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El modelo cognitivo postracionalista se adelantó a sus tiempos en toda una serie de planteamientos epistemológicos y psicológicos. Su noción constructivista evolutiva tiene, hasta el día de hoy, implicaciones paradigmáticas para el quehacer de las ciencias de la vida mental, que ni el propio enfoque pudo asumir completa y revolucionariamente. La dinámica circular corporalizada entre observador-observado obliga a cambios (y anulaciones) en la manera de explicar, clasificar e intervenir en lo que se suele llamar “psicopatología”. Bajo una fuerte influencia postracionalista, pero integrando concepciones actuales en la noción de sistemas complejos, la teoría del apego, la neuroafectividad, y los enfoques actuales sobre el desarrollo, el presente artículo articula los principios de una aproximación que busca completar y asumir enteramente la postura evolucionista de la complejidad planteada por Vittorio Guidano. Esta aproximación busca reformular tanto las nociones sobre el legado del apego temprano en el funcionamiento del sí-mimo, así como sus repercusiones para la psicopatología y la intervención psicoterapeutica.

Item does not contain fulltext Television exposure in early childhood has increased, with concerns raised regarding adverse effects on social-emotional development, and emerging self-regulation in particular. The present study addressed television exposure (i.e., amount of time watching TV) and its associations with toddler behavioral/emotional dysregulation, examining potential differences across 14 cultures. The sample consisted of an average of 60 toddlers from each of the 14 countries from the Joint Effort Toddler Temperament Consortium (JETTC; Gartstein & Putnam, 2018). Analyses were conducted relying on the multi-level modeling framework (MLM), accounting for between- and within-culture variability, and examining the extent to which TV exposure contributions were universal vs. variable across sites. Effects of time watching TV were evaluated in relation to temperament reactivity and regulation, as well as measures of emotional reactivity, attention difficulties, and aggression. Results indicated that more time spent watching TV was associated with higher ratings on Negative Emotionality, emotional reactivity, aggression, and attention problems, as well as lower levels of soothability. However, links between TV exposure and both attention problems and soothability varied significantly between cultures. Taken together, results demonstrate that increased time spent watching television was generally associated with dysregulation, although effects were not consistently uniform, but rather varied as a function of culturally-dependent contextual factors. 15 p.

Item does not contain fulltext This study advances the cross-cultural temperament literature by comparing temperament ratings of toddlers from 14 nations. Multilevel modeling (MLM) procedures were utilized to regress negative emotionality (NE) and component subscales on Hofstede's cultural value dimensions while controlling for age and gender. More individualistic values were associated with lower NE, and component discomfort, fear, motor activity, perceptual sensitivity, and soothability scales. The discomfort subscale was negatively associated with power distance and positively associated with masculine cultural values. Higher ratings of shyness were related to a more long-term cultural orientation. Results illustrate the feasibility of an MLM approach to cross-cultural research and provide a new perspective on the intersection of culture and temperament development. Limitations and future implications are discussed. 8 p.

Resumen: Introducción: La evidencia de las últimas décadas ha demostrado que el apego temprano es un proceso vital para la comprensión, prevención e intervención de la salud mental y física de las personas. Sin embar go, es escasa la información sobre el comportamiento del sistema de apego en la realidad chilena. Objetivo: Describir la distribución de los estilos de apego en poblaciones de niños bajo diferentes tipos de cuidado. Sujetos y Método: A través de un método descriptivo retrospectivo, se evaluaron 714 díadas madre-bebé (de 1 a 36 meses) seleccionadas al azar y de modo intencionado, a través de los procedimientos de la Situación Extraña, Escala de Apego durante Stress (ADS), y la Escala de Relación Profesor-Alumno. Las muestras provinieron de familias normativas seleccionadas al azar, infantes de salas de cuna y jardines infantiles JUNJI, e infantes de los centros CONIN y en condiciones de privación de libertad junto a sus madres. Resultados: Las 6 muestras provenien tes de 6 estudios demuestran el espectro del comportamiento de los estilos de apego en diversas condiciones: un 70% seguro y 30% inseguro, y un 51,1% seguro y 48.9% inseguro en muestras normativas; un 48,5% de seguridad y un 51,5% de inseguridad en cuidado alternativo y; un 39,6% de seguridad y 60,4% inseguridad, y 25% de estilos seguros y 75% inseguros en muestras de alto riesgo. Conclusión: El estudio presenta interesantes evidencias sobre las distribuciones de apego en la infancia, que permiten reflexionar sobre la dispar realidad de la situación chilena en lo que a desarrollo socio-afectivo temprano.

This chapter explores the differences between various cultural groups on parental wishes for their children. The desires of parents on what are “ideal behaviors or features” of their children depend on a number of cultural and social factors and differ considerably in different social groups. In some parents emphasize learning and academic success later on in life as the best way to promote eventual well-being. In others, self-reliance, independence, a strong work ethic, and reliability are considered essential to succeed in the labor market and for family relationships. Other cultures that promote more dependency of children on their parents and close family ties with extended family favor faithfulness to the relatives, compliance and obedience, and ensuring the dignity of the family and “saving face” at all costs. The pros and cons of different approaches are explored in terms of their possible effects on individuals and parental behaviors that otherwise might appear surprising or strange. Cultures that are highly individualistic, like in some highly industrialized Western countries, promote self-reliance, and this informs the child-rearing strategies and parental beliefs from early on. Traditional cultures tend to value group collaboration, being aware of the impact of one’s behavior on others and diminishing competition and conflict between people.

The first ex utero human action is, in most cases, crying—an ethological behavioral response preserved through species, beyond purely mammalian. A response often invoked as a visible sign of life, crying behavior will accompany the newborn through life and represent different meanings and emotions as the individual ages and develops. Beyond the “proof of life,” crying and irritability pose and lead to intense experiences in caregivers that affect neuroendocrine responses. Such reactions are also modulated by the sociocultural circumstances within which the child and caregiver reside. The culture of the caregiver impacts the perception of the crying. These factors also influence the way the infant is attended to and the subsequent responses from his or her growing mind. The caregiver responses vary enormously, in a spectrum that goes from sensitivity to hostility, from benign to malignant. With persistent or excessive crying there is a risk of harming the child. This chapter explores the ethological, neurobiological, and behavioral aspects of infant crying and irritability and provides examples of its modulation within different cultural and social circumstances, including how these affect the perception and interpretation of this otherwise vital action.

The present study examined toddler temperament across Chilean, South Korean, Polish, and US samples, providing an opportunity to examine both collectivist-individualist and East-West contrasts. The effect of culture on the three factor and 18 dimension scores provided by the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire were investigated. Results provide evidence of cross-cultural differences between the four samples. Chilean toddlers scored significantly higher than US, Polish, and South Korean children on the overall factor of Negative Affectivity, as well as higher than the Polish and South Korean samples on the Surgency factor. South Korean toddlers scored significantly higher on the factor of Effortful Control, and two related dimensions, than US, Polish, or Chilean samples. Results are discussed in terms of the apparent roles of individualism/collectivism and East-West distinctions in shaping temperament development.

The Chilean government commissioned a quasi-experimental study with a pre-/postintervention design that had two general aims: (a) to assess infants' psychoaffective developmental levels (pre-intervention phase) and (b) to evaluate whether an intervention based on the promotion of socioemotional development modifies the infant's psychoaffective development. Sixty-two institutionalized infants and their alternative caregivers were evaluated at a pre-intervention stage. An intervention then took place, with the caregivers trained according to an "attachment sensitivity manual." Results showed normal ranges of psychomotor development (64% normal, 9% delayed) and a very high frequency of attachment insecurity, as compared to the normative population (53%).The intervention significantly improved social orientation and object orientation as well as activity and reactivity levels. We conclude that although institutionalized infants in Chile do not exhibit high levels of atypical attachment, socioemotional deterioration may lead to vulnerability in present and future development. Finally, the scope of this study affected public policies regarding children, initiating a change to a foster family system and a variety of modifications in the strategies for adopting institutionalized infants.

El estudio caracteriza el cyberbullying en estudiantes del gran Santiago de Chile (2010). Se aplicó una encuesta de autorreporte (Cuestionario de Experiencias de Internet) a 1.357 estudiantes entre 7º básico a IVº medio. El diseño de muestra fue no probabilístico por cuotas en 32 establecimientos educacionales, ponderados según género, curso y tipo de dependencia. El 50% fueron hombres, con un promedio de edad 15 años (DS= 1,82 años). Resultados: El 11,4% reportó haber sido víctima de algún tipo de cyberbullyingy el 12,5% victimario. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las víctimas según sexo, curso y tipo de dependencia. Sólo los hombres reportan identificarse en forma más frecuente con los victimarios que las mujeres. Conclusiones: El cyberbullying es un fenómeno existente en la realidad chilena, siendo - mayormente - homogéneo en su presentación. Dado esto, se plantean nuevos desafíos y preguntas respecto a sus consecuencias tanto para los estudiantes como para todo el sistema escolar. This study characterizes the cyberbullying among students in Santiago, Chile (2010). A self-report questionnaire (Internet Experiences Questionnaire) was completed by 1,357 students from 7th to 12th grade. The sample design was non-probability and based on quota sampling. The data were weighted by gender, grade and type of school dependency. Among the respondents 50% were men, average age 15 years (SD = 1.82 years). The results show that 11.4% reported having been the victim of some form of cyberbullying and 12.5% victimizer. No significant differences were found between the gender, grade or type of school dependency of the victims. In the role of perpetrator, boys reported a higher frequency in compare to girls. We conclude that cyberbullying is a phenomenon that exists in Chilean reality, and it is mostly-homogenous in its presentation. Given this, new challenges and questions regarding the consequences of cyberbullying for students and the educational system are raised.