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The article focuses on the Americans with Disabilities Act which acknowledges subjectivities and human rights involved in disabled identity and mentions that the coronavirus pandemic has brought into war of survival Topics discussed include biopolitics and thanatopolitics that might display to have been in opposition, proliferation of life that blunted emotional response and utilitarian guidelines adopted by several states

Lately lawyers and medical professionals pay more attention too the process of minor patient healthcare. The research shall address the issues of legal relationship between minor patients and medical professionals, consent to treatment of minor patients and communication problems including the scope of information which the doctor can provide to the minor patient’s relatives to protect themselves and patients. Legislation prescribes that the information provided by the medical professional to the minor patient must be not only easy-to-understand, but also be consistent with the patient’s age maturity. However, in Latvia, for example, there are no guidelines that specify how medical professionals can determine the patient’s maturity. In the course of provision of medical services to the minor persons legal disputes involving communiucation failures between the minor patients, their relatives, legal representatives and the doctors arise increasingly frequently. The research will look into issue of communication problems in healthcare. The aim of the research is to provide insight into challenges of legal relations betweem minor patients and medical professionals and communication problems in healthcare.

Głównym celem artykułu jest pokazanie, że poza działalnością kapłańską kapłan powinien angażować się w życie społeczne. Można wyróżnić dwie zasadnicze formy obecności Kościoła w życiu społecznym. Pierwszym z nich jest szeroko pojęte nauczanie w sferze społecznej, drugim konkretna działalność. Człowiek w świetle nauki społecznej Kościoła jest najwyższą wartością na świecie, a rodzina właściwym środowiskiem życia i rozwoju człowieka. Kościół realizuje więc swoją misję społeczną w oparciu o rodzinę. Rodzina jest wartością nie tylko dla jednostki, ale także dla szerszej zbiorowości, w tym przypadku dla wspólnoty państwowej. Zasadniczym pytaniem, jakie znaleźć można w kapłańskim prorokowaniu społecznym jest kwestia narodu. Naród zarówno poprzez wspólnotę, jak i kulturę stwarza warunki rozwoju człowieka we wszystkich płaszczyznach rozwoju:- w płaszczyźnie prawdy /rozwoju intelektualnego/,- w płaszczyźnie piękna /rozwoju duchowego/,- w płaszczyźnie dobra /rozwoju moralnego/,- w płaszczyźnie świętości/rozwoju religijnego.Kwestią, która również znajduje się w polu zainteresowań nauk społecznych Kościoła jest kwestia charakteru państwa, relacji państwo - Kościół, a także kwestia ustroju państwa. Koncepcja państwa nie może być Kościołowi obojętna. Problematyka zatem takiego systemu, który pozwala ludziom żyć na odpowiednim poziomie życia, musi być w centrum zainteresowania nauki społecznej Kościoła. Z różnych kwestii społecznych, które są przejawem obecności Kościoła w życiu, można wyróżnić problematykę praw człowieka i obecności wartości chrześcijańskich w życiu społecznym. Zasygnalizowane są tu najważniejsze pytania, które dotykają człowieka znajdującego się w centrum zainteresowania Kościoła.

Several African countries have recently adopted fairly democratic constitutions. An emerging trend in these constitutions is the establishment of constitutional courts or constitutional councils as key institutions for human rights protection. However, the adoption of fairly democratic constitutions sometimes is not complemented by the democratisation of politics, as autocratic governments remain in place after the adoption of a new constitution. When this happens, these countries' constitutional courts become key sites of human rights protection struggles, as many turn to public interest litigation in an effort to protect human rights. Using the Constitutional Court of Zimbabwe as a case study, the article investigates the behaviour of these courts and their reliability as human rights protection institutions, when they operate under autocratic political conditions. The article makes use of the systemic level factors theory as a conceptual framework for analysing the jurisprudence of this Court. It identifies trends in the manner in which this Court has handled high-level profile human rights cases that involve the interests of the ruling party or government. These trends are that in the majority of cases the Court has ignored the Constitution and delivered judgments that are meant to protect the government from certain political risks. In a few cases the Court appeared to be bold enough to enforce the Constitution, but a closer analysis of these cases reveals that the Court decided in that manner because the reconfigured political strategy of the ruling party and the internal factional contestations in the ruling party required or permitted the Court to make those decisions. The article concludes that the performance of the Constitutional Court of Zimbabwe thus far paints a gloomy picture as far as its reliability and utility as a guardian of human rights and democratic institutions under the current autocratic regime in Zimbabwe are concerned.

The “Global Justice Movement” (GJM) has been employed as an umbrella term to denote a diverse constellation of organizations, groups, and networks, working with varying degrees of cooperation on a broad range of issues—from the indebtedness of the world's poorest countries, the inequities of the global trade in goods and services, international peace and environmental degradation, to the human rights of workers and immigrants, especially in less economically developed countries. These issues are linked by an emerging consensus amongst activists that their root cause is the neoliberal agenda, or “Washington consensus” (George 2003), that dominates global economic arrangements. Keywords: political science; globalization; justice

This Lecture was given by Michael J Beloff QC in 2014 and first published in NILQ 65(4) (2014) 429–448.

Due to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and hundreds of thousands of infected cases, the international community has been confronted with one of the most urgent health crises in recent decades. With the COVID-19 pandemic, we confronted a new phenomenon known as an "Infodemic" or "epidemic of misleading information" regarding COVID-19. Presently, a large amount of unsubstantiated material on various elements of the COVID-19 disease, disease control and prevention techniques and its effects is being distributed via social media, news agencies and television networks. Due to their accessibility, social networks are increasingly becoming an integral part of our lives. They provide avenues where anybody can convey their ideas and post information without impeding or regulating their publishing validation. As a consequence, it facilitates the spread of "Fake News," material that is deliberately false. Because of the amount of social media users and the volume of followers, fake social media news could have major adverse social repercussions. Misinformation and disinformation can have detrimental effects on people's mental and physical health, increase stigma, jeopardize valuable health gains, and result in poor adherence to public health measures, hence reducing their efficiency and jeopardizing their ability to manage the pandemic. Misinformation can result in death. Without trust and accurate information, diagnostic tests go unutilized, immunization campaigns (or initiatives to enhance effectiveness of vaccines) fall short of their goals, and the virus thrives. What's more, disinformation is creating a rift in public debate on COVID-19-related issues, intensifying hate speech, increasing the chances of conflict, violent acts, and violations of human rights, and jeopardizing long-term prospects for advancing social cohesion, human rights, and democracy.

The repression of social movements refers to attempts by individuals, groups, or state actors (e.g., militaries, national police, and local police) to control, constrain, or prevent protest. Historically, this has often involved increasing the costs associated with social movement participation (e.g., through violence, arrest, etc.). Commonly studied forms of repression include police action at public protest events, such as arrests and police violence, military suppression of protest events, “disappearances” of activists, arrests and/or imprisonment of activists, infiltration of social movements by informants, covert counterintelligence programs, restrictions of free speech and assembly, assaults on human rights, and murders of social movement activists. In the digital age, repression has also blurred with censorship in states that do not allow unfettered, and/or unmonitored access to the Internet. Keywords: police; protests; repression; social control

It was the massive and peaceful civic eruption in Czechoslovakia in November 1989 which first generated the name “Velvet Revolution”: an accelerating wave of demonstrations and strikes, initially led by a handful of young students in the performing arts, which led within three weeks to the fall of the supposedly “hard-line” socialist regime in Prague. Subsequently, the name “Velvet Revolution” was extended to include the whole sequence of peaceful (except for Romania) revolutions in 1989 that initiated the fall of state socialism in Europe. Keywords: authoritarian regimes; borders; class; communism; democracy; elections; empire; human rights; revolution; state; Eastern Europe; Atlantic world

The movement for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the constitution of the United States promoted a policy change central to the liberal branch of “second wave” feminism in the United States. That movement illustrates several dynamics, including those of abeyance structures, communicative distrust, the politics of contingency, the role of moral incentives in collective action problems, “deafness” in social movements, decision by accretion, participatory decentralization, and movement/countermovement interaction. Keywords: abortion; discourse; equality; feminism; rights; United States of America

The origins of nationwide organized protest against first segregation and then apartheid in South Africa can be traced back to the founding of the South African Native National Congress (SANNC) in 1912. After the Union of South Africa was established in 1910, the political rights and economic security of black people came under increasing attack. Following the defeat of the Boer Republics in the Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902) reconciliation with the defeated Afrikaners was achieved at the expense of black South Africans. Laws restricting African landownership and African mobility underpinned a system of racial segregation devised to compel Africans to become wage laborers on white farms or in white-owned mines and industries. Keywords: civil disobedience; civil rights; human rights; labor; nationalism; South Africa

More than merely symbolic, destinations of roots tourism such as Gorée Island (Senegal) are places where emotion about slavery is supposed to be experienced and displayed. UNESCO statements, political testimonies by distinguished visitors, performances of well-known African American artists and comments of tourists seem to testify this. I modestly argue that, by evoking feelings, presumably shared, about slavery in a setting that exacerbates emotions through touristic performances, the idea of international community is here re-enacted and sustained, under the principle of the universality of human rights. I believe that the global heritage regime promoted by UNESCO and other similar international platforms could be considered the strongest apparatuses to induce common belonging crosscutting national borders while spreading cosmopolitan liberal ethics and forms of cosmopolitan memory that are no longer primarily framed by the nation state. The question here, is that the very idea of international community is built with the same imagination, devices and displays and based on the same nationalist assumption of pan-cultural emotions that Anderson described for the rise of nations, but one that, paradoxically, is inter-national, made of nations: a metanation., Mais do que meramente simbólicos, os destinos do turismo de raízes, como a ilha de Goré (Senegal), são lugares onde se espera que a emoção despoletada pela escravatura seja experienciada e exibida. Para isso contribuem as múltiplas declarações da UNESCO, os depoimentos políticos de visitantes ilustres, asperformancesde artistas afro-americanos conhecidos e os comentários registados pelos turistas. O meu modesto argumento é que a ideia de comunidade internacional, baseada no princípio da universalidade dos direitos humanos é recriada e reencenada, através da convocação dos sentimentos para lugares como este. O regime global do património promovido pela UNESCO e por outras plataformas institucionais similares deve ser considerado o aparato mais persuasivo para a criação de um sentimento de pertença coletiva, ultrapassando fronteiras nacionais e difundindo uma ética liberal e formas de memória cosmopolita que já não são definidas em função da moldura dos estados-nação. A questão é que a ideia de comunidade internacional mobiliza para a sua construção os mesmos dispositivos imaginativos e exibicionários e o mesmo pressuposto pancultural das emoções que Anderson descreve para a ascensão das nações, embora paradoxalmente, se assuma como inter-nacional, feita de nações: uma metanação.

This article considers the question of legal basis of the data protection in the world while and exactly in the European continent. Special attention is paid to the question of personal data as a part of human rights and how the ECHR is dealing with protection of it. The author analyzed a list of different type of issues related to the question of personal data and how they are protected under the Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Also, it was researched question what does “personal data” means under the legal understanding according to the European law. The main question, which author raised, is there any legal bases of protection of data and which new mechanism we can use with so fast development of information technologies. All these questions lead to the idea that there is no unique and universal way to protect personal data in the world, what we all need because of the high level of cyberterrorism. We should find solution which will regulate the acceptance to data and how to protect it on the international level by public and private international law. In conclusion, we proposed some measures that may improve institute of personal data protection in general., O artigo tem como objetivo examinar o marco legal da proteção de dados no continente europeu. O artigo analisa a questão dos dados pessoais sob o prisma dos direitos humanos e sua proteção nos termos do artigo 8º da Convenção Europeia dos Direitos Humanos. O artigo analisa a experiência do TEDH e a relevância de suas decisões no âmbito da proteção de dados pessoais. Os autores estudam o entendimento legal de dados pessoais dentro da legislação europeia. A base legal para a proteção de dados pessoais foi analisada, e novos mecanismos que poderiam ser utilizados no contexto do rápido desenvolvimento das tecnologias de informação foram estabelecidos. Todas essas questões levam à ideia de que não existe uma forma única e universal de proteger os dados pessoais, ainda que seja necessária, dado o alto nível de ciberterrorismo. Neste artigo, os autores tentam encontrar um mecanismo universal para regular o acesso aos dados pessoais e protegê-los em nível internacional pelo direito internacional público e privado. Em conclusão, sugere-se um conjunto de medidas que podem melhorar o instituto da proteção de dados pessoais.

This case study focuses on the leadership of International Human Rights Funders Group (IHRFG), a world-wide network of grantmakers committed to funding human rights efforts around the globe. Solving the many problems in the human rights domain requires the type of coordinated efforts that are possible in this type of funder network. The examination of the leadership team demonstrates some of the unique challenges in their work and exemplifies how paradox can emerge and limit opportunities for growth. Paradox theory is used as a lens for understanding interview data obtained from IHRFG’s leaders; paradoxes of learning and performing are highlighted. Consideration is also given to the presence of paradox throughout the IHRFG network. A greater appreciation for the presence and influence of paradox serves in understanding funder networks and provides practitioners with a means for overcoming restrictive mindsets.Subscribe to JNEL

This professional perspective provides background knowledge and evidence to support reflection on disability outcomes internationally and in Aotearoa New Zealand Over one billion people live with disability worldwide Approximately 4 5% of the world’s population live with significant difficulties in function, activity, and participation In Aotearoa New Zealand, approximately 1 1 million (24%) people have a disability, making disability the largest minority group Yet disabled people face extreme health inequities These are exacerbated when response planning and service delivery during times of humanitarian emergency, such as COVID-19, fail to include and consider the impact decisions will have for disabled people Disabled people are more “at risk” of contracting COVID-19, and some disabled people are “at risk” of poorer health outcomes from COVID-19 However, “vulnerability” arises from the continuation and exacerbation of discriminatory policies, including health professionals’ conscious and unconscious biases, in times of crisis but also within conventional health service delivery As part of the health system, it is perhaps timely for physiotherapists to reflect upon their knowledge of the health inequities disabled people experience, and to consider personal and collective bias There are strategies physiotherapists might adopt to challenge interpersonal, internalised, and institutional bias These steps will help affirm disability inclusiveness at all levels of the health system and support a human rights expectation that all New Zealanders should have equitable health outcomes © 2020, Physiotherapy New Zealand All rights reserved

Preface to the updated edition Introduction to the updated edition Preface 1. The Context: Globalization, Fragmentation, and Disorder 2. The Study of Islamic Fundamentalism and the Scope of the Inquiry 3. World Order and the Legacy of Saddam Hussein 4. The Sociocultural Background and the Exposure to Cultural Modernity 5. Cultural Fragmentation, the Decline in Consensus, and the Diffusion of Power in World Politics 6. The Crisis of the Nation-State: Islamic, Pan-Arab, Ethnic, and Sectarian Identities in Conflict 7. The Fundamentalist Ideology: Context and the Textual Sources 8. The Idea of an Islamic State and the Call for the Implementation of the Shari'a/Divine Law 9. Democracy and Democratization in Islam: An Alternative to Fundamentalism 10. Human Rights in Islam and the West: Cross-Cultural Foundations of Shared Values Notes Names index Subject index

Will the religious confrontations with secular authorities around the world lead to a new Cold War? Mark Juergensmeyer paints a provocative picture of the new religious revolutionaries altering the political landscape in the Middle East, Asia and Eastern Europe. Impassioned Muslim leaders in Egypt, Palestine and Algeria, political rabbis in Israel, militant Sikhs in India, and triumphant Catholic clergy in Eastern Europe are all players in Juergensmeyer's study of the explosive growth of religious movements that decisively reject Western ideas of secular nationalism. Juergensmeyer revises notions of religious revolutions. Instead of viewing religious nationalists as wild-eyed, anti-American fanatics, he reveals them as modern activists pursuing a legitimate form of politics. He explores the positive role religion can play in the political life of modern nations, even while acknowledging some religious nationalists' proclivity to violence and disregard of Western notions of human rights. Finally, he situates the growth of religious nationalism in the context of the political malaise of the modern West. Noting that the synthesis of traditional religion and secular nationalism yields a religious version of the modern nation-state, Juergensmeyer claims that such a political entity could conceivably embrace democratic values and human rights.

OBJECTIVES: Asian Americans have poor HIV-related outcomes, yet culturally salient barriers to care remain unclear, limiting development of targeted interventions for this group. We applied the “what matters most” theory of stigma to identify structural and cultural factors that shape the nature of stigma before and after immigration from China to the US. DESIGN: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 immigrants to New York from China, recruited from an HIV clinic and community centers. Deductive followed by focal inductive qualitative analyses examined how Chinese cultural values (lian, guanxi, renqing) and structural factors influenced stigma before and after immigration. RESULTS: In China, HIV stigma was felt through the loss of lian (moral status) and limited guanxi (social network) opportunities. A social structure characterized by limited HIV knowledge, discriminatory treatment from healthcare systems, and human rights violations impinged on the ability of people living with HIV to fulfill culturally valued goals. Upon moving to the US, positions of structural vulnerability shifted to enable maintenance of lian and formation of new guanxi, thus ameliorating aspects of stigma. CONCLUSIONS: HIV prevention and stigma reduction interventions among Chinese immigrants may be most effective by both addressing structural constraints and facilitating achievement of cultural values through clinical, peer, and group interventions.

El artículo señala cómo Mercosur ha incorporado la protección de los derechos humanos como un aspecto no comercial en su marco institucional de integración. Con el fin de dar una imagen completa y clara de esta incorporación, la autora examina, por medio de un análisis socio-legal, las disposiciones constitucionales de los Estados miembros y la aplicación de las normas laborales y ambientales de Mercosur ante los tribunales nacionales. The main argument put forward in the article is that MERCOSUR accommodated the protection of human rights as non-trade issues in its institutional framework, analysing the conflict between the protection of human rights and trade issues at the sub-regional level. In order to give a complete and clear picture of these developments, the paper examines member states' constitutional provisions and the implementation of MERCOSUR labour and environmental standards before national courts. Este artigo indica como o Mercosul vem incorporando a proteção dos direitos humanos como um aspecto não comercial em seu marco institucional de integração. Com o objetivo de dar uma imagem completa e clara dessa incorporação, a autora examina, por meio de uma análise sociolegal, as disposições constitucionais dos Estados membros e a aplicação das normas laborais e ambientais do Mercosul ante os tribunais nacionais.

This article concerns the ongoing conflict over the authority of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). As has been widely discussed, the authority of the Court has come under sustained pressure from states over the last decade. As one response to this pressure, the Court has undertaken what the literature calls a procedural turn—a doctrinal shift that has incorporated its changing political dynamic into its case law. The procedural turn is constituted by renewed deference to national authorities “premised on good faith domestic engagement with [European Convention on Human Rights] principles.” This article sets out a functional critique of the procedural turn by drawing attention to certain limitations in its assumptions and application. Is there an alternative—or additional—way for the Court to respond? Drawing on the practice of other courts, I propose that the ECtHR take seriously judicial avoidance as a way to protect its authority—specifically, the Court might avoid making a determination of a particular case at a particular time. This approach—though not without objection—may provide the Court with an ad hoc, flexible capacity to protect its authority, and comes with the additional benefits of neither legitimating the underlying domestic measure nor upsetting important doctrinal structures relevant to other cases. I further suggest that control of its docket through introducing strategic considerations at the admissibility stage would be the most appropriate technique of avoidance for the Court.

The Black Power movement emerged in the mid-1960s United States inspired by the victories of the civil rights movement, and responding to its limitations. Civil rights mobilization had successfully pressured the federal government to dismantle de jure segregation, but was incapable of redressing persistent black ghettoization. Black Power activists sought to combat institutionalized racism characterized by poor-quality education, a lack of jobs, political marginalization, and containment policing. Keywords: civil rights; nationalism; race; United States of America

The Central America Solidarity movement emerged in the early 1980s when US citizens sought ways to support Nicaraguans, Salvadorans, and Guatemalans who were fighting for human rights, economic justice, and democratic freedoms. Solidarity activists also worked to obstruct US political, economic, and military intervention in Central America. Keywords: civil war; foreign interventionism; regional movements; war; Central America; United States of America

RESUMEN Este artículo ofrece una aproximación a los enfoques educativos que roponen la educación basada en los derechos humanos (EBDH) y la educación para la paz (EP), con el fin de reflexionar sobre los beneficios de ambos enfoques, además de ofrecer propuestas reales de actividades prácticas que se puedan llevar a la práctica en la educación superior. Las actividades que se presentan se han llevado a cabo en una asignatura de lengua inglesa en la Universidad de Alicante. Dichas actividades tienen como finalidad que el alumnado reflexione sobre la importancia de los derechos humanos y la paz, a la vez que adquiere destrezas en la lengua extranjera. Además, ambos enfoques potencian la capacidad crítica, la conciencia social y los valores. Se preparó una encuesta a fin de conocer la opinión del alumnado sobre determinados aspectos de ambos enfoques. ABSTRACT This article offers an approach to the educational approaches proposed education based on human rights (EBHR) and education for peace (PE) in order to reflect on the benefits of both approaches as well as offering real proposals practical activities that can be put into practice in higher education. The activities have been carried out in a course of English at the University of Alicante. These activities are aimed at the students reflect on the importance of human rights and peace while acquiring skills in a foreign language. In addition, both approaches enhance critical skills, social awareness and values. A survey was prepared in order to know students' opinions on several aspects of both models.

Do renewable terms compromise judicial independence? Scholars of various courts have demonstrated relationships between judges' voting patterns and the interests of actors responsible for their (re)appointment. However, it is typically unclear if such relationships are (at least partially) explained by judges acting strategically to achieve reappointment or if they are (fully) attributable to selection effects. I exploit a 2010 reform of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) to estimate the casual effect of removing reappointment opportunities on judges' independence. The ECtHR bench consists of one judge from each member state and judges sit ex officio on cases involving their nominating state. Prior to 2010, terms were renewable. Judges seeking reappointment were therefore incentivized to favor their nominating states. In 2010, the terms were made nonrenewable with immediate effect for judges on the Court. I show that removing reappointment opportunities signifficantly reduced judges' tendency to favor their nominating states.

In mid-December 2019, several atypical cases of pneumonia were detected in hospitals in Wuhan City – Hubei Province – in Inner China. It turns out that the first patients had already fallen ill in early December or even mid-November. However, only on the last day of the year 2019, Chinese doctors were able to officially identify a new virus in a 41-year-old patient admitted 5 days earlier. The virus belongs to the class of “coronavirus”, the same to which the SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) viruses belong. It is initially baptized 2019-nCov, or “new 2019 coronavirus”. In February, the official name assigned to the virus is Sars-COV-2 and the associated disease is named COVID-19. The outbreak took on considerable proportions in China and then spread to the rest of the world, leading the World Health Organization to declare the infection a “pandemic” on 11 March 2020. The containment strategies applied in the most affected countries have proved to be very different in effectiveness, to the point that the lethality of the virus appears very different from country to country. This difference in impact has led to different legal, economic and social consequences.

We ask what type of neutralization techniques corporations apply to allegations of human rights abuses. We proceed by undertaking a Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) of 162 responses by ten extractives-sector firms over a period of 14 years. The firms were responding to accusations of human rights impacts documented by the Business and Human Rights Resource Centre. We use Garrett et al.’s (J Bus Ethics 8(7):507–520, 1989) framework of neutralization techniques consisting of denial, justification, concession and excuse to examine the responses. During our QCA, we observed emerging themes around self-promotion and evasive tactics. We contribute to existing literature by proposing ‘evasion’ as a novel neutralization technique, particularly in circumstances of corporate responses to accusations of wrongdoing. We argue that evasion occurs when firms refuse to engage in the debate brought forward in an accusation. In addition, we enrich our understanding of neutralization techniques by proposing subneutralization techniques in our analysis to diverge from that of other studies. We conclude by discussing the implications of the predominance of corporate narcissism and evasive neutralization techniques to the business and human rights movement and other international corporate responsibility standards.

The article contains a study of the geopolitical legal personality of man as a member territorial community. The article defines the concepts of legal personality in view of the set of rights and responsibilities of a special entity – a member of the territorial community. The article contains general theoretical features and definitions of the term "member of the territorial community". It is determined that geopolitics in the context of the formation and implementation of the legal personality of the territorial community also involves Ukraine's approximation to European (international) legal standards of local government, because the territorial community is the primary subject of local government, and geopolitics, in turn, involves understanding , recognition and research of the territorial community not only within the Ukrainian experience, but also using the rich municipal experience of European states, in particular the states of the Romano-Germanic legal system, or states belonging to the continental legal family. It is noted that the correctness of creating optimal administrative-territorial units in the state (by separating or combining them), and the definition and institutionalization of one territorial community in one administrative-territorial unit – will ensure decentralization of management, maximum proximity to the people of public institutions and, accordingly, will allow to effectively address urgent issues of people's lives, the provision of quality administrative and public services to residents of villages, towns and cities. The ways which will provide formation of both geopolitical legal personality of territorial community, and will establish formation of geopolitical legal personality of the person as a member of such territorial community, uniting in this process local, regional, national, macroregional and universal (global) factors are offered. and tendencies based on the principles of democracy, decentralization, rule of law, priority of human rights and freedoms over the rights of the state

The article examines the trends of anthropologization and anthropocentrism in constitutional law, which act as a fundamental trend in the development and improvement of the constitutional and legal status of man, individual and citizen. Emphasis is placed on the importance of these trends through their assistance to the state in meeting the intentions, aspirations, needs, interests, attitudes of man, manifested at the local level of functioning of state-organized society, within the territorial community, in local government and in everyday life through establishment, development and improvement of the constitutional and legal status of a person (individual) and a citizen. It is argued that in the process of implementing the trends of anthropologization and anthropocentrism in constitutional law, the state applies a number of methodological approaches to man (personality) through the development, formation, legalization, application, protection, protection, guarantee and implementation of its constitutional status, namely: a) the constitutional and legal status of a person (individual) and a citizen organically passes into the municipal legal status of a person (individual) and is realized through the phenomenology of municipal human rights; b) an individual approach to each person (personality) that exists and functions in the territory of the state is possible in the praxeological sense – only under conditions of public self-government (municipal) power and the application of municipal legal status of a person (individual); c) the adjustment of public administration and state rule-making should take into account the above paradigmatic guidelines. It is proved that the basis of these trends in constitutional law is the philosophical maxim "man is the measure of all things", which is transformed into a paradigm of management and rule-making activities of the state through the establishment of appropriate constitutional status of man (person) and citizen (including other legal states), foreignness, statelessness, refugees, etc.), which determines the essential aspects of human- state interaction, as well as demonstrates the real relationship of the state to man.

As part of a doctoral research, eighty-eight local truth commissions created in Brazil between 2012 and 2018 were identified. Among them, it was selected the eleven final reports that described partnerships between truth commissions and universities. The paper analyzes the phenomenon of creation of local truth commissions in Brazil and the partnerships established between them and universities, especially, with Archival Science and History programs. It was found that the partnerships were established to make the work of truth commissions feasible and consisted of archival activities such as preservation, description, and scanning as well as research. It concludes that, although the educational engagement of Brazilian truth commissions has been limited, partnerships with universities have provided students the contact with the theme of human rights, in line with the callings for the profession to address activism and human rights within the context of archival education. Finally, the paper suggests that experiences developed by these partnerships could be incorporated into Archival Science programs in Brazil.

The Russian Federationis one of the forty-seven member states that make up the Council of Europe. The Council is probably best known for its work in the fields of human rights and legal affairs, but it has also played a key role in language education with many important initiatives, most notably its central role the introduction and promotion of the ‘communicative approach’ to language teaching.

Background: Addressing the high prevalence of disease-related malnutrition (DRM) requires political will. The aim of this study is to define DRM as a health public policy issue from the point of view of the stakeholders. Methods: We conducted a qualitative phenomenological study consisting of grey data search and individual semi-structured in-depth interviews with stakeholders (policy-makers, academics, and civil society organization representatives) from 17 Latin American countries. The analyzed themes reflected ideas repeatedly found across the interviews. Results: 26 respondents were interviewed (5 policy-makers, 18 academics, 3 civil society organizations representatives). The grey data research and interviews showed that Brazil and Costa Rica were the only countries in the Region that had developed a specific public health policy addressing DRM and nutrition care issues. The rest of the Latin American countries had a nutrition policy which neither addressed DRM specifically nor included nutrition care, with important heterogeneity existing in terms of national regulation of selected nutritional care categories. Stakeholder opinions allowed to identify heterogeneity in the understanding of the nature and causes of DRM, confusing DRM with malnutrition caused by food insecurity and lack of food availability. Policy in the field of clinical nutrition can be addresses from two approaches: interdisciplinarity and a human rights-based approach. Conclusion: DRM is an unaddressed problem by health policy. Due to internal and external factor related to the health systems DRM has not been able to become a public policy issue. The study highlights the need for the development of public policy in clinical nutrition aimed at improving access to nutrition care. © 2021 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Background: Addressing the high prevalence of disease-related malnutrition (DRM) requires political will. The aim of this study is to define DRM as a health public policy issue from the point of view of the stakeholders. Methods: We conducted a qualitative phenomenological study consisting of grey data search and individual semi-structured in-depth interviews with stakeholders (policy-makers, academics, and civil society organization representatives) from 17 Latin American countries. The analyzed themes reflected ideas repeatedly found across the interviews. Results: 26 respondents were interviewed (5 policy-makers, 18 academics, 3 civil society organizations representatives). The grey data research and interviews showed that Brazil and Costa Rica were the only countries in the Region that had developed a specific public health policy addressing DRM and nutrition care issues. The rest of the Latin American countries had a nutrition policy which neither addressed DRM specifically nor included nutrition care, with important heterogeneity existing in terms of national regulation of selected nutritional care categories. Stakeholder opinions allowed to identify heterogeneity in the understanding of the nature and causes of DRM, confusing DRM with malnutrition caused by food insecurity and lack of food availability. Policy in the field of clinical nutrition can be addresses from two approaches: interdisciplinarity and a human rights-based approach. Conclusion: DRM is an unaddressed problem by health policy. Due to internal and external factor related to the health systems DRM has not been able to become a public policy issue. The study highlights the need for the development of public policy in clinical nutrition aimed at improving access to nutrition care. © 2021 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism

The United Nations General Assembly proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. It included the right to medical care. Now, 70 years later, psychologists are recognized as health care providers and have developed several evidence-based health interventions. Digital interventions have the potential to scale access to evidence-based interventions to a degree unimaginable even a few decades ago. This article addresses five key concepts: (a) knowledge is meant to be shared, (b) evidence-based interventions are essential, (c) treatment is not enough to reduce prevalence of mental disorders; prevention is key, (d) nonconsumable interventions have the greatest potential for scalability, and (e) technology now allows us to blanket the world with psychological interventions. By harnessing technology, we can now think globally, act locally, and share globally. Psychology can thus help reduce human suffering beyond our local settings, and contribute to making health care a universal human right.

Psychiatrists have long been charged with access and coordination of care for transgender persons. This is now challenged by the World Health Organization's removal of diagnoses of mental illness related to gender identity in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases. Using French field experimentations based on informal and primary care and free and informed consent, we discuss key challenges for a new organization of mental health care respectful of human rights. Developing informal and primary care as well as peer support has emerged as promising. Mental health expertise should be transferred from tertiary to secondary care.

This article explores a pair of powerful but competing symbols in the Chilean human transitional justice process: ‘pobres viejitos’ (poor little old men) and country club prisons. The symbol of the ‘pobres viejitos’ is used very effectively by conservative elements of Chilean society to argue the futility or even inhumanity of punishing perpetrators of human right violations so long after the commission of their crimes. In turn, to victims and more liberal segments of society, the country club or ‘five star’ prison for human rights violators stands as a symbol of impunity and the failure of the Chilean state to do justice for the crimes of the dictatorship. This article examines the power of these symbols in undermining support for transitional justice efforts, as well as the externalities of the debate. The fate of the ‘pobres viejitos’ and whether to release the from even their relatively comfortable places of confinement has bled into debates on penal reform for other elderly prisoners. This mostly negative externality suggests the need for international and regional courts (or countries not in the throes of transitional justice processes, particularly delayed ones) to lead the way on the articulation of human rights norms related to the trial and punishment of elderly prisoners.

Discrimination against minority groups still occurs in Indonesia, both in the form of verbal and non-verbal violence. The last discrimination that occurred was the closure of the Ahmadiyah Mosque in Garut, West Java in 2021. According to Foucault, discrimination occurs due to the existence of a power system to regulate knowledge and hegemony in society through the normalization of knowledge which is a tool of power so that discrimination and even intolerance can be justified in society. The Wawuh boardgame is a medium for spreading tolerance and peace through 9 basic human rights, namely; the right to life, the right to receive, the right to work, the right to health, the right to education, the right to facilities, the right to protection, the right to voice, and the right to administration. This study aims to determine the extent of changes in perspective and behavior of tolerance after playing the Wawuh Boardgame. This game is played to members of the Scouts of UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung Batch 39 who have not been exposed to the issue of peace and violence based on minority group discrimination. This research method uses a combined qualitative and quantitative approach because the data collection uses a questionnaire whose results will be described in written form and the researcher can describe with a clear purpose. The results and discussion of this study prove that there is an attitude of tolerance and a change in perspective by 86% as well as increasing information about minority groups against members of the Scouts of UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung Batch 39. The conclusion of this study is that the Wawuh Boardgame is effective in campaigning for peace and can introduce minority groups as well as being able to prevent discrimination at all levels.

Проведено аналіз ефективності впровадження основних положень кредитно-модульної системи організації навчального процесу у викладанні предмета «педіатрія». Враховуючи, що правові й етичні гарантії, захист прав людини є невід’ємними компонентами якості, це також сприятиме поліпшенню надання якісної медичної допомоги. Практична підготовка сприяє формуванню та поглибленню клінічного мислення майбутнього медика, тобто вмінню комплексно оцінити різноманіття симптоматики клінічної картини та миттєво приймати рішення. Практична підготовка студентів-лікарів є обов’язковим компонентом освітньо-професійної програми для здобуття кваліфікаційного рівня і має на меті набуття ними професійних навичок і вмінь.

У статті аналізуються наукова література, міжнародні та вітчизняні нормативно-правові документи, медико-статистичні дані, що визначають актуальність проблеми, медико-соціальні, біоетичні, правові аспекти еутаназії та паліативної і хоспісної допомоги (ПХД) як альтернативи еутаназії. Мета роботи: представити аналіз ситуації в Україні і у світі щодо нормативно-правової оцінки і ставлення суспільства до еутаназії та її альтернативи – ПХД, стратегій та підходів до розвитку служби ПХД в рамках реформування системи охорони громадського здоров’я в Україні. Матеріали дослідження. Матеріалами для дослідження при виконанні представленої роботи були документи ВООЗ та міжнародних організацій, законодавча база України, вітчизняна та закордонна наукова література, міжнародні та вітчизняні нормативно-правові документи, що стосуються еутаназії та ПХД, медико-статистичні дані Держкомітету статистики та звіти МОЗ України. Методи дослідження. Авторами були використані наступні методи: інформаційно-аналітичний, бібліосемантичний, системного підходу, структурно-логічного аналізу та порівняльного контент-аналізу. Результати дослідження та обговорення. Ефективна і доступна система ПХД, застосовуючи мультидисциплінарний та міжсекторальний підхід, може адекватно реагувати та задовольняти потреби паліативних пацієнтів та їхніх рідних, що сприяє забезпеченню належної якості життя і зменшує бажання в інкурабельних хворих щодо застосування еутаназії. Це визначає велике медико-соціальне, економічне та гуманітарне значення ПХД – цього інноваційного напрямку охорони здоров’я і соціального захисту населення, яка є важливою складовою реформування системи охорони здоров’я в Україні. Найбільш важливими є міжнародні нормативно-правові акти, що стверджують невід’ємні права людини, і які, з точки зору більшості юристів, забороняють еутаназію, хоча в деяких країнах має місце легалізація та застосування еутаназії. Законодавство України однозначно забороняє еутаназію. Висновки. 1. Забезпечення максимально досяжного рівня якості життя інкурабельних хворих з обмеженим прогнозом тривалості життя стало в останні десятиліття однією з найважливіших гуманітарних проблем сучасного суспільства, що зумовлено несприятливими медико-демографічними процесами, зокрема постарінням населення і збільшенням смертності від хронічних неінфекційних захворювань. 2. Зазначене потребує оптимальної організації та розвитку сучасної ефективної та доступної системи ПХД, яка є інноваційним медико-соціальним мультидисциплінарним підходом, що найбільш адекватно забезпечує потреби та належну якість життя паліативних пацієнтів та їхніх рідних, сприяє збереженню людської гідності наприкінці біологічного життя. 3. Відповідно до сучасних міжнародних концепцій та стандартів, ПХД має забезпечити 4 обов’язкових складових: медичну, психологічну, соціальну і духовну. 4. Сьогодні найбільш важливими є міжнародні нормативно-правові акти, що стверджують невід’ємні права людини, і які, з точки зору більшості юристів, забороняють еутаназію, хоча в деяких країнах спостерігається тенденція до легалізації та застосування еутаназії. 5. Чинне законодавство України однозначно забороняє еутаназію. 6. Зазначене потребує створення та розвитку в Україні доступної та ефективної системи надання ПХД населенню як альтернативи еутаназії.

Since its open-door policy for welcoming asylum seekers in 2015, Germany has experienced a resurgence of anti-immigrant sentiments and a backlash against the safeguarding of human rights. Such perceptions of asylum seekers and their accommodation are shaped in urban neighborhoods, where street-level bureaucrats try steering such perceptions. While much literature has discussed how immigrant affairs departments promote intercultural encounter or acceptance of diversity, we know relatively little so far if and when urban planners steer perceptions of migration-related diversity. Yet, urban planners work closely with residents in urban regeneration programs and were confronted with residents’ anxieties about the potential impact of the asylum seeker accommodation when large reception centers were opened in 2015. The article aims to fill a gap in the literature. Based on two in-depth case studies it shows how structural contexts inform whether urban planners span disciplinary boundaries and act as broker between residents and the state in order to steer perceptions of asylum seeker accommodations. The article is based on field research and qualitative interviews in two large German cities. The article contributes to literatures on perceptions of migration and diversity, urban planning and urban regeneration, street-level bureaucracy, boundary spanning and brokerage.

The Rohingya is a stateless minority group in Myanmar, suffering from ethnic and religious armed conflicts, state persecution, and displacement. Since the escalation of violent conflicts in the early 2010s, they have fled the country and sought refuge in neighbouring countries, and in the biggest numbers, in Bangladesh. Living in densely populated refugee camps, Rohingya children receive very limited access to education and are exceptionally vulnerable to illnesses, violence and trafficking. This discussion paper describes the conditions and contexts under which education is offered, and identifies the serious problems and gaps in provision for Rohingya children in Bangladeshi refugee camps.