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The current article offers a comparative account of the address system of two dialects of Arabic, Najdi and Tunisian Arabic. Capitalizing on the theory of Idealized Cognitive Model, the article defends the view that the two systems display Idealized models, which are central to the system, and non-Idealized models, which are peripheral to it. Najdi Arabic includes Idealized terms such as first names, teknonyms, and kinship terms while non-Idealized models include a battery of terms of address. Tunisian Arabic Idealized models hinge on Si/Lalla + first names, first names, and kinship terms while non-Idealized models make use of endeared first names, kinship terms, and diminished kinship terms. The two systems are shown to differ at the level of types of encounter (including formality, closeness, and deference), availability of address options, social horizontality-verticality, and use of metaphor and metonymy.

In a 2017 landmark reform, Saudi authorities decided to lift the ban on women driving in this conservative society. In tribute to women's newly-gained freedom to drive, major automakers turned to Twitter to launch creative femvertising campaigns that vividly articulate the female empowering motto 'driving is feminine'. Building on the eloquence of visual rhetoric, which combines the communicative force of figurative language with the expressive potential of visual imagery, automobile advertisers resorted to visual metaphtonymy to efficiently target prospective female consumers. The selection of this visual compound, which emerges from the intricate interplay between metaphor and metonymy, allows for a dynamic interaction between the highlighting function of metonymy and the mapping role of metaphoric thought to establish informed parallels between femininity and automobility. Analysis of survey data on the likeability, complexity and effectiveness of a representative sample of four digital automobile advertisements asserts the role and value of visual metaphtontonymy in automobile femvertising.

The author examines semantic-syntactic models of predicates according to Stanislaw Karolak’s conception of semantic-based grammar. From the list of first-order bivalent predicates provided by S. Karolak, the author analyses some of them from the point of view of the number and quality of the implied argument positions. During the analysis it often turns out that more than one model refers to one form of predicate (one signifiant). This phenomenon is due to the polysemous nature of words in natural language and, therefore, to the ambiguity of uses of predicates in different contexts (more than one signifié). In order to determine the number and type of arguments semantically implied by a given predicate, the author applies the test of negation, contraposition, and paraphrase leading to a semantic decomposition and emphasises the role of the metaphor and metonymy in their interpretation.

This paper analyses place names in the Ekegusii language from the cognitive linguistics point of view. The study is grounded on three objectives: to identify and explain the Ekegusii names of places, to describe the social cultural values, and to account for the cognitive processes involved in their mapping, analysis and elucidation. The data comprises of a list of Ekegusii place names collected from two counties, Kisii and Nyamira, by interviewing people through snowballing, and later holding a panel discussion with selected elders regarding the mapping processes and meanings associated with them. The Cognitive Metaphor Theory was used to map them to the different types of conceptual domains. Findings from this study show that place names in Ekegusii are conceptualized as seasons, topography, people, animals, plants and objects (as source domains which are social-culturally determined), and portray their cultural identity and tradition. The study concludes by suggesting further research in onomastics, especially on metaphor and metonymy in other languages of the world.

Pretendo, com este estudo, por meio do cotejo, sobretudo, dos textos de Michel Pêcheux, Metáfora e Interdiscurso ([1984] 2011) e Observações para uma Teoria Geral das Ideologias ([1967] 1995), verificar como os conceitos de metáfora e de metonímia são concebidos pelo autor francês, compreender como é pensada a interrelação estabelecida entre eles, tematizar a imbricação, de um lado, entre metáfora, semântica e ideologia empírica e, de outro, entre metonímia, sintaxe e ideologia especulativa, abordar estas questões com exemplos que sirvam como dados e compreender como elas, pautando-se, respectivamente, na concepção de linguagem como sistema de signos ou como meio de comunicação, recalcam, num caso, a gênese da ordem do simbólico e, no outro, o efeito da sociedade sobre o efeito da linguagem.

This article presents an original three-component model of the linguistic sign. It shares with the established triadic models of Peirce (1955 [1897]) and Ogden and Richards (1923/1949) in identifying thought, word and thing as essential components; but differs in being linear, with thought and thing at opposite poles. It is argued that this arrangement reflects the way the components of the sign relate to reality and thereby serves well as an explanatory tool for linguistic research. The model is further modified at each of the ontological realms using concepts from cognitive linguistics, renamed cognition, language and reality. The new model is employed as a research tool in two case studies: one illustrates its use in making sense of the complex field of language grammar; the other does the same for figurative language – metaphor and metonymy. The article’s conclusions include that interrogating established cornerstones of linguistic theory in the light of new theory can lead to the development of improved research tools.

Gorsel metaforlar ve metanomilerle tasarlanan islerin (afis, fotograf, resim vs.) yaraticiligi guclu ve anlam olusturmada oldukca etkili araclar oldugunu dusunulmektedir. Bu calismada dunyanin unlu tasarimcilarindan biri olan grafik sanatcisi Yossi Lemel’in 2020 yilinda dunyayi etkisi altina alan koronavirus (Covid-19) pandemisi sirasinda yapmis oldugu koronavirus (Covid-19) konulu afis tasarimlarindan secilen ornekler incelenecektir. Calisma gorsel metaforlar ve metanomilerle sinirlandirilmistir. Kavramlar arasindaki benzerlikleri kullanarak yapilan bu yaratici calismalar, gorsel gostergebilim cozumlemelerinde aranmasi gereken en onemli gostergelerdir. Kuskusuz semboller, kodlar, mitler, gorsel oxymoronlar (zitliklar) metinde aranmasi gereken diger gostergelerdir. Ancak calismamizi sadece benzerlikler uzerinden yaratilan metafor ve metanomilerle sinirlandirarak konuyu derinlemesine tartismayi hedeflemekteyiz. Genellikle sozlu ve yazili metinlerde aciklanan “metafor” kavraminin gorsel metinler uzerinden aciklanmasina ise “gorsel metafor” denmektedir. Amacimiz zihnimizde olusan/ olusturulan kavramlarin gorsel metaforlar ve metanomileri kullanarak nasil gorsellestirildigini ve bu gostergelerin gorsel tasarimlara kattigi estetik lezzeti gozler onune sermektir. Metaforlari bulup kullanmak, anlami farkli bir noktadan ele alip alicinin daha kolay okumasini saglayan, onemli bir yaraticilik etkinligidir. Bunlar yan anlami guclu, dolayisiyla yaraticiligi guclu eserlerin ortaya cikmasini saglayan cok onemli gostergebilim elemanlaridir. Keza Lemel’in sosyal ve siyasal icerikli afislerini onemli yapan da kullandigi bu yaratici dildir.

Traditional rhetoric theory regards metaphor and metonymy as two literary rhetoric devices. Modern cognitive linguistics believes that metaphor does not only exist in the field of literature. Metaphor is not only a rhetorical device but also a way of thinking. However, the current research on metaphor and metonymy is still limited to the English language world. Hence, there is a lack of knowledge and research on metaphor and metonymy across languages and cultures. This paper begins with an overview of metaphor from the perspective of modern cognitive linguistics. Then, it expounds on the differences between metaphor and metonymy from two aspects of structure and function. Besides, this paper analyzes the differences between metaphor and metonymy with examples based on the Chinese cultural background.

Este trabajo es una revision teorica del concepto de metafora, mas alla de su concepcion como figura retorica. El punto de partida es la recuperacion de los conceptos de metafora y metonimia, tal y como los concibe Jakobson, es decir, como terminos dicotomicos no restringidos a la poesia, pero fundamentales para el analisis poetico. En “Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances”, Jakobson observa una preponderancia del proceso metaforico en las tendencias romantica y simbolista del arte y una preferencia por la metonimia en la tendencia realista. Se expone, tambien, la critica de Ruegg y su analisis de la teoria de Lacan en torno a la metafora. Se incluyen las aportaciones de Edeline a la relacion metafora-mito y de Cohen a la relacion logica- figuras retoricas. Finalmente, se menciona la critica de A. Johnson a Jakobson, seguida de un breve analisis de dos textos de Eco. Discussion about the metaphor Abstract This work is a theoretical review of metaphor concept beyond its conception as a rhetorical figure. The starting point is the recovery of the concepts of metaphor and metonymy as conceived by Jakobson, that is, as dichotomous terms not restricted to poetry, but fundamental to poetic analysis. In “Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances”, Jakobson observes a preponderance of metaphorical process in the romantic and symbolist tendencies of art and a preference for metonymy in the realist tendency. Ruegg’s critique and his analysis of Lacan’s theory around metaphor are also exposed. Edeline’s contributions to metaphor-myth relationship and Cohen’s to logic-figures of speech are included. Finally, A. Johnson’s critique is made, followed by a brief analysis of two texts by Eco.

The article deals with the peculiarities of gaming slang in the English language. Its goal is to describe gaming slang, to determine the ways of its formation, and to form the bases for the classifications of gaming slang. It also aims to analyze the problem of translating English gaming slang into Ukrainian, as the issue of gaming slang is not well-studied in linguistics. The connections of gaming slang with Internet, computer and more general youth slang are considered, mentioning their interrelations. The linguistic processes that are used in the formation of English gaming slang are determined, including the employment of metaphor and metonymy, the use of acronyms, abbreviations, clippings and portmanteau words. The following classifications are offered: classification by game genre, by number of players, and by topic of slang units. Every game genre brings its own features into the slang, and so does the number of players, since gaming slang is more actively used in multiplayer games. The authors suggest that the classification by topic should be developed for each genre separately, since the genre influences the gaming process and therefore generates special thematic categories of slang, such as words for the game mechanics, characters etc. The authors mention that English gaming slang is a significant translation problem, since this kind of slang is underdeveloped in the Ukrainian language.

Gilles Fauconnier is a linguist and cognitive scientist internationally known for his work on the theory of Mental Spaces and on the theory of Conceptual Integration or “Blending”, in partnership with Mark Turner. His contribution to Cognitive Semantics in particular and Semantic Theory in general is invaluable. The theory of mental spaces allows refined treatment to a series of semantic phenomena that have always challenged semanticists such as referential opacity , conditionality , counterfactuality , presuppositional projection , among others. The theory of conceptual blending also enables the advanced treatment of the complex cognitive construction of the linguistic meaning underspecified in grammatical constructions, which offer clues or means of activating the cognitive process of blending, as the XYZ grammatical construction prototypically illustrates. Another central topic concerns the relationship between the semantic-cognitive processes of blending, metaphor and metonymy, their typological limits and their intersections. Consequently, the high explanatory power of blending invites us to reflect on its centrality in cognition and grammar for the construction of linguistic meaning, as well as on its economy, which includes its restrictions.

Religious symbols are often treated as mysterious, and even magical, links between the visible and the invisible worlds. They also lie in the nature of Christianity: they are present in its languag...

Conceptual Metaphor Theory’s central idea that metaphor is a figure of thought rather than a figure of language has led to the examination of non-verbal and multimodal manifestations of metaphor. Over the past twenty years, the verbal trope of metonymy has similarly been theorized from a conceptual point of view, but the implications of this work for visual studies have only begun to be examined. Investigating visual manifestations of metonymy will moreover also improve our understanding of visual metaphor, as often these latter depend on, and interact with, metonymies. In this paper we propose to explore the interaction of metaphor and metonymy in the visual/multimodal realm of print advertising, using Francisco Ruiz de Mendoza and Olga Díez’ (2002) typology, and building on Paula Peréz-Sobrino’s (2017) applications of this typology. Our twofold aim is (1) to see if, and if so, how, all patterns of this typology appear in ads; and (2) to investigate a number of Iranian and Dutch print advertisements in which metaphor and metonymy interact. Analyzing ads from two cultures will enable us to demonstrate how cultural background knowledge is essential for understanding metaphor-metonymy interactions.

In this article I intent to show the application of hermeneutics to discourse analysis. In semiotics, Roman Jakobson says that the two columns of discourse are metaphor and metonymy. Octavio Paz adds that those two types of tropes are the two faces of analogy. And, according to Ricoeur, symbol has the structure of metaphorical analogy. Symbolism is found both in poetry and prose, for instance, in theatre and in narrative. Therefore, from semiotics and from hermeneutics, they have to be approached with an analogical spirit. Because of that the necessity of an analogical hermeneutics is alleged.

Introduction. The study focuses on the analysis of lexico-semantic and stylistic means of oppositions’ verbalization in Ray Bradbury’s texts.Purpose. The aim of this paper is to examine the basic views of scholars on the linguistic means of expressing oppositions and illustrate them with examples from Ray Bradbury’s novel“Fahrenheit 451”.Methods. The paper applied the methods of stylistic analysis, semantic and contextual analysis.Results. Systemic relation in language representing oppositions of different kinds have been studied by many scholars in different genres of texts but fiction. In Ray Bradbury’s science fiction novel “Fahrenheit 451” opposition relations are created with the help of such lexical means as synonymy, antonymy on the levels of separate words, lexical and semantic groups and lexical and thematic fields. The study of lexico-semantic and stylistic means of opposiitons’verbalization approved that among the dominant means there are antithesis, metaphor and metonymy as stylistic means to represent the conceptual opposition “HUMAN BEING – TECHNOLOGY” which is one of the crucial in creating the unique idiostyle of the writer.Conclusions. Oppositions on the lexico-semantic level are verbalized through the synonymic and antonymic relations of the separate words, lexical and semantic groups, lexical and thematic fields. The stylistic means manifesting the oppositions in the Ray Bradbury’s woks are antithesis to show the contrast; metaphor and metonymy to create opposition on the basis of common characteristics. The further research will be aimed at the in-depth analysis of the verbalization means of the conceptual opposition “HUMAN BEING – TECHNOLOGY” in Ray Bradbury’s works for classifying the peculiarities of the writer’s idiostyle.

This research aims to reveal the ‘selfness’ of Sartika as the subject through her hidden desire that is repressed by the values, law, and culture in the poems collected in poetry anthology Elegi Titi Gantung (2016). The aim comes from the phenomenon that the subject (human) never really knows her desire. The desired object is always replaced by another desired object. Based on that, the issues raised were (1) how is the combination of signifier as Sartika Sari’s desire manifestation through metaphor and metonymy mechanism in the poetry anthology of Elegi Titi Gantung? (2) how is Sartika Sari’s desire that is manifested in the poetry anthology of Elegi Titi Gantung? This research used Lacanian perspective and method, i.e. analyzing the data in the form of words, phrases, stanzas, or lines in the poem to find the under-consciousness condition of Sartika who wishes the wholeness of herself through metaphor and metonymy mechanism. The result of this research was that Sartika has the desire to be an existing woman and an ideal woman. Sartika’s desire to be an existing woman showed her existence as a subject in the Symbolic order. Meanwhile, Sartika’s desire to be an ideal woman was a negotiation form toward herself who wanted freedom.

Over the last few years there has been a rapprochement between Cognitive Linguistics and semantic theories of humour based on the notion of script or frame. By drawing on Ritchie’s version of the theory of frame-shifting (2005) and reviewing the cognitive linguistic account of humour, we shall demonstrate how the interpretation of jokes containing a metaphor or a metonymy involves two cognitive-pragmatic tasks: the completion of the metaphorical/metonymic mapping that results in a new frame, and the resolution of the joke’s incongruity via a contrast with the surrounding frames of the joke. We also develop a classification of frame shifts according to their ontological structure (non-metaphorical/metonymic shifts and shifts based on metaphorical and/or metonymic reasoning) and the degree of the interpreter’s inferential activity (conceptual filling out and metaphor/metonymy replacement). In doing so, we attempt to identify some of the defining features of humorous metaphors and metonymies, as well as other phenomena that may also characterise jokes.

This essay considers metonymy in dance from the perspective of cognitive science. My goal is to unpack the roles of metaphor and metonymy in dance thought and action: how do they arise, how are they understood, how are they to be explained, and in what ways do they determine a person's doing of dance? The premise of this essay is that language matters at the cultural level and can be determinative at the individual level. I contend that some figures of speech, especially metonymic labels like ‘bunhead’, can not only discourage but dehumanize young dancers, treating them not as subjects who dance but as objects to be danced. The use of metonymy to sort young dancers may undermine the development of healthy self-image, impede strong identity formation, and retard creative-artistic development. The paper concludes with a discussion of the influence of metonymy in dance and implications for dance educators.

One of the most debated topics in figurative language studies is whether the access to non-literal meanings is direct or indirect. Although models that argue for longer processing times for figurative compared to literal meanings have been largely criticized, figurative language is often associated with increased cognitive work. We investigated whether such greater cognitive work is indicative of more time-consuming processes or rather lower availability of figurative meanings, and whether there are differences between figurative types. We used a multi-response Speed-Accuracy Trade-off paradigm, where a meaningfulness judgment task was combined with a response deadline procedure to estimate speed and accuracy independently for metaphorical (Those dancers are butterflies) and metonymic sentences (That student reads Camilleri), compared with literal equivalents. While both metaphors and metonymies showed lower asymptote, that is, they were judged less accurately than literal counterparts, only metonymies were associated with a processing delay. Moreover, the difference in asymptote with respect to the literal condition was greater for metaphor than for metonymy. These findings indicate that the process that derives metaphor and metonymy is more complex than the process that derives literal meanings, even more so for metaphor. The processing delay, however, is present only in the case of metonymies. Taken together, our study offers key findings that reconcile a lively debate on the time course of figurative language comprehension, showing that the cost of non-literal meaning is not always a matter of time, and depends also on the figurative type. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Research on figurative meaning in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) would benefit from considering a greater variety of data types and using more diverse methods. Previous studies have predominantly applied experimental methods to investigate processing of figurative language (mostly metaphor) and have for the most part concluded that individuals with ASD have deficits in figurative language comprehension. In this study, we focus on the creation and communication of figurative meaning in discursively situated and thematically organized verbal, gestural, and pictorial data published by an autistic artist in the form of videos and comics. Across three prominent experiential themes in the data, we isolate types of conceptualizations and generalize over mappings between target and source experiences. We find that the data are rich in figurative meaning expression (e.g., metaphor and metonymy) conveyed through language, co-speech gestures, and pictures in ways that are clearly embodied (experientially based) and that reflect affordances and constraints of these modes of communication. While our case study of meaning production does not contradict previous research on figurative meaning comprehension in populations, it does indicate benefits of taking a broader and multimodal approach to figurative meaning in research on ASD.

This chapter recognizes some special features in a Chinese concept, bi-xing, in the poetic use of metaphor. It suggests that bi-xing (inspired metaphor or metonymic metaphor) as a dual concept for poetic expression should be studied in relation to Western conceptions of metaphor and metonymy. It compares and contrasts Chinese and Western concepts from an interdisciplinary perspective that integrates literary analysis, rhetorical study, and conceptual thinking. With the aid of recent achievements in research on metaphor and metonymy, it reconceptualizes Chinese notions of bi-xing and on the basis of the reconception, advances a new model for understanding Chinese bi-xing in particular and metaphor and metonymy in general.

The interpretation of polysemous phenomenon in traditional linguistics is not satisfactory, ignoring the relevance of each meaning. The prototype theory, metaphor and metonymy can explain the phenomenon and make up for the deficiency of traditional linguistics. Cognitive linguistics emphasizes the experiential and cognitive aspects of language. The generation of meaning in word-formation can be explained, which reflects that human cognition extends inward from human body experience and spatial perception to human mind and outward to external environment. In addition, polysemy is closely related to cultural factors, with interlingual commonness and interlingual differences. The findings can promote the the vocabulary teaching, requiring the combination of word meaning with people's cognitive experience.

The article describes Russian measure constructions with the nominal quantifiers куча, груда, море, and туча. These nominal quantifiers are used in different, though overlapping, collocations determined by the semantics of the nouns. These nouns can be used in their literal meanings, or to create a metaphor. In rare cases, combination of metaphor and metonymy is used to add semantic nuances.

Metaphtonymy is identified as a special rhetoric figure that specifies the interaction between metaphor and metonymy and which is pervasive in literary works. How and why do trainee translators translate metaphtonymy? Using task analysis, semi-structured discourse-based interviews, and a questionnaire survey among 30 master of translation and interpreting (MTI) trainee translators, this study investigates their translation approaches adopted when translating the metaphtonymies in Chinese extracted prose and explores the effects of their choices. It is found that they mainly employed three approaches: omission, modification, and retainment, with omission being the most, and retainment the least frequent. The main factors attributing to each approach range from the prominence degrees and cross-cultural adaptation abilities of the metaphtonymies, rhetorical awareness of translators, and transference competence to their translation knowledge sub-competence. This study suggests that trainee translators should be instructed to systematically construct rhetoric knowledge, and the teaching design should emphasize the competence of trainees of identifying rhetorical devices and their competence of shifting rhetoric between languages.

This chapter considers the role of metaphor and metonym in visual representation by conjoining Alfred Gell’s two primary modes of agency. Metaphor and metonymy stimulate the mind, provoking the imagination and creating understanding in sometimes new and unexpected ways. The physical characteristics of tamau, plus the contexts in which they appeared, suggest that the skeins of braided hair indexed the lineage of the artist and the wearer through visual metaphors and metonyms. The tamau works metonymically to represent the lineage because each body, each person, was both the summation and the dissemination of the lineage in Tahitian society. Like metaphor, metonymy exercises the imagination in that it asks the viewer to follow the artist’s creative process of selection. Metaphor and metonymy make clear the contextual and interpretative nature of even such a fundamental process as identifying the prototype represented by the indexical artwork.

The spatialization mechanism of time is one of the important ways to explore the essence of time. The theory of cognitive linguistics holds that metaphor and metonymy are two ways of the spatialization of time concept. However, from the perspective of information philosophy, the above research only stays at the level of regenerative temporal and spatial information (concept) and does not trace back to the source of objective ontology to explain the spatialization process of time. According to the ontology theory of information philosophy, information can be divided into three different forms and the concept is just the third form of information. Thus, we can analyze the spatialization process of time under the objective time and space, in-itself, for-self, and regenerative space-time information form, revealing the inevitability spatialization of human’s perception of time. This informational perspective shows the ontological source of the human’s perception of “past, present, and future” and deepens the study of the essence of time.

Internet memes of the type composed of an image macro and text, have a strong form-meaning correlation that is shared among users of social media. Their frequency of usage and the immediacy of their broad reach around the world make them an interesting field of investigation for linguistic studies. I will argue in this article that Internet memes resemble linguistic signs. Users develop a literacy, i.e. a command of their usage through convention and shared usage history. Popular Internet memes can be found in a multiplicity of variations, where details of the shown picture are changed, while the general mood or topic of the meme, mostly expressed in the caption, remains broadly the same. This article will discuss cases where the development of meme variations works along the lines of known cognitive mechanisms like metaphor and metonymy, and their prerequisites, like abstraction. Some meme variations can be represented as grammaticalisation paths that lead to the emergence of grammatical features like morphemes.

This study reveals the author's desire in Khaled Hosseini's A Thousand Splendid Suns, which represents the author's desires as a subject who lacks and desires to obtain identity. This study will answer two questions: (1) How does Khaled Hosseini's desire manifested in A Thousand Splendid Suns; (2) What is Khaled Hosseini’s "desire-to-be" and "desire-to-have" that manifested in A Thousand Splendid Suns. This study was conducted using theory and method of Lacanian psychoanalysis. Lacanian psychoanalysis discusses human desire through language (signifier) with metaphor and metonymy mechanisms. The results prove that A Thousand Splendid Suns is a manifestation of desires and lack that exist in Khaled Hosseini as the author through desire to exist (narcissistic) and desire to possess (anaclitic)

To date, research in advertising has focussed almost exclusively on metaphor, with linguists and marketing scholars paying very little attention to alternative types of figurative expression. Beyond the finding that metaphor leads to an increased appreciation of advertisements, there has been surprisingly little research into how consumer response is affected by metonymy, or by metaphor–metonymy interactions. In this article, we present findings from a study that investigated the depth to which participants (n = 90) from a range of cultural and linguistic backgrounds (the UK, Spain, and China) were found to process 30 real-world adverts featuring creative metaphor and metonymy in multimodal format. We focus on the cross-cultural variation in terms of time taken to process, appreciation and perceived effectiveness of adverts, and on individual differences explained by different levels of need for cognition. We found significant variation in the understanding of advertisements containing metaphor, metonymy, and combinations of the two, between subjects and across nationalities in terms of (i) processing time, (ii) overall appeal, and (iii) the way in which participants interpreted the advertisements.

The creation of national personifications is a political act that informs us about ideological and cognitive strategies underpinning nation-building. Many European nations are associated with national personifications, but Scotland stands out by not having a tradition of representing the nation in this way. The 2014 independence referendum began to change that, and national personifications featured, not only in the main pro-independence campaign material, but in the visual profile of many new, radical organizations. These personifications also raise questions about the use of metaphor in political discourse. By combining multimodal metaphor and metonymy analysis with interviews with artists who have designed Scottish personifications for the independence movement, this article investigates how new Scottish body politic metaphors were constructed during the campaign. This methodology increases our understanding of the wider context of the referendum, and aids the interpretation of national personifications by providing arguments for interpretation. The analysis shows that body politic metaphors used in the campaign draw on traditional Scottish symbols, but traditional body politic metaphor types are subverted, typically concerning gender roles, in order to convey messages that are relevant in a contemporary political landscape.

Theories on metaphor and metonymy make different claims about the nature of the underlying processes in the computation of these two types of language use, i.e., whether they differ or not. Experimental investigations of metonymy and metaphor have generally not compared these two phenomena in a straightforward manner among others due to structural variability. To overcome this shortcoming, we conducted a study in German that used adjective–noun combinations to contrast metaphor and metonymy directly in an ERP-study during reading for comprehension. By combining three different nouns with one adjective in predicative position we construed adjective–noun pairs with literal (the baby was lively), metonymic (the eyes were lively) or metaphoric (the speed was lively) relations. The data revealed a more pronounced N400 for the metaphoric relations in comparison to the literal controls. We argue that the enhanced cost for metaphors reflects the activation process of two unrelated domains via mapping or extended predication. The metonymic adjective–noun pairs only showed a small trend to differ from the other two conditions. This might indicate that metonymies require mapping processes or shifts only within a single domain or domain matrix. Moreover, in contrast to previous studies, we did not find a Late Positivity. We explain this result with regard to different discourse representational consequences arising during combinatorial processing.

This paper looks at the phrasal verbs get through, get along, and get by in the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). It attempts to explain how their non-literal meanings are created through combinations of metaphor and metonymy - and shows that different senses of the same phrasal verbs, especially the rigid forms, can have different degrees of metaphoricity. This study shows that phrasal verbs with the same verbal component can have different meanings, depending on the meaning of the particle and on the semantics of the collocates the phrasal verb is used with. The discussion suggests that a combination of corpus search and analysis based on the semantics of prepositions should be used to define the processes of generating the metaphoricity of phrasal verbs.

This study provides an analysis of Arabic metaphorical and/or metonymical compounds, extracted from a 20,000-word corpus, based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Conceptual Blending Theory. The analysis focuses on the semantic transparency of these compounds, on the one hand, and their linguistic creativity, on the other. In line with Benczes (2006,2010), we suggest that the comprehension of Arabic metaphorical and/or metonymical compounds is possibly one of degree depending on which element is affected by metaphor and metonymy. Here, it is proposed that there are compounds which are more creative than others. We argue that in addition to the degree of semantic transparency and linguistic creativity of Arabic metaphorical and/or metonymical compounds, there are other factors that can influence the comprehension of these compounds; namely, the frequency of the compound, the conventionality of the metaphors involved in the compound and whether conceptual metonymy acts on the compound. Our proposal is supported by the judgments of 12 native-speaker informants, who were asked to provide the meaning of 35 Arabic metaphorical and/or metonymical compounds. The study concludes with recommendations for further research.

A tanulmany celja, hogy feltarja, milyen fogalmakat takarnak a metafora, metonimia, illetve pragmatikai kovetkeztetes terminusok a grammatikalizacios jelentesvaltozas irodalmaban, es megmutassa, hogy ezek ertelmezese nemcsak az egyes elmeleti megkozelitesekben lehet mas es mas, hanem a szinkron ertelmezestől is kulonbozik. Az elmeleti fejtegetest az angol „be going to + főnevi igenev” mozgasiges szerkezetből kialakulo kozeljovő grammatikalizaciojanak kulonboző elemzesei illusztraljak. A vizsgalat, amely alapjan a metaforanak es metonimianak egy szinkron es egy diakron megkozelitese bontakozik ki, azt latszik alatamasztani, hogy metonimia es metafora a grammatikalizacios jelentesvaltozasban egymast kiegeszitő pragmatikai folyamatokkent osszeegyeztethetőek. A kognitiv metaforak hattereben allo, a vilag tapasztalati megismereseből adodo tudason alapulo kovetkeztetesi semaink a grammatikalizacios jelentesvaltozas iranyat is megszabjak. This paper aims to reveal the notions covered by the terms metaphor, metonymy and pragmatic inference in the research on semantic change in grammaticalization. It highlights that these are not only conceived of in different ways in the grammaticalization literature, but also cover notions that are different from their synchronic interpretation. Theoretical considerations are illustrated by presenting different approaches to the development of the English immediate future be going to from a motion verb construction. The study argues that approaches based on the concepts of metaphor and metonymy are complementary in describing semantic change in grammaticalization. However, the diachronic notions of metaphor and metonymy are distinguished from their synchronic concepts. The paper concludes that universal similarities of inferential mechanisms, based on our knowledge that comes from the way we experience the world, shape similar pathways of semantic change in grammaticalization.

This paper aims to investigate the relevance of metaphor and metonymy to ancient dream interpretation in Islamic-Iranian culture. To this end, a most-referenced book of dream interpretation is analysed according to the conceptual metaphor theory. The results show that metaphor and metonymy play an important role in this ancient discourse. The metaphorical dream is based either on a resemblance between the dream as the source domain and its interpretation as the target domain, or on some symbolic metaphors arising from cultural conventions. The metonymic dream is formed by a contiguous relationship between the dream as the vehicle entity and its interpretation as the target entity. Concerning metaphorical dream interpretation, it can be argued that the overt content of the dream is mapped onto the latent content by resemblance or cultural convention. As regards metonymic dream interpretation, it can be said that the overt content of the dream is mapped onto the latent content by a conceptual metonymy based on socio-physical context. In addition, there are two other procedures of dream interpretation based on realistic representation and the technique of reversion. These cases do not apply figurative devices like metaphor and metonymy. Also, the dreamer’s personal knowledge of his or her life does not play a significant role in the discourse of dream interpretation in Islamic-Iranian culture.

Metaphor has long been a subject of interest for biblical scholarship; however metonymy, which is closely related to metaphor, has received far less attention. Metaphor and metonymy are distinct in their conceptual processes, metaphor juxtaposes two conceptually distinct domains and metonymy creates relationships within one conceptual domain, but they share many similarities and often function in concert in poetry. Although metaphor has received the lion’s share of our attention, further study of metonymy will enrich our knowledge of metaphor and the poetics behind biblical poetry (i.e., the mechanisms and principles that govern poetry). This article introduces the two main forms of metonymy: taxonomic and partonomic. Taxonomic metonymy is based upon relationships between a more comprehensive and less comprehensive category (e.g., SPECIFIC FOR GENERAL), and partonomic metonymy is based upon contiguous relationships (e.g., PART FOR WHOLE). It surveys the various poetic functions of partonomic metonymy (semantic compaction, oblique reference, and semantic multivalency), and concludes by illustrating how accounting for metonymy can aid in solving the interpretive difficulties in the poetic passage of Jr 5:15-16.

The aim of the paper1 is to discuss the linguistic and conceptual devices employed for the expression of the emotion of pride in English and Greek culture. The focus will be (a) on the way the emotion of pride is conceptualized in the two cultures, (b) on the way it is expressed, not only in terms of lexical entities but also in terms of expressions in which the two cognitive processes, metaphor and metonymy, feature, and moreover, how the interplay between them is realized, and (c) on the role of the emotion of pride in the English and Greek cultural framework.

This article takes Jenny Erpenbeck’s provocative novel Heimsuchung as an opportunity to consider how the mass rape of German women in 1945 has functioned as a ‘mnemonic signifier’, that is, a symbolic figuration of broader memory discourses. Through a close reading of this work, I show that this mnemonic signifier often dovetails with cultural ‘rape scripts’ that determine whether and how sexual violence is addressed, recognized and understood. Exploring how wartime rape has been remembered thus opens up new perspectives on the social and political salience of memory. This article consequently addresses the need for a ‘mnemographic ethics’ that foregrounds the victims of historical violence and their experiential realities, matters that are all too easily suppressed or transfigured in processes of remembrance and interpretation. It argues that literature can offer a model for such a practice.

The aim of this article is to describe semantic relations in the prepositions and the cognitive structures and mechanisms that contribute to the extension of the semantic networks of prepositions. The object of the study is cognitive structures and mechanisms, which we can see in grammar. The subject of the study is semantic networks of the Ukrainian prepositions vid and do. The primary prepositions provide such cognitive mechanisms as conceptual integration, metaphor and metonymy. The preposition do have more extensive semantic network. It has anthropocentric grounds as human orientation and direction of his/her movement physically is easier to identify on the basis of the opposed objects. In human perception of the world the source point is the very person, who requires profiling less often. The static↔dynamic opposition usually becomes relevant because of the context, but is not part of the conceptual content of preposition; therefore the category of goal is not crucial for prepositions.

This article centres on the life is a game and death is the end of the game metaphors in various (often unrelated) cultures around the world and the linguistic manifestations of the metaphors in various natural languages. First, it explains why and how metaphor and metonymy are used as conceptual and linguistic ‘fig leaves’ to hide or tone down unpleasant or threatening concepts. Metonymy allows us to either zoom in on one aspect of a domain, or zoom out to de-emphasize the unpleasant details. Metaphor, on the other hand, lets us conceptualize death in terms of a completely different concept. One ‘completely different’ concept that is sometimes used in such a way is the concept of game. We argue that game lets us distance ourselves from the most terrifying aspects of death in a number of ways. Firstly, it may occasionally (although not very often) structure the concept of death or the final moments before death. Secondly, game may make death more approachable as an offshoot of a life structuring metaphor (e.g., life is a game or life is a sport, or more broadly life is a form of entertainment). Such cases are quite common, although there are naturally certain cross-linguistic differences in terms of the frequency of usage as well as the selection of specific games/sports as source domains. Finally, sometimes the calming effect achieved by the concept of game may only be explained within the framework of conceptual integration theory. In this article we argue that in examples like to dice with death the effect is achieved because the concept of death (whether or not in the form of the Grim Reaper) is enriched with an additional input space of a player. In this way, the frame of game playing (which is normally perceived a leisurely activity) and the domains of players (who do not treat the outcome of the game very seriously) overlap and tone down the other, rather gloomy input spaces. The metaphoric blend therefore permits us to think and talk about one of the most negatively evaluated human experiences, dying, in terms of one of the most positive experiences, playing a game. The obvious emotional appeal of this blending strategy helps explain its popularity across languages and cultures.

The study of metaphorization processes in scientific texts is essential in terminological studies and the conceptual representation of specialized knowledge. It is considered to be a prolific tool in the creation of neologisms. Many cognitive models tried to study metaphorisation processes by drawing on metaphor and metonymy based on linguistic evidence. However, recent studies have highlighted the necessity of carrying out empirical tests in order to provide refined results that go beyond the traditional theories of conceptual metaphor and metonymy. This paper analyzes the underlying metaphor in the ‘carbon capture and sequestration’ event in both English and Arabic. It also discusses the influence of English, the lingua franca, in the transfer of the neologism ‘carbon capture and sequestration’, via translation processes, and its role in the so-called domain loss in the target language. Results were obtained through a corpus-based contrastive terminological analysis, extracted from specialized texts in English and Arabic in the subdomain of climate change. Data analysis was approached from the perspective of Frame-Based Terminology and Conceptual Complexes., FFI2017-89127-P Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness