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In this paper, we first detect the uneven distribution of regional inequality in rural China with the per capita net income data at county level, and then diagnose the various factors that contribute to this as well as its driving mechanisms using the four-dimension transitional framework. The results suggest that rural inequalities are clustered at the province level, and those most unequal regions tend to be geographically gathered. Stemming from the framework, the study reveals that the spatio-temporal disparity in rural inequality is deeply embedded in the quadruple-transition process of marketization, globalization, decentralization and urbanization. Employing both the pooled OLS and spatial regime models, the study further unfolds that influences of the transition processes are diversified across regions and study periods. We finally argue that human investment rather than economic growth plays the key role in reducing the rural inequality in eastern provinces, and that the formulation of policies in line with regional characteristics would be helpful to address or alleviate rural inequality.

If we considered them as separate countries, the per capita COVID-19 cases in North Dakota would make the state one of the two countries in the world with the highest number of COVID-19 cases;by contrast, Hawaii's case rate positions it in the range of about 85th on the global list of countries with COVID-19.2 These differences will, and undoubtedly should, occasion substantial consideration of the factors, both preexisting and concurrent with the pandemic, that brought about these differences. HEALTH HETEROGENEITY By way of example, in a review of trends in the US burden of disease across states between 1990 and 2016, Mokdad et al. found, consistent with previous analyses, substantial variability across states in a range of health indicators.3 There was a 6.6-year difference in life expectancy at birth in 2016 between the state with the highest (Hawaii) versus the lowest (Mississippi) life expectancy. [...]focusing on five leading causes of death, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention showed that improving all states to the levels of the healthiest states could annually prevent more than 90 000 cases of premature heart disease, 84000 cases of cancer, 28000 cases of chronic lower respiratory disease, 16 000 cases of stroke, and 36000 cases of unintentional injury deaths.6 A concrete example of how interstate variability in the forces that generate health operate is offered in the article by Baugher et al. in the April issue of AJPH.7 The authors focused on the HIV epidemic and on the factors that may be associated with reduced uptake of preexposure prophylaxis, which can protect against HIV.

The Ontario city of Thunder Bay is in the headlines these days for all the wrong reasons. Canada’s highest rates of murder and violent crime. The highest number of hate crimes per capita. Systemic racism embedded in shoddy police investigations. The deaths — many unexplained — of Indigenous students who come to the city for education not available in their remote northern communities.

We, as humans, are constantly in relation with our environment. Sudden changes in our living media may alter the way we perceive ourselves and our environment in various ways. Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak is a great example of a sudden change. The outbreak influenced means of work, study, socialization, and communication in unprecedented ways. In our study, we investigate the topic dynamics of Twitter content sharing for the Republic of Turkey. We have analyzed 1.3 million tweets containing the keyword ``korona'' shared between February 24, 2020 and May 2, 2020. Our study has three key outcomes. The first one is, after the official announcement of first COVID-19 case in Turkey, rate of COVID-19-related content sharing decreases and hygiene-, lifestyle-, and anxiety-related tweets increase. Second, we see that a number of friends and followers influence content sharing dynamics where accounts sharing COVID-19 News-related content have more followers compared to accounts that share the remaining contents. Finally, motivated by the World Bank's Poverty Monitoring Technical Note, we inquired the effect of income on content sharing and found that GDP per capita of the author's city is more influential on COVID-19 News-related content sharing compared to the population and COVID-19 cases per 1,00,000 people. The lower the GDP per capita, the higher the COVID-19 News-related content sharing is. Also, our model indicates that lower income and population along with high rates of COVID-19 cases per 1,00,000 people are associated with increased COVID-19 News-related content sharing. IEEE

I use matching methods on a panel of U.S. states over the period 1960 -- 2008 to test whether the adoption of a supermajority requirement impacts state-level expenditures and tax revenue. I find evidence that the growth rate of welfare expenditures per capita is lower five year after adoption of a supermajority requirement, but that this reduction is not sustained over a longer horizon. I also find little evidence that a supermajority requirement has a robust effect on other types of expenditures or tax revenue. These results support existing evidence showing that a supermajority requirement can reduce redistributive spending, but conflict with evidence showing that supermajority requirements affect tax revenue and other types of government expenditures.

By the end of 2019, US output was 14% below the level predicted by its pre-2008 trend. To understand why, I develop and estimate a model of the US with demographics, real and monetary shocks, and the occasionally binding zero lower bound on nominal rates. Demographic shocks generate slow-moving trends in interest rates, employment, and productivity. Demographics alone can explain about 40% of the gap between log output per capita and its linear trend by 2019. By lowering interest rates, demographic changes caused the zero lower bound to bind after the Great Recession, contributing to the slow recovery.

Understanding the dynamics of interregional inequality is important when formulating development policies. In this paper, we investigate the convergence pattern in regional inequality within 49 African countries over the period 1992-2012 using satellite night-light based inequality proxies. We find evidence of multiple equilibria in regional income inequality. Four convergent clubs is distinguished instead of overall convergence. The results show that countries with high regional inequality steadily do not converge over time towards those of countries with low regional inequality, indicating that these countries are indeed stuck in regional income inequality traps. From the convergence analysis, we further analyze through an ordered logit estimation those relevant variables that drive convergence club formation. We find that the level of initial conditions such as GDP per capita, urbanization, natural resources rents and the change in country size are significant in explaining convergence club formation.

Atmospheric transport of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), the leading environmental risk factor for public health, is estimated to exert substantial transboundary effects at present. During the past several decades, human-produced pollutant emissions have undergone drastic and regionally distinctive changes, yet it remains unclear about the resulting global transboundary health impacts. Here we show that between 1950 and 2014, global anthropogenic PM2.5 has led to 185.7 million premature deaths cumulatively, including about 14% from transboundary pollution. Among four country groups at different affluence levels, on a basis of per capita contribution to transboundary mortality, a richer region tends to exert severer cumulative health externality, with the poorest bearing the worst net externality after contrasting import and export of pollution mortality. The temporal changes in transboundary mortality and cross-regional inequality are substantial. Effort to reduce PM2.5-related transboundary mortality should seek international collaborative strategies that account for historical responsibility and inequality.

The study focuses on the BRICS economies for the duration 2001 up to 2015. The causality results revealed a unidirectional causality from foreign direct investment and broad money to total reserves, real GDP per capita and broad money to total reserves, broad money to total reserves and real interest rates as a percentage, foreign direct investment and commercial bank, debt stock, commercial bank, lending, foreign direct investments, real interest rates, and domestic credit provided by financial sector, domestic credit provided by financial sector, real GDP per capita.

Afro-descendants and indigenous peoples in Latin America face higher poverty rates and are disproportionately represented among the poor. The probability of being poor is between two and three times higher for indigenous and Afro-descendants than whites. Using comparable fiscal incidence analyses for Bolivia, Brazil, and Guatemala, I analyze how much poverty and inequality change in the ethnoracial space after fiscal interventions. Although taxes and transfers tend to reduce the ethnoracial gaps, the change is very small. While per capita cash transfers tend to be higher for the nonwhite population, spending on these programs is too low, especially when compared with the disproportionate number of poor people among nonwhites.

Unintentional and violence-related injury fatalities, including suicide, homicide, overdoses, motor vehicle crashes, and falls, were among the 10 leading causes of death for all age groups in the United States in 2019.* There were 246,041 injury deaths in 2019 (unintentional injury was the most frequent cause of death after heart disease and cancer) with an economic cost of $2.2 trillion (1). Extending a national analysis (1), CDC examined state-level economic costs of fatal injuries based on medical care costs and the value of statistical life assigned to 2019 injury records from the CDC's Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS).† West Virginia had the highest per capita cost ($11,274) from fatal injury, more than twice that of New York, the state with the lowest cost ($4,538). The five areas with the highest per capita total fatal injury costs were West Virginia, New Mexico, Alaska, District of Columbia (DC), and Louisiana; costs were lowest in New York, California, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Texas. All U.S. states face substantial avoidable costs from injury deaths. Individual persons, families, organizations, communities, and policymakers can use targeted proven strategies to prevent injuries and violence. Resources for best practices for preventing injuries and violence are available online from the CDC's National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.§.

Proposing and applying a new spillover index approach based on data-determined structural vector autoregression to measure connectedness, we examine the daily housing market information transmission via transaction volume among Chinese city-level housing markets from 2009 to 2018. We document substantial information transmission on Chinese housing markets even within one day and find that the role a city-level housing market may play in the information transmission network resembles a pattern observed on other financial markets, which can be generally classified into three distinctive groups: prime senders, exchange centers, and prime receivers. City hierarchy and some fundamental economic factors, such as GDP per capita and average wage, appear to be significant determinants of such a pattern. The findings extend the existing voluminous literature solely based on housing prices or price volatility spillovers and shed new light on the China’s government intervention strategy on the housing market.

This article aims first to investigate the main determinants of the informal economy (IE) in Algeria using the Multiple Indicator Multiple Causes (MIMIC) approach, second to estimate its size and development, third analyse the relationship in the short and long run between the informal and formal economy, and finally to explore the causality direction by employing the Granger causality test from 1980 to 2017. The results showed that the tax burden, the agricultural sector, the quality of institutions, and the GDP per capita are the main determinants of the IE in Algeria. The average IE size is 33.48% of official GDP, and it has been increasing in size over the past 15 years. Furthermore, it has been found that the IE positively affects the formal economy in the short run, while in the long run, this effect is reversed. Moreover, unidirectional Granger causality from GDP to IE is found. As for policy implications, in order to lower the size of IE in Algeria, the government needs to reconsider its tax policies, including the re-examination of policies implemented to stimulate the agricultural sector, which half of their effects are absorbed by the IE, and the generalization of the use of electronic transactions in economic activities.

This paper intends to explore the economic factors which stimulate the demand for insurance products in Albania due to the fact that insurance industry has a significant effect on the economic development of a country. Albania is a developing country and insurance market has progressed moderately. Considering density insurance as a proxy of life and non-life insurance market development, the authors have examined the economic determinants of the Albanian insurance market during the period of 2009-2020 based on quarterly data. The analysis is performed using Vector Error Correction Model designing separate models for each of the insurance segments: life and non-life ones. Among several economic variables, this paper examines the effect of GDP, inflation, real interest rate and unemployment. According to the empirical results, GDP per capita has the most significant impact while unemployment is found to be insignificant in respect to life and non-life insurance density. The results are mostly in accordance with the empirical research work, and they are valuable to both academics and experts in insurance industry. The paper contributes to the existing international literature, especially to the literature related to developing countries, being the first one investigating the influence of a set of economic factors on life and non-life insurance industry in Albania. On the other hand, the results of the paper suggest that insurance companies monitor should evaluate these factors in order to increase and improve insurance service available to the public.

Tehran's demography and urbanization have undergone dramatic changes since its designation as the capital city over two centuries ago. Currently, the city possesses 22 districts and a few associated regions (cemetery and southern suburbs). We considered and developed 11 indicators to evaluate the quality of life of Tehran using Structured Query Language (SQL) algorithms. Indicators were classified into two large groups: ‘population characteristics’ and ‘city features’. Except for literacy, sharp differences existed between the minimum and maximum values for each indicator. Noticeable differences in public transport were shown among districts. Comparison of the housing units with over 220 square meters size area among districts also revealed a difference between maximum and minimum values with a factor of 31, the per capita of greenery spaces and car parking capacities with a factor of 23. Each indicator was considered individually to select districts having the most optimum condition. Between two and four indicators were also combined to nominate those districts with a higher number of indicators with optimum conditions. Our proposed approach and selected indicators showed high relevancy and appropriateness to assess quality of life in a typical large city. Finally, we concluded the paper with practical and political remarks that may help streamline theories of urban governance into the actual conditions of urban dwellers across the world.

This study aims to determine the effect of the rupiah exchange rate, economic growth, inflation rates and interest rates on foreign direct investment. this study use quantitative methods. The samples in this study are the value of the foreign direct investment net inflow, the official exchange rate, the gross domestic product per capita, the consumer price index and the lending interest rate in Indonesia in the period 1994-2019. The data used in this study are secondary data obtained from the World Bank website. Data processing and analysis techniques used are the descriptive statistics analysis, the multiple linear regression, the classic assumption tests, the correlation coefficient analysis, and the hypothesis testing. The results showed that the rupiah exchange rate partially had a negative and significant effect on the foreign direct investment, the economic growth had a positive and significant effect on the foreign direct investment, the inflation rate had a positive and significant effect on the foreign direct investment and the interest rate had a negative influence and significant impact on the foreign direct investment against foreign direct investment. Simultaneously, the Rupiah exchange rate, economic growth, inflation, and interest rates have a significant influence on the foreign direct investment in Indonesia

Drawing on the social-ecological systems perspective of health, this study explores whether the deteriorating trend of immigrant health over time differs depending on immigrants' pre-migration macro-level factors in their birth country. Using the Household, Income, and Labor Dynamics in Australia survey (N = 1,847), we conducted an HLM analysis to examine the association among GDP per capita in the birth country, length of stay, and immigrants' health status post-migration. Support was found for both the negative association between the length of stay and health and the positive association between the GDP of the birth country and health. The negative association between length of stay and health was stronger among immigrants from low GDP countries compared to those from high GDP countries. Our findings suggest the importance of the population-level characteristics of the birth country in understanding healthy immigrant effect post-migration.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the causal effect of high-speed railways (HSRs) and investigate the affecting channels; the second purpose is to examine how HSRs change the distribution of economic activity across cities and sectors. Design/methodology/approach A difference-in-difference strategy is implemented to estimate the impact of recently built HSRs on local economic performance in China, exploiting the geography and time variations in HSR operations. Findings Using panel data from China’s City Statistical Yearbook 2001–2019, the authors find that HSRs lead to a significant increase in cities’ gross domestic product (GDP) and GDP per capita, but the authors do not find any significant change in GDP growth. This conclusion still holds true after the authors address the endogeneity problems. A mechanism analysis shows that HSRs improve local economic performance mainly by increasing fixed asset investment. The authors also find that the HSR investment is a policy that favors metropolitan areas due to the larger increase in the GDP for larger cities and with HSRs, the industrial and service sectors will further agglomerate in larger cities. Originality/value The authors contribute to the literature in several ways. First, this paper improves the estimation strategy in identifying the HSR impact on the local economic performance. Second, this paper investigates the affecting channels of HSRs. This paper proves that HSRs in China promote the cities’ economic performance mainly by increasing the fixed asset investment. Third, this study provides evidence for the new economic geography models pioneered by Krugman (1991).

This paper aims to investigate the relationship between CO2 Emissions and GDP per capita of three East Asian countries (China, Japan, and South Korea). The Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis and its possible implications to the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol Agreement will be tested. The independent variables Employment and Energy consumption will be used as control variables. Multiple regression analysis and cointegration tests will be used on time series data of Japan, Korea, and China that is obtained from the World Bank database. GDP per capita is measured in constant 2010 US$, CO2 emission in kt, Employment in the ratio of total employment to total population aged 15 and above, and Energy Consumption in annual kWh per capita.

Human deprivations in core components of life like health, education and standard of living are multidimensional in nature, also the means and ends in economic wellbeing. These deprivations are serious than income poverty as they have a direct relation with it by feeding each other to clutch the poor in a sustainable poverty trap. People’s achievements in non-monetary core components can be conducive to break such poverty trap in the long run. So, investigating the causes of multidimensional deprivations and poverty has important policy bearing, particularly for a geographically isolated, economically backward and poverty ridden state like Tripura, in the Northeast India. This study is an attempt towards that direction by estimating incidence and intensity of multidimensional poverty and its contributors for the rural households in Tripura. It uses multi-stage random sampling method and decomposes inequality of deprivation scores between and within social and religious groups. The determinants of the likelihood of falling into multidimensional poverty are explored through binary logit regression. The study gives significant insights into the variations in multidimensional poverty across the social and religious groups. The regression results suggest that dependency ratio, years of schooling, occupation and gender of the household’s head as well as per capita monthly income and amount of credit taken by the households play significant roles towards explaining the variations in incidence and intensity of multidimensional poverty. This exploration helps understanding the root causes of multidimensional poverty and the desired policy interventions for eliminating poverty in the rural areas of Tripura, India.

Over the past 20 years, the United States greatly expanded eligibility for public health insurance under the Medicaid and Child Health Insurance Program programs. This expansion improved children’s access to health care and their health, ultimately lowering preventable hospitalizations, chronic conditions, and mortality rates in the most vulnerable children at a cost that is 4 times lower than the average per capita cost for the elderly. They also had broader antipoverty effects, increasing economic security, children’s educational attainments, and their eventual employment and earnings opportunities. However, in recent years, this progress has been rolled back in many states. Remarkably, although income eligibility cutoffs have remained largely constant, states have reduced child coverage through a number of administrative measures ranging from increased paperwork, to reduced outreach, new parental work requirements, changes to public charge rules for immigrants, and waivers of federal requirements to provide retroactive coverage to new applicants. The number of uninsured children was rising for the first time in decades even prior to the pandemic. With rising numbers who have lost their jobs in the pandemic-induced recession, it is more important than ever to defend and restore and improve access to public health insurance for our children.

This article investigates the impact of previous epidemics on rural development and convergence, and identifies the impact's mechanism based on convergence tests. Using a balanced panel of 31 provinces, the empirical results from 2002 to 2019 show that epidemics decelerated convergence in rural per capita income. The mechanism analysis shows that the accelerated divergence in wages and the decelerated convergence in business income were the major drivers, which also led to decelerated convergence in rural per capita consumption. Although epidemics have not threatened rural food consumption and the Engel coefficient of rural households, these two indicators of basic living needs have failed to achieve convergence across regions. The overall impact of an epidemic on convergence in rural-urban income disparity has also been insignificant, indicating that epidemics have affected rural and urban development simultaneously. Finally, COVID-19 is likely to decelerate convergence in rural income, rural consumption, and urban income.

he topic of biobanking has been anchoring in the world and Europe as well. The biobanking field today is characterised by heterogeneous entities that could be classified according to many different categories. This article aims to outline the process of the gradual embedding of the field of biobanking in the European Union (EU) from the point of view of the number of high-quality international research projects related to biobanking or biobanks as such. To identify these research projects, data from the European Commission's (EC's) database on research and innovation projects financed from Framework Programmes (FPs) of the European Union and the Horizon programme were used. It was found that the number of research and innovation projects in which biobanks played an important role more than doubled between 1994 and 2021. The highest increase in the number of biobank-related research and innovation projects occurred between 2002 – 2006 and 2007 – 2013. Several leading countries, in terms of the number of biobank related research projects, emerged during the whole period. The main actors were all countries of western Europe, characterised mostly by above-average performance in indicators such as GDP per capita, Human Development Index (HDI) or Euro Health Consumer Index (EHCI).

The article provides a comparative assessment of the socio-economic development results of 12 post-Soviet countries (excluding the Baltic countries) in the period from 1992 to 2019. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of real GDP and GDP per capita, it is concluded that the most successful were some countries of Central Asia (Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan) and Armenia. It is noted that in terms of economic development, significant convergence with Russian indicators has been achieved by Kazakhstan and Belarus. The successful economic dynamics was due to the active role of the state, the regulation of exchange rate dynamics and the achievement of a relatively high rate of investments to GDP at certain stages of economic development. On the whole, the problem of high inflation, which was relevant in the 1990s, has been overcome. Social problems of poverty and inequality persist in individual countries, high dependence on external factors of economic dynamics, instability of the exchange rate dynamics and primitivization of the economy still remain as important problems in the region. It is emphasized that the factors of economic growth that operated in the post-Soviet countries during the period under review are coming to an end, which requires a search for a new economic model.

Many countries shift substantial public resources across jurisdictions to mitigate spatial economic disparities. We use a general equilibrium model with multiple asymmetric regions, labor mobility, and costly trade to carve out the aggregate implications of fiscal transfers. Calibrating the model for Germany, we find that transfers indeed deliver smaller disparities across regions. This comes at the cost of lower national output, however, because economic activity is diverted away from core cities and toward remote areas with low productivity. But despite this loss in output per capita by about 2 percent in our baseline specification, welfare still increases by 0.07 percent because the transfer scheme countervails overcongestion in large cities. If the optimal transfer regime was implemented, welfare would increase by 0.06 percent. (JEL H77, J61, R12, R13, R23)

Exploring the relationship between economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions is an increasingly important research issue. The paper examines the association between gross​ domestic product per capita, CO2 emissions and energy consumption from renewable sources for the 27 countries of the European Union and the Western Balkans for the period 2008–2018. The panel vector autoregressive approach (PVAR) was used in the analysis, and the panel VAR model with three variables was evaluated based on the generalized method of moments (GMM). The main findings of the paper are that there is a relationship between the investigated variables: (1) two-way relationship between gross domestic product and CO2 emissions, (2) two-way negative relationships between CO2 emissions and energy consumption from renewable sources, (3) no causality has been established between gross domestic product and energy consumption from renewable sources (4) the sign of the relationship in the direction from gross domestic product to CO2 emissions is negative, while in the opposite direction is positive. The results indicate that most of the variations in CO2 emissions are determined by variations in GDP, so reducing CO2 emissions in the long run can be achieved by continuously increasing GDP. Increasing consumption from renewable sources will lead to a direct drop in CO2 emissions which will have desirable environmental effects. Findings obtained in this research can be important for decision makers in managing energy policy, environmental policy and economic growth and development.

Gender merupakan pembedaan peran, atribut, sifat, sikap, atribut,maupun perilaku yang tumbuh dan berkembang di masyarakat. Terdapat perbedaan secara biologis antar laki-laki dan perempuan, namun kebudayaan di masyarakat menafsirkan perbedaan biologis tersebut menciptakan tuntutan sosial dalam kepantasan berperilaku, yang pada akhirnya akan mempengaruhi hak-hak, sumber daya, maupun kuasa. Maka disebutlah diskriminasi ini sebagai ketimpangan gender, ketimpangan gender masih menjadi isu yang terjadi pada seluruh aspek kehidupan di Indonesia, yang mana masih terdapat gap antara laki-laki dan perempuan yang terkait dengan kebutuhan dasar manusia. Kebutuhan dasar disini menyangkut aspek pekerjaan, pendidikan, hingga kesehatan. Yang mana hal tersebut dapat berakibat pada tidak terlaksananya kesetaraan gender, dan hal tersebut juga masih dialami Indonesia saat ini. Padahal kesetaraan dan dan berkurangnya ketimpangan merupakan indikator dalam menentukan pertumbuhan ekonomi inklusif di Indonesia yang ditunjukkan berdasarkan Indeks Pembangunan Ekonomi Inklusif (IPEI). Maka dalam penelitian ini akan membahas tentang bagaiman indikator ketimpangan gender yaitu Angka Harapan Hidup (AHH), Rata-Rata Lama Sekolah (RLS) dan Pengeluaran Perkapita dari perempuan akan berpengaruh pada IPEI daripada Angka Harapan Hidup (AHH), Rata-Rata Lama Sekolah (RLS) dan Pengeluaran Perkapita dari laki-laki. Dan berdasarkan hasil penelitian menggunakan metode analisisis regresi linier berganda dengan menggunakan software eviews diperoleh hasil bahwa AHH, RLS dan Pengeluaran Perkapita dari perempuan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap IPEI sedangkan pada laki-laki hanya Pengeluaran Perkapita yang berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap IPEI pada alpha 0.01. Kata Kunci : Ketimpangan Gender, Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Inklusif, AHH, RLS, Pengeluaran Perkapita

This study determine how remittances affect economic growth in the developingcountries of East Asia and the Pacific region. The type of data in this study issecondary data with the form of panel data. This research was conducted in the period 2000-2019 in 11 developing countries in East Asia and the Pacific region. This study used Random Effect Model estimation to determine the influence ofindependent variables, namely GDP per capita with dependent variables, namelyremittances, working-age population, FDI, and trade openness. The result showsthat variable remittances and working-age populations positively and significantlyimpact economic growth in developing countries in East Asia and the Pacific region.The estimated results for FDI variables negatively and significantly affect developingcountries economic growth in East Asia and the Pacific region. Estimates for tradeopenness variables have no significant effect on developing countries economicgrowth in East Asia and the Pacific region.

Purpose The Green Revolution transformed agriculture in the Indian State of Punjab, with positive spillovers to the rest of India, but recently the state’s economy has fallen dramatically in rankings of per capita state output. Understanding the trajectory of Punjab’s economy has important lessons for all of India. Economic development is typically associated with changes in economic structure, but Punjab has remained relatively reliant on agriculture rather than shifting economic activity to manufacturing and services, where productivity growth might be greater. Design/methodology/approach The authors empirically examine structural change in the Punjab economy in the context of structural change and economic growth across the States of India. The authors calculate structural change indices and map their pattern over time. The authors estimate panel regressions and time-varying parameter regressions, as well as performing productivity change decompositions into within-sector and structural changes. Findings Panel regressions and time-varying-coefficient regressions suggest a significant positive influence of structural change on state-level growth. In addition, growth positively affected structural change across India’s states. The relative lack of structural change in Punjab’s economy is implicated in its relatively poor recent growth performance. Comparisons with a handful of other states reinforce this conclusion: Punjab’s lack of economic diversification is a plausible explanation for its lagging economic performance. Originality/value This paper performs a novel empirical analysis of structural change and growth, simultaneously using three different approaches: panel regressions, time-varying parameter regressions and productivity decompositions. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is the only paper we are aware of that combines these three approaches.

The purpose of this study is to study the approaches to measuring the indicators of the circular economy used in the countries of the European Union and in the OECD countries to form an understanding of the applicability of the presented methods. The study used the methods of econometric modeling, statistical and comparative analyzes. A model was built using data for the European Union countries, the following variables (factors) were used to build this model: the share of material extracted and returned to the economy, the intensity of CO2 emissions, the level of energy intensity of primary energy, GDP per capita, research and development costs, the share urban population in total. Based on the simulation results, it was concluded that GDP growth and growth in energy intensity, together with an increase in the level of technology in the economy, leads to an increase in the processing of materials and their reuse in economic circulation. The results of modelling confirm the conclusions of the previous authors, the analysis of the strategies of the EU and OECD countries. It is necessary to invest more financial resources in R&D, development of new technologies and innovations for achieve better results. Greater involvement of consumers and businesses in activities conducive to the circular economy is also critical. Achieving these two goals will contribute to sustainable economic development. Based on the analysis of the model and strategies of the OECD and EU countries on the circular economy, we concluded that international innovations in the circular economy are applicable to Kazakhstan’s economy.

In the current era of overconsumption, transition to circular economy is a relevant problem for every country in the world. The main idea behind this economic approach is to break the link between rising wealth and overexploitation of primary natural resources. The article assessed the current and future state of the circular economy’s development in 27 countries of the European Union. The assessment was carried out using Data Envelopment Analysis based on data for 2019 of selected input and output parameters described by the circular economy. Generation of municipal waste per capita, Water exploitation index, Final energy consumption and Social Progress Index were used as input parameters. Circular material use rate and municipal waste recycling rate were output parameters. All data was collected from official reliable sources such as Eurostat, and the Social Progress Imperative website. The study results showed that as of 2019, 40,74% of European countries have high efficiency in the advancement of circular economy, 40,74% - sufficient, 11,11% - medium and 7.41% - low efficiency. However, the analysis showed very good prospects for the future progress of the circular economy in these countries, since the overall efficiency results in the CCR model range from 0.899 to 1 for all countries in the European Union. With the implementation of the New Circular Economy Action Plan, which was adopted in 2020 by the European Commission, the EU countries have the opportunity to fully turn to the circular economy and ensure the healthy, sustainable development of countries.

There is increased social concern regarding children’s weight in China, but there is a relative lack of research concerning its social determinants. Based on 1,656 school-age children’s samples in mainland China from the Chinese Nutrition and Health Database (CHNS 2011), we analyzed the impact of multiple factors on children’s weight using a welfare mix framework that integrated factors including family living arrangements, economic development, and educational spending. School-age children’s weight was measured using body mass index (BMI). The independent variables were factors developed based on the social determinants of health perspective in conjunction with a welfare mix framework. These variables included family living arrangements to reflect the family welfare factor, average government educational expenditure per student to reflect the state welfare factor, and GDP per capita to reflect the market welfare factor. Multiple regression models were used to analyze the influences of each factor on children’s weight. The results showed that the factors were significant, with different directions of influence on weight. The results also showed that the factors considered in the welfare mix framework sometimes serve as risk factors rather than solely protective factors within the Chinese context. According to this study, a reasonable geographical distribution of health service resources and child-oriented health policies are needed to promote children’s well-being.

Aim: This paper explores the correlation of the Covid-19 mortality rate with some other developmental variables. This study also attempts to highlight the state-wise variability in mortality rate in the Northeastern region of India. Study Design: The study focuses on eight Northeastern states, correlating the Covid-19 mortality rate and other development (or socio-economic) variables. This study focuses on the region of North East India because there have been few investigations on Covid-19 in the region. This study follows a cross-sectional study design. Duration of the Study: The study was conducted and completed around three months. Methodology: The nature of the correlation between the mortality rate of Covid-19 and the other variables is determined by using the Karl Pearson correlation approach. We began by performing a correlation study and calculating the correlation coefficients. Results: The results demonstrate that all independent variables adversely correlate with the Covid-19 mortality rate. Except for the number of doctors in district hospitals and health spending per capita, which have a moderate negative correlation with the predicted variable, all explanatory factors have a weak negative connection with the death rate. Surprisingly, both the NSDP per Capita and the case positivity rate have negative findings. Another major issue in the findings is that none of the factors statistically link with mortality. Conclusion: This research shows that the more a state's socio-economic infrastructures, notably its health infrastructures, are developed, the lower the mortality rate in a pandemic will be.

Happiness has become one of the indicators in measuring the level of success of economic development lately. Happiness as an indicator of development success is in line with the new schools of thought in economics, namely economics of happiness and economics of behavior. This happiness indicator is in line with the sustainable development goals driven by the United Nations agency. This study aims to analyze the effect of macroeconomic variables on happiness in Indonesia. The macroeconomic variables are gross regional domestic product per capita, poverty, provincial government expenditures for the education function and for the health function. Happiness data is obtained from the results of a survey of measuring the level of happiness conducted by the Central Statistics Agency which issues a happiness index in 33 provinces in Indonesia. The form of this research is descriptive-quantitative and sourced from secondary data obtained from the publications of the Central Statistics Agency, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Health and the National Development Planning Agency. Data analysis uses a panel data regression approach, with serial data in 2014 and 2017 for the number of observations in 33 provinces in Indonesia. The results of the research analysis show: (1) gross regional domestic product per capita has a positive and significant effect on happiness in Indonesia; (2) poverty has a negative and significant effect on happiness in Indonesia; (3) provincial government spending on education function has a positive and significant effect on happiness in Indonesia; (4) provincial government spending on health function has a positive and insignificant effect on happiness in Indonesia. Keywords: Gross Regional Domestic Product per Capita, Poverty, Education Function, .Health Function, Happiness.

We explore the US states' evolving policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic by examining governors' decisions to begin easing five types of social distancing policies after the initial case surge in March-April 2020. Applying event history models to original data on state COVID-19 policies, we test the relative influence of health, economic, and political considerations on their decisions. We find no evidence that differences in state economic conditions influenced when governors began easing. Governors of states with larger recent declines in COVID-19 deaths per capita and improving trends in new confirmed cases and test positivity were quicker to ease. However, politics played as powerful a role as epidemiological conditions, driven primarily by governors' party affiliation. Republican governors made the policy U-turn from imposing social distancing measures toward easing those measures a week earlier than Democratic governors, all else equal. Most troubling of all, we find that states with larger Black populations eased their social distancing policies more quickly, despite Black Americans' higher exposure to infection from SARS-CoV-2 and subsequent death from COVID-19. © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Political Science Association.

Objective To examine infertility-related fund-raising campaigns on a popular crowdfunding website and to compare campaign characteristics across states with and without legislative mandates for insurance coverage for infertility-related care. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Online crowdfunding platform (GoFundMe) between 2010 and 2020. Patient(s) GoFundMe campaigns in the United States containing the keywords “fertility” and “infertility.” Intervention(s) State insurance mandates for infertility treatment coverage. Main Outcome Measure(s) Primary outcomes included fund-raising goals, funds raised, campaign location, and campaigns per capita. Result(s) Of the 3,332 infertility-related campaigns analyzed, a total goal of $52.6 million was requested, with $22.5 million (42.8%) successfully raised. The average goal was $18,639 (standard deviation [SD] $32,904), and the average amount raised was $6,759 (SD $14,270). States with insurance mandates for infertility coverage had fewer crowdfunding campaigns per capita (0.75 vs. 1.15 campaigns per 100,000 population than states without insurance mandates. Conclusion(s) We found a large number of campaigns requesting financial assistance for costs associated with infertility care, indicating a substantial unmet financial burden. States with insurance mandates had fewer campaigns per capita, suggesting that mandates are effective in mitigating this financial burden. These data can inform future health policy legislation on the state and federal levels to assist with the financial burden of infertility.

One of the statements of purpose of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) was “to assist those most impacted by the recession.” To consider this facet, the grants-in-aid portion of the ARRA is assessed from the perspective of fiscal federalism. We estimate a trend-stationary autoregressive model of county-level wage income dynamics where each county is subject to a common shock (with county-specific factor loading) and an idiosyncratic shock. We then ask if counties that experienced larger negative wage income shocks during the Great Contraction subsequently received more transfers per capita in the form of grants-in-aid. The fact that the negative business cycle shocks pre-date the passage of the ARRA and subsequent disbursements allows identification of the risk-pooling channel of the grants before fiscal multiplier effects confound these two channels. We find statistically significant and economically large risk-pooling effects.

The nitrogen (N) footprint is an index of quantitative determination of nitrogen emissions (all species of N except N2) or the anthropogenic release of reactive nitrogen (Nr). This work evaluates the first assessment of the Nr in Thailand which covers the major human activities, including food, housing, transportation, goods, and services. This study calculated specific virtual nitrogen factors (VNFs) of eight food categories: cereal (rice), vegetable (baby corn), fruit (pineapple), poultry, pork, beef, milk and egg. The system boundary along the food production and consumption chains starts from N fertiliser applied to crops and ends with sewage treatment. Effect of the international trade of food was considered. The results showed that the average per capita N footprint of consumption based on international and national trading in Thailand was 19.07 and 19.33 kg Ncapita−1 yr−1 in 2017. The footprint was dominated by food (11.08−11.35 kg Ncapita−1 yr−1), followed by the sectors of transportation (6.83 kg Ncapita−1 yr−1), housing (0.79 kg Ncapita−1 yr−1), and the goods & services (0.37 kg Ncapita−1 yr−1). 58.13−58.70% of food N consumption in Thailand is from crops. Among crops, rice consumption and production was the major contributor to high food N footprint (34.97−35.26%), followed by poultry (32.65−33.13%). The high domestic consumption and international trade values resulted in the highest rice N footprint (3.87−4.00 kg N capita−1 yr−1), which was moderately 1.40−1.67 times greater than that of other countries (Austria, Australia, the US, and the UK). Thailand has a high value of N footprint for poultry (3.62−3.76 kg N capita−1 yr−1) because of less efficiency of fertiliser use, which was leached to the soil during plantation. The VNFs for crops were 1.10−24.48 while that of livestock products were 0.59−24.77. Similarly, the high VNFs of food crops were caused by a small edible portion of baby corn and pineapple (25.0.7−38.2%) and the inefficiency of N fertiliser use in the production (7.17−9.63%). Our results provide the opportunities to reduce N pollution by increasing N utilisation in food and feed productions, using clean energy sources with potential for fossil energy substitution, and managing dietary structure to reduce N footprint.

Background Oral health is a major public health issue which affects the human life. Access to dental care is one of the important factors in maintaining oral health. This study was aimed to investigate inequality in dental care expenditure in Iranian households. Methods The present study is a secondary analysis of a national cross-sectional survey. The data collected from the Households Income and Expenditure Survey in 2016 and 2017. The final sample consisted of 54,354 households living in rural and urban regions of all the provinces. Inequalities in household’s dental care expenditure per capita in respect to income quintiles and educational level were measured based on the Gini coefficient and concentration index. Results The results showed that about 8% of households had paid for dental care during the month before sampling. The Gini coefficient value was estimated to be 0.97 and 0.96 for dental care expenditure per capita respectively in absolute and relative measure. It indicated a significant inequality in the dental expenditure among the sample households. The values of concentration index were positive and significant for all dental care subcategories in respect to the provincial and national income quintiles as well as the educational level of the head of the household. Conclusions Income and educational inequality in the both absolute and relative dental services expenditure of the Iranian households were in favor of higher income groups as well as higher educational level of household heads. Income inequality was higher in total dental care expenditure per capita and all its subcategories than the educational inequalities of dental expenditure. In order to reduce these inequalities, the policymakers need to pay special attention to low-income households, particularly those with low-educated heads.

Tourism is one of the fastest-growing industries. Tourism is able to move the economy forward at the micro-level such as encouraging the informal sector and local potential while at the macro level it can increase currency transactions. In various countries, the tourism sector is able to increase domestic and foreign demands as well as to encourage transportation, hospitality, and manufacturing industries. This study examines the effect of institutional indicators on tourism in ASEAN countries during 2000-2018 under dynamic panel estimation. The number of observations was about 180, namely: time series from 2000-2018 and cross-section of 10 countries. ASEAN as one of the destinations in the world requires an increase in institutional quality to be able to compete and provide world-class tourism services. The six institutional indicators were employed such as voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption. Moreover, the dynamic panel estimation was expressed by Pooled OLS and REM estimations. Interestingly, the findings show that political stability compromises the number of tourist arrivals while government effectiveness can stimulate tourist arrivals. Similarly, GDP per capita can hinder the number of tourist arrivals, while the exchange rate leads increasing of tourism arrivals. Thus, the governments in ASEAN countries can promote and cooperate together to develop tourism in the regional level. The GDP per capita of ASEAN countries should be increased, and the level of exchange rate can be maintained at a stable range. Besides, the governments should also improve the quality of institutions.

Iceland is an island nation located in the North Atlantic with a population of approximately 364,000 people and a total area of 103,000 km2 (1). It is one of the most sparsely populated countries in Europe, which can pose challenges in health care provision. Two-thirds of the population live within the capital area of Reykjavik, whereas the remainder is dispersed widely along the coastline, as central areas of the country are largely uninhabitable. Life expectancy in Iceland is high: 81.0 years for men and 84.2 for women (2). Iceland has a universal health care system, which covers anyone who has been a legal resident for >6 months. Over 80% of health care costs are covered by the state and funded through taxes (3). In 2019, per capita gross domestic product was 66,945 United States dollars (USD), and in that year, government spending on health care amounted to 7.4% of Iceland’s gross domestic product (4,5). Copays for primary care clinic visits, dental services, and medications account for the majority of out-of-pocket costs. Annual out-of-pocket expenses per individual are currently capped at 613 USD for medical care and at 488 USD for prescription medications, with lower thresholds set for senior citizens. The number of practicing physicians per 1000 inhabitants in Iceland is 3.9, slightly above the mean in European Union countries of 3.6/1000 inhabitants (3,6). The number of adult nephrologists per 1,000,000 inhabitants is 2.75. To stay up to date, avoid isolation of small groups of Icelandic physicians, and ensure an adequately broad case mix and sufficient patient volume during training, postgraduate education must be obtained abroad in most medical specialties. Icelandic nephrologists currently in practice have received their training in The Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States. All hospitals in Iceland are run by a nonprofit …

Government spending is the first way to create quality human resources through budget allocation commitments in the education sector. In turn, a labor market filled with quality human resources will encourage welfare and productivity and it will impact the national economy. This study aims to analyze the relationship of government spending in education to the aggregate welfare proxied using GDP per capita. This study used time-series data 1980-2018 from World Development Indicators (WDI) World Bank. Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is employed to analyze the government spending in the education sector to the welfare. Empirically, the findings of this study reveal that government spending in the education sector affects aggregate welfare with a little magnitude. The issue of equity and disparity in fiscal capacity among regions is the main matter. On the other side, Geographic, social, cultural, and population conditions are challenges that must be solved by the government.

World's population is exponentially aging as people reaching 100 years old has increased. The number of areas with the highest centennial population rates (Blue Zones), are significantly higher. Are there any determinant factors that favor this situation in Spain? The goal of this study was to determine the possible influence of sex, rurality and socioeconomic factors (Gross Domestic Product (GDP)) on the prevalence of the centennial population of the Spanish society. The Spanish register of inhabitants was published in 2017 by the National Statistics Institute. The analysis was carried out both by Autonomous Communities and by provinces in phases: a first descriptive analysis, followed by an inferential analysis, based on statistical tests (independent T- Student test, Pearson correlation and ANOVA). There were significant interactions between: i) sex and longevity (in favor of the female population); ii) female and rural housing and iii) female, GDP and urban areas. Feminization was proven in the longevity revolution, but, in general, GDP per Capita was not a significant survival factor on its own. This study was the first step of further analysis related to extreme longevity in Spain, which will include other dependent variables such as state of health and well-being as well as social factors.

The aim of this paper was to investigate the relationship between countries’ PISA study results from 2018 and a set of indices related to socio-economic inequality, such as the Gini index, human development index, or gender inequality index, along with purely economic variables, such as GDP per capita and government expenditure on education. The study covered 70 countries, consisting of 37 OECD countries and 33 non-OECD countries. Research methods included multivariate linear regression models, k-means clustering, and hierarchical clustering. Our findings revealed that the Gini index was statistically insignificant, indicating income inequality had little effect on students’ PISA performance. On the other hand, the gender inequality index was the single most statistically significant explanatory variable for both OECD and non-OECD countries. Therefore, our recommendation for policymakers is simple: increase students’ PISA performance, thus enhancing countries’ human capital and competitiveness, and focus on decreasing gender disparity and the associated loss of achievement due to gender inequality. Celem tego artykułu było zbadanie związku między wynikami badania PISA przeprowadzonego w poszczególnych krajach w 2018 r. a zestawem wskaźników związanych z nierównościami społeczno-ekonomicznymi, takimi jak indeks Giniego, wskaźnik rozwoju społecznego czy wskaźnik nierówności płci, oraz ze zmiennymi czysto ekonomicznymi, takimi jak PKB per capita i wydatki rządowe na edukację. Badaniem objęto 70 krajów, w tym 37 krajów OECD i 33 kraje spoza OECD. Metody badawcze obejmowały wielowymiarowe modele regresji liniowej, grupowanie k‑średnich i grupowanie hierarchiczne. Wyniki przeprowadzonej analizy wykazały, że wskaźnik Giniego był statystycznie nieistotny, co wskazuje, że nierówności dochodowe miały niewielki wpływ na wyniki uczniów w badaniu PISA. Z drugiej strony, wskaźnik nierówności płci był jedyną najbardziej istotną statystycznie zmienną objaśniającą zarówno dla krajów OECD, jak i spoza OECD. Dlatego nasza rekomendacja dla decydentów jest prosta: należy zwiększyć wyniki uczniów w badaniu PISA, a tym samym osiągnąć poprawę w obszarze kapitału ludzkiego i konkurencyjności krajów, oraz skupić się na zmniejszaniu nierówności płci i związanej z tym utraty osiągnięć edukacyjnych wynikających z nierówności płci.

The Malawi Farm Input Subsidy Program (FISP) was praised for turning the country's food deficit into a surplus after inception in 2005. It is, however, not clear whether these food security gains s...

Many studies have evaluated factors that influence the course of the COVID-19 pandemic in different countries. This multicountry study assessed the influence of democracy and other factors on the case fatality rate of COVID-19 during the early stage of the pandemic. We accessed the World Health Organization, World Bank, and the Democracy Index 2019 databases for data from the 148 countries. Multiple analyses were conducted to examine the association between the Democracy Index and case fatality rate of COVID-19. Within 148 countries, the percentage of the population aged 65 years and above (p = 0.0193), and health expenditure as a percentage of GDP (p = 0.0237) were positively associated with countries’ case fatality rates. By contrast, hospital beds per capita helped to reduce the case fatality rates. In particular, the Democracy Index was positively associated with case fatality rates in a subgroup of 47 high-income countries. This study suggests that enhancing the health system with increased hospital beds and healthcare workforce per capita should reduce case fatality rate. The findings suggest that a higher Democracy Index is associated with more deaths from COVID-19 at the early stage of the pandemic, possibly due to the decreased ability of the government.

I examine how the subjective interpretation of poverty has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the related economic downturn in St. Louis County, Minnesota, using comparative data from a data collection conducted before and during the pandemic. The data collection using cultural domain analysis asked information about the informants’ beliefs about poverty. I find that the importance of the main perceived consequences of poverty did not change significantly during the pandemic. In both Surveys, consequences related to material needs made up an important part of the items. A remarkable difference, however, is that the problem of perpetuated poverty is perceived to be more important during the pandemic. The subjective poverty lines did not change significantly during the pandemic either. The income level below which most of the people can be considered poor is between $ 14-15 per capita hourly net income on average. Three friends who are ready and able to help were enough to avoid poverty. Most of the large families are perceived to be poor when they bring up at least three children, while it was two children right before the pandemic. As for educational level, the poverty threshold was increased from 11th grade to high school graduate. It implies that if the individual did not graduate from high school, (s)he is more likely to become poor than before the pandemic.

Administrative services and improving their quality in cities are two of the most significant planning factors that must be considered and distributed. Where the quality of administrative services is influenced by many factors, the most significant of which is the mechanism and how the services are delivered. Therefore, the research aims to reach a proposed model for administrative service planning rates in Egyptian cities. In addition to developing a complete concept and classification of administrative services by researching administrative services in various Arab and international nations, as well as their rates in those countries. Besides identifying the hierarchy of administrative services in the city in general. The average of administrative services in different countries was concluded, given the per capita share at the district level: 0,46– 0,93 m2/person, and at the city level: 1,35 – 1,85 m2/person. By exploring the planning rates for administrative services in Egyptian capital cities and new cities, the proposed model for all administrative services that must be available in those cities to achieve self-sufficiency in service and improve the special rate for administrative services was developed. Although some Egyptian cities have reached higher rates than their worldwide equivalents, these rates have not been fully examined for the population's demands for the same service, and as a result, certain resources and services have been wasted at the loss of other services that have problems.

Financial inclusion, whether in terms of adoption or usage, is one of the main, but challenging priorities in the MENA region. The paper empirically investigates the relationship between financial inclusion and economic growth in selected MENA countries. A system GMM dynamic panel model technique is employed on yearly data for the period 1965-2016, using a number of measures of financial inclusion covering the households and the firms access to finance. Particularly, the study uses indicators such as the number of bank accounts (per 1000 adult population), bank accounts for corporates/enterprises, and the number of bank branches and ATMS (per 100,000 people), percentage of firms using banks to finance investments, the percentage of firms using bank loans to finance working capital, and the percentage of firms using banks to finance investments. The results of the study indicate that financial inclusion positively impacts GDP per capita growth in the selected countries. Financial inclusion measured by the household’s financial access index has a positive and statistically significant impact on economic growth in the MENA region, but requires supervisory and regulatory regimes with backing of the rule of law, judicial independence, contract enforcement, control of corruption, and political stability. The effect firms’ access to finance is only significant in the presence of strong institutions. The results were insignificant for the general financial inclusion measure.

PURPOSE: The study aims to analyze the relationship between the pace of economic development expressed by the GDP index and the level of income inequalities measured by the Gini coefficient., DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The research hypothesis assumes that the level of income inequalities influences GDP growth. I hypothesize that this relationship is negative – a lower level of income inequalities favor the economic growth. I use the GDP per capita (per adult) year-to-year index to measure the pace of economic development. GDP index is a dependent variable in all estimated models. The explanatory variables are, GINI index, net national saving, public goods spending, country's dummy variables, year dummy variables., FINDINGS: Using data from 43 countries covering the years 1990-2017, I prove that (1) higher income inequality is related to higher economic growth (but only on the level of the sample); (2) a level of savings affects the economic growth positively; (3) a higher level of spending on public goods affects GDP positively (on the level of the whole sample and in the group of more improve rished countries)., PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The analysis confirms the positive relationship between income inequalities and the pace of economic development, but only at the whole sample level. Higher public spending positively affects economic growth. Savings accumulated by the citizens significantly affect economic growth, as a higher level of savings creates greater investment opportunities., ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Inequalities are an inherent part of society and the economy. It is often presumed that if the level of income inequality is too high, it negatively affects the economy by lowering the development pace. Although the previous findings are somewhat mixed, I pose the research hypothesis assuming a low level of income inequality is linked to higher GDP growth., The project is financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Poland under the programme "Regional Initiative of Excellence" 2019 - 2022 project number 015/RID/2018/19 total funding amount 10 721 040,00 PLN., peer-reviewed