result of the conducted research we found that it is worth analyzing more carefully the future users of hunting grounds for their mission of management, experience, and innovative solutions.

This article examines the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning, specifically, to create financial robo-advisers. These machines have the potential to be perfectly honest fiduciaries, acting in their client’s best interests without conflicting self-interest or greed, unlike their human counterparts. However, the application of AI technology to create financial robo-advisers is not without risk. This article will focus on the unique risks posed by deep learning technology. One of the main fears regarding deep learning is that it is a “black box”, its decision-making process is opaque and not open to scrutiny even by the people who developed it. This poses a significant challenge to financial regulators, whom would not be able to examine the underlying rationale and rules of the robo-adviser to determine its safety for public use. The rise of deep learning has been met with calls for ‘explainability’ of how deep learning agents make their decisions. This paper argues that greater explainability can be achieved by describing the ‘personality’ of deep learning robo-advisers, and further proposes a framework for describing the parameters of the deep learning model using concepts that can be readily understood by people without technical expertise. This regards whether the robo-adviser is ‘greedy’, ‘selfish’ or ‘prudent’. Greater understanding will enable regulators and consumers to better judge the safety and suitability of deep learning financial robo-advisers.

This project investigates the complex relationship between American citizens and America’s forty million plus immigrants by analyzing changes in the living standards of native-born Americans versus the immigrant population size. We aggregate data collected from the American Community Survey’s Public Use Microdata Samples from 2010 to 2015 at the Public Use Microdata Area level. Using the method of instrumental variables, we assess if and how immigrants affect the living standards of native-born Americans. With the number of ports of entry per state as the instrument, we find preliminary evidence to suggest a positive causal, not just correlational, relationship between percent of immigrants in an area and the average living standard of the area’s native-born citizens. As data availability improves, our methodology will allow for a stronger case to support a causal relationship between immigration and American living standards. It has the potential to provide data-driven policy recommendations that improve the economic opportunities of native-born citizens while also supporting immigration.

OBJECTIVES Early childhood caries (ECC) negatively impacts many child health outcomes and can lead to greater costs for medical and dental care as well as negatively impact future oral health wellness. ECC risk factors are rooted in many social determinants of health. Addressing ECC at the population-level is a national public health priority. The purpose of this study was to identify the South Carolina counties with the greatest risk for ECC. As policy-makers seek to address inequities stemming from early childhood caries, documenting its prevalence is essential. METHODS Since no county level ECC rates were published for South Carolina, we identified an opportunity to strengthen ECC surveillance through public use data, so as to properly equip policy-makers and pediatric providers with an evidence based understanding of the scope of the problem. As a result we sought to develop an overall county level prevalence measure for ECC risk through an ecological analysis of public use data. RESULTS Ten counties with the greatest overall risk for ECC were all rural as hypothesized. Additionally, seven of the 10 highest risk counties fell into what is often referred to as the "Corridor of Shame." CONCLUSIONS We have found an affordable way of measuring county level risk for ECC that allows pediatric advocates and policy-makers to develop population level interventions to reduce and measure risk with public-use data.

The Archaeological Park of Pompeii promotes the most advanced methodologies in preservation, conservation, research, and the promotion of public use of the site. The Great Project Pompeii (GPP), as is evident, has intervened ‘strategically’ on the entire site: on the one hand stabilising the Regiones, on the other hand mitigating the hydrogeological risk of the plateaus and securing the excavation fronts; in addition the GPP has improved accessibility levels. Coping with environmental risks (seismic, volcanic and hydrogeological) is one of the main challenges of the Archaeological Park. First, seismic and volcanic phenomena constitute a major issue in the Pompeii area, embodied by the dormant Mt. Vesuvius. Second, the marked difference in height between the level of the ancient town and that of the unexcavated area, spanning about 22 ha, exerts a strong pressure over the ancient structures and may imply a serious danger of landslides in case of hazard events (seismic and volcanic phenomena or heavy rainfall). These dangers seriously jeopardise the protection of ancient structures and wall-paintings, with subsequent risks to the world cultural heritage site. For this reason, an urgent program of conservation, maintenance, and restoration has been undertaken as part of the Great Pompeii Project. The computerisation of archaeological data is among the most current topics of interest for the management of Cultural Heritage. The Information System (GPP-IS), created with the Plan of the Knowledge of the Great Pompeii Project (GPP), has allowed the creation of a unique knowledge tool for the entire city of Pompeii.

The shortage of available land in densified metropolitan cities demands maximizing its utility. Public authorities are required to find creative solutions to satisfy the growing demand for the supply of public space. The allocation of public services in privately owned buildings constitutes one instrument to answer these challenges. This paper introduces this tool by looking at the phenomenon of Vertical Allocations; specifically we examine how municipalities in Israel appropriate floorspace in newly built multi-purpose structures, which are privately owned. While designating these floors for public use, such as schools and kindergartens, municipal bodies assume responsibility for these new public resources. We identified and analyzed 58 projects inclusive of floorspace allocations for public uses. Following, we conducted over 25 interviews with key Israeli practitioners. We find that the allocation of public floorspace goes hand-in-hand with the trend of high-rise construction, and is promoted mainly in core metropolitan areas where land is scarce, and land values are usually much higher than in non-core peripheral areas. The most common public use allocated is for educational services. We find that the floorspace allocated for public needs consistently constitutes but a fraction of the total floorspace allocated for use by private owners. In Addition, Vertical Allocation of public floorspace presents special challenges, among which are uncertainty and challenges from joint ownership; too flexible or unknown future public functions; potential friction and nuisances due to proximity of uses; disagreement over construction costs and complexity of management within mixed-use buildings. Given rapid population growth, scarcity of land, and other challenges surrounding Israel's implementation of Vertical Allocations, the Israeli experience with this type of mixed use can serve as a teaching model and a test case for the rest of the world.

The author offers a new paradigm of the library as a social institution in the period of the civilization transition from the information society to the knowledge society. The library functions and goals are defined, in particular encouraging and administering of free exchange of opinions and ideas between social strata and groups to solve their vital problems; providing space and tools (including acess to chargeable information content) to implement creative initiatives and to solve user everyday problems; designing training (educational) programs to adapt residents to continuously emerging innovations. Taking into account these new functions and tasks, the author defines the library as a social institution supporting cognitive and creative activities of the community being served through intellectual collaboration, educational and recreational programs, providing space, equipment hard- and software for public use and access to information sources.The author specifies the measures that would facilitate the RF libraries’ transition. He emphasizes that, to ensure success, the transformations are needed to be made both at the local (libraries) and at the federal level.

There have been various attempts to answer the question “What is Enlightenment?” The philosophers and historians have tried to answer this question posed many a time. In the present scenario, the most appreciated and accepted definition of enlightenment is considered to be is that of Immanuel Kant’s. German philosopher Immanuel Kant says that “enlightenment is a man’s release from self-incurred tutelage.’’ Here, tutelage is the inability of a man to make use of his “reason”. He mentions that a man is needed to have courage to use his own reason and remain unaffected of any external force. But the problem with Kantian version of use of reason appears problematic to some. He divided the realm of reason into two spheres, i.e, public use of reason and private use of reason. Where he mentions that only public use of reason must be free and boundless so that debates and arguments can take place and that according to him must have been the first step towards the Enlightenment of a society.

Resumen Desde finales de la década de 1980 las dinámicas de mercado que el modelo neoliberal ha incorporado en la gestión, organización y planificación de las ciudades han puesto en riesgo la permanencia del espacio público verde. Este ámbito de gran importancia para la calidad de vida ciudadana ha sido susceptible a transformaciones que vulneran el carácter de uso público de dichos lugares, lo que ha derivado en procesos de privatización, pérdida y mercantilización. En este marco, el presente artículo busca explicar, a través de un estudio de caso, cómo es privatizada un área verde pública en Cali por un reconocido Club en la década de 1990 y, con base en ello, se indaga cuáles actores y qué instrumentos promovieron la privatización del lugar. Para el análisis de este proceso se tiene como punto de partida el debate actual de los estudios urbanos críticos sobre la forma como el neoliberalismo ha moldeado las ciudades a favor de lógicas mercantiles, afectando los espacios colectivos que estructuran la ciudad, poniendo en evidencia tensiones urbanas referentes al control y usufructo del suelo urbano por cuenta, en este caso, de grupos con poder sociopolítico y económico. Resumo Desde o final dos anos oitenta, a dinâmica do mercado de que o modelo neoliberal tem built-in de gestão, organização e planejamento das cidades, ter colocado em risco a permanência de espaço verde público. Esta área de grande importância para a qualidade de vida cívica tem sido suscetível a mudanças que violam o caráter de uso público desses lugares, o que levou à privatização e mercantilização perda. Neste sentido, este artigo procura explicar através de um estudo de caso, como na década de noventa uma área verde pública em Cali é privatizada por um clube reconhecido. Com base nisso, é investigado quais atores e instrumentos promoveram a privatização deste local. Para analisar este processo tem como ponto de partida o debate atual estudos urbanos críticos a respeito de como o neoliberalismo moldou as cidades em favor da lógica comercial, afetando espaços coletivos que estruturam a cidade, colocando evidências sobre o controle tensiones urbana e aproveitamento da terra-in urbana neste caso em nome de grupos com poder social e político. Abstract Since the end of the eighties, the market dynamics that the neoliberal model has incorporated in the management, organization and planning of cities have put at risk the permanence of green public space. This area of great importance for the quality of citizen life has been susceptible to transformations that violate the character of public use of these places, which has resulted in processes of privatization, loss and commodification. In this order, this article seeks to explain through a case study, how in the 1990s a public green area in Cali is privatized by a renowned club. Based on this, it is investigated which actors and instruments promoted the privatization of this place. For the analysis, this process has as its starting point the current debate on critical urban studies, in relation to the way in which neoliberalism has shaped cities in favor of mercantile logics, affecting the collective spaces that structure the city, putting Evidence of urban tensions concerning the control and usufruct of urban land for the account - in this case - of groups with sociopolitical power. Résumé Depuis la fin des années 1980, la dynamique de marché que le modèle néolibéral a intégrée dans la gestion, l'organisation et la planification des villes met en péril la permanence des espaces publics verts. Ce domaine d'une grande importance pour la qualité de vie des citoyens a été sujet à des transformations qui violent le caractère d'utilisation publique de ces lieux, ce qui a conduit à des processus de privatisation, de perte et de marchandisation. Dans cet ordre, le présent article cherche à expliquer, à travers une étude de cas, comment un espace vert public à Cali a été privatisé par un club reconnu dans les années 1990 et, sur cette base, une enquête a été menée sur les acteurs et les instruments Ils ont promu la privatisation de la place. Le débat en cours sur les études urbaines critiques sur la manière dont le néolibéralisme a façonné les villes en faveur des logiques commerciales, affectant les espaces collectifs qui structurent la ville, a été pris comme point de départ pour l'analyse de ce processus. témoignent des tensions urbaines concernant le contrôle et l'usufruit des terrains urbains en tenant compte, dans le cas présent, de groupes dotés d'un pouvoir socio-politique et économique.

Background Structural racism is a complex system of inequities working in tandem to cause poor health for communities of color, especially for Black people. However, the multidimensional nature of structural racism is not captured by existing measures used by population health scholars to study health inequities. Multidimensional measures can be made using complex analytical techniques. Whether or not the multidimensional measure of structural racism provides more insight than the existing unidimensional measures is unknown. Methods We derived measures of Black-White residential segregation, inequities in education, employment, income, and homeownership, evaluated for 2,338 Public Use Microdata Areas (PUMAs) in the United States (US), and consolidated them into a multidimensional measure of structural racism using a latent class model. We compared the median COVID-19 vaccination rates observed across 54 New York City (NYC) PUMAs by levels (high/low) of structural racism and the multidimensional class using the Kruskal-Wallis test. This study was conducted in March 2021. Findings Our latent class model identified three structural racism classes in the US, all of which can be found in NYC. We observed intricate interactions between the five dimensions of structural racism of interest that cannot be simply classified as "high" (i.e., high on all dimensions of structural racism), "medium," or "low." Compared to Class A PUMAs with the median rate of two-dose completion of 6·9%, significantly lower rates were observed for Class B PUMAs (5·5%, p = 0·04) and Class C PUMAs (5·2%, p = 0·01). When the vaccination rates were evaluated based on each dimension of structural racism, significant differences were observed between PUMAs with high and low Black-White income inequity only (7·2% vs. 5·3%, p = 0·001). Interpretation Our analysis suggests that measuring structural racism as a multidimensional determinant of health provides additional insight into the mechanisms underlying population health inequity vis-a-vis using multiple unidimensional measures without capturing their joint effects. Funding This project is funded by the Robert J. Jones Urban Research and Outreach-Engagement Center, University of Minnesota. Additional support is provided by the Minnesota Population Center, which is funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Grant P2C HD041023).

This study aimed to determine how inmates in San Jose City Jail manage to maintain a healthy relationship with their respective families amidst being incarcerated under pandemic (COVID-19) conditions. The researcher utilized a set of questionnaires to obtain data. Fifty respondents were selected via simple random sampling, while the interview schedule technique was employed to gather data as well. Descriptive statistics were used to interpret the data All the respondents were male. The majority of them were single and Roman Catholic. Their common age range from 28-37 years old, 12 among the respondents were high school graduates, 37 of the respondents used tagalong language, and 25 of the respondents’ cases are about drugs. Regarding their communication medium, they all used television, and 29 of the respondents used it often. And out of 50 respondents, 39 of them did not use radios, 28 did not use newspapers, 42 did not use magazines, 33 did not use flyers, 44 used cellphones (for public use) and 28 of them used it very seldomly. Most of the respondents were visited very seldomly. While others were visited once a week, every Sunday, very often, every other day. Other respondents had no visits at all for some reason. Some of them were visited by their families especially their mothers, fathers, and children. The common topics every visiting hours were all about family affairs which is 58% of the respondents. Being industrious, thrifty, submissive, had long patience, dealing with inmates, repentance for their misdeeds, became god-fearing, and learned to pray were the changes of inmates in communicating now that they are in jail. By daily calls, the love, trust, understanding, care, respect for the families of inmates are still there. Also, inmates obey advice, and every visiting hours only happy moments while inmates do not make their family feel stressed are the ways of inmates to restore and maintain a healthy relationship with their families amidst being faced with challenges of communicating behind prison bars. By visiting the inmates and if they are not able to visit, by calling, they give extra support and give what they need in jail like money and food. This makes inmates feel that they are still cared for and loved. Showing and telling inmates that their case is in progress makes inmates feel cared for. Every visiting hour, their families giving long but tireless preaching is the way of the family of inmates to restore and maintain a healthy relationship with the inmates even if faced with the challenges of communicating behind prison bars.

This paper studies the role of cultural differences on the choice of migrants’ destination country. In order to examine this issue, we run two separate analyses using data on international migration flow from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development statistics and data on international migration stock obtained from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series International. Cultural differences between the home and host countries are measured for observable characteristics that reveal fertility, marriage, and employment cultures among others. Results show a negative and statistically significant relationship between cultural differences and migration flow. This relationship varies when the physical distance is considered pointing to a nonstatistically significant effect of cultural differences for migration flow among bordering (neighboring) countries. Interestingly enough, in the analysis of migration stock, we detect that cultural differences matter in the location decision depending on whether individuals reside in bordering (or quite close non-bordering countries) or non-bordering countries. Our findings suggest that cultural differences play a role in the destination country choice while trying to mitigate the cultural dilemma in migration.

This document makes a comprehensive analysis of the inequality of the water market in Chile, measured by the Gini coefficient method. The situation of water rights in Chile is of particular interest because it is a wholly privatized system, where rights are traded in the market and therefore water is presented as a commodity. This privatization of water in Chile occurred as part of the process of neo-liberalization since the 1981 Water Code. The results of this study indicate that both concentration and inequality in the distribution of water rights are very high, which undermines a just social development process and facilitates the economic exploitation of the environment. It proposes a profound revision of the application of a mercantile logic to a scarce essential resource for life such as water and explores the importance of its role as a national good for public use.

Even though public open space has been taking more important roles in improving urban environments, most of the metropolises in developing countries suffer from lack of both quantity and quality of parks and green spaces. This research examined the possibility of opening the university campus to the public in order to improve the public space service of the city, focusing on the case of the Ain-Sham University campus in Cairo, Egypt. The study is structured in three steps: (1) Analysis of open space distribution at the district level to find out how the university campus can contribute to improving urban public service, and if it works as an open space, (2) Survey of resident and student groups to find a perception of opening the campus for public use, and (3) Interview with government officials and university faculty members. The level of agreement on opening the campus was neutral from both resident and student groups. However, the result shows some significant acceptance of opening specific places for public use upon employing proper strategies. According to the result, it is not appropriate to fully open the controlled public space of universities in the context of Cairo, following exemplary cases of developed countries. Although sharing privatized open space with adjacent communities can be a good solution for the fast-growing metropolis, lack of proper public spaces, and insufficient resources, the process should be carefully designed with step-by-step implementation strategies.

Along the last years we have assisted to the release of a great number of videogames set in the past as, for example, Assassin’s Creed: Origins (Ubisoft, 2017). This game offered the player the possibility to tour the city of Alexandria during the first century before Christ. My intention in this text is to develop the use of the past in the reconstruction of urban digital spaces through three video-game sagas, BioShock (Irrational Games y 2K Marin, 2007 – 2013), Uncharted (Naughty Dog, 2006 – 2017) and Assassin’s Creed (Ubisoft, 2007 – 2017). Each one of them will serve us to develop and examine the aesthetic uses of the past in the reconstruction of urban digital spaces through the proposed concepts: design, consumption and production. Irrational Games’ saga will help us to understand the first concept, the Naughty Dog one the second and the Ubisoft one the third. After these three sections we will elaborate a final section where we will build the video-game as a mass culture medium with other media of same scope and shared features. Durante los últimos años hemos asistido al lanzamiento de un gran número de videojuegos ambientados en el pasado como, por ejemplo, Assassin’s Creed: Origins (Ubisoft, 2017). Este juego ofrece al jugador la posibilidad de pasear por la ciudad de Alejandría durante el primer siglo antes de Cristo. Mi intención con este texto es desarrollar el uso del pasado en la reconstrucción de espacios digitales urbanos a través de tres sagas, BioShock (Irrational Games y 2K Marin, 2007 – 2013), Uncharted (Naughty Dog, 2006 – 2017) and Assassin’s Creed (Ubisoft, 2007 – 2017). Cada una nos servirá para examinar tres claves, diseño, consumo y producción. La saga de Irrational Games nos ayudará a entender la primera clave, la licencia de Naughty Dog la segunda y la desarrollada por Ubisoft la tercera. Después de estas tres secciones, elaboraremos una sección final donde examinaremos el videojuego como un medio de cultura de masas en relación con otros medios del mismo alcance y características compartidas.

The article is sanctified to the questions of the use of legal prohibitions as means of government control in the field of providing of informative safety. Marked, that prohibitions in government control always carry legal character and expressed as or legal norms of prohibitions or as individual legal binding overs-prohibitions. Deployment of prohibitions in government control conditioned by simplicity of mechanism of their realization. Leaning on position of Doctrine of informative safety of Ukraine the distinguished directions legal prohibitions are already entered in that and function. One of such directions there is propaganda communist and nazi totalitarian modes and their symbolics that is straight forbidden by a corresponding law. Prohibitions that take place in activity of news agencies or televisional or radio of organizations and is by derivatives from prohibition of the mentioned totalitarian modes are considered also. Prohibitions are separately considered on the use of resources the internet, the proprietors of that are located or registered in Russian to Federation. In the process of analysis of norms, that is set legal prohibitions offer corresponding classifications of legal prohibitions. After the level of the legal adjusting legislative prohibitions and other prohibitions are distinguished. On the method of exposition legal prohibitions can be direct or mediated. The lines of prohibition envisage direct normative expression of the forbidden behaviour with the use of such verbal constructions, as "forbidden", "has no authority", "shut" out and others like that. The mediated prohibitions are expressed by other method, for example through establishment of legal responsibility for the feasance of certain offence. Such construction is used in the article of 173-3 Codes of Ukraine about administrative crimes, that envisages administrative responsibility for the public use, demonstration or carrying of ribbon of household troops or her image. After the circle of addressees legal prohibitions, as means of government control in the field of providing of informative safety, it offers to divide into normative and individual (personal). Normative prohibitions will be realized through normatively-legal acts, one of key signs of that there is their orientation all or to the indefinite circle of persons. Unlike normative prohibitions, individual (personal) prohibitions are addressed to the certain subjects. The example of individual (personal) prohibitions is application of the personal special economic and other restrictive events (approvals). Such prohibitions are illustrated by Decree of President of Ukraine, that, next to other, approvals are applied to individually certain Russian, and their use is forbidden the providers of internet-services.

Drones are like a flying robot that works with the Global Positioning System and sensors in them so that they can do the job it is designed to do. Researches have been done and it shows that drones have indeed made a positive impact on industries. In this research, the study will be done to see the effect of drones in the real estate market. Making work easier for potential tenants, landlord as well as the real estate agents. It can help to save time to travel, cost to travel and yet still help to show the potential tenants the houses at ease. The solution to this would be using drones, which the agent can put a minimum price to the given services. In this research, a mixed-method will be used. This is because, through this method, it will show how can the quality of the services be improved as well as see how likely will the public use drone services.

Many environmental problems stem from unsustainable human consumption. Accordingly, many studies have focused on the barriers to pro-environmental behavior. The inability or unwillingness to act is partially related to personal values as well as the psychological distance between individual actions and the resulting pollution, which is often perceived as abstract or intangible. In contrast, fireworks produce imminent, undeniable air pollution. The goal of this research was to advance the knowledge on the awareness-value-behavior gap by studying public fireworks consumption and the willingness to act against firework pollution. A nationally representative survey was conducted after the extremely polluting 2017/18 New Year&rsquo, s Eve in Iceland (European hourly record in fine particulate matter: 3014 &micro, g/m3). Our results demonstrate that, after controlling for the awareness of harmful pollution, hedonic motives predict the purchasing of fireworks and the opposition to mitigating action. Noticing public warnings regarding fireworks pollution did not significantly relate to the purchase behavior. The awareness of the harmful effects of firework pollution was, however, the largest predictor of the support for mitigating action. Despite reporting the pleasure derived from fireworks, 57% of the sample favored stricter governmental regulation, and 27% favored banning the public use of fireworks in order to &ldquo, protect them from what they want&rdquo

This study examines the perceptions of concerns and benefits surrounding autonomous road vehicles deployed for public transport, their relationships with public acceptance, and what the public prefers during its implementation. Surveying 210 participants in Singapore, we found a general acceptance of the deployment of autonomous road public transport in Singapore with agreement that introducing them would be beneficial, particularly in improving public transport reliability and accessibility. However, they reported concerns in the areas of technical-related issues and legal liability. Participants who perceived greater benefits were also likely to report greater acceptance, even after taking into account their concerns and sociodemographic backgrounds. Participants also reported preferences for human operators to continue playing an active role, the government to test the autonomous vehicles extensively before making them available for public use and greater clarity on the legal liability when accidents involving autonomous vehicles occur when autonomous road public transport is eventually implemented.

Globally, as little evidence exists on transmission patterns of COVID-19, recommendations to prevent infection include appropriate and frequent handwashing plus physical and social distancing. We conducted an exploratory observational study to assess compliance with these recommendations in selected transportation stations in Ghana. A one-hour audit of 45 public transport stations in the Greater Accra region was carried out between 27th and 29th March 2020. Using an adapted World Health Organization (WHO) hand hygiene assessment scale, the availability and use of handwashing facilities, social distancing, and ongoing public education on COVID-19 prevention measures were assessed, weighted and scored to determine the level of compliance of stations. Compliance with recommendations was categorized as “inadequate” “basic”, “intermediate” and “advanced” based on the overall score. The majority (80%) of stations in Accra have at least one Veronica Bucket with flowing water and soap but the number of washing places at each station is not adequate. Only a small minority (18%) of stations were communicating the need to wash hands frequently and appropriately, and to practice social/physical distancing while at the station. In most stations (95%), hand washing practice was either not observed or only infrequently. Almost all stations (93%) did not have alcohol-based hand sanitizers for public use, while social distancing was rarely (only 2%) practiced. In over 90% of the stations, face masks were either not worn or only worn by a few passengers. Compliance with COVID-19 prevention measures was inadequate in 13 stations, basic in 16 stations, intermediate in 7 stations, and advanced in 9 stations. Compliance with COVID-19 prevention measures in public transportation stations in the Greater Accra region remains a challenge. Awareness creation should aim to elevate COVID-19 risk perception of transportation operators and clients. Transport operators and stations need support and guidance to enforce hand washing and social distancing.

Worldwide there are currently over 1200 research studies being performed on the topic of COVID-19. Many of these involve children and adults over age 65 years. There are also numerous studies testing investigational vaccines on healthy volunteers. No research team is exempt from the pressures and speed at which COVID-19 research is occurring. And this can increase the risk of honest error as well as misconduct. To date, 33 papers have been identified as unsuitable for public use and either retracted, withdrawn, or noted with concern. Asia is the source of most of these manuscripts (n=19; 57.6%) with China the largest Asian subgroup (n=11; 57.9%). This paper explores these findings and offers guidance for responsible research practice during pandemics.

Will people want the innovation enough to acquire it? The innovative design must be transferred to users to take root. Early telegraph designers promoted the new communication to railway companies, whose track their line could run on. Cooke and Wheatstone modified Schilling’s telegraph and launched the system successfully. Yet promising innovations often face initial scepticism in high places. Sometimes particular events transform the adoption environment for an innovation through publicity. In 1845 a spectacular murder (by Tawell, caught through means of the telegraph), filled the newspapers. Later wireless telegraphy gained publicity in a similar fashion (Crippen) but at the sinking of the Titanic (1912) 710 people were rescued through emergency calls, creating greater impact. Just rarely the adoption outruns expectations. Little public use of texting was predicted, only twelve buttons seen as off-putting, but 508 billion texts were being sent worldwide monthly by 2010.

Background: Historical change in the availability of kin beyond the household has long interested scholars, but there has been little comparable evidence on long-run change. While generally accepted that individuals lived near kin historically, no systematic measures have been available to assess historical kin propinquity at the national level. Methods: With the release of historical complete count United States census data from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS), a robust estimate of patrilineal kin propinquity for the United States nationally from 1790 to 1940 is calculated. Defined as the probability of non-random isonymy within an enumeration district, the estimate of patrilineal kin propinquity relies on the sequential ordering of households in the census. Results: The United States experienced a long-run decline in patrilineal kin propinquity from nearly 50Š of households in 1790 to 17Š of households in 1940. The age patterns of kin propinquity show substantial variation across the life course, and regional differences demonstrate the impact of economic and demographic conditions. The decline in kin propinquity reflected urbanization and the decline of agriculture, declining kin availability, growing distance between potential kin links, and a change in preferences of living near kin. Contribution: This is the first study to produce a systematic estimate of patrilineal kin propinquity at the national level for the United States between 1790 and 1940. Researchers can use this meaningful measure of patrilineal kin propinquity to better explain its relationships with other demographic behaviors and outcomes such as fertility, mortality, and migration choices.

The public trust doctrine was resurrected by Professor Joe Sax in a famous article a half-century ago. Sax explored the doctrine's history and maintained that it had contemporary significance at the time of the dawn of the modern environmental movement in 1970. Sax thought that the historic use of the doctrine to prevent monopoly use of important waterways could be expanded to meet the felt necessities of the times by protecting important natural resources from unwise or unsustainable depletion for public use, including use by future generations. Sax's vision ignited a substantial expansion in the scope and purposes of the doctrine over the past 50 years. Some of the most surprising developments have occurred internationally, which Sax's article did not expressly anticipate. This analysis, written on the 50th anniversary of Sax's article, examines the public trust doctrine both before and after the article, revealing the considerable effect it has had on courts and legislatures. In addition to suggesting the great debt public trust scholars and the public at large owe to Sax's prescience, the article hazards some predictions about the likely evolution of the doctrine in the future.

The shortage of nurse practitioners (NPs) in the United States has broadly decreased access, decreased quality, and increased cost of care for an aging population in both metro and rural areas. Some state policymakers are trying to address the shortage by expanding NPs' scope of practice (that is, their autonomy to order tests, to prescribe medications, to diagnose patients, and to initiate and manage treatments). We estimate the impact of expanded NP scope of practice on the mobility decisions of NPs serving Medicare beneficiaries. Since these expansions have been at the state level, it is important for policy evaluation to know whether the legal differences in NPs' roles affect where they decide to both live and practice. We identify NPs' location decisions between 2014 and 2017 by gleaning their National Provider Identifiers from Part D Prescriber Public Use File data. Then we examine whether NPs' movement from restrictive-practice to full-practice states increased over time. We find that in a given year, NPs in restrictive-practice states are both 0.46 percent more likely to move out of state (compared to NPs in other states) and 5.33 percent less likely to move to other restrictive states than to nonrestrictive states. Our estimates demonstrate NPs' preference for practicing in states with full scope of practice.

Tourism in protected areas has experienced an important growth in the last decade generating positive impacts but has also increased pressures on biodiversity conservation. Managing impacts generated by tourism is a permanent challenge for protected areas’ managers and involved stakeholders. Therefore, it is important to implement participatory approaches that recognize local knowledge as an input to define negative impacts caused by tourism. This chapter studies the local stakeholders’ perception about tourism impacts generated over mountain hiking circuits of Torres del Paine National Park, Chilean Patagonia. The problems identified are related to environmental and ecological issues, public use infrastructure, and management aspects which coincided with scientific, technical, and governmental views. In conclusion, the participatory approach is highlighted as a tool that provides relevant information and views from stakeholders involved in the management and decision-making process of a protected area.

We propose an alternative method for identifying undocumented immigrants in public use household data. Our approach departs from the commonly used likely unauthorized (LU) method in that we do not resort to classifying individuals on the basis of their specific geographic origin. We instead consider health insurance status of different family members coupled with the Affordable Care Act insurance mandates, referring to this strategy for sorting individuals by documentation status as the Affordable Care Mandate (ACM) approach. The LU method is generally limited to identifying individuals originating from Latin America. By contrast, the ACM approach enables us to identify individuals who are apparently undocumented and originate from all regions of the world. We also compare our results to the Reconstructed Pew Algorithm (RPA). The RPA is not limited in terms of which adults it can classify, but it does involve making a larger number of judgment calls with respect to the final design of the algorithm. The ACM has its limits in that it can only be applied to individuals who have US-born children who currently reside in the household. Using the 2015–2017 March Supplements to the CPS, we test the ACM against the LU and RPA approaches by estimating simple models of labor force participation and fertility by presumed legal status. Using the alternative methods, we obtain similar, though not identical, results and argue that the ACM approach holds promise for studying the behavior of undocumented immigrants that does not resort to ethnic profiling and uses fewer judgment calls.