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Straight men express more negative attitudes toward feminine, rather than masculine gay men, a phenomenon we label the gay-gender expression effect (GGEE). This effect stems partly from men's motivation to conform to the antifemininity norm of masculinity. This study investigated whether perceived changes in men's gender roles moderates this effect. Straight male participants (N 166) read information that (a) gay men's gender expression is either feminine or masculine, and that (b) men's gender role in society is either remaining masculine or becoming more feminine. They then reported their attitudes toward gay people. Results showed that the GGEE appears in the condition where men remain masculine, but fades away in the condition where men are becoming feminine. Specifically, we observed negative attitudes toward gay people regardless of their gender expression when gay men are portrayed as masculine and men's gender role in society is evolving (becoming more feminine). This effect was observed among participants who most strongly endorse the traditional antifemininity norm of masculinity. Implications of changes in gender norms are discussed.

© 2020 SAGE Publications. This study compares the individual-level and sample-level predictive utility of a measure of the cultural logics of dignity, honor, and face. University students in 29 samples from 24 nations used a simple measure to rate their perceptions of the interpersonal cultural logic characterizing their local culture. The nomological net of these measures was then explored. Key dependent measures included three different facets of independent versus interdependent self-construal, relevant attitudes and values, reported handling of actual interpersonal conflicts, and responses to normative settings. Multilevel analyses revealed both individual- and sample-level effects but the dignity measure showed more individual-level effects, whereas sample-level effects were relatively more important with the face measure. The implications of this contrast are discussed.

Folk wisdom and research on personality inferences suggest one should be able to judge a person's personality based on their behaviour related to alcohol consumption. In a sample of Australians (N = 1,232), we compared the utility of knowing where and what people prefer to consume alcohol to understand people's personality (broadly construed). Where people drank had limited utility; predicting hopelessness in those who drank at home more than at a licensed venue and the consumption of spirits for those high in extraversion at a licensed venue. In contrast, there were several differences in people's personality across drink preferences. For example, neuroticism was higher in cider and spirit drinkers than beer and wine drinkers. Results are framed within the personality inference literature and qualified by (1) the traditional beer-drinking culture of our sample and (2) the complex relationships between personality and any behaviour, including habits surrounding alcohol consumption.

Background Foreign-born people encounter disproportionate health care access barriers compared with U.S.-born adults. Few studies in the past decade have examined how characteristics of foreign-born people influence access to health care. Methods An integrative review regarding health care access for foreign-born people was conducted using Whittemore and Knafl's framework. Andersen's behavioral model of health care utilization was used to explain the findings. We searched electronic databases and identified 33 peerreviewed papers for inclusion. Results The reviewed articles represented a broad spectrum of research evaluating health care access. Barriers to health care access for foreign-born people are multifactorial and driven by insurance status, citizenship, immigration status, and English language proficiency. Conclusion Future research must comprehensively examine the unmet health needs and predictors of access among foreign-born people.

Fil: Smith, Peter B. University of Sussex. School of Psychology; Reino Unido Fil: Easterbrook, Matthew J. University of Sussex. School of Psychology; Reino Unido Fil: Al-Selim, Heyla. King Saud University. Department of Psychology; Arabia Saudí Fil: Lun, Vivian Miu Chi. Lingnan University. Department of Applied Psychology; Hong Kong Fil: Koc, Yasin. Groningen University. Department of Social Psychology; Países Bajos Fil: Gul, Pelin. Iowa State University. Department of Psychology; Estados Unidos Fil: Papastylianou, Dona. University of Athens. Department of Psychology; Grecia Fil: Grigoryan, Lusine. Ruhr University. Faculty of Psychology; Alemania Fil: Torres, Claudio. University of Brasilia. Institute of Psychology; Brasil Fil: Efremova, Maria. HSE Universit. Centre for Sociocultural Research; Rusia Fil: Hassan, Bushra. International Islamic University. Department of Psychology; Pakistan Fil: Ahmad, Abd Halim. Universiti Utara Malaysia. Department of Psychology; Malasia Fil: Al-Bayati, Ahmed. Lawrence Technological University. Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering; Estados Unidos Fil: Anderson, Joel. Australian Catholic University and La Trobe University. School of Health and Behavioural Science; Australia Fil: Cross, Susan E. Iowa State University. Department of Psychology; Estados Unidos Fil: Delfino, Gisela. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Facultad de Psicología y Psicopedagogía; Argentina Fil: Gamsakhurdia, Vladimer. Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. Department of Psychological Anthropology; Georgia Fil: Gavreliuc, Alin. West University of Timisoara. Department of Psychology; Rumania Fil: Gavreliuc, Dana. West University of Timisoara. Department of Teacher Training; Rumania Fil: Gunsoy, Ceren. Clemson University. College of Behavioral, Social and Health Sciences; Estados Unidos Fil: Hakobjanyan, Anna. Yerevan State University. Faculty of Philosophy and Psychology; Armenia Fil: Lay, Siugmin. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de Psicología; Chile Fil: Lopukhova, Olga. Kazan Federal University. Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology; Rusia Fil: Hu, Ping. Renmin University. Department of Psychology; China Fil: Sunar, Diane. Istanbul Bilgi University. Department of Psychology; Turkey Fil: Mendes Texeira, Maria Luisa. Mackenzie University. Department of Postgraduate Business Administration; Brasil Fil: Tripodi, Doriana. Gioia Tauro. Private practice; Italy Fil: Diaz Rivera, Paola Eunice. Universidad Autónoma de México. Facultad de Psicología; México Fil: Van Osch, Yvette. Tilburg University. Department of Social Psychology; Países Bajos Fil: Yuki, Masaki. Hokkaido University. Department of Behavioral Science; Japón Fil: Abbas, Ammar. University of Baghdad. Department of Chemical Engineering; Irak Fil: Ogusu, Natsuki. Hokkaido University. Department of Behavioral Science; Japón Fil: Kwantes, Catherine T. University of Windsor. Department of Psychology; Canadá Fil: Díaz Loving, Rolando. Universidad Autónoma de México. Facultad de Psicología; México Fil: Perez-Floriano, Lorena. Universidad Diego Portales. Escuela de Psicología; Chile Fil: Chaleeraktrakoon, Trawin. Thammasat University. Department of Psychology; Tailandia Fil: Chobthamkit, Phatthanakit. University of Kent. School of Psychology; Reino Unido Abstract: Sex differences in aspects of independent versus interdependent self-construal and depressive symptoms were surveyed among 5,320 students from 24 nations. Men were found to perceive themselves as more self-contained whereas women perceived themselves as more connected to others. No significant sex differences were found on two further dimensions of self-construal, or on a measure of depressive symptoms. Multilevel modelling was used to test the ability of a series of predictors derived from a social identity perspective and from evolutionary theory to moderate sex differences. Contrary to most prior studies of personality, sex differences in self-construal were larger in samples from nations scoring lower on the Gender Gap Index, and the Human Development Index. Sex differences were also greater in nations with higher pathogen prevalence, higher self-reported religiosity, and in nations with high reported avoidance of settings with strong norms. The findings are discussed in terms of the interrelatedness of self-construals and the cultural contexts in which they are elicited and the distinctiveness of student samples.

Belonging to multiple identities that are incompatible has been linked to poor psychological wellbeing outcomes, including feelings of guilt and shame. Individuals who experience such conflict can use a range of strategies to reconcile seemingly incompatible identities. The current study aimed to explore the strategy of identity integration as a protective factor against guilt and shame for individuals who identify as both religious and gay. A sample of 183 religious gay men (M age = 29.31 years, SD = 10.42) completed an online survey comprising measures of religious identification, gay identification, guilt, shame, and identity integration. We found that religious identification predicted higher levels of religious-based guilt, and both gay identity-based guilt and shame. Conversely, gay identification was not associated with any feelings of guilt or shame. Identity integration predicted lower levels of all guilt and shame outcomes, and also moderated the relationship between religious identification and guilt and shame–that is, religious-gay identity integration attenuated the negative effects independently associated with religious identification. These findings suggest that identity integration may enable gay people to access the protective benefits of religious engagement and multiple group memberships while remaining connected to the gay community.

Patient-centered care requires that treatments respond to the problematic situation of each patient in a manner that makes intellectual, emotional, and practical sense, an achievement that requires shared decision making (SDM). To implement SDM in practice, tools – sometimes called conversation aids or decision aids – are prepared by collating, curating, and presenting high quality, comprehensive, and up-to-date evidence. Yet, the literature offers limited guidance for how to make evidence support SDM. Here, we describe our approach and the challenges encountered during the development of Anticoagulation Choice, a conversation aid to help patients with atrial fibrillation and their clinicians jointly consider the risk of thromboembolic stroke and decide whether and how to respond to this risk with anticoagulation.

Background Comprehensive data on gender and sexual identity is critical for the planning and delivery of health, education, and social support services. This paper examines ways in which sexual and gender diverse populations are being counted in research, with a view to informing discussions about how to represent these populations in future research. Aims To examine approaches used for the collection of data from sexual and gender diverse populations in Australia. Data and methods We reviewed nine examples of large national surveys conducted in Australia over the past ten years and compared the approaches used for collecting data on gender and sexual identity. Results A diversity of approaches and a range of limitations were identified in how these diverse populations are counted. The proportions of survey respondents across sex, gender and sexual identity categories, and the types of categories, were also found to vary across studies. Conclusions There is currently no consistent approach for collecting data involving sexual and gender diverse populations in Australia despite the need for large-scale surveys that reflect sexual and gender diversity. This paper identifies conceptual and methodological questions for consideration when planning how to capture diversity related to gender and sexual identity.

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research was funded by a Grant from the National Science Centre in Poland (Grant Number: 2017/26/M/HS6/00360) awarded to Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka. Data collection by the following researchers was supported by Grants as follows: Emma C. O'Connor (Grant RL5GM118963 from National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health; Angel Gomez (Grant RTI2018-093550-B-I00 from the Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Spain); Sylvie Graf and Martina Hrebickova (Grant 20-01214S from the Czech Science Foundation, and Grant RVO: 68081740 from the Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences); Teri A. Kirby (Grant ES/S00274X/1 from the Economic and Social Research Council); Soledad de Lemus (Grant PSI2016-79971-P from Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the excellence); Michelle K. Ryan and Renata Bongiorno (Grant ERC-2016-COG 725128 from the European Research Council awarded to Michelle K. Ryan); Marie Gustafsson Senden, Anna Lindqvist and Emma Renstrom (Grant 2017-00414 from the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare); Claudio V. Torres (Grant DPI/DIRPE n. 04/2019 from the University of Brasilia)., This study was preregistered in Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/u9xfg/., Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Whereas qualitative and ethnographic data suggest that many cultures conceptualize manhood as precarious, quantitative research has yet to demonstrate the cross-cultural consistency of precarious manhood beliefs. Here, we examined the psychometric isomorphism, or measurement invariance, of a brief precarious manhood beliefs scale (the PMB). Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions (N=33,417), we examined: (1) the isomorphism of the PMB across individual and country levels; (2) the PMB’s distinctness from, and associations with, other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies (e.g., ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; Glick & Fiske, 1996, 1999); and (3) associations of the PMB with country-level indices of gender equality (the GGGI; World Economic Forum, 2019) and human development (the HDI; United Nations Development Programme, 2019). Findings indicate that the PMB is a psychometrically valid and isomorphic index of beliefs about the male gender role that accounts for unique variance in country-level gender equality and human development., National Science Center, Poland 2017/26/M/HS6/00360, United States Department of Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA NIH National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) RL5GM118963, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Spain RTI2018-093550-B-I00, Grant Agency of the Czech Republic 20-01214S, Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences RVO: 68081740, UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC) ES/S00274X/1, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness PSI2016-79971-P, European Research Council (ERC) European Commission ERC-2016-COG 725128, Swedish Research Council Swedish Research Council for Health Working Life & Welfare (Forte) 2017-00414, University of Brasilia 04/2019

Stereotypes typically have negative impacts on stigmatized minority groups, especially when endorsed by members of that group. This paper examines the prevalence and consequences of stereotype endorsement on well-being within the gay community. Specifically, we explored how gay men’s self-stereotype (i.e., personal beliefs about the stereotypes pertaining to one’s in-group) and meta-stereotype (i.e., believing that out-group members endorse stereotypes pertaining to one’s in-group) endorsement would be related to mental and cognitive well-being. The sample of 253 gay male participants (aged 18–78 years; M = 38.25, SD = 13.51) completed an online questionnaire assessing demographics, self- and meta-stereotype endorsement, mental well-being (depression, anxiety, stress), and cognitive well-being (life satisfaction, self-worth) measures. We found evidence that our sample endorsed both self- and meta-stereotypes, with meta-stereotypes being endorsed more strongly than self-stereotypes. Regression analyses revealed a unique pattern of findings about the consequences of endorsing stereotypes: increases in self-stereotyping predicted decreases in mental well-being, whereas increases in meta-stereotyping predicted decreases in cognitive well-being. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

Religion is often a driving force in negative attitudes; however, in the specific case of migrant-based attitudes, research has produced conflicting findings. That is, religion can paradoxically facilitate either tolerance or intolerance toward this group. In light of these inconsistent findings, we conducted a meta-analytic review to estimate the effect size of this relationship with two major aims—first, to explore differences as a function of how religion was operationalised, and second, to explore differences in the target migrant-type (e.g., differences in religion-based attitudes toward immigrants and refugees/asylum seekers). Our search strategy was applied to PsycINFO, EBSCO Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection, Web of Science, PsycEXTRA, and ProQuest Central for peer-reviewed English language studies and made calls for unpublished data through relevant professional bodies. This search strategy yielded 37 records (including 43 studies; N = 472,688). Religion was quantified in two ways: either as categorical religious affiliations (k = 60) or as individual differences in self-reported religiosity (k = 30). The meta-analyses revealed that religion quantified as affiliation, but not religiosity, was related to negative migrant attitudes. Specifically, religiously affiliated samples report more negative attitudes than nonreligious affiliated samples, and this effect was often stronger when the target groups were refugees rather than immigrants. In addition, analyses revealed that Muslims have more negative attitudes toward migrants than Christians. Religiosity was unrelated to negative attitudes. These findings are discussed in light of rising antimigrant attitudes.

People who internalize an observer's perspective of their bodies are understood to experience ‘self-objectification’, a process which is associated with increased risk of poor body image, depression, and eating disorders. The aim of this paper is to systematically review the literature which has explored the relationship between trait self-objectification and personality traits. Five databases were searched and records were included for review if they: (a) used quantitative methodologies; (b) were published before March 2018, inclusive; (c) were published in a peer-reviewed journal, and; (d) were available in English language. The search yielded a total of 2636 unique articles: 16 studies within 15 articles met all inclusion criteria. The results were collated using narrative synthesis. Self-objectification was most consistently and positively associated with neuroticism, perfectionism, and narcissism across multiple studies. Insufficient research was available to draw conclusions regarding the relationship between self-objectification and other personality traits, and sex moderation effects were indeterminate. Clinical applications and theoretical implications are discussed.

The overt objectification and dehumanization of Black people has a long history throughout the Western world. However, few researchers have explored whether such perceptions still persist implicitly and whether Black women are sexually objectified at an interpersonal level. We sought to address this gap by exploring whether Black women are sexually objectified to a greater extent than White women and whether target sexualization exacerbates this effect. In Study 1, using eye-tracking technology (N = 38), we provide evidence that individuals attend more often, and for longer durations, to the sexual body parts of Black women compared to White women, particularly when presented in a sexualized manner. In Studies 2a (N = 120) and 2b (N = 131), we demonstrated that Black women are implicitly associated with both animals and objects to a greater degree than White women with a Go/No-Go Association Task. We discuss the implications of such dehumanizing treatment of Black people and Black women in U.S. society. We hope that this evidence will increase awareness that objectification can happen outside the realm of conscious thought and that related interventions ought to include an ethnicity-specific component. Additional online materials for this article, including online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching, are available on PWQ's website at [http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index] http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index

Objective: Personality has a long history of being linked to attitudes toward various social groups, but little research has explored how darker aspects of personality might contribute to social attitudes. In this article, we explore the role of the ominous personality traits in the Dark Triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) in accounting for prejudice, in the specific case of antipathy toward asylum seekers. Method: A community sample of 173 Australians (Mage = 23.37 years, SD = 7.88; 74% females) responded to measures of classical and modern explicit attitudes and implicit attitudes toward this group. This study used a correlational research design. Results: The sample reported neutral explicit attitudes (both classical and modern) but implicit attitudes were negative. Classical attitudes were less negative than modern attitudes. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses revealed political conservatism and psychopathy predicted modern explicit attitudes while political conservatism and Machiavellianism predicted classical attitudes. Narcissism was unrelated to all attitudes, and none of the Dark Triad personality traits were related to implicit attitudes. Conclusion: The implications of the relationships between sub‐clinical personality traits and social attitudes are discussed in reference to intervening with punitive attitudes towards this vulnerable social group. This article presents new evidence that Machiavellianism is related to classic attitudes, and provides more evidence that psychopathy is related to modern attitudes. Finally, this article adds to the scarce literature on implicit attitudes towards asylum seekers.

Taking as a starting point the opposition of this journal’s title, this essay takes the form of a dialogue that is also an encounter between photography and theatre; a vantage point from which conceptual frameworks can be challenged and even collapsed. In the domains of photography and of theatre, much is made of artifice, authenticity, likeness and liveness. Photography criticism has often emphasised the possibility or impossibility of veracity, on the truthfulness or deceptiveness of photographs, with performance seemingly offering one escape route. Theatre, from the conceptualisation of naturalism from the end of the nineteenth century to the challenge posed to it by performance art, has, despite itself being constituted of an eclectic technological representational apparatus, been seen to struggle with media, sometimes seeking refuge outside it. This introductory dialogue seeks to cast light on the various meeting points of the Theatre of Photography, then further explored in the co-written duologues in this volume. This work emerged from The Theatre of Photography research network.

This image is from a 1997 production of La soledad en los campos de algodon (In the Solitude of Cotton Fields), with Rodrigo Perez and Tito Bustamante, at Museo de Arte Contemporaneo, Santiago, Chi...

Joel Anderson and Wiebke Leister: 'Pro-Photographic Gestures' This essay suggests that both Roland Barthes and Vilem Flusser were interested in accounts of the ‘pro-photographic’ – those acts that are occurring in the slice of the world that is placed in front of the camera eye before it becomes ‘image’. Its mise-en-scene. The essay describes the photographer ‘at work’. It looks at forms of posing in and as acts of photographing that constantly change through the invention of new technologies and apparatuses, the use of mobile phones and digital cameras that never miss a shot, show ‘results’ on the spot and offer ‘editing’ as part of its many functions. Snapshots of people with cameras in different situations, with the quality of anecdotal ready-mades, mapping that performative space between the photographer and his or her object, by an observer looking onto that scene. In: special issue: Joel Anderson and Wiebke Leister (eds): ‘The Theatre of Photography’, Journal of Photography & Culture, Summer 2018

Objective There is little research on housing options for Family and Domestic Violence (FDV) survivors in Australia. Many FDV housing models promote empowerment as an objective of their services, but without the necessary evidence base it is unknown which housing models best facilitate empowerment in FDV survivors. We conducted a systematic literature review in order to identify facilitators and barriers of empowerment within different FDV housing models around the world, with the aim of informing which FDV housing models might be effectively used in Australia. Method Searches were conducted using PsychINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies examining housing models that promoted empowerment as an aim or outcome for FDV survivors. Results The search strategy identified 11 studies, which were primarily qualitative. Three themes emerged as facilitators of empowerment in FDV housing models: (a) respectful provision of services, (b) flexible rules, and (c) access to resources. Another three themes emerged as barriers to empowerment in FDV housing models: (a) cultural insensitivity, (b) social isolation, and (c) inconsistent rule enforcement. Conclusions This review provided some preliminary evidence that the culture within housing models facilitated empowerment in FDV survivors, more so than logistical characteristics of the housing models. This review can be used to inform ideal practice for Australian FDV housing models so that empowerment can be facilitated in survivors.

The present research tested the hypothesis that perceived men’s feminisation can decrease heterosexual men’s positive attitudes towards homosexuality because of their increased motivation to psychologically differentiate heterosexual men from gay men – i.e. in order to restore ingroup distinctiveness. Study 1 (N = 173) manipulated perceptions of men’s feminisation and showed that prompting participants with bogus evidence that men are becoming feminine decreased positive attitudes towards homosexuality. Furthermore, the extent to which heterosexual men reported increased psychological differentiation from gay men (both at the interpersonal and the intergroup levels) mediated the impact of perceived men’s feminisation on attitudes towards homosexuality. Study 2 (N = 178) used a fully experimental approach and manipulated perceived biological differences between heterosexual and gay men in order to threaten or grant ingroup distinctiveness. The results revealed that perceived men’s feminisation decreased positive attitudes towards homosexuality in the distinctiveness threat condition (i.e. when gay men were described as biologically similar to straight men), but increased positive attitudes both when ingroup distinctiveness was granted (i.e. when gay men were described as biologically different from straight men) and when it was not relevant (i.e. when the similarity of all human beings was salient). We discuss the relevance of these findings for masculinity norms, attitudes towards homosexuality, and the ingroup distinctiveness literature.

There is no certainty that we can even speak of theatre and media, since it can be argued that theatre is itself a medium, an instance of media; certainly if we follow McLuhan’s broad notion of media as ‘extensions’, we must consider theatre an apparatus, a means of communication, of distribution, of circulation, one needing to be defined in terms of its particularities in relation to and comparison with other forms of media. But theatre seems at odds with our habitual understandings of a medium, through its hybrid constitution as much as by way of the limitations of its setup. Certainly, theatre can seem distant from the notion of ‘the media’ (referring to new technologies and/or the ‘mass media’). Indeed, much discussion around theatre in relation to media is organised around the encounter between the two, or it plots theatre’s shifts (for the better or for the worse) in contact with (new) technologies. Frequently, scholars are concerned with how theatre and performance adapt themselves (by way of appropriation or resistance) when met with media. In scholarship, the staging of an opposition between theatre and media can tend to summon theatre as an emblem of the pre-technological, an old form and practice facing the new. With the intention of avoiding such a theatre-‘centrism’, although with little hope of succeeding, I seek here to examine two examples of theatre/performance and photography.

Although there is a lack of data on experiences in other youth-serving organisations, past research on schools has found that transgender youth often perceive the school climate, as well as the physical aspects of the school environment, as less safe than their cisgender peers. Similarly, transgender students’ level of confidence in adults and staff in many US studies paints a poor picture of the support transgender students receive, which in turn can affect truancy, academic and social outcomes, mental health and discrimination experiences. The purpose of the current research was to extend previous US studies by examining an Australian sample of gender diverse and cisgender young people, and to investigate if differences between these groups existed in perceptions of safety (including confidence in adults to act, barriers to seeking help, and the culture of safety) across a variety of youth-serving organisations. Using the Australian Safe Kids and Young People survey 27 gender diverse, and 54 cisgender (27 male- and 27 female-identifying) triads were matched on age, Aboriginal identity, and then postcode. Participants were 11–18 years old (M = 14.54, SD = 2.14), and were part of a convenience sample of over 1,400 participants in a larger study investigating perceptions of safety in youth-serving organisations. Results indicated that gender diverse youth report poorer school safety climate than cisgender male and female youth (who did not differ from each other) and more barriers to help seeking when they felt unsafe. Gender diverse youth however had more confidence in adults to support them when feeling unsafe than their peers. Like previous international studies, the results suggest that youth-serving organisations struggle to provide environments that foster more positive perceptions of safety in gender diverse young people.

Nous prenons comme point de départ l’opposition du titre : ce texte, sous forme de dialogue/duologue, est également une rencontre entre la photographie et le théâtre, un point de vue privilégié permettant l’interrogation et même l’effondrement de certaines grilles conceptuelles. Dans le domaine du théâtre, on parle souvent d’artifice, authenticité, vraisemblance, et « liveness ». Le théâtre, à partir de la conceptualisation du naturalisme à la fin du dix-neuvième siècle et jusqu’aux défis de la performance au vingtième, semble lutter contre les médias (malgré l’éclecticisme de son propre dispositif représentationnel technologique), cherchant parfois à se situer en dehors d’eux. D’autre part, les études photographiques soulignent souvent la possibilité ou l’impossibilité de la véracité photographique, les sincérités ou tromperies des photographies, d’où la « performance » semble parfois proposer une issue… Ce dialogue se contente d’éclairer certains croisements au Théâtre de la Photographie, afin d’envisager de futurs dialogues entre les médias et les disciplines., Taking as a starting point the opposition of our title: this text, in the form of a duologue, is also a meeting between photography and theatre, a vantage point from which certain conceptual frameworks can be challenged and even collapsed. In the domain of theatre, one hears often of artifice, authenticity, likeness and liveness. Theatre, from the conceptualisation of naturalism in the nineteenth century to the challenges posed by performance art in the twentieth century, struggles with media (despite the eclecticism of its own technological apparatus), sometimes seeking distance from them. Photography studies, meanwhile, has often emphasised the possibility or impossibility of veracity, the truthfulness or deceptiveness of photographs, with performance seemingly offering one escape route… This duologue seeks only to cast light on certain crossings inside the theatre of photography, envisaging future dialogues between media and across disciplines.

People who self-objectify perceive their bodies as objects which exist for the pleasure of others. Personality traits are important factors that might moderate the pathway between self-objectification and body image concerns. In the present paper, we explore if narcissism moderates this relationship, and we do so by exploring the facets of grandiose narcissism (associated with an inflated sense of self-importance) and hypersensitive narcissism (a more defensive and insecure narcissism). A convenience sample of 277 young Australian women (Mage = 21.34 years, SD = 3.25, range = 18–30) completed an online battery comprising measures of self-objectification, subclinical grandiose and hypersensitive narcissism, and measures designed to capture concerns related to body image. We found that hypersensitive narcissism, but not grandiose narcissism, predicted higher levels of self-objectification. Grandiose narcissism scores predicted lower levels of body shame and less weight discrepancy, indicating more positive body image, and also moderated the relationship between self-objectification and body shame (i.e., women who report lower levels of narcissism are more vulnerable to body shame associated with self-objectification). In contrast, hypersensitive narcissism scores predicted higher levels of both body shame and discrepancies in actual-ideal weight. These findings suggest that grandiose narcissism may have a protective relationship regarding body image in this population, whereas hypersensitive narcissism may be a risk factor.

Over the past few decades, there has been a progressive implementation of policies designed to deter the arrival of people seeking protection. In Australia, this has included offshore processing and towing boats of asylum seekers away from Australian waters. In a community survey of 164 Australians, this study examined the predictive role of false beliefs about asylum seekers, prejudice and political ideology in support of three policies. Multiple hierarchical regression models indicated that, although political ideology and prejudice were significant predictors of policy support, false beliefs was the strongest predictor. For the policy of processing asylum seekers in the community, less endorsement of false beliefs was a significant predictor, while, for the policy of offshore processing, more endorsement of false beliefs was a significant predictor. For the boat turn-back policy, an increase in false-belief endorsement was the strongest predictor; although increases in prejudice and a prejudice–political ideology interaction (i.e. the predictive value of prejudice was stronger for participants who identified as politically conservative) also independently predicted support. Practical implications and future research avenues are discussed.

Although attitudes towards gay men are becoming increasingly inclusive, negative attitudes are still experienced by this socially marginalised group. Prejudice research often uses the Dual Process Model of Prejudice (DPM; comprised of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation) to understand negative social attitudes, and recently researchers have begun exploring the role of personality in addition to this theoretical framework. In this paper, we explored the predictive potential of the DPM (right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation) and the dark tetrad model of personality (D4: narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism, everyday sadism) in explaining implicit and explicit attitudes towards gay men. The sample (N = 182; Mage = 39.15 years, SD = 10.65) was recruited using Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Variance in explicit negative attitudes towards gay men was predicted by the ideological variables in the DPM, and further variance was predicted with the addition of the D4 traits (narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism each contributed unique variance, while sadism did not). Variance in implicit attitudes towards gay men was not predicted by any individual difference factors. The current study offers theoretical and empirical contributions to the ongoing debate surrounding the utility of the D4 in explaining antisocial cognitions.

Self-objectification occurs when women view their bodies as objects, existing for the pleasure of others. Individual differences in trait-based self-objectification are associated with negative psychological outcomes, including an increased risk of poor body image. Recent research has revealed that narcissism moderates the pathway between self-objectification and body image concerns, but research has yet to explore the moderating role of the remaining members of the dark triad. This study presents evidence from a cross-sectional study of young Australian women (age range: 18–30 years) in which we explored the potential for each dark triad traits (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism) to differently act as a risk or a protective factor for body image concerns, or to be a moderator in the relationship between self-objectification and body image concerns. Specifically, participants responded to explicit (self-report) and implicit (associative) measures of self-objectification, the dark triad, and measures of body shame and discrepancies in actual-ideal weight. A somewhat unexpected pattern of findings emerged from regression analyses - narcissism was a protective factor, while Machiavellianism was a risk factor in the development of body image concerns through self-objectification. Psychopathy was mostly unrelated to body image concerns. The implicit measure of self-objectification was unrelated to all other measures.

This article meta-analyses the available data on attitudes towards refugees and asylum seekers, with the aim of estimating effect sizes for the relationships between these attitudes and prejudice-relevant correlates. Seventy studies (Ntotal = 13,720) were located using systematic database searches and calls for unpublished data. In the case of demographic factors, being male, religious, nationally identified, politically conservative, and less educated were associated with negative attitudes (Fisher’s zs = 0.11, 0.17, 0.18, 0.21, and –0.16, respectively). For ideological factors, increases in right-wing authoritarianism and social-dominance orientations correlated with negative attitudes, while the endorsement of macro (but not micro) justice principles were associated with positive attitudes (Fisher’s zs = 0.50, 0.50, –0.29, and 0.00, respectively). Perceptions of refugees as symbolic and realistic threats were the strongest correlates of negative attitudes (Fisher’s zs = 0.98 and 1.11, respectively). These findings have contributed to the growing body of knowledge that endeavors to understand the antecedents of refugee-specific prejudice, and are discussed in light of the global refugee crisis.

Research into the relationship between religion and anti-gay attitudes frequently focuses on Christianity. We explored the role of religiosity dimensions, previous contact, and factors in the dual-process motivation model as predictors of explicit and implicit anti-gay attitudes in samples of Muslims and Atheists. The explicit and implicit attitudes of Muslims were more negative than the attitudes of Atheists. Explicit attitudes were more negative towards gay men than lesbians; implicit attitudes were negative towards gay men but were unexpectedly positive towards lesbians. In regression analyses, religious fundamentalism and extrinsic religious orientations (Study 1), and contact and right-wing authoritarianism (Study 2) were strong significant predictors of explicit anti-gay attitudes. Interestingly, none of the factors of interest predicted implicit anti-gay attitudes. These findings reveal a strong link between Islam and explicit anti-gay attitudes, but suggest that the relationship between religion and implicit anti-gay attitudes may be more complex than previously thought.

The present study reports the psychometric properties of the English version of the short form of the Attitudes Toward Homosexuality Scale (ATHS; Falomir-Pichastor & Mugny, 2009). Workers from Amazon’s MTurkTM (n = 235 for validation, n = 60 for test-retest) completed the short form of the ATHS, translated from French, and the Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale (ATLG; Herek, 1998) and responded to a series of demographic questions. In this paper, we present evidence for a single-factor structure of the scale, along with evidence for the validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability of the measure. The data revealed distinct patterns in participants’ ATHS scores as a function of their religious affiliation and political conservatism. Finally, positive ATHS scores predicted support for gay rights over and above that predicted by ATLG scores (Herek, 1984). The evidence presented suggests that the ATHS is a psychometrically reliable and valid tool for assessing attitudes toward homosexuality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)

Objective: A global increase in forced displacement has led to rapid increases in the number of people seeking asylum. Negative attitudes toward these people are pervasive and the literature attempting to understand the prevalence and impact of these attitudes is growing. This article contains a meta‐analysis of the Australian quantitative research in this field. Method: We combined effect sizes from published and unpublished Australian data. The primary outcomes were effect size estimates for the correlations between reported attitudes towards asylum seekers and a range of demographic factors (age, gender, education, religious affiliation, political orientation, national identification) and ideological variables (right‐wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, social justice principles). Results: We identified 34 suitable studies (N participants = 5,994). Demographic factors of gender, education, religious affiliation, political orientation, and national identification were related to attitudes. More specifically, being male, having less education, being more politically conservative, and higher in national identification were associated with more negative attitudes (rs = .08, –.18, .24, .23, and .15, respectively; ps < .01). Increases in right‐wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation, and decreases in macrojustice principles were also associated with more negative attitudes (rs = .49, .56, and –.28, respectively; ps < .05). Conclusion: Most demographic factors were weakly or moderately related to attitudes. Ideological variables were stronger correlates, with right‐wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientations correlating the most strongly. Significant amounts of heterogeneity for most variables suggest that more research is needed to explore interactions between these variables, and to identify relevant moderators of these relationships.

In three studies, heterosexual participants were presented with descriptions of heterosexual and gay-male parents. Importantly, the level of gender-role conformity of the gay-male parents was experimentally manipulated, resulting in their level of gender-role conformity ranging from high to low. Compared to the son of a heterosexual couple, the son of all gay-male couples had a lower expected likelihood of developing as heterosexual. This result was independent of the level of gender-role conformity of the gay-male couples (study 1–3). The beliefs about the gender-role development of the son, in terms of anticipated masculinity (study 1), gender stereotyping (study 2), and affective adjustment (study 3), mapped onto the level of gender-role conformity of the parents, regardless of their sexual orientation. Also, heterosexual parents were consistently judged more positively than gay-male parents, independently of their level of gender-role conformity (study 1–3). Results were discussed within the theoretical framework of stereotypes about gay-male parenting. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

The number of asylum seekers and refugees across the world is rapidly increasing. Negative attitudes towards these groups are globally prevalent and typically hostile because most receiving country citizens perceive them to be a security threat and an economic burden. This paper aims to understand the antecedents of negative attitudes toward a large refugee group currently garnering a great deal of attention – Syrian refugees, and experimentally test ways to ameliorate negative attitudes. In Study 1 (N = 122), we investigated predictors of social distance—as a proxy for prejudice—and found right-wing authoritarianism and intergroup anxiety to be significant predictors. In Study 2 (N = 162), we tested whether perceived acculturation orientation would predict social distance, and found that Americans were less prejudiced toward Syrians who preferred to assimilate rather than integrate. Finally, in Study 3 (N = 153), we tested if a form of vicarious contact could reduce social distance via reduced intergroup anxiety; we found initial evidence for this mediation link. We discussed the potential for the vicarious contact intervention to foster positive intergroup relations, and contribute to refugee wellbeing.

Objective: Attitudes toward asylum seekers that have been reported in Australia are negative and pervasive. To date, this body of literature has explored only measured explicit responses. This article is the first to explore their implicit counterpart. Method: Two cross‐sectional studies measured explicit and implicit attitudes towards asylum seekers. The first study used a community sample (N = 183, M age = 24.98 years, 115 females), and the second used a sample of students (N = 106, M age = 22.75 years, 87 female). The sample in Study 2 also responded to scales measuring levels of ideological orientations toward social dominance orientation (SDO), right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA), and principle of social justice. Results: In Study 1, an exploration of demographic variables revealed that gender predicted explicit attitudes, but gender and religious affiliation predicted implicit attitudes. In Study 2, an exploration of ideological variables revealed that higher levels of SDO and RWA predict negative explicit attitudes, and macrojustice principles predict positive explicit attitudes, but only SDO predicts (negative) implicit attitudes. Conclusions: The evidence presented reveals some discrepancies between factors that predict explicit and implicit attitudes toward this socially vulnerable group, and the findings are interpreted as evidence for a dual‐construct model of attitudes toward asylum seekers.

Using John Perry’s notion of “structured procrastination” as a foil, I developed a definition of procrastination as “culpably unwarranted delay,” that is, as choosing to put a task off to a later point in time, even though there are overridingly good reasons not to put things off, and there are no circumstances that excuse one either for failing to appreciate these reasons or for failing to act. Emphasizing the mens rea character of procrastination, I then analyze how self-licensing and neutralization techniques facilitate procrastination, as self-indulgent attempts to protect one’s positive self-appraisal by reconstruing one’s delay as unproblematic. Building on my earlier work on the extended will, I then outline several strategies for reducing procrastination by establishing structures that counteract one’s temptation to engage in self-indulgent reconstruals of one’s procrastination. By developing scaffolding for the attention, motivation, and judgment needed for resisting the temptation to engage in self-indulgent reconstrual of one’s unwarranted delay, it becomes possible to move from structured procrastination to structured nonprocrastination.

The current research explored perceptions of disclosing the information of "I am gay", "I am heterosexual", and "I am a virgin" to a variety of audiences. Participants were 842 undergraduate students who evaluated the valence of each disclosure, listed the associated feelings, and rated the comfort of disclosing such information to various audiences (e.g., a family member, online community). Participants rated the statement consistent with their own sexual orientation as being significantly more positive. No significant difference was found between gay and heterosexual participants' ratings about disclosing virginity, and disclosure of virginity status was ranked as the most uncomfortable of the three disclosures. Both heterosexual and gay respondents indicated it would be more comfortable to disclose a heterosexual orientation than a gay one, despite gay participants rating a gay orientation as more positive. The audience ranked most to least comfortable to disclose varied with sexual orientation and disclosure content. Perceived closeness of audience was correlated with comfort of disclosure for known (family, partner, friend, colleague) audiences, but not professional (counsellor) or unknown (stranger, online) audiences. These findings are discussed with reference to the literature on "coming out", addressing important differences in the perceptions of in-group and out-group disclosure of sexual orientation, and sex-related personal information.

In their thoughts commentaries on our essay, “Knowing your own strength: Accurate self-assessment as a requirement for personal autonomy,” George Agich, Ruth Chadwick, and Dominic Murphy (2004) provide both criticisms and insights that give us a context in which to clarify further our claim that one’s autonomy is impaired when one is unable to appreciate whether one has the capacities required for tasks one is undertaking. We focus on two issues: the extent to which our account of autonomy suggests a problematically “externalist” or “objective” approach and the issue of whether our talk of accurate self-assessment entails an overdemanding requirement that one know numerous facts about oneself to count as autonomous.

Autonomy is one of the most contested concepts in philosophy and psychology. Much of the disagreement centers on the form of reflexivity that must have to count as genuinely self-governing. In this essay, we argue that an adequate account of autonomy must include a distinct requirement of accurate self-assessment, which has been largely ignored in the philosophical focus on agents’ ability to evaluate the desirability of acting on certain impulses or values. In our view, being autonomous (i.e., self-guiding) involves understanding the extent to which one has the capacities required for one’s intended actions. On both clinical grounds (drawn from cases of frontal brain injury) and conceptual grounds, we argue that one’s autonomy is diminished to the extent to which one’s ability to assess one’s capacities is impaired.

It has been argued – most prominently in Harry Frankfurt's recent work – that the normative authority of personal commitments derives not from their intrinsic worth but from the way in which one's will is invested in what one cares about. In this essay, I argue that even if this approach is construed broadly and supplemented in various ways, its intrasubjective character leaves it ill-prepared to explain the normative grip of commitments in cases of purported self-betrayal. As an alternative, I sketch a view that focuses on intersubjective constraints of intelligibility built into social practices and on the pragmatics of how those norms are contested in an ongoing fashion.

Against those who argue that Hegel despaired of providing a solution to the problem of poverty, I argue, on the basis of key dialectical transitions in Hegel's Rechtsphilosophie, that he held at least the following: (1) that the chronic poverty endemic to industrial capitalism can be overcome only through changes that must include a transformation in practices of consumption, (2) that this transformation must lead to more sittlich and self-conscious practices of consumption, and (3) that the institution best-suited to enable the development of these more sittlich and self-conscious practices of consumption is the Korporation.