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The Pacific States/British Columbia Oil Spill Task Force (Oil Spill Task Force) and the Alaska Regional Response Team (RRT) are collaborating to develop decision-making and planning guidelines which “operationalize” the International Maritime Organization's Places of Refuge guidelines. These guidelines will incorporate the authorities of the US and Canadian Coast Guards, state, provincial, local, and tribal governments, and resource agencies. The decision-making section of the guidelines provides step-by-step procedures and checklists to analyze the risks of allowing a ship in need of assistance to proceed to a place of refuge. The planning section of the guidelines provides a process to pre-identify information necessary for responding to requests for places of refuge and identifying potential places of refuge prior to an incident. The Oil Spill Task Force effort involves a workgroup of regional stakeholders co-chaired by the Task Force agencies and the US Coast Guard, Pacific Area. The separate Alaska initiative is being accomplished by a workgroup of the Alaska RRT co-chaired by the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) and US Coast Guard, District 17. Both projects are developing concurrently and include persons serving as liaisons between the two efforts in order to promote consistency and share information. The Oil Spill Task Force Guidelines provide a template for member states and the province to use in developing decisionmaking and pre-incident plans tailored to their area. The Alaska guidelines were drafted concurrently with the Oil Spill Task Force process, and sections of their guidelines were modified to reflect area-wide conditions. The Oil Spill Task Force's final guidelines are to be used as a planning annex to US Area Contingency Plans on the West Coast. Alaska will include their guidelines in the Federal/State Unified Plan and subarea plans. Transport Canada and Canadian Coast Guard authorities will adapt the guidelines as appropriate for Canada.

PurposeLibrarians at Jacksonville State University's (JSU) Houston Cole Library believe that an understanding and working relationship with the public outside the immediate university community is vital to the survival and continued success of the University and its library. This paper seeks to determine this.Design/methodology/approachA survey was distributed to 26 public libraries in the counties surrounding JSU to see how the University Library could better serve the community.FindingsThe responses indicated that those living beyond the immediate community did in fact want the University Library to take a more active roll in the continuing education needs of the local public library's patrons and staff, in addition to their communities as a whole.Originality/valueProvides evidence of the importance of relationship management for the library community.

This study surveys 138 librarians in 21 medium-sized academic libraries to identify time on tasks and value of tasks to address problems between the expectations of library administrators and the perceptions of librarians to their job descriptions. The results validate that the administration's expectations are within the norm.

We describe the design and use of the Stanford CoreNLP toolkit, an extensible pipeline that provides core natural language analysis. This toolkit is quite widely used, both in the research NLP community and also among commercial and government users of open source NLP technology. We suggest that this follows from a simple, approachable design, straightforward interfaces, the inclusion of robust and good quality analysis components, and not requiring use of a large amount of associated baggage.

Rapidly rising labor costs have begun to alter radically the comparative advantage of Asia's Newly Industrializing Economies (NIEs)-Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. Producers in traditionally low-wage, labor-intensive manufacturing have found it more difficult to compete with lower cost producers in Southeast Asia and China. The NIEs have had to restructure by moving into higher valueadded, more skill-intensive manufacturing and into business services. This process, which gained momentum in the late 1980s, is by no means over. Projected declines in labor force growth rates and the rapid aging of the work force suggest that wage pressures will persist and that restructuring efforts will have to continue. These efforts will impose economic and social costs in the medium term, and changes in labor demand will benefit some but hurt others. Those at greatest risk of losing are women, who constitute a disproportionate share of the work force in low-wage manufacturing, and older workers, who tend to be less educated. This article begins by examining the factors responsible for increasing labor costs in the NIEs. They include recent economic and political phenomena, such as currency appreciation and a resurgence of labor movements, and longer-run phenomena, such as declining labor force growth rates. I argue that projected long-run demographic trends will reinforce the recent economic factors motivating the restructuring process. I then examine the response to the NIEs' declining competitiveness in laborintensive manufacturing and conclude by discussing the potential impact that future restructuring may have on workers in these countries.

The results of the 1987 1% Sample Survey in China revealed that 88% of older women were illiterate but that only 15% of rural females aged 15-19 years were illiterate. In urban areas illiteracy was 29% and 67% among older men and women respectively and 2.3% and 6% among younger men and women. Female primary school enrollment increased from about 30% in the early 1950s to 40-45% in the late 1980s and thereafter. Female high school enrollment increased from 25% to 40%. By the 1980s female university enrollment was about 33%. Attainment of a primary education for females increased from 30% in 1955 to 94% by 1983. Secondary school attainment increased until about 1966-72. During 1973-76 attainment rates increased but after 1978 many junior high school students went on to technical schools. In the 1980s 9% of males and 5% of females continued with a university education compared to 33% before 1964. The determinants of enrollment by sex were examined in a logit analysis. The results showed that having a brother reduced the likelihood of enrollment but the impact was diminished by fathers occupation. The higher educational status of the father increased the chances of high school enrollment. Enrollment for boys increased from 56% for sons of secondary school graduates (fathers) to 79% for sons of university graduates (fathers). Gender differences were apparent. Only 35% of daughters compared to 42% of sons were likely to be enrolled in secondary schools when fathers had only a primary education. Higher enrollment rates for sons and daughters were found among those with fathers engaged in government administration or professional positions. The impact of fathers occupation was strongest on female enrollment in secondary school. The chances of females being in the labor force were affected most by female educational attainment. A junior high graduate was more likely to be employed and a high school graduate was even more likely to be employed. Older women were less likely to be employed but more likely to be employed if they had higher educational attainment. 44% of women worked in industry transport and construction in low priority industries such as paper textiles printing and communications. The chances of being a female enterprise head increased with increasing female age. Education and age had different effects on occupational attainment for men as compared to women.

Comprehensive survey needed in every state for the establishment of a definite utility program.

To the cities themselves is to be delegated the regulation of public utilities within their borders now exercised by a state commission.

r T HIS article will be concerned with postwar public utility requirements in large urban or metropolitan territories. It will consider the needs, the present situation, and particularly problems of planning, organization, and administration. The suggestions that are made would be applicable, more or less, to all important municipal services, but they are considered primarily in relation to the basic utilities upon which community welfare and progress depend-water supply (including its related services of sewage disposal and drainage), electricity, and urban mass transportation. Water is, of course, requisite to living, but a community supply is also required for commerce and industry. Electricity provides vital domestic comforts and conveniences; increasingly, also, it is essential to productionl and industrial advancement. Future progress anywhere will depend in large degree upon effective utilization of electricity. Transportation is essential for movements of people between residences, business centers, and places of employment. Water supply, electricity, and transportation are the utilities most important to metropolitan areas, and they should receive special consideration in postwar planning. They will largely determine the position of the respective areas in the extensive interregional competition in production and industrial development that will follow the war. The localities that are