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Siberian Bukharans were one of the most agile group of the native population of Western Siberia and the Urals in the 17th and 18th centuries. This paper analyzes information about the border activities of Bukharans, characterizes their participation in the implementation of Russian foreign policy. The author considers the phenomenon of intelligence and the intermediary and diplomatic role of the Bukharans through the study of various aspects of Russian policy on the southeastern borderlands. The result shows that Bukharans were involved in intelligence activities in several forms. The Russian authorities could interview Bukharans who came to trade; they could include Bukharans in Russian embassies; or they could send them into the steppe as independent agents. The geography of their missions in the 17th and 18th centuries included the Kuchum lands, the Kazakh khanates, the Oirat and Dzungar lands, as well as the Qing Empire. Bukharans participated in the negotiations as interpreters and they were sometimes allowed to participate in diplomatic ceremonies such as gift exchange. The intelligence activities of some Bukharans could go hand in hand with their trade operations. Recruiting Bukharans for intelligence gathering tsks allowed the Siberian and Orenburg authorities to conduct a more effective policy in the steppe borderlands, based on the knowledge of local realities. The Russian authorities used information provided by the Bukharans for purposes such as drawing up maps, informing the voivodes of the borderlands about military dangers, the movement of troops, and diplomatic negotiations.

The study explores the impacts of the bi-demographic structure on the current account and gross domestic product (GDP) growth. Using structural vector autoregressive modeling (SVAR), we track the dynamic impacts on these underlying variables. New insights about the dynamic interrelation between bi-population age dependency rate, current account, and GDP growth have been developed. In the short and medium terms, the reactions of GDP growth to both shocks of native and immigrant working-age populations move unsteadily in opposite directions. However, in the long run, both effects become moderately positive. Additionally, the positive long-run contribution of immigrant workers to the current account growth largely compensates for the negative contribution of the native population. We find a negative hump-shaped reaction of Saudi Age Dependency Rate to immigration policy shocks during a generation. When the shocks emanate from immigrants’ working age, there is a complex mechanism from the complementarity process to the substitutability process between immigrants and the Saudi workforce. In the short and medium term, the immigrant workers are more complement than substitutes for native workers.

The year 1993, by Jose Saramago, published in 1975, portrays a society invaded by a despotic foreign coutry, which oppresses the native population. The date indicated in the title, as opposed to the publication of the book, points to a catastrophic future, which associates the poem with the dystopian genre. The atrocities committed violate the civil rights of the inhabitants of the occupied country. Thus, The year 1993 provides a reflection on the relationship between the dystopian gender and the practice of policies in the name of human rights in a literary text.

The author refers to the image deeply rooted in the European literature (Platon, Thomas Hobbes, Giorgio Agamben) of a social group pictured as an organism, with the head representing its leadership centre, and applies an anthropologicalanalysis to the group of the “Silesian native population” (Marian Gerlich). A metaphor of a decapitated body seems to be a proper way to describe this group’s well consolidated pursuit of distinctiveness or even its separatist tendencies. The concept emerges from a number of tragic historical experiences, such as the death of Henry II the Pious in the Battle of Legnica (1241), the execution of Andrzej Kochcicki, the leader of the Silesian protestant nobility (1634) or a mysterious death of the leader of the 3rd Silesian Uprising, Wojciech Korfanty (1939). The research revolves around the analysis of Wojsko św. Jadwigi (St. Hedwig’s Army), a “Young Poland” drama of 1920 by Jan Nikodem Jaron, whose main characters are Prince Henry’s closest relatives and their subsequent incarnations (the most important being the final ones – those of a Silesian insurgent family members). The concept of Upper Silesia as a Decapitated Body, which, although deprived of a leader, wants to live its separate life, or picturing this group as a monstrum (a dragon in Szczepan Twardoch’s novel Drach) can be treated as a reflection of the region’s autonomous tendencies. Such a vision of Silesia, autonomous or at least clearly distinctive from the rest of Poland – by cultural memory (Jan Assmann) if nothing else – emerges also from the results of the research conducted by modern sociologists (Marian Gerlich, Maria Szmeja).

Bangka Belitung Province have a community called a native population known as the Lom or Urang Lom. Legal recognition of the Urang Lom community in the formation of the Village Customary Institution where Urang Lom still lives is a very important part of the perspective of legal protection. The form of legal protection against the existence of Urang Lom is only limited to the recognition of a traditional institution called Mapur Customary Institution which is under the auspices of the Malay Customary Institution of Bangka. The formal and material legality problem in the formation of the Urang Lom Customary Institution in Gunung Muda and Gunung Pelawan Villages is related to the synergy of the Mapur Customary Institution that has been formed with the Village Customary Institutions based on the Village Law. Gunung Muda Village, and Gunung Pelawan Village made the formation of the Village Customary Institution be difficult because it clashed with the village territorial area.

A partir del Índice de Rezago Social y el Índice de Gini se analizan las desigualdades intraurbanas en las principales ciudades del estado de Oaxaca durante 1990-2010. Los resultados muestran que al medir la desigualdad, los factores más visibles son la calidad de la vivienda, el nivel educativo y, en menor medida,la cantidad de población originaria, los cuales revelan dinámicas diferentes en las ciudades con una tendencia a acrecentar la desigualdad. Se concluye que el proceso de desarrollo vigente en las ciudades estudiadas no se ha resuelto y que incrementa la desigualdad en las ciudades que poseen una menor población originaria.

We study the immigration policy that maximizes the welfare of the native population in an economy where the government designs an optimal redistributive welfare system and supplies public goods. We show that when the government can design different tax systems for immigrants and natives, free immigration is optimal. It is also optimal to use the tax system to encourage the immigration of high-skill workers and discourage that of low-skill workers. When immigrants and natives must be treated alike, banning low-skill immigration and allowing free immigration for high-skill workers is optimal. However, there might be no high-skill immigration when heavy taxes are levied on all high-skill workers, both natives and immigrants.

Immigration may put a strain on the health care system, adversely impacting the health of the native population. At the same time, recent studies have documented the role of immigration in nudging native workers from risk‐intensive, physically demanding jobs toward occupations that require more communication and interactive ability, potentially improving their health. In this article, I examine the relationship between immigration and the health of the native population in the United States. The results of the analysis fail to show that immigration adversely affects the health of U.S. natives. Instead, the findings suggest that the presence of low‐skilled immigrants may improve the health of low‐skilled U.S.‐born individuals.

We explore the relation between immigration, crime, and local government spending on security in Italian municipalities. We find that immigration increases the share of public resources devoted to police protection, particularly when migrants are culturally distant from the native population. We uncover a misalignment between perception and reality, as immigration is associated to fear of future crimes rather than the actual probability of being victim of a crime. We also demonstrate that immigration from culturally distant societies corresponds to a deterioration in civic cooperation and interpersonal trust, which can affect perceptions of safety and the demand for police services.

Este artigo percorre a temática do exílio colonial. Louvando nos registos escriturários produzidos pelos portugueses deportados para o Tarrafal, na colónia de Cabo Verde, entre 1936-1954, exumaremos do espólio desse memorialismo diferentes tópicos que transcrevem o teor da experiência. Num primeiro momento, traçaremos uma breve genealogia histórica do exílio colonial sob o regime de Salazar (Estado Novo). Seguidamente, dos registos escriturários dos exilados, exumaremos algumas observações temáticas, nomeadamente, a caraterização do espaço, a situação colonial, as visões acerca da população nativa e os espectros da diferença colonial.

Among the traits whose relevance for plant invasions has recently been suggested are genome size (the amount of nuclear DNA) and ploidy level. So far, research on the role of genome size in invasiveness has been mostly based on indirect evidence by comparing species with different genome sizes, but how karyological traits influence competition at the intraspecific level remains unknown. We addressed these questions in a common‐garden experiment evaluating the outcome of direct intraspecific competition among 20 populations of Phragmites australis, represented by clones collected in North America and Europe, and differing in their status (native and invasive), genome size (small and large), and ploidy levels (tetraploid, hexaploid, or octoploid). Each clone was planted in competition with one of the others in all possible combinations with three replicates in 45‐L pots. Upon harvest, the identity of 21 shoots sampled per pot was revealed by flow cytometry and DNA analysis. Differences in performance were examined using relative proportions of shoots of each clone, ratios of their aboveground biomass, and relative yield total (RYT). The performance of the clones in competition primarily depended on the clone status (native vs. invasive). Measured in terms of shoot number or aboveground biomass, the strongest signal observed was that North American native clones always lost in competition to the other two groups. In addition, North American native clones were suppressed by European natives to a similar degree as by North American invasives. North American invasive clones had the largest average shoot biomass, but only by a limited, nonsignificant difference due to genome size. There was no effect of ploidy on competition. Since the North American invaders of European origin are able to outcompete the native North American clones, we suggest that their high competitiveness acts as an important driver in the early stages of their invasion.

We examine the effect of ethnic residential segregation on short- and long-term education and labor market outcomes of immigrants and natives. Our identification strategy builds on the one-sided tipping point model, which predicts that neighborhood native population growth drops discontinuously once the immigrant share exceeds a certain threshold. After having identified a statistically and economically significant discontinuity in native population growth at candidate tipping points in the three metropolitan areas of Sweden between 1990 and 2000, we show that these thresholds also are associated with a discontinuous jump in ethnic residential segregation. We exploit these thresholds to estimate the intent-to-treat effect of tipping. We find modest adverse education effects among both immigrants and natives. These effects do not carry over to the labor market.

Os estabelecimentos de alojamento turístico têm uma função estruturante na exploração do destino por parte dos visitantes. Os seus rececionistas assumem um papel relevante, pois enquanto componente humana do serviço têm, também, grande responsabilidade na divulgação das atividades de animação existentes no destino. Isto sucede com as atividades criadas para o turista, como com as exis‐ tentes para a população autóctone, funcionando, pois, os rececionistas como hub de acesso à experiência e aos processos criativos locais. Apresentam, então, capacidade de influenciar as opções tomadas pelos hóspedes em matéria de visitação de locais, participação em eventos e experienciação de atividades de animação. Este estudo centra‐se em três centros históricos portugueses, classificados como Património Mundial: Coimbra, Évora e Porto. As informações, recolhidas mediante inquéritos próprios e tratadas estatisticamente, permitiram avaliar as relações entre oferta e procura turística, intermediadas pelos rececionistas, comprovando que as suas sugestões influenciam, efetivamente, as decisões dos hóspedes no destino. Tourist accommodation establishments have a structuring function in the exploration of the destination by visitors. Its receptionists assume an important role, because as a human component of the service, they also have great responsibility in disseminating the animation activities existing in the destination. This happens with the activities created for the tourist, as with the existing ones for the na‐ tive population. So, the receptionist operates as a hub for access to local experience and creative processes and, also, can influence the choices made by guests in visiting places, participating in events and expe‐ riencing entertainment activities. This study focuses on three Portuguese historic centres, classified as World Heritage: Coimbra, Évora and Porto. The information, collected through own inquiries and treated statistically, allowed to evaluate the relationship between tourism supply and demand, intermediated by the receptionists, proving that their suggestions effectively influence the decisions of the guests at the destination.

Labour resources of countries are important for their economic growth and national security. The problem of the native population decline in many countries is solved by increasing an influx of international immigrants. Russia is not an exception. The main research object of this study is the special category of immigrants - foreign-born population. The character of integration of foreign-born population on the Russian labour market is the main research subject in this study. For our analysis we use the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey data of 2006-2012 and apply Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions. Our findings show that integration of the foreign-born in the Russian labour market depends on their ethnicity and income level. The ethnic Russian foreign-born have similar income compared to the natives. However, income of the non-Russian ethnic foreign-born is lower than income of the natives. At the same time, the income differences between two groups decrease with their income level growth.

In 1539, don Cristobal Paullo, one of the sons of the Inca rulerHuayna Capac, was named «Inca» as a political strategy of theSpaniards. Since then, he received anencomienda. Don Cristobalwas married to doña Catalina Tocto Oxica and had two sons,don Carlos Inquill Topa and don Felipe Inquill Topa. Don Carlos Inquil Topa married doña Maria Esquivel Amarilla and hadonly one son named Melchor Carlos Inca. The birth of Melchor was seen by the native population as a great event because an“Inca king” had been born, he even became feared by the colonial Spanish officials when they knew he was referred as the«Capac Inca». Don Melchor Carlos Inca identified himself asgrandson of don Cristobal Paullo Inca and great-grandson ofthe Inca Huayna Capac. He became an important figure withinthe Cuzco›s colonial society. Don Melchor was baptized and married doña Leonor Arias Carrasco, daughter of the Spanishconquistador Pedro Alonso Carrasco, both events were meaningful for Cusco society. Don Melchors’ encomienda of Pichiguawas of great economic and social importance, in order to maintain this encomienda and his social/political activities, he had to sell or mortgage part of his inherited patrimony. In 1599, the Viceroy Luis de Velasco ordered captain Antonio Pereira («regidor perpetuo») to ascertain the ancestry and services ofdon Mechor and his ancestors. In 1603, don Melchor traveledto Spain in order to claim his privileges and succeeded at obtaining a knighthood in the Order of Santiago. The descendantsof Cristóbal Paullo Inca established the Chapel of Our Lady ofGuadalupe in the Convent and Church of San Francisco wherethey had the honour of having a burial vault which was carefullyguarded and maintained by their descendants until 17thCentury. En 1539, don Cristóbal Paullo, uno de los hijos del inca HuaynaCápac, fue nombrado «inca» como parte de una estrategia políticade los españoles. Desde entonces tuvo acceso a encomiendasde indios. Don Cristóbal se casó con doña Catalina ToctoOxica y tuvieron dos hijos: don Carlos Inquill Topa y don FelipeInquill Topa. Don Carlos Inquil Topa se casó con doña MaríaEsquivel Amarilla y tuvieron un solo hijo llamado Melchor CarlosInca. El nacimiento de Melchor fue visto por la poblaciónnativa como un gran acontecimiento pues había nacido un «reyinca», el cual incluso llegó a ser temido por los funcionariosespañoles coloniales al saber que se referían a él como «CápacInca». Don Melchor Carlos Inca se identificaba como nieto dedon Cristóbal Paullo Inca y bisnieto del inca Huayna Cápac.Se convirtió en un personaje importante dentro de la sociedadvirreinal cusqueña. Don Melchor fue bautizado y se casó condoña Leonor Arias Carrasco, hija del conquistador Pedro Alonso Carrasco, ambos eventos fueron significativos para la sociedadcusqueña. La encomienda de Pichigua, de propiedad de donMelchor, era de mucha importancia económica y social, por ellopara mantener esta encomienda y sus actividades sociales/políticas,se vio obligado a vender e hipotecar por vía de censoparte de su patrimonio. En 1599, el virrey Luis de Velasco diouna comisión al capitán Antonio Pereira (regidor perpetuo) paraaveriguar la ascendencia y los servicios de los ancestros de donMelchor. En 1603, don Melchor viajó a España para reclamarsus privilegios y logró su inclusión como Caballero de la Ordende Santiago. La descendencia de Cristóbal Paullo Inca logró establecery constituir la capilla de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupeen el convento e iglesia de San Francisco, donde tuvieron elhonor de tener una bóveda funeraria, la cual fue cuidada y mantenidapor sus descendientes hasta el siglo XVII.&nbsp

The aim of this systematic literature review was to analyse the differences in maternal mortality in immigrant women in European countries and in the USA with respect to native-born women. We performed a literature search in PubMed and EMBASE and reviewed those papers that analysed this perinatal outcome between the native-born and foreign-born populations in these countries. The initial number of articles identified was 172 in PubMed and 159 in EMBASE. Fifteen articles were included in the review after applying the exclusion criteria. In most of the publications, maternal mortality was statistically higher in the groups of pregnant foreigners with respect to that in the native population. Maternal mortality is an important public health burden. We should implement epidemiological systems and further research to monitor and analyse social and demographic factors that have an important impact on the perinatal prognosis of pregnant women.

The article shows that multiculturalism can be an opportunity for host cities to develop a more open-minded, tolerant, and diverse culture and a more ethical society. The cultural differences betwe...

In Southeast Asia the term 'lazy natives' was introduced by colonial rulers to identify the notion of indolence among the natives. In this chapter, the author have tried to establish the knowledge production by colonialism to justify the characteristics of natives in Southeast Asia. It portrayed a negative image of natives and their society to justify and rationalize European conquest and domination of the area. The author have examined the native population of Assam in the nineteenth century. Colonial capitalist ideas of development were largely based on unlimited greed for profit and after the emancipation of slaves; British, French and Dutch colonist again reinvented it in the name of indentured laborers. The Moamoria rebellion transmuted the course of history of Assam and later led to the British occupation of Assam. In most of the literatures, it is often referred that it was the laziness of Assamese peasants which helped to recruit bonded labor from different parts of the country.

Our goal was to examine inequality in healthcare utilization and the factors that contribute to inequality between China's floating and native populations. Based on the China Labor-force Dynamics Surveys from 2014 to 2018, which used three rounds of data, we utilized a panel probit model that included fixed effects for time and province to estimate the probability of healthcare utilization for floating and native populations. In addition, we calculated the degree of inequality in healthcare utilization by using the method of mobility-related inequality and a decomposition approach was used to explain the contribution of each factor to the inequality. The floating population utilized healthcare at a lower rate, with a 10.5% probability of visiting a hospital and a 20.9% probability of receiving hospitalized treatment. The concentration index of mobility-related inequality in healthcare utilization shows a negative coefficient of −0.137 for hospital visits and −0.356 for hospitalized treatment. Contribution decomposition shows that self-assessed health, job category and household registration account for the largest contribution to the inequality in hospital visits, contributing −0.038, 0.021 and −0.017, respectively. Age, household registration and insurance account for the largest contribution to the inequality in hospitalized treatment, contributing −0.053, 0.024 and −0.023, respectively. The floating population was less likely to use health services and faced an inequality in treatment compared with the native population.

Asclepias angustifolia is a Mexican milkweed that barely enters the U.S.A. Its pollinators and other insect visitors have not been investigated. During 2018 and 2019, insect visitors were photographed at a native population and three gardens in and near the Huachuca Mountains, Southeastern Arizona. A total of 216 site visits produced at least 369 species of insects in seven orders. Images revealed 140 potential pollinators with a preponderance of Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera. Orders of insects are discussed, as are flowering phenology, potential pollinators in functional groups, introduced insects, and the value of A. angustifolia for monarch butterflies and other insects in pollinator gardens and in planting palettes created for restoration sites. NOTE: Supplementary files can be found in the left menu.

Objective: To investigate the use of healthcare services and factors associated with accessing them among Chinese immigrants living in Southern Spain. Method: A mixed methodology was used. A cross-sectional survey was first administered to Chinese immigrants (n = 133), and they were asked about their visits to the doctor, use of emergency services, and hospitalization. A phenomenological approach was then used with key informants (n = 7). In the interviews, additional information, such as barriers and facilitators to improving accessibility, was explored. Results: In the previous year, 51% had visited a doctor and 34% had visited an Emergency Department. The main reasons for hospitalization were pregnancy (37.5%) and surgery (25%). At least 20% of the sample reported having never visited a doctor. Language difficulties and time constraints were identified as important barriers to accessibility. Sex differences were found among the reasons for lack of time, which, in men, were related to work (odds ratio [OR] = 7.7) and, in women, were related to childcare (OR = 12). The majority of Chinese immigrants preferred to use Traditional Chinese Medicine as their first treatment rather than visiting a doctor. Conclusions: A lower use of health services was found among Chinese immigrants in Spain compared to the native population. When using health services, they choose acute care settings. Communication and waiting times are highlighted as major barriers. Adapting these demands to the healthcare system may help immigrants to trust their healthcare providers, thus increasing their use of health services and improving their treatment. Resumen: Objetivo: Investigar el uso y los factores asociados al acceso a los servicios de salud en inmigrantes chinos residentes en el sur de España. Método: Se utilizó una metodología mixta. Primero se administró una encuesta transversal a inmigrantes chinos (n = 133). Se les preguntó sobre sus visitas al médico y el uso de servicios de emergencia y de hospitalización. Luego se utilizó un enfoque fenomenológico con informantes clave (n = 7), explorando información adicional, como barreras y facilitadores para mejorar la accesibilidad. Resultados: El último año, el 51% había visitado al médico y el 34% un servicio de urgencias. La hospitalización se debió principalmente a embarazo (37,5%) y cirugía (25%). El 20% informó que nunca había visitado al médico. Las dificultades de lenguaje y las limitaciones de tiempo fueron barreras importantes para la accesibilidad. Se encontraron diferencias de sexo para la falta de tiempo; en hombres se relacionaron con el trabajo (odds ratio [OR] = 7,7) y en mujeres con el cuidado infantil (OR = 12). La mayoría prefirió usar medicina tradicional china como primer tratamiento en lugar de visitar al médico. Conclusiones: Se encontró un menor uso de los servicios de salud entre los inmigrantes chinos en España en comparación con la población autóctona. Al utilizar los servicios de salud, eligen los cuidados agudos. La comunicación y los tiempos de espera destacan como barreras principales. Adaptar estas demandas al sistema de salud puede ayudarles a confiar en sus proveedores de atención médica, aumentando el uso de los servicios de salud y mejorando su tratamiento.

In this paper, we study the development and underlying drivers of skill premiums in Germany between 1980 and 2008. We show that the significant increase in the medium-to-low skill premium since the late 1980s was almost exclusively concentrated among workers aged 30 or below. Using a nested CES production function framework which allows for imperfect substitutability between young and old workers, we show that changes in relative labor supplies can explain these patterns very well. A cohort-level analysis reveals that distinct secular changes in the educational attainment of the native population are the primary source of the declining relative supply of medium-skilled workers in Germany. Low-skilled immigration, in contrast, only plays a secondary role in explaining the rising lower-end wage inequality in Germany over recent decades. Albrecht Glitz gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (through the Severo Ochoa Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D, SEV-2015-0563) and the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (through the National Programme for the Promotion of Talent and Its Employability, the Ramón y Cajal grants, MINECO-RYC-2015-18806, and Project No. ECO2017-83668-R (AEI/FEDER, UE)). He also thanks the German Research Foundation (DFG) for funding his Heisenberg Fellowship (GL 811/1-1) and Alexandra Spitz-Oener for hosting him at Humboldt University Berlin. Daniel Wissmann acknowledges funding through the International Doctoral Program “Evidence-Based Economics” of the Elite Network of Bavaria and the LMU Forschungsfonds. This study uses the factually anonymous Sample of Integrated Labour Market Biographies (version 1975-2010). Data access was provided via a Scientific Use File supplied by the Research Data Centre (FDZ) of the German Federal Employment Agency (BA) at the Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Project No. 101003.

Introducción: El acceso de las personas migrantes venezolanas al sistema de salud es fundamental para su supervivencia y bienestar futuro. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar los niveles de afiliación a dicho sistema de las personas venezolanas en las áreas urbanas de Colombia por periodos de arribo, así como los factores sociodemográficos y laborales asociados. Metodología: Se realiza análisis cuantitativo de tipo estadístico descriptivo e inferencial, a partir de la Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares 2018, la cual aporta datos representativos para Colombia y sus 13 ciudades más importantes. Se utilizan los módulos de migración, de variables sociodemográficas del hogar y de ocupación relativos a la población de 14 a 65 años. Resultados: Únicamente 24,5 % de dichos migrantes están inscritos al sistema de salud en contraste a 93 % de las personas colombianas. Los niveles de afiliación se redujeron de 82 % entre las personas venezolanos que arribaron en 2013 o antes a 10 % entre los que llegaron en 2017-2018. Las personas venezolanas afiliadas al sistema de salud son una población selecta en términos sociodemográficos; más joven, más educada, con mayor participación laboral y mayores ingresos que la población nativa en Colombia. La baja inserción de las personas migrantes venezolanas en empleos con contrato escrito restringe dicha afiliación. Conclusiones: Las personas venezolanas en Colombia tienen muy limitada la inscripción al sistema de salud. A pesar de que este es un derecho protegido por los marcos jurídicos internacional y nacional, estas personas enfrentan barreras económicas, políticas y sociales para ejercer ese derecho en Colombia.

What affects native support for immigration? At a time of rising anti-immigration sentiments, this is a question raised by both academics and policy makers. We study the role of labor protection in shaping native preferences over migration policies. We look at Swiss national votes which took place from 2000 to 2014. Our results show that a higher immigrant exposure reduces pro-immigration vote shares in municipalities with a relatively low-skilled native population. The negative response is mitigated under higher levels of labor protection as measured by collective bargaining coverage. We look at labor market outcomes to understand mechanisms at play and find some suggestive evidence that collective agreements mitigate negative wage responses among low-skilled natives. Overall, the analysis suggests that labor protection affects vote outcomes by improving in addition other labor market conditions or by alleviating existing fears among the native population.

In a world of hardening borders, nations may deprive themselves of enjoying the benefits of cooperative immigrants. Here we analyze the effect of efficient cooperative immigrants on a population playing public goods games. We considered a population structured on a square lattice with individuals playing public goods games with their neighbors. The demographics are determined by stochastic birth, death, and migration. The strategies spread through imitation dynamics. Our model shows that cooperation among natives can emerge due to social contagion of good role-model agents that can provide better quality public goods. Only a small fraction of efficient cooperators, among immigrants, is enough to trigger cooperation across the native population. We see that native cooperation achieves its peak at moderate values of immigration rate. Such efficient immigrant cooperators act as nucleation centers for the growth of cooperative clusters, which eventually dominate defection.

INTRODUCTION: Migration status affects perinatal outcomes. A small placenta is associated with placental dysfunction and poor outcomes. Placental weight and perinatal outcomes are influenced by migrant status, the length of stay and the level of acculturation in the host country. Our aim was to compare placental weight in first generation immigrants to native non-immigrants in a teaching hospital in Berlin. The influence of migrant status, the length of stay and the level of acculturation on placental weight was also ascertained.; METHODS: At the Charite University Hospital in Berlin Germany between January 2011 and January 2012, 1373 non-migrant and 1243 first generation migrants were included. Data collection was by means of a standardized questionnaire. The level of acculturation was based on the Frankfurter Acculturation Questionnaire (Frankfurter Akkulturationsfragebogen-FRAKK). Demographic parameters such as age, maternal weight, country of origin, parity, anemia, diabetes, hypertension, smoking and neonatal outcomes including neonatal weight, placental weight were measured.; RESULTS: We found no difference in mean placenta weight when comparing first generation women with a migration background to women of the native population (608g vs 597g, p-value 0.41). There was also no difference in placental weight when assessed by the length of stay and degree of acculturation in the host country.; DISCUSSION: While first generation migrant women have increased perinatal complications, there is no influence of migrant status, length of stay and the degree of acculturation on placenta weight. Pregnancy outcomes maybe be more dependent on factors such as the access to adequate maternal care. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This paper studies the Christianization, and consequent indigenization of faith, by the Māori on the North Island of New Zealand in the nineteenth century. The Christianization of the Māori illuminates the process of indigenization by which foreign faiths are adopted by native populations. In examining the Christianization of the Māori, one can come to understand the process of indigenization, that is the adoption of a foreign faith by a native population. Understanding the conversion process by the British on an indigenous population allows contemporary scholars to not only acknowledge the truth of the past, but also move forward with explanations regarding the current state of relations between settlers (Pākehā) and the indigenous (Māori), as well as between the Māori and their varying faiths. Specifically, in this paper Iargue that the process of conversion, as well as the impact of missionization and Pākehā desire for land, contributed to the development of Māori prophetic movements, an indigenized form of faith, which exemplified the complexities of British missionization in the nineteenth century.

En este artículo se reflexiona sobre las implicaciones de las Zonas de Empleo y Desarrollo Económico (zede), considerando la relación que su marco legal plantea, frente a la institucionalidad hondureña. A través de revisión de documentación oficial, abordajes periodísticos y relatos de organizaciones de derechos humanos, se identifica que el proyecto avanza de forma sostenida, a pesar de existir cuestionamientos sobre su financiamiento, implicaciones legales y sus efectos sobre la población nativa del Caribe hondureño.

Although the immigrant population in Spain has decreased due to the economic crisis of the past five years, few studies have analysed this group. The objective of this research has been to profile the immigrant who decides to start a business in Spain. In order to learn about the probability of immigrant workers being entrepreneurs as a function of their socio-demographic characteristics, data from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics from 2005 to 2016 have been analysed and fieldwork carried out during August and September 2016 on immigrants who are self-employed. The results show a lower rate of entrepreneurship in the immigrant population vis-a-vis the native population and the fact that creating their own business begins at an earlier age for immigrants when compared to the national average.

This study aimed to analyse the influence of the economic crisis on the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the immigrant population compared to the native population. A cross-sectional study was conducted by reviewing 441 clinical records (329 Spanish nationals and 112 non-Spanish nationals) of individuals who, between 2000 and 2014, visited an STI clinic in Granada and tested positive for an infection. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed, and infection rates, odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. The mean age was 28.06 years (SD = 8.30, range = 16–70). During the period 2000–2014, the risk of being diagnosed with an STI was higher among non-Spanish nationals than among Spanish nationals (odds ratio (OR) = 5.33, 95% CI = 4.78–6.60). Differences between both populations were less marked during the crisis period (2008–2014: OR = 2.73, 95% CI = 2.32–3.73) than during the non-crisis period (2000–2007: OR = 12.02, 95% CI = 10.33–16.17). This may be due to underreporting of diagnoses in the immigrant population. Immigrants visiting the STI clinic in Granada are especially vulnerable to positive STI diagnoses compared to the native population.

Background The need for organ donation is substantial among Native Americans, driven by the disproportionate burden of ESRD. Due to the dearth of knowledge about willingness to donate (WTD) among urban Native Americans, a group that represents over half of the US Native population, we aimed to examine factors affecting donation. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample, using a questionnaire developed specifically for this study using community-based participatory research. The questionnaire was designed to be culturally relevant to the Native community, based on questions from three previously validated instruments and developed through one-on-one interviews. We performed logistic regression to associate survey answers with WTD. Results Seventy percent of our 183 respondents stated that they would be willing to have their organs donated after death; however, only 41% were already registered as an organ donor on their driver's license. Logistic regression analysis found specific items in domains of trust of the medical community and spirituality most closely associated with WTD. Sixty-two percent of Native Americans surveyed reported they would not donate organs because they distrust the medical community. Discussion Our findings suggest multiple areas of focus for increasing organ donation within this subset of the diverse Native community. Efforts to promote donation should be aimed at building trust in the medical community.

Tuberculosis continues to be a major public health problem in Spain. The incidence of tuberculosis in the native population has declined steadily in recent years. Migration flows have changed drastically since the beginning of the 21st century, with Spain becoming a recipient country for immigrants. Because most of the immigrants comes from countries with high incidence of tuberculosis, the contribution of the migrant population to new cases of tuberculosis is higher in relative terms than its weight in the total population. Tuberculosis programs must address the cultural, economic and medical aspects of the disease, and particularly target groups at risk, including the migrant population. In this paper, we will review the epidemiology and dynamics of tuberculosis in the migrant population, their differentiating clinical characteristics and the programmatic actions to address the problem.

The leaders of the national movement with full consciousness want to changethe future of the Indonesian nation, so the agenda of the struggle is to organizenational education. One association concerning the advancement of educationis the association of al-Irsyad, a religious institution devoting its attention to thefield of education marked by the official opening of Madrasahs from primary tomiddle. Al-Irsyad managed to mobilize the intelligence of the Indonesian nationin the field of education is not limited only among the descendants of ArabMuslims but also citizens muslim Indonesia (native population). The main pointof instruction in the madrasah is to give priority to Arabic so that students canunderstand the teachings of Islam well. Al-Irsyad also strives to restore societyto the correct purification of Islamic teachings so that all forms of life activitiesand life of the people is always based on Al-Qur'an and Hadith which is moreemphasis on aqidah ketauhidan in order to realize the Muslim person and theIslamic community to keridhoan Allah swt.

The ethnic and religious compositions of Nordic populations have been projected by Eurostat (Lanzieri, 2011), the Pew Research Center (2015), and Statistics Denmark (2015). These studies are updated and complemented in this paper. Lanzieri’s consideration of the native population is supplemented by taking into account assimilation via marriages between natives and foreign-background persons. Immigration to Nordic countries increased significantly in 2015, but, on the other hand, immigration restrictions have been put in place. Therefore, there are no reliable estimates of future immigration. In this situation, the paper’s “what if” projections, incorporating the average 2012–2014 net immigration level, serve as useful reference information. The projected demographic changes are similar in the four Nordic countries. The development is fastest in Sweden; in 2065, the share of the native population is to decrease to 49%, the Western population is projected to fall to 63%, and the Muslim population increase to 25%.

According to Lacomba and Lagos (2010), considering the effect of immigration on pension benefits of native individuals, despite immigrants having low average productivity, an open borders policy would be always implemented since most of current domestic cohorts gain from immigration. In this paper we change the demographic assumptions at the bases of the model of Lacomba and Lagos (2010), assuming increasing life expectancy over time. As a consequence, we find that, in the presence of pay-as-you-go pension systems, there are cases in which an open borders policy would not be implemented and that retirement age and immigrants’ skill play an important role in determining the effect of immigration on the welfare of native population.

© 2017 The Authors., Biological changes occurring as a consequence of domestication and/or captivity are not still deeply known. In Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), endangered (Southern Europe) populations are enhanced by supportive breeding, which involves only 6 months of captive rearing following artificial spawning of wild‐collected adults. In this work, we assess whether several fitness‐correlated life‐history traits (migratory behavior, straying rate, age at maturity, and growth) are affected by early exposure to the captive environment within a generation, before reproduction thus before genetic selection. Results showed significant differences in growth and migratory behavior (including straying), associated with this very short period of captivity in natural fish populations, changing even genetic variability (decreased in hatchery‐reared adults) and the native population structure within and between rivers of the species. These changes appeared within a single generation, suggesting very short time of captivity is enough for initiating changes normally attributed to domestication. These results may have potential implications for the long‐term population stability/viability of species subjected to restoration and enhancement processes and could be also considered for the management of zoo populations., J. L. Horreo was supported by a MINECO Spanish postdoctoral grant IJCI‐2015‐23618. This study was funded by the Asturias Regional Government, the INTERREG project AARC, and the Grant GRUPIN‐2014‐093. This is a contribution from the Marine Observatory of Asturias and the Research Group ARENA.

The aim of this article is to deal with the issue of the discovery of the New World in two Judeo-Spanish works, published in Hebrew Rashi script in Salonika in the midnineteenth century. On the one hand, we examine Sefer Darkhe ha-adam (Salonika, 1843), a moralistic Sephardi work, written by Yishac Bekhor Amarachi and Yosef ben Meir Sasson, and, on the other hand, Sefer ha-erit (Salonika, 1847), a fascinating Judeo-Spanish work on science, mysticism and morality. By examining selected excerpts of these works, we try to analyse several episodes in the discovery of America, such as, for example, scientific advances in navigation, especially those related to the invention of the compass, the discovery of the New World, the encounter between Spaniards and the native population, and the exploration of life on the new continent. Prispevek se ukvarja s tematiko, ki je povezana z odkritjem Novega sveta v dveh judovsko-španskih delih, napisanih v hebrejskih pismenkah, objavljenih v Solunu v 19. stoletju. Avtorica proučuje Sefer Darhe haadam (Solun, 1843), sefardsko moralistično delo, ki sta ga napisala Izak Behor Amarači in Jožef ben Meir Sason, ter Sefer haberit (Solun, 1847), fascinantno judovsko-špansko moralistično, znanstveno in mistično delo. Z izbranimi odlomki iz omenjenih del avtorica obravnava različne vidike odkritja Amerike, kot je na primer znanstveni napredek na področju plovstva, ki ga je zaznamoval izum kompasa, odkritje Novega sveta, srečanje Špancev z domorodci in raziskovanje življenja na novem kontinentu.

This article examines how Hispanic immigrants are economically incorporated into Newburgh, New York, a new immigrant destination historically characterized by a weak economy, high levels of poverty and unemployment. More specifically, I examine (1) the transformation of the labor market in light of increased migration; (2) the impact Hispanic immigrant workers may have on the labor market opportunities of the native population, specifically blacks; and (3) the role of targeted employer preferences on the shifting occupational composition of the area. It might be too early to speak of complete displacement, but data point to the formation of Hispanic immigrant occupational niches in occupations that do not require high levels of educational attainment to the detriment of their black counterparts. These patterns however, need to be interpreted through the lens of social networks, labor force nonparticipation and discriminatory and exploitative employer preferences.

Background: Since 1990, Vital Statistics reports show a dramatic decline in the total fertility rates (TFRs) of American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) women in the United States. Objective: We study whether the decrease in TFRs is due to a real change in fertility for a stable population; a compositional change in who identifies as AI/AN; or a methodological issue stemming from differences in identifying race across the data systems used to calculate fertility rates. Methods: We use data from the decennial US Census to study change in AI/AN fertility from 1980-2010. Results: We find declining TFRs when fertility is calculated within a single data system. Additionally, although TFRs are relatively stable within the subgroups of married and unmarried AI/AN women, the proportion of AI/AN women who are married has declined across birth cohorts. Conclusions: The decrease in TFRs for AI/AN women is a real change in fertility patterns and is not due to differences in racial identification across data systems. Contribution: We update knowledge of AI/AN fertility to include the decline in TFRs between 1980 and 2010.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of a range of factors on the decision of female Emirati students to join the private sector as a career choice. Design/methodology/approach This study employs the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to prioritise the factors affecting Emirati students’ choice of career. The AHP model was developed with five criteria and 19 sub-criteria based on previous literature. Data were collected through interviews of 12 female Emirati students enroled in higher educational institutions in the UAE. The respondents were selected from both public and private universities on the basis of their majors and their academic performance (GPA). The data collected were interpreted and a priority vector was assigned to each criterion and sub-criterion. Findings The findings show that emotional stability for engineering students and job-skills mismatch for business students are the most important factors that influence the career choice of female Emirati students in the private sector. Research limitations/implications Authors can develop this model in their academic pursuits, and the AHP method can be used to solve employment-related decision-making problems in the private sector. Also, the findings can help policy makers and related associations to develop various policies based on the specific factors found to empower female Emirati students in the private sector in an effective manner. Originality/value The low rates of employment of the native population in the private sector is a major issue in the UAE. The study is the first of its kind to propose an AHP model that prioritises the factors which influence female Emirati students to join the private sector.

This chapter focuses on migrants from the former Soviet Union in Germany. First, the different phases of the immigration history of the Federal Republic of Germany are illustrated. Among them, the wave of immigration from the successor states of the Soviet Union is a very important one. In the second section, this study sheds light on the social and demographic characteristics of the various migrant groups living in Germany. The key issue of this chapter is to examine how well migrants from the former Soviet Union have integrated “structurally”, i.e., how well they perform in the educational system and in the labor market. The first key finding is that migrants from the former Soviet Union face, like all migrant groups, disadvantages in most indicators compared to the native population. Most of the disadvantages are stable even when important background variables are controlled. While migrants from the successor states rarely perform best compared to other migrant groups, they are never the group with the biggest disadvantages. In summary it can be stated that migrants from the former Soviet Union are quite well integrated compared to other migrants. That could be why they are rarely the focus of public debate which is often driven by problems concerning integration.

The West presents itself in American culture as an idealized space with unique characteristics, allowing it to become a place where various myths flourish and shape the United States of America until today. The journeys to the West undertaken by the first settlers and their accounts contributed to create certain expectations in Eastern people regarding Western landscape, native population or the new opportunities that the place could provide, while simultaneously constructing the idea of the frontier, a space in which the individual is also idealized and where different figures emerge, each with their own peculiar features that shape the concept of hero for the Americans. The Call of the Wild (1903) by Jack London approaches all these concerns, which is why this article intends to observe how the book portrays not only wilderness but also how the figure of the hero, together with conceptions of masculinity that are ingrained in Americans’ collective memory, is frequently connected to anxieties about the inability to live up to it. Similarly, the essay will also try to understand which idealizations are in fact subverted or not, especially through Buck, and what they may symbolize in the novel and in America’s cultural panorama. Abstrato O Oeste apresenta-se na cultura norte-americana como um espaco idealizado com caracter-isticas peculiares, permitindo que se tornasse um local propicio a construcao de diversos mitos que ate aos dias de hoje marcam os Estados Unidos da America. As viagens dos primeiros colonizadores em direccao ao Oeste norte-americano e os seus diversos relatos permitiram que a populacao de Este criasse determinadas expectativas sobre aspectos como a paisagem, a populacao nativa ou as novas oportunidades que o territorio poderia oferecer, tendo simultaneamente sido construida a ideia de fronteira, espaco onde o individuo e igualmente idealizado e onde surgem diferentes figuras com caracteristicas proprias que correspondem a uma concepcao de heroi americano. The Call of the Wild (1903) de Jack London apresenta todas estas tematicas, pelo que o presente artigo pretende nao so observar de que forma a obra retrata o mundo selvagem mas tambem como a figura do heroi, aliada a concepcoes de masculinidade que percorrem o ideario americano, esta frequentemente envolta em ansiedades relacionadas com a incapacidade de atingir o mesmo. Da mesma forma, tentaremos tambem perceber que idealizacoes sao de facto subvertidas ou nao, principalmente atraves de Buck, e o que poderao as mesmas simbolizar tanto no contexto da historia como no panorama cultural americano em geral. Palavras-chave: Espaco; humanos; fronteira; heroi; Oeste

This chapter looks into the hurdles many migrants meet as they get ready for vocational education and training (VET). OECD data show that both migrants and natives with immigrant parents often possess levels of academic proficiency and types of professional aspiration which are significantly different from the native population. Obstacles relate to confidence in pursuing VET routes, possession of relevant knowledge and skills and access to social networks providing advice and support. The chapter explores policy options and illustrates examples of effective practice from Germany and other OECD countries on how to successfully equip migrants with the necessary skills to enter upper secondary VET. The chapter first discuss how to get migrants and natives with immigrant parents informed about the prospects of VET, while the second section is about the broad variety of preparatory measures to build up necessary skills to enter VET, including language, basic skills and vocational skills.

O artigo analisa a imigração de bengalis para o Sul do Brasil. É um fluxo imigratório recente, mas que chama muito a atenção da população autóctone em razão de sua especificidade, de serem confundidos como indianos, de terem se deslocado de tão distante e optado para migrar ao Brasil. A pesquisa busca dar ênfase a essa migração como sendo expressiva dos fenômenos da globalização, ou seja, sem vínculos histórico-culturais entre os dois países. Através de pesquisa de campo e entrevistas, conclui-se que são imigrantes que estão inteiramente inseridos no mercado formal de trabalho, para além do horizonte laboral não há vínculos ou processos de integração social, enfrentam inúmeros limites, principalmente no tocante ao domínio da língua, compreensão dos processos culturais e de sociabilidade.

During the recent inflow of asylum seekers from the Middle East and North Africa to Europe, the native population in Greek frontier islands largely offered humanitarian assistance to these immigrants, while support for their permanent settlement in the area was low. To explain this discrepancy, we investigated whether sympathy toward asylum seekers, perceptions of threat posed by asylum seekers, and asylum seekers’ perceived societal contributions relate differently to native Greeks’ self-reported provision of humanitarian assistance and to their support for asylum seekers’ permanent settlement in Greece. Using data from a representative sample of 1,220 Greek participants, we found that Greeks who showed more sympathy toward asylum seekers were more likely to report having offered humanitarian assistance. Further, participants who felt more sympathy and those who perceived higher asylum seekers’ contributions were more positive toward asylum seekers’ permanent settlement, whereas participants who perceived more threat from asylum seekers showed less support for their permanent settlement. We conclude that policies geared toward motivating people to provide humanitarian aid to asylum seekers should focus on generating sympathy, whereas policies geared toward increasing long-term acceptance of asylum seekers need to additionally consider lowering threat perceptions and highlighting asylum seekers’ contributions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between immigrants and the native-born population concerning estimations of the feasibility of becoming an entrepreneur, and to examine the relationship between the propensity for risk-taking and the perceived feasibility of becoming an entrepreneur. The paper developed the renewed application of the entrepreneurial intentions model, with perceived feasibility to be an entrepreneur expressed as an assessment of opportunity to act, and risk-taking propensity derived from an assessment of opportunity to succeed. This renewed approach enabled us to explain the paradox between immigrants' high entrepreneurial motivation and low perceived feasibility of becoming an entrepreneur based on the risk homeostasis theory. The high level of apparent immigration-related risks experienced by immigrants in the past affects their risk-taking propensity, thus decreasing their perceived feasibility of establishing businesses.

In recent years the impact of the economic crisis on the labour markets of Western countries has been deeply analysed, but its effect on the labour market condition of immigrants is not yet entirely clear. On one hand, immigrants tend to enter into labour-intensive job positions, such as construction and manufacturing, which have been strongly affected by the crisis. On the other hand, other elements go in the opposite direction. Immigrant women, for example, are concentrated in the domestic and care jobs which have been affected to a lesser extent of the recession.The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact of the economic crisis on the employment status of the immigrant and native population throughout the analysis of Labour Force Survey data (2005-2012). Two aspects of employment status have been analysed: a) employment opportunities and b) the chances of avoiding the unskilled urban working class. Moreover, this work also studies how the differences between immigrants and natives during the economic crisis will change according to the region of residence and gender.

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, it was a huge surprise for many Poles that over 173 thousand people declared in the National Census that their nationality was Silesian, not recognised by Polish legislation and not present in the collective consciousness. This article has the following goals: analysis of the geographic-political and geopolitical conditions of the shaping of Silesian identity; explanation of the reasons that made one of many regional groups living in Poland – the Silesians – unable to find their place within a larger nation; identification of the components of a sense of group identity of Silesians and definition of the institutional forms of its expression; definition of the character and social reach of the discussion concerning the transformations of ethnic structure in Poland exemplified by the emancipation ambitions of Silesians; answering the question: is Silesian nationality against Polish nationality or does it enrich it?The sense of Silesian national autonomy was shaped as a result of territorial, political and economic references to historical “big homelands” and the “small homeland” of Silesia and its history, marked by changing national affiliation and the resulting cultural influences of three main nations - Poles, Germans and Czechs. These three cultures most often overlapped their influences in the eastern part of the province, i.e. in Upper Silesia. While the western area (Lower Silesia) found itself quite quickly under the political and administrative influence of Bohemia and Germany, Upper Silesia remained under Polish rule for longer. But the memory of this multi-generational and multinational legacy that formed the unique circumstances of the region based on the potential of coal and other resources allowed for maintaining the emotional, cultural and, above all, genealogical relationship with the community shaped by the coexistence of Poles that have been here for centuries and immigrating Germans.In the context of national aspirations of Silesians, we should realise that a nation is not a permanent structure. Nations form and die. Besides, the survival of “Silesian nation” is not sure. Therefore, the fear of all those tightly clutching the permanence of the structure of Polish nation seems ungrounded and stems from the lack of awareness of historical processes that various kinds of communities, including national communities undergo. As the results of the latest census have shown, Silesians feel different from Poles, Germans and Czechs, while also feeling Silesian and Polish at the same time. W artykule dokonano analizy terytorialnego formowania się i zmian przynależności państwowej Śląska, interpretując je w kategorii uwarunkowań kształtowania się poczucia odrębności narodowej jego mieszkańców. Przedstawiono liczebność osób deklarujących w początkach XXI w. śląską narodowość oraz podjęto próbę identyfikacji jej elementów składowych i instytucjonalnych form wyrażania. Ustalono, że poczucie odrębności narodowej Ślązaków ukształtowało się na podstawie terytorialno-politycznych i ekonomicznych odniesień do historycznych „dużych ojczyzn” oraz tej „małej”, jaką jest Śląsk i jego historia, znaczona zmienną przynależnością państwową, a co za tym idzie wpływami kulturowymi trzech głównych narodów – Polaków, Niemców i Czechów. Wpływy tych kultur krzyżowały się najczęściej w zachodniej części regionu, tj. na obszarze Górnego Śląska, gdzie koncentruje się w głównej mierze ludność identyfikująca się z narodem śląskim. Czasopismo współfinansowane ze środków Wydziału Nauk Geograficznych Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego

“Kill the Indian in the Child.” On cultural genocide and transitional justice in Canada. Kate Korycki in an interview by Anna ZawadzkaThis is an interview with Kate Korycki on the reparations for the native population in Canada for what the Canadian government defined as “cultural genocide.” Kate Korycki was born in Warsaw and has lived in Toronto for 25 years. Until 2006 she worked for the Canadian Government in a ministry delivering federal social programs, like unemployment insurance and pensions. Her last job involved the implementation of the Common Experience Payment. This was the largest government program to offer reparations for the wrongs suffered by the indigenous population in Canada in residential schools, which were run for 150 years by the Catholic and Unitarian Churches. The schools have recently been characterized as sites of cultural genocide.Kate Korycki is completing her doctorate in political science at the University of Toronto. She holds an MA in Political Science from McGill University. Her broad research agenda concerns the politics of identity, belonging, and conflict. In her doctoral work she is concentrating on the politics of identity in time of transition. „Zabić Indianina w dziecku”. O kulturowym ludobójstwie w Kanadzie i sprawiedliwości tranzycyjnej z Kate Korycki rozmawia Anna ZawadzkaAnna Zawadzka przeprowadza wywiad z Kate Korycki na temat odszkodowań przyznanychrdzennym mieszkańcom w Kanadzie za to, co rząd kanadyjski określił mianem „kulturowego ludobójstwa”. Kate Korycki urodziła się w Warszawie i mieszka w Toronto od 25 lat. Do 2006 roku pracowała dla rządu kanadyjskiego, w ministerstwie spraw społecznych, takich jak bezrobocie czy emerytury. Jej ostatnia funkcja polegała na wdrożeniu „Zadośćuczynienia Wspólnego Doświadczania” (Common Experience Payment). Ten program był najszerszym gestem władz federalnych w postaci rządowych reparacji za krzywdy wyrządzone w szkołach rezydencyjnych wobec rdzennych mieszkańców w Kanadzie. Szkoły te były prowadzone przez 150 lat przez Kościół katolicki i unitariański. To właśnie działalność tych szkół została określona mianem kulturowego ludobójstwa.Kate Korycki pisze doktorat z nauk politycznych na Uniwersytecie w Toronto, po magisterium na Uniwersytecie Mcgill. Jej zainteresowania skupiają się na polityce tożsamości, przynależności i konflikcie.