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Black students attending historically White institutions of higher education experience racism, racial microaggressions, racial stress, and consequent racial battle fatigue (RBF; Franklin et al., 2014). We examined Black counseling and clinical graduate students’ (BGS) experiences of psychological, physiological, and behavioral RBF across their roles as students in class, advisees, and supervisees and differences in RBF experiences by gender and race. Participants were 57 counseling and clinical graduate students who identified as Monoracial, Biracial, or Multiracial Black. One-way, repeated measures analysis of variance results showed that BGS experienced the highest levels of RBF in their student-in-class role, and those experiences differed for women and men. Results suggest that the RBF framework has utility for measuring and further understanding how BGS’ student role and learning contexts influence their postsecondary experiences and how institutions can develop better supports for this student population.

During the past few decades, scholars have focused their attention on investigating the impact of partner violence on women’s work activities, financial well-being, and employment stability. Significantly less is known about the impact of partner violence on women’s career development over time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of partner violence on multiple facets of women’s career development at different stages of violence survival. Case study methods were used to examine career trajectories during and after long term abusive relationships for four professional women ages 45 to 55. Findings revealed that during abusive relationships, components of career development and career planning, daily work activities, career advancement, career identity, professional reputation, and opportunities for career advancement were disrupted and affected by partner’s abuse. In addition, abuse continued to affect women’s physical and mental health, financial stability, and support network, affecting their career trajectory over time.

In this rejoinder, the authors respond to the three reactions by Brown, Lent, and Knoll; McWhirter; and Morgan. We begin by discussing illegal work and desistance and how vocational psychology may inform these areas. We then acknowledge the challenges in working with criminal justice populations and describe how counseling psychologists may overcome these challenges. We conclude by encouraging counseling psychologists to persist through challenges and pursue excellence in applying vocational theories and best practices to promote the positive career development of offenders.

This story describes a community intervention study conducted with women domestic violence survivors and a research dilemma related to the complex interrelationships between women's social class, race and ethnicity, and career development needs and experiences. The author presents diversity and research dilemmas related to facilitating women's critical consciousness of power dynamics at work in their lives. The influence of community context, career intervention curricula, and research team members' values on research decisions are described. This story highlights the importance of researchers examining their values and how those values impact the communities that they serve.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of values acculturation and the influence of media on Asian American college women's overall body image. A sample of 59 Asian American women from two large universities completed self-report surveys, which included questions regarding values acculturation, media internalization, and overall body satisfaction. Results showed that Asian American women who identified more strongly with traditional Asian values reported higher levels of body image dissatisfaction. Further, Asian American women who reported higher internalization of media portrayals of beauty ideals reported higher body image dissatisfaction. Research and clinical recommendations are made to enhance psychologists' understanding of Asian American women's body image and acculturation.

The authors tested the effectiveness of 2 group career interventions for 73 battered women who were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment conditions or a wait-list control group. Both interventions included the 5 most effective career intervention components identified by S. D. Brown and N. E. Krane (2000), and 1 of the interventions also was designed to enhance critical consciousness (i.e., empowerment for

The U.S. Census Bureau reports that 10.4% of the U.S. population, or approximately 28 million individuals, are immigrants (Schmidley, 2001). Immigration is undoubtedly the strongest force that has shaped U.S. history, and current global changes account for unprecedented movements of individuals across the world in search of better life opportunities and conditions (Marsella & Ring, 2003). The amount of information on recent immigrants in psychological literature is sparse (Hovey, 2000; Pernice, 1994; Yoshihama & Horrucks, 2002), however, and there is even less information about the impact of immigration on women and their counseling needs and experiences (Hondagneu-Sotelo, 1999). A few researchers have examined immigrant women's psychological distress (Rodriguez & DeWolfe, 1990), post-traumatic stress symptoms and victimization (Yoshihama & Horrucks, 2002), adaptation strategies (McIntyre & Augusto, 1999), and identity changes (Weeks, 2000). Cole, Espin, and Rothblum (1992) devoted a text to the mental health issues of refugee women. Books that address issues specific to Latina and Asian American women highlight difficulties faced by racial and ethnic minority immigrant women (Falicov, 1998; Uba, 1994). This research shows that immigrant women's migration and acculturation experiences may threaten their physical, emotional, and mental health. As a result, counselors in the United States are challenged to learn about the mental health needs of immigrant women to support their successful transition in the U.S. Building on the existent literature, we first provide an overview of issues immigrant women face upon relocation to the U.S. Second, we use Bronfenbrenner's (1979) ecological model to outline mental health concerns and experiences of oppression for immigrant women and to identify counseling strategies for working with this population. Throughout the article, we focus on the experiences of Mexican immigrant women because Mexicans constitute the largest group of new U.S. immigrants and make up 64% of the total U.S. Latino population (Guarnaccia, 1997; Montgomery, 1994). The Legal Aspects of Immigration Immigration constitutes a wide array of relocation circumstances, which have a strong bearing on women's experiences in their host environments. The three broad categories of relocation that are officially recognized in the U.S. are (a) legal immigration, (b) refugee relocation, and (c) undocumented or "illegal" immigration. Legal immigration refers to relocation of noncitizens who are granted legal permanent residence by the U.S. federal government. Legal permanent residence provides the fight to remain in the country indefinitely, to be gainfully employed, and to seek benefits of U.S. citizenship through naturalization (Mulder et al., 2001). This status does not give the fight to vote or receive benefits, such as many federal subsidies reserved for U.S. citizens. A different type of immigration status is granted to individuals who are considered refugees. Refugees are defined by the 1967 United Nations Protocol on Refugees as those people outside their country of nationality who are unable or unwilling to return to that country because of persecution or well-founded fear of persecution (Mulder et al., 2001). The third category of U.S. immigrants represents individuals who seek to relocate to the U.S. in search of employment and better living conditions. Often referred to as the "illegal" or "undocumented" population, the unauthorized migrant population consists primarily of two groups: (a) those who enter the U.S. without inspection and (b) those who enter the U.S. with legal temporary visas but stay beyond the time allotment of their visas (Mulder et al., 2001). The U.S. Census Bureau (Mulder et al., 2001) estimates that approximately 5 to 8 million individuals remain in the U.S. without legal documents, with Mexicans constituting 95% of undocumented immigrants who are detained in the U. …

The purpose of this article is to outline the benefits of an ecological model framework for conducting cross-cultural psychological research with immigrant populations. There are four ways we hope to add to the existing literature. First, we propose an ecological framework to assess the developmental processes and mental health outcomes for immigrants over time. Second, we present interdisciplinary and international research on immigrants' experiences to further efforts to share knowledge and enhance understanding of the impact of globalization on immigrants' experiences. Third, we describe factors leading to immigrants' positive and negative mental health outcomes. Fourth, we discuss the processes of acculturation and adaptation using an ecological framework.We conclude with recommendations for how scholars may use the ecological model to enhance research on immigrants' acculturation experiences.

Despite increasing attention to the problem of domestic violence and its multifaceted consequences, the career development needs of battered women have only sporadically been addressed in the vocational psychology literature. In this article, the scope and consequences of domestic violence are reviewed, highlighting effects on women's career and educational well-being. Social cognitive career theory (SCCT; R. W. Lent, S. D. Brown, & G. Hackett, 1994) is described and applied to the experiences of women living in domestic violence situations. A framework for empowering battered women and using SCCT to promote their career development and attainment is provided, along with recommendations for future research.