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The aim of the study is to analyze the ways women are empowered through information and communication technology (ICT) and fostering the process of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Women in developing countries are facing economic and social hardships and have limited access to ICT, which in turn translate into their lack of skills, lower literacy rate and restricted social engagement. Therefore, present study explores the role of ICT on women empowerment in 51 developing countries by conducting panel data modeling over the period of 2000-17. The study finds that ICT has significant and positive contribution on female labor force participation rate by Generalized Method of Moment (GMM). Control variables like GDP growth and government expenditure on education have positive and statistically significant role to enhance women empowerment. Findings of the study imply that the ICT has an impact on women empowerment and which helps in fostering the process of achieving SDGs 2030.

We examine the impact of public debt changes as well as the effects of the business cycle on the expenditure multipliers. We adopt the structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) methodology on quarter...

Governments will want to achieve their highest priority goal according to their economic circumstances. Governments use many tools to achieve these goals. Economic growth and price stability are among the main objectives which fall within the scope of governments. One of the most important tools that governments will deploy to achieve these goals government expenditures, which is a fiscal policy tool. In this study, the relationship between government expenditures, economic growth and inflation in 9 randomly selected OECD countries (France, Germany, Italy, UK, Portugal, Hungary, Spain, Finland and Poland) was analyzed by panel causality method using annual data for the period 2010-2019. As a result of the analysis, a bidirectional causality relationship was found between economic growth and inflation in the period analyzed. It was also found that there was a unidirectional causality relationship from inflation to government expenditures and from government expenditures to economic growth.

Human development index (HDI) is one of the benchmarks used to see the quality of human life as measured by looking at the level of human life quality of education, health and economy. This study aims to determine the effect of government spending from the education, health and capital expenditure sectors as well as income on the human development index. The data used is a secondary data in 7 districts in Lampung Province period of 2013-2018 which was obtained from the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance (DGFB Ministry of Finance) and the Central Statistics Agency (CSA) in Lampung province. The results of the analysis show that the government spending in the education sector and capital expenditure have a positive and significant effect on the human development index while the health sector spending as well as income have a negative and significant effect on the human development index.

The study specifically examined the short and long run impact government expenditure on substance abuse prevalence and rehabilitated drug addicts on the real growth rate on the Nigeria economy. Real Growth rate was made the dependent variable while government capital expenditure, government recurrent expenditure and number of rehabilitated drug addicts stood as explanatory variables. Analysis was carried using the ARDL technique. Findings revealed that there existed, in the short run, a significant impact of government recurrent, capital expenditure and rehabilitated drug individuals on real economic growth. However, in the long run, only capital expenditure on substance abuse has significant impact on the real growth rate in the Nigeria economy. It is therefore suggested that, combating the menace of drug abuse prevalence and trafficking needs the co-operation of all. To that extent government and non-government organization at both local and international level must network to ensure effective control. Therefore, adequate funds should be made available to government organization involved in drug demand reduction activities. Employment opportunities should also be created by the government to get user/ traffickers out of the illegal business. Massive preventive drug abuse education and enlightenment that emphasize healthy life style should be embarked upon frequently.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of unemployment, economic growth, education and health sector government spending on the Human Development Index in Aceh. The data used in this study is secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), the data used is the 20082019 period. The method of analysis used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis using statistical tests to determine the 95% degree of confidence. (𝛼 = 0.05) on the t test. The results of this study indicate that partially the unemployment variable has a positive and insignificant effect, the Economic Growth variable has a positive and significant effect, the Education Sector Government Expenditure variable has a positive and insignificant effect and the Education Sector Government Expenditure has a negative and significant effect on the Human Development Index in Aceh. Then simultaneously it has a positive and insignificant effect on the Human Development Index in Aceh.

Government expenditures and household expenditures appear to act as complements rather than substitutes for each other: an increase in government expenditure tends to increase household expenditures and vice-versa. Public investment can provide educational facilities, quality, and other institutional measures, but only household investment will enable its utilization.

This study aims to identify the effect of public debt on Palestinian government expenditure from the year 1997-2019. An analytical descriptive approach was used. The study found that the public debt positively impacts government expenditures and current expenditure, this confirms that the largest proportion of public debt is spent on the non-productive consumer aspects without direct concern for the elements of real economic production. In addition, the public debt negatively affects the development expenditures, which are usually supported by foreign aid and grants. Based on previous results, the researcher progress with several recommendations, the most important of which are that the Palestinian Authority should rationalize public and private consumption spending, and encourage citizens to invest by making them aware of the benefits of directing savings towards investment, financing projects. That is to achieve Palestinian priorities and economic development at the national level and within the main directions of the Palestinian Development Plan while increasing the share of development expenditures.

Terrorism in Nigeria is on the increase despite government counter-terrorism efforts and expenditure. This paper examines the impact of terrorism on economic growth and human capital development in Nigeria from 1981 – 2019. The Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator was employed in analyzing the data. A negative and insignificant impact of terrorism on economic growth and human capital development was found. Internal and external conflict also had a negative and insignificant impact on economic growth and human capital development. Government expenditure as well had a negative and insignificant impact on economic growth and human capital development. Domestic investment had a positive and significant impact on economic growth, while its impact on human capital development was positive but insignificant. We, therefore, recommend establishing a bank of security to directly fund security in Nigeria. This can contribute to remedying the terrorism situation. Also, establishing a bank of security can serve as a channel where armed forces and other security personnel who died in service to the nation can be compensated. This will encourage the armed forces in the battle against terrorism.

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya peningkatan pertumbuhan ekonomi merupakan tujuan bagi suatu Negara, yang didukung dengan pembangunan ekonomi. Namun pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia selama tahun 2010-2019 belum menunjukkan hasil yang terus meningkat pada level nasional disamping itu kemiskinan dan ketimpangan yang belum dapat menurun. Kondisi tersebut bertolakbelakang dengan tujuan tercapainya pertumbuhan ekonomi inklusif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur dan menganalisis Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Inklusif dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Terdapat dua metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu analisis model Poverty-Equivalent Growth Rate (PEGR) dan analisis regresi linier berganda dengan data time series. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pada satu dekade terakhir pertumbuhan ekonomi inklusif di Indonesia belum konsisten tercapai setiap tahun. Hasil analisis regresi data time series menunjukkan bahwa variabel pengeluaran pemerintah bidang pendidikan dan pengeluaran pemerintah bidang kesehatan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi inklusif. Variabel pengeluaran pemerintah bidang pendidikan memiliki pengaruh yang berbanding terbalik terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi inklusif, Sedangkan variabel tingkat pengangguran terbuka (TPT) berpengaruh tidak signifikan tehadap pertumbuhan ekonomi inklusif. Adapun upaya yang dapat dilakukan melalui impikasi kebijakan pemerintah yaitu penguatan Program Indonesia Pintar (PIP), hingga pendidikan vokasi, penguatan program kesehatan melalui penambahan fasilitas kesehatan, perekrutan tenaga medis, hingga memaksimalkan kartu Indonesia sehat dan BPJS.

The purpose of this research to examine influence several independent variables, especially corruption, foreign direct investment (FDI), population growth, and government expenditure on the economic growth of 10 Asia-Pacific countries, and prove the hypothesis of the sand wheels theory whether corruption causes a decline and a slowdown in economic growth. This study uses panel data. The results showed that the variables of corruption have a negative impact on economic growth, foreign direct investment (FDI), and government expenditure have positives that significantly affect the level of economic growth in 10 Asia-Pacific countries. However, population growth does not significantly affect economic growth. The result implies that corruption has a negative effect on economic growth in 10 Asia-Pacific countries. Such an outcome provides evidence and confirms the hypothesis that corruption can sand the wheel of an economy. Countries must eradicate all forms of corruption and maintain a conducive investment climate so that there is a level of trust, especially in the Asia-Pacific countries, to create productive economic growth.JEL Classification: O47, D73, C12How to Cite:Nasir, M. S., Wibowo, A. R., & Yansyah, D. (2021). The Determinants of Economic Growth: Empirical Study Of 10 Asia-Pacific Countries. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 10(1), 149-160. https://doi.org/10.18752/sjie.v10i1.15310.

The article considers the influence of the complexity of the social system on the growth of financial costs for the maintenance of the central management system. The subject of the article is Professor Dmitry Sorokin’s theory that Russia cannot be a world technological leader due to objective reasons: a large territory, a severe climate, a multinational and multi-confessional composition of the population. These conditions predetermine a strong power vertical and increased financial costs, leading to the bureaucratic despotism and worse effectiveness of market innovation mechanisms. The relevance of the problem is in the need to clarify the management capabilities and limitations of regimes with strong centralized power. This issue is becoming more urgent due to the fact Wagner’s law, which requires faster growth of public expenditure compared to the economy, has ceased to operate. The article aims to theoretically illustrate and to test the theory by D. Sorokin. On this purpose, the authors built a simple theoretical model of economic growth with an institutional factor reflecting the properties of the control system. The novelty of the approach consists in building an institutional function that includes management costs for maintaining the internal integrity of the country and its external security, the management potential (“strength”) of the central government and the mechanism of market selfgovernment. The initial driving force of the model is the growing complexity of the managed system, which, by D. Zolo’s complexity theory, leads to the wide spread of authoritarian political regimes. The analysis of the model and computational experiments allowed to establish the conditions when Sorokin’s theory is valid and when not. The calculations have led to the conclusion that even a tough authoritarian rule can stimulate the country’s economic development, provided that the current system of central government is highly efficient and low in financial capacity.

This study analyzes the implementation of control policies and procedures in the government expenditure cycle, particularly at the central government, starting from control at the phase of commitment, goods/services received, before payment and at the time of payment. The research was conducted by analyzing the content of the regulations in the implementation of state budget expenditures.The results show that the implementation of controls in the government expenditure cycle has been fulfilled according to international practice. The application of this control is important for financial managers to ensure that the budget execution process is carried out properly.

In the province of East Kalimantan, poverty is a problem that still cannot be overcome. Poverty in the province of East Kalimantan from year to year is still high, which is not in line with economic growth which is also high in East Kalimantan compared to other Kalimantan Provinces. Poverty is high due to unemployment which is also high and government spending also affects poverty in East Kalimantan. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of unemployment, economic growth, and government spending on poverty in East Kalimantan Province. The data used are secondary data derived from the statistical body (bps) of East Kalimantan and odjk of the finance ministry. The method of analysis uses panel data analysis and fixed-effect models. The results of this study indicate that simultaneous unemployment, economic growth, and government spending affect poverty in East Kalimantan Province. The unemployment variable has a positive and significant effect on poverty, the economic growth variable has a negative and significant effect on poverty, while the government expenditure variable has a negative and significant effect on poverty in East Kalimantan.

This paper examines how government expenditure and money supply affect unemployment in Namibia. It employs the ARDL and ECM estimation techniques to establish the underlying relationship for the period 1980-2018. The results support the hypothesis that government expenditure and money supply can be used to contain unemployment. Additionally, an evidence of both long and short-run causality from government expenditure and money supply to unemployment is found. Practical policy implications indicate that in order to effectively combat unemployment problem in Namibia, the study recommends that there is a need for policy makers to ensure that the goal of employment creation is mainstreamed in all relevant fiscal and monetary policies responses in the country. Moreover, there is also a need to identify and propose policies that can help to do away with the lack of effective policy interventions

This paper investigates the relationship between government expenditure, government revenue and public debt in Namibia by employing the data of these variables for the period 1980 to 2018. An error correction model (ECM) was employed to analyse the short-run dynamics and a positive relationship between government expenditure and government revenue was found. Similarly, there is supporting evidence that an increase in public debt will stimulate government expenditure. The error correction term indicates that any disequilibrium is corrected at an annual speed of 46.4 percent. Additionally, the pair-wise Granger causality test fails to support the spend-revenue hypothesis. However, there is supporting evidence that the tax-spend hypothesis does hold for Namibia. The study recommends that policy-makers should thoroughly review government expenditure and bring it to optimal levels in order to prevent the widening of public debt.

This study specifically examined whether macroeconomic and socio-economic factors such as corruption, foreign aid, government expenditure, external reserve, population growth, economic growth, and unemployment rate matter in increasing or reducing the level of external indebtedness in heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs). Both static panel data and panel fully modified ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation techniques were employed. Using panel data set of all the 39 HIPCs covering period of 1996 to 2018, we found out that the factors that matter in heightening the intake of external debt are high rate of corruption that leads to mismanagement of public funds, high dependency on foreign aids, increase in government expenditure, population growth, and unemployment rate. However, external reserve and gross domestic product (GDP) has a reducing effect on their external indebtedness. In terms of causal relationship, only corruption, population growth, and GDP have a causal relationship with external debt, while other variables exhibited a zero causal relationship with external debt.JEL Classifications: F34, E6, E24

Economists typically believe that government size is an integral determinant of labor market efficiency. Therefore, it is important in practical and theoretical terms to understand the impact of government size on the unemployment rate. Recent empirical studies indicate the negative impact of government size on labor market performance. This paper explores the relationship between government size and the unemployment rate in seventeen MENA countries during the period 2003 – 2017 using seemingly unrelated regression models (SURs). The research found a statistically significant negative effect of government size on the labor market. It also found that total government expenditure as well as investment expenditure play a dampening role on the labor market. Causality tests indicate that there is significant two-way causal relationship between government size and the unemployment rate. But the dynamic analysis of causality indicates one-direction causality from the unemployment rate to government size. The proper policy must therefore start with addressing unemployment in MENA countries, one of whose tools is government sizing.

The study empirically investigate the link between agricultural output growth and government spending in Nigeria from 1981 to 2018. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test was used to investigate stationary variable at different levels. The mixture in order of integration necessitate Auto Redistributed Lag (ARDL) and Bounds co-integration, since it allows combination of fractionally integrated variables. The results show both short and long run effect of government spending on the growth of agricultural output in Nigeria. The policy implication is that any disruption in government spending on agricultural sector would have adverse effect on agricultural output growth in Nigeria. In view of poor agricultural output growth in Nigeria, coupled with corruption, and policy summersaults in the sector. It is pertinent in the study, to come up with the following recommendations thus; government should re-double it efforts in terms food security through improved agricultural policies, proper channelization of loans across board with sustainable fiscal measures that can translate to actual growth.

The aim of the paper was to present health care systems and assess the recent trend in health care expenditure in the European Union countries. The data source was the World Bank and European Statistical Office (Eurostat). The adopted research period covered the years 2000–2016, due to data availability. The methodology of the study was based on an analysis of data indicator series related to health care expenditure, which evaluate the national health care system performance. The research results were presented using primarily Japanese candlestick charting. The study showed that health care expenditure represented an ever-increasing burden for all the EU economies, both in absolute values and in relation to GDP. However, substantial differentiations in the amount and structure of health care expenditure were observed at the country level, having roots in the level of a country’s economic development and diverse post-war economic and political evolution. The analysis of health care expenditure structure confirmed that all three types of health care systems (Beveridge, Bismarck and mixed one) were observed in the EU, but the last one had a marginal importance. The form of system did not determine its effectiveness. On average, more than three-fourths of health care expenses were financed by general government expenditure. Out-of-pocket spending varied widely among the analysed EU member states.

This study entitled the effect of household consumption expenditure, private investment and direct regional government expenditure on economic growth in East Lombok Regency in 2001-2017. This study aims to partially and jointly analyze household consumption expenditure, private investment and direct local government expenditure on economic growth in East Lombok Regency and analyze which variables have a dominant influence on economic growth in East Lombok Regency. This research is a type of causal research with quantitative methods using multiple linear regression analysis methods. Source of data is secondary data in the form of time series data, during the period 2001- 2017. The dependent variable in this study is economic growth, household consumption expenditure, private investment and direct regional government expenditure as the independent variable. Regression results show that household consumption expenditure and private investment have no significant effect on economic growth at α 5 percent while the local government direct expenditure variable has a significant effect on economic growth at α 5 percent. By simultaneous observations of the three variables are statistically significant at alpha 5 percent. Local government direct expenditure variable has a dominant influence on economic growth with a coefficient value of 4.8816 while the smallest effect on economic growth is the variable of household consumption with a coefficient value of 0.1066. Keywords : Household Consumption Expenditures, Private Investment, Local Government Direct Expenditures and Economic Growth &nbsp, Penelitian ini berjudul pengaruh pengeluaran konsumsi rumah tangga, investasi swasta dan belanja langsung pemerintah daerah terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Kabupaten Lombok Timur tahun 2001-2017. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis secara parsial dan bersama-sama pengeluaran konsumsi rumah tangga, investasi swasta dan belanja langsung pemerintah daerah terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Kabupaten Lombok Timur serta menganalisis variabel mana yang memberikan pengaruh dominan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Kabupaten Lombok Timur. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kausal dengan metode kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode analisis regresi linier berganda. Sumber data merupakan data sekunder dalam bentuk data runtun waktu selama periode 2001-2017. Variabel terikat dalam penelitian ini pertumbuhan ekonomi, pengeluaran konsumsi rumah tangga, investasi swasta dan belanja langsung pemerintah daerah sebagai variabel bebas. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pengeluaran konsumsi rumah tangga dan investasi swasta tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi pada α = 5 persen sedangkan variabel belanja langsung pemerintah daerah berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Sedangkan secara simultan ketiga variabel pengamatan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Dari beberapa variabel yang diteliti, variabel belanja langsung pemerintah daerah mempunyai pengaruh dominan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi yang di tunjukkan oleh nilai koefesiennya sebesar 4,8816 sedangkan variabel yang paling kecil pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi yaitu variabel konsumsi rumah tangga dengan nilai koefesien sebesar 0,1066. Kata Kunci: Pengeluaran Konsumsi Rumah Tangga, Investasi Swasta, Belanja Langsung Pemerintah daerah dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi &nbsp

This study aims at analyzing the effect of tax and debt-financed government expenditure on economic growth in Kenya using time series data from 1980-2014. Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was used to analyze the data. The empirical findings showed that public investment expenditure financed by issuing debt has positive effect on economic growth. The results also indicated that financing government consumption expenditure using debt has negative effect on economic growth. With regards to tax revenue, the results indicated that tax financed public consumption spending affects economic growth negatively. Moreover, the results showed financing government investment expenditure using tax revenue promotes economic growth. Based on the findings, this study therefore recommends fiscal authorities in to use borrowing to finance investment expenditure as opposed financing consumption spending. Additionally, given the adverse effects of debt-accumulation on growth performance, policy makers should focus more on domestic revenue mobilization to finance government expenditures.

This study aims to analyze household consumption expenditure, private investment and direct local government expenditure on economic growth in East Lombok Regency and analyze which variables have a dominant influence on economic growth in East Lombok Regency. This research is a type of causal research with quantitative methods using multiple linear regression analysis methods. The dependent variable in this study is economic growth, household consumption expenditure, private investment and direct regional government expenditure as the independent variable. The results showed that household consumption expenditure and private investment had no significant effect on economic growth. While the local government direct expenditure variable has a significant effect on economic growth. The local government direct expenditure variable has a dominant influence on economic growth, while the variable with the smallest influence on economic growth is the household consumption variable.

Nigeria as a nation operates a federal structure of government, ‘Federalism’ refers to the existence in a country of more than one level of government, each with different expenditure responsibilities and taxing powers. The major aim of this work is to assess the impact of fiscal federalism and government expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria. Secondary data employed in this work was collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria's (CBN) Statistical Bulletin, CBN Annual Report and Statement of Accounts, National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and The World Bank Group for years 2000, 2017 and 2018 and part of 2019, respectively. The data covers the period, 1990-2017 on an annual basis. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) was used to estimate multiple regression model where Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as dependent variable and independent variables were interest rate, inflation rate, exchange rate, growth rate of share of federal government from the Federation account, growth rate of share of state government from the federal account, growth rate of share of local government from the Federation account. The results obtained from the regression shows that there exists a positive relationship between the economic growth and share of federal revenue, state government revenue, exchange rate and interest rate from the federation account and economic process in Nigeria. From the above result, it can, therefore, be concluded that a policy to maintain macroeconomic stability by controlling the rate of inflation within the reasonable limit is required to promote economic growth.

Cooperatives play important role in economic development, particularly, in the developing countries’ case. Considering this fact, Nepal’s constitution 2017has incorporated the cooperative as one of the three pillars of her economy. Similarly, remittances have become one of the important sources of government expenditure in the recent years in Nepal and has got numerous attentions from the policy makers. This paper aims to analyze the role of cooperatives and workers’ remittances in economic development of Nepal using the time series data for the period of 1994 to 2018.We employ the advanced econometric methodology for time series analysis, the Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) approach of cointegration. The major findings from the econometric estimation is that the cooperatives are beneficial to the economy as expected by the policy makers of the country. Also, the dominancy of the remittance is downsizing the economy seeking an urgent attention from the policy makers to rescue the remittance-based economy both in the short and long run. JEL: F43, O53, Q13

Foreign aid is very important for the development process of a country. The main aim objective of this study was to empirically investigate the relationship between foreign aid and employment generation in Pakistan.Secondary data was collected from 1980-2015 for time series data analysis. World Development Indicators and the Pakistan Economic Survey were the main sources of data(World Bank, 2020). ARDL model used for the data analysis. Employment level was used as a dependent variable, and foreign aid, Economic Growth (GDP), Gross Fix Capital Formation (GFCF), government expenditure, participation rate, and exports were used as independent variables. Form the results of the study, and it was clear that foreign aid and employment level have a positive and significant association in Pakistan. The study concludes that foreign aid has positively contributed to employment generation.

Objective – Inequality of regional income, government expenditure and government revenue can show the performance of these variables in improving the economic and non-economic conditions of each region. Previous literature discusses, in part, the inequality among these three variables. This research fills the gap left by previous research by analyzing the inequality of the three variables and analysing the relationship between them in driving the provincial economy in Kalimantan. The first objective of this study is to analyze the reduction of regional income inequality, government revenue and government expenditure. The second objective is to analyze the relationship among macro variables. Methodology/Technique – Using data from 4 provinces in Kalimantan across a 15-year period (2002-2016), this study concludes that in the short term, only changes of government revenue have an impact on regional income and only changes of government revenue has an impact on government expenditure. Findings - Meanwhile, in the long term, changes in regional income, government revenue, and government expenditure can all have an impact on regional income. Type of Paper: Empirical. Keywords: Inequality; Regional Income; Government Expenditure; Government Revenue. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Kurniawati, S; Lestari, N. 2019. Sigma Convergence and VECM Approach in Explaining the Relationship among Macro Variables in Indonesia, J. Bus. Econ. Review 4(4) 156 – 162 https://doi.org/10.35609/jber.2019.4.4(2) JEL Classification: H70, E00, E10, O11.

Research Background: The on-going debate concerning the exact relationship that exists between inflation and government expenditure especially in the long and short run prompted this research. Purpose: The study assesses the relationship between government expenditure and inflation in Nigeria. Apart from government expenditure and inflation rate, other variables such as exchange rate and money supply are included to ensure a robust model. Research Methodology: Secondary data from 1980 to 2017 were collected and analysed using the Johansen Cointegration analysis and vector error correction model. Results: The results showed that apart from the bi-directional relationship that exists between the variables, there exists a strong relationship between government expenditure and inflation rate and that a significant impact is sustained from the short run through the long run. The exchange rate and money supply also exhibit a strong association with government expenditure. Novelty: The study has underscored the importance of the inflation rate in Nigeria as it affects government spending by focusing more on inflation rather than the movement that was the focus of most of the previous studies. It has also shown the causality flow from both inflation and government expenditure, which hitherto remains contentious.

Research background: Although a number of studies have been conducted on the relationship between public expenditure and economic growth, it is difficult to tell with certainty whether or not an increase in public expenditure is good for economic growth. This lack of consensus on the results of the previous empirical findings makes this study of paramount importance as we take stock of the available empirical evidence from the 1980s to date. Purpose: In this paper, theoretical and empirical literature on the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth has been reviewed in detail. Focus was placed on the review of literature that assessed the impact of government spending on economic growth. Research Methodology: This study grouped studies on the impact of public expenditure on economic growth based on their results. Three groups emerged – positive impact, negative impact and no impact. This was followed by a review of each relevant study and an evaluation of which outcome was more prevalent among the existing studies on the subject. Results: The literature reviewed has shown that the impact of government spending on economic growth is not clear cut. It varies from positive to negative; with some studies even finding no impact. Although the impact of government spending on economic growth was found to be inconclusive, the scale tilts towards a positive impact. Novelty: The study provides an insight into the relationship between public expenditure and economic growth based on a comprehensive review of previous empirical evidence across various countries since the 1980s.

Government Expenditure Revenue Scotland (GERS) remains a controversial statistical publication on Scotland’s public finances. We trace the evolution of GERS over time, and track how it has been used in political debate since it was first published in 1992. Now in its 27th edition, we review its ongoing role in informing constitutional and fiscal debate in Scotland. We dispel some of the myths about the publication, but also highlight legitimate criticisms, and explore how it is used by both sides in the independence debate. Our main contribution is to summarise what GERS tells us – and crucially what it does not tell us – about the state of Scotland’s economy and public finances. We conclude with an assessment of what GERS might tell us about the prospects for any future debate on Scottish independence.

While much knowledge is being generated on the impact of the pandemic, we still know very little on its implications on taxation in low-income countries. Yet, tax is crucial to fund crisis response and recovery, in addition to broader development plans and expanded government expenditure. This paper starts addressing this gap using a unique dataset of survey and administrative data from Rwanda. We document two significant shifts in taxpayers’ views: perceptions about the fairness of the tax system improve by 40 per cent, and their attitudes to compliance become more conditional on the provision of public services of sufficiently good quality. Importantly, these shifts are accompanied by improvements in actual compliance behaviour: using data from tax returns, we show that firms that declare after the onset of the crisis are substantially more compliant than others. We then investigate public support for increasing various tax options to fund crisis response and recovery. Taxing large companies and the richest enjoy the greatest support, which, however, declines as income increases. These results allow us to make some recommendations and considerations on tax policy responses to the crisis.

The influences of External Debt Service (EDS), External Debt Stock (EDSt), Government Expenditure (GE), Inflation Rate (InfR), Interest Rate (IntR) and Exchange Rate (ExR) of Nigeria on the Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) are examined. Results of the analysis using Stepwise Regression (Backward Elimination and Forward Selection) reveals that GE, EDS, and IntR have positive significant contributions to the RGDP of the country compared to other variables considered.

This study examines the relationship between technology, human capital and economic growth and also attempts to establish their implications on knowledge based economy in Nigeria. The data used for the study are from secondary sources while the new growth model was also adopted. The dependent variable in the model is the level of real output while the explanatory variables are gross capital formation and government expenditure on education. The result of the causality test shows that is a uni-directional relationship running from gross capital formation and real output, human capital formation and real output growths do not Granger cause each other while causality runs from human capital to capital formation and vice versa. The implication of the result; the increase in economic growth has not improve the rate of capital formation in Nigeria. The study concluded that Nigeria has been slow to identify the strands of global knowledge due to the following: weak institutions; limited awareness and disincentives preventing them from taking the root to the knowledge and information based- economy. Based on the findings the study recommended; strategies in which education can be incorporated into the growth system. Research and development should be encouraged as well and polices that promote output through savings. Keywords: Economic Growth, Human Capital Formation, Knowledge and Information Based Economy, Technology.JEL Classifications: O47, O15, G14DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8165

This paper discusses about Regional shopping budget based maqasid al syari’ah: realization analysis of the palopo city budget with the focus of the problem, namely, the reality of empowering the government expenditure budget and realization of its utilization in Palopo City, how the government and its policies encourage the development of people’s living standards with the realization of the government expenditure budget in terms of the hierarchy or interconnectivity of the concept of maqasid al-syari’ah. The type of research is field research that is descriptive and explorative by using multi approaches such as normative, juridical, sociological, and welfare theology. The results showed that the local government was considered to have carried out various efforts and policies by encouraging the development of people’s lives. The realization of the government expenditure budget is considered to have interconnectivity with the concept of maqasid al syari’ah. Massive acceleration of budget absorption is carried out so that dependence from the central and provincial levels can be minimized. Assessment of the local government in budget management has reflected the government’s performance every year. The realization of these regional budget expenditures has a broad impact on the standard of living of the community, especially in the provision of better basic services for its citizens. There are pro-people policies that are protective, responsive, constructive and aspirational.

Government expenditure is one of the regional fiscal strengths used by regional governments in implementing development. Based on the performance budget principle, every spent must be measured by certain performance. In the economic field, the performance of the government expenditures, among others, is measured by economic growth and employment opportunities. This study uses 3 (three) variables, namely employment opportunity (dependent variable), government expenditure (independent variable) and economic growth (intervening variables). By using secondary data (2008-2017) and regression analysis, it was concluded that the government expenditure did not affect employment opportunities through economic growth. This is because the portion of government expenditure for capital expenditure is very small, so it does not lead to the formation of gross fixed capital (infrastructure) and the formation of human capital (technical skills) to encourage economic growth and employment opportunity.

This study focuses to find out the impact of foreign aid on economic growth of Pakistan. Since Pakistan is among the countries who receive high amount of foreign aid therefore this research aims to find out its impact on economic growth of Pakistan. Gross Domestic Product has been used as a proxy of economic growth of Pakistan. Other variables include foreign aid, which is independent variables and dependent variables includes government expenditure, domestic savings, and Gross Domestic Product. To find out this impact, data on all the above mentioned variables is collected for the period of 25 years that is from year 1991 to 2015. Results from Linear Regression Analysis shows that foreign aid has no significant impact on government expenditure, domestic savings and Gross Domestic Product.

The study examined the core self-evaluations of prisoners on formal and vocational education in Luzira Prison in Uganda. A cross-sectional survey design using a quantitative approach with.800 participants selected purposively was used. Core self-evaluations were measured using Judge, Erez, Bono and Thoresen’s scale, while data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc test. The study yielded statistically significant variations among education levels, (F [4, 795] =3.18, p

The study assessed the effects of external shocks on fiscal policy in Nigeria. Vector auto-regression VAR estimating technique is adopted to achieve the set objectives of the study. The VAR model comprises of the following variables GDP, oil output, oil price, government revenue, government expenditure, external reserve, exchange rate, fiscal balance, and non-oil export. These variables represent the external shocks, the growth variables, fiscal variables and some other macroeconomic variables. The VAR results show that oil price and non-oil export are the most important external shocks affecting fiscal policy in Nigeria. It was also discovered that public debt shock has no significant impact on government expenditure. In addition, external reserve and exchange rate shocks also have a significant impact on fiscal policy. Finally, government expenditure shock failed to have a significant impact on the GDP. The implication of these results is that the effectiveness of fiscal policy in achieving macroeconomic objectives in Nigeria depends on these identified shocks.

We examine the government revenue and government expenditure nexus using a panel of 26 Indian states from 1980–1981 to 2014–2015. While most of the previous literature claims that revenue and expen...

Education management is a more labor intensive process previously measured by level of school enrolment and education quality with low or no concern on productivity and efficient resource utilization. Trends in increasing government allocation to education sector demonstrate a positive impact on enrolment, education quality and efficiency levels determined in the study. However, there was a gap on how government expenditures impacted school technical efficiency in public primary schools. To determine schools’ technical efficiency and relative determinants; this study used data from the Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ) data which evaluated class six performance for 3 times periods (2000, 2004, 2012). In the analysis, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Two Stage Least Squares are applied. Results revealed that technical efficiency scores in 8 provinces were lower in 2004 compared to 1997 but increased in 2007 with productivity change exhibiting same trends. Input change for enrolment and school amenities affected overall output. Class-pupil and pupil–toilet ratio, distance from small town, dispensary, bookshop and secondary school as well as class type contributed negatively to efficiency scores. Class-book ratio, government expenditure, playfield availability and class numbers contributed positively to efficiency. The results showed that schools located near main road and library had positive relationship to level of efficiency. On policy, expenditures should be increased towards quality classes and more qualified teachers who are high determinants efficiency.

Today, the question of introducing state-of-the-art economic management technologies in Ukraine is very urgent, especially in the area of fiscal policy. Among all instruments of such policy, it is necessary to distinguish fiscal rules, which have positively proved themselves in foreign countries in the process of managing economic fluctuations, in overcoming economic crises and achieving sustainable economic growth. So, the study of the essence of such rules as the main tool for anti-cyclical regulation of the national economy, the peculiarities of their impact on the socio-economic situation of the country and the possibility of their introduction in Ukraine are urgent questions. The purpose of the article is to study the impact of fiscal rules on the economic situation in the country, as well as the definition of place of such tools in the system of counter-cyclical regulation of the economy and the feasibility of their implementation in fiscal practice of Ukraine. It was established that the introduction of fiscal rules is associated with economic fluctuations, economic crises that shocked the economies of the world during the twentieth century – beginning of the XXI century. It was found that the introduction of fiscal rules is preceded by strategic planning and forecasting of the economic development of the country, which should be based and include a set of indicative indicators necessary to achieve future goals, and not a spontaneous solution, which can lead to further aggravation economic and social situation. The fiscal rule is a multifaceted instrument that aims to achieve overall macroeconomic stabilization and economic equilibrium. The authors believe that fiscal rules are the psychological tool for the government to enforce fiscal policy discipline. In the socio-economic conditions of Ukraine, it will be advisable to introduce fiscal restrictions that will serve to shape discipline, transparency in the budget process, debt policy, government spending policy and tax policy. Transparent, predetermined parameters will lead to the formation of a positive investment climate, increase the level of confidence in the government, reduce the shadow economy, and increase the social standards of living.

This study aims to analyze the development of inflation, foreign direct investment (FDI) and government expenditure to economic growth in Indonesia also to identify and analyze the effect of inflation, FDI and government expenditure to economic growth in Indonesia. The data used is secondary data in the form of time series. Based on the data obtained, the average development of economic growth in Indonesia during the period 2000-2017 was 5.29%. Based on the F test the independent variables tend to influence the dependent variable. In the t-test is known that inflation does not affect the economic growth in Indonesia, while FDI and government expenditure has a positive and significant impact on economic growth in Indonesia. The R2 value is 0,594602, amounting to 59.46% means that economic growth is affected by inflation, FDI and government expenditure, 40.54% influenced by other factors that were not included in this study, Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perkembangan inflasi, investasi asing langsung (FDI) dan pengeluaran pemerintah terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia serta untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaruh inflasi, FDI dan pengeluaran pemerintah terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dalam bentuk time series. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh, rata-rata perkembangan pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia selama periode 2000-2017 adalah sebesar 5,29%. Berdasarkan uji F variable independen cenderung berpengaruh terhadap variable dependen. Dalam uji t diketahui bahwa inflasi tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia, sedangkan FDI dan pengeluaran pemerintah berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia. Nilai R2 sebesar 0,594602, artinya sebesar 59,46 % pertumbuhan ekonomi di pengaruhi oleh inflasi, FDI dan pengeluaran pemerintah, 40,54 % di pengaruhi oleh faktor lain yang tidak dimasukkan dalam penelitian ini.

Government spending shocks have substantially different effects on consumers across the income distribution: consumption increases for the poor whereas it decreases for the rich in response to a rise in government expenditure. I shed light on this issue by incorporating a progressive tax scheme and productive public expenditure into a heterogeneous agent model economy with indivisible labor. The model economy is able to successfully match aggregate and disaggregate effects of government spending shocks on consumption. When the government increases its spending and accompanies it by a rise in tax progressivity, the poor are employed and increase their consumption since after‐tax wage rates increase while the rich decrease their consumption because of a fall in after‐tax wage rates.

This paper modeled the effect of corruption on growth, using Nigerian data for testing. The productivity growth channel of corruption was explored. Cointegration and error correction methods were employed in the analysis. The national system of innovations and corruption exhibited long run relations with productivity growth and were found to be credible fundamentals. The productivity growth vector was considered to be the only plausible in the long run growth analysis. The parsimonious growth equation showed productivity growth and government expenditure as significant and conformed to a priori expectations. The course of policy to sustainable growth was suggestive.

This study analyzed the nonlinear impacts of education, particularly higher education, on economic growth in the ASEAN-5 countries (i.e., Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines) over the period 2000&ndash, 2018. The impacts of education on economic growth are assessed through various education indicators, consisting of public expenditure on tertiary education per student, enrolment rates of primary, secondary, and tertiary levels, educated workforce, and the novel indicator of unemployment rates with advanced education. This study establishes nonlinear regression models&mdash, the time-series kink regression and the panel kink regression&mdash, to investigate the kink effects of education on the individual country&rsquo, s economic growth and the ASEAN-5 region, respectively. There are three main findings. Firstly, the nonlinear effects of the government expenditure per tertiary student on economic growth are confirmed for the ASEAN-5 region. However, the impacts do not follow the law of diminishing returns. Secondly, our findings reveal that an increase in unemployment of advanced educated workers can positively or negatively impact economic growth, which requires an appropriate policy to handle the negative impacts. Lastly, secondary and higher education enrollment rates can contribute to the ASEAN-5&rsquo, s economic growth (both the individual and regional levels). However, the regional analysis reveals that higher education impacts become twice as strong when the enrollment rates are greater than a certain level (a kink point). Therefore, we may conclude that secondary enrollment rates positively affect economic growth, however, higher education is the key to future growth and sustainability.

This paper warns of an emerging post-pandemic fiscal austerity shock—one that is far more premature and severe than the one that followed the global financial crisis—and presents alternative options to ensure that populations do not yet again have to suffer from austerity cuts. It does so by: (i) examining IMF government expenditure projections until 2025; (ii) summarizing the most common austerity measures to be avoided given their negative social impacts; (iii) presenting financing alternatives and (iv) calling on governments to urgently create fiscal space to finance an equitable socio-economic recovery and progress toward human rights and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

SAMA’s supervision of the Saudi banking sector is examined, as well as evolution of the Saudi banking sector in the period of globalization. The Saudi commercial banking sector’s performance in supporting the Saudi economy is assessed including financing the neglected SME sector, as well as the growing role of the Public Investment Fund in the Saudi banking sector with planned mega Saudi bank mergers. The implication of a rising sovereign and domestic foreign currency debt is analyzed, along with options to control government expenditure under Vision 2030 constraints.