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Local revenue of local government is a right that is recognized as an addition to net asset value during a given period. For that all goods and services as a result of economic activities that operate in the domestic territory, regardless of whether the factors of production derived from or owned by a resident of the area, is the Gross Domestic Product. Local revenue is the revenue from the tax sector, retribution, the results of companies belonging to the region, the results of the wealth management separated areas, and other areas of legitimate revenue. In Law No. 33 of 2004 on Financial Balance between Central and Local Government, it is stated that the local revenue sources consist of regional revenue, Tax Revenue and Non-Tax. Under Law No. 34 of 2000 on the amendment of Law No. 18 of 1997 on local taxes and levies, what is meant by local taxes are compulsory contributions made by individuals and entities to the area without a direct reward balance, which can be imposed by legislation in force, which is used to finance the implementation of local government and regional development. Whereas levies are payment for certain services or granting special permits provided by the local government or for the benefit of private persons or entities. Local taxes and levies are one source of revenue (PAD). Local Revenue is one source of local revenue. The increased local taxes and levies are expected to increase revenue of an area, and the increased revenue is expected to increase in local revenue. Keywords ; Pajak Daerah, Retribusi, Pendapatan Asli Daerah dan Pajak Daerah

The manufacturing industry in Iraq has faced, during the time stages, several obstacles that have had devastating effects on the Iraqi economy. These obstacles are represented by political events and wars that have led to the depletion of most human and material resources and the suspension of most vital industrial facilities from working, And the occurrence of this major deviation in the process of economic development, For the same reasons, the contributions of the manufacturing sector to the gross domestic product varied fluctuatingly, indicating instability in the growth rates of this sector, On the other hand, the supremacy of the belief that the dominance of oil resources as a main source for creating economic growth and achieving a high level of prosperity placed the manufacturing sector a place of great neglect. The result is that growth in this sector has become distorted in light of the heavy dependence on the oil sector. This study aims to estimate the production functions in the manufacturing industry in Iraq. Through which the existing production relations in this industry can be analyzed, And the extent of the possibility of substituting the factors of production, and measuring the flexibility of production for the factor of labor and capital, and marginal productivity.

Which are the effects of pandemics on the returns to factors of production? Are these effects persistent over time? These questions have received renewed interest after the out-burst of deaths caused by Covid-19. The Spanish Flu is the closest pandemic to Covid-19. In this paper, we analyze the impact of the Spanish Flu on the returns to labor and capital in Spain. Spain is an ideal country to perform this exercise. First, the “excess death rate” was one of the largest in Western Europe and it varied substantially across regions. Second, Spain was transitioning towards industrialization, with regions in different stages of development. Third, Spain was developed enough to have reliable data. We identify the effect of the Spanish Flu by exploiting within-country variation in “excess death rate”. Our main result is that the effect of the Spanish Flu on daily real wages was large, negative, and broadly short-lived. The effects are heterogeneous across occupations and regions. The negative effects are exacerbated in (i) occupations producing non-essential goods like shoemakers and (ii) more urbanized provinces. Quantitatively, relative to pre-1918, the decline for the average region ranges from null to around 30 percent. In addition, we fail to find significant negative effects of the flu on returns to capital. Whereas the results for dividends are imprecisely estimated (we cannot reject a null effect), the effect on real estate prices (houses and land), driven by the post-1918 recovery, is positive. Experts on inequality have argued that pandemics have equalizing effects especially in a Malthusian setting, due to real wage increases. Our findings suggest that, at least, for a developing economy like Spain in the early 20th century, this result does not apply. Indeed, we document that the flu pandemic was conducive to a (short-run) reduction in real wages. In addition, we interpret our heterogeneous results as suggestive evidence that pandemics represent a demand shock.

Misallocation of factors of production has been recently viewed as a promising explanation accounting for the large difference in total factor productivity (TFP) across countries. This paper differs from previous studies by concentrating on interregional capital misallocation and by focusing on the role of fiscal decentralization in shaping misallocation. Using a municipal level panel data set, we measure intra-provincial and inter-municipal capital misallocation in China over 2003-2015. The empirical results based on provincial level panel data suggest that revenue decentralization mitigates interregional misallocation while expenditure decentralization fails to exert a significant impact. We further find that this positive effect is more significant and much larger when it is the market rather than government intervention that is driving the flow of capital. The results are robust to different specifications, IV estimations and alternative measurement of interregional misallocation. Our study complements the literature on the causes of misallocation and enriches the understanding of the consequences of fiscal decentralization, especially in terms of economic growth and interregional inequality.

Salah satu indikator yang bisa digunakan untuk mengetahui kemajuan suatu negara bisa dengan menggunakan indikator laju pertumbuhan ekonomi. Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara yang sedang berkembang memiliki laju pertumbuhan ekonomi yang mengalami fluktuasi dari tahun ke tahun. Hal ini bisa dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor dari berbagai aspek kehidupan seperti energi, faktor produksi, dan moneter. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran laju pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia 1987-2019 dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi laju pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia dalam jangka panjang dan jangka pendek. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Error Correction Mechanism. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produksi minyak dunia, nilai tukar Rupiah terhadap US Dollar, dan suku bunga berpengaruh signifikan terhadap laju pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia dalam jangka panjang. Selain itu, persentase Pembentukan Modal Tetap Bruto terhadap total PDB pengeluaran Indonesia, nilai tukar Rupiah ke US Dollar, suku bunga, dan Error Correction Term (ECT) berpengaruh signifikan terhadap laju pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia dalam jangka pendek.

Entrepreneurship usually takes place in innovative systems, mostly in cities. Cities, with unique features, may alter the impact of entrepreneurship. This paper employs multiple regression models to assess the impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth, considering the moderation effect of the city context. We use Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as the dependent variable and government spending, labor, fixed and financial capital and entrepreneurship as the independent variables. The data are from the 2003–2017 yearbooks of Zhaoqing, Shantou and Meizhou (three cities with distinct cultural and geographic features in Guangdong, China). We conclude that (1) the three cities’ GDPs highly rely on traditional factors of production (i.e., government spending, labor and fixed and financial capital) rather than entrepreneurship and (2) the city context of Meizhou is relatively unsupportive of its entrepreneurship contributing to the GDP, in comparison with that of Zhaoqing and Shantou. This study adds to the literature by empirically assessing and comparing three cities’ entrepreneurship development in China, it also informs scholars and practitioners of the moderation effect of the city context.

Is state intervention making a comeback in economic policy? Should it make a comeback in economic policy? And, if so, what should this intervention look like? The relations between the state and the economy are a recurring theme throughout modern history, at least since the invention of the nation-state, but in Covid Europe these questions have made the news headlines for the first time in decades. This has been in addition to the strains and challenges posed to the global economy by climate change, which have increasingly put state intervention at the forefront of economic policy. In this context, it is not surprising that state intervention has been the subject of many new books. The ones under review here, all published between 2014 and 2020, add new food for thought to the topic. They raise important questions at a time when ideas around the relations between state, entrepreneurship and resources are beginning to be rediscussed, even in the most conservative economic circles.

In the development stages of any country, poverty reduction, increase in income balance, social welfare, and the reduction of unemployment are the most important factors which should be improved to implement development programs more successfully. Agricultural cooperatives (ACs) can play a significant role in the economic and social development of rural areas. ACs established 85 years ago in the Garmsar region of Iran for the first time; however, its form gradually changed from traditional form to a new one. They are social, economic, and ethical organizations that can play a very important role in creating employment in rural areas by attracting the participation of members, raising small capital, and providing agricultural extension training, infrastructures, and production factors. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effect of various functions of ACs on sustainable rural employment. In this regard, 356 samples were selected from the study area (i.e. Garmsar, Iran). A survey study was conducted to collect data through field interviews. Modeling based on structural analysis showed that the social, educational, economic and production functions had positive and significant effects so that they were able to predict and explain 66% of changes in sustainable rural employment.

This article examines the transformation of the labor market under the influence of informatization of society. It is noted that in the conditions of globalization and informatization of the nowadays a post-industrial society has been formed, in which information is a determining factor of production. New opportunities and challenges of the labor market in the conditions of information society development are analyzed. The informatization of society changes the conditions, nature and forms of work. Extensive digitalization, the use of cloud technologies and artificial intelligence systems are displacing traditional forms of employment towards teleworking, which makes workers more mobile and able to optimize working hours. It is established that the spread of technology increases the efficiency of the recruitment and searching job processes. Informatization of society contributes to the creation of a digital labor market, which forms the demand and supply of information and computer technology workers. In the context of informatization of society, the labor market is characterized by an imbalance between supply and demand of labor due to structural changes in the economy. Among the challenges of the labor market are rising unemployment in the raw materials industries, robotics and automation of routine manual labor. The digitalization of the economy leads to the need to adjust government regulation of business and provide social guarantees for employees. It is noted that the informatization of society provides more benefits to the labor market than obstacles. Solving the problems it raises, promotes progress and economic development.

The article discusses the need for business planning for businesses and the role of the business plan. The system of external and internal factors influencing the business planning process is determined. Business planning for the company is a method of attracting financial and investment resources and for investors - a confirmation of the targeted use of funds and project effectiveness. It is noted that business planning solves the main question of the economy in choosing a successful method of correlating the factors of production with solving problems in the exhaustion of resources to meet the needs of society. The goals to which the development of the business plan by the enterprise and the tasks of business planning are subordinated are generalized. Due to the compliance and balance of goals and benefits of internal and external users, the results are identified, which should include business planning for effective implementation in the activities of enterprises. Business planning plays an important role in the management and formation of enterprise development strategy, and therefore it gave the opportunity to determine for each participant in the business planning process effectiveness in the effective operation of the enterprise. The business plan performs an external function for investors and an internal function for the business unit, namely it is a business planning tool and is a mechanism for monitoring and implementing business strategy in enterprises. Business planning allows for quantitative and qualitative justification of the optimal management decision, to systematize and specify the relevance of goals and results of the strategy, to determine the sources of information and reliability in accordance with the situation at the enterprise. It is determined that the effective structure of the business plan should include quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the project in accordance with the chosen result for its implementation and solve a number of tasks. The role of business planning in the development of enterprises is to concentrate all types of available and potential resources to determine the system of current and future directions of development of the entity in order to create innovative products and use innovative technologies, meet consumer needs and obtain financial results.

The production of natural rubber in Malaysia is primarily dominated by smallholders representing almost 95% of the total rubber plantation, while commercial estates constitute the remainder. The natural rubber industry is an integral part of the Malaysian economy, with 2.6% of with the total contribution of exports valued at more than RM20 billion annually. Therefore, the three key inputs that affect the productivity of smallholders in all states throughout Malaysia should be critically explored There is limited literature on the production of rubber by smallholders. The labour consumption, land area and adherence to agronomic practices are the main inputs and variables in this study. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) was used to analyse the correlation of each input with rubber production by referring to the concept of the production function. The results discovered that 96% of rubber production yields are explained by independent variables consisting of labour, plantation area, weeding and cultivating activities. Furthermore, the total plantation area and adherence to agronomic practices positively affect total rubber production, while inefficient use of labor negatively affects total rubber production

Occupational safety management in our country no longer meets modern requirements for occupational safety in the workplace and needs to be improved, in particular through the introduction of a risk-oriented approach to the assessment of production factors. The use of risk-oriented approach system to safety management in the workplace is substantiated in this work, and it is the primary link in the management system of labor protection and its optimal (comfortable) organization significantly affects the production environment, safety and staff productivity. A structural and logical model of the incident at the workplace is proposed and possible dangerous events, the development of which in space and time can lead to its implementation are identified. Dangerous events can be caused by both - the actions of the employer and the employee, as well as external factors. All considered dangerous events are random in nature, so methods of general theory of random process control, simulation and Boolean algebra are used for their analysis. According to this model, workplace safety management involves identifying the factors that are most likely to be present in the workplace and justifying measures to reduce the frequency of their occurrence and increase the level of safety. It is shown that the use of a systemic risk-oriented approach to safety management in the workplace will allow to identify the factors that are most likely to cause accidents and to develop appropriate measures to eliminate them. In a market economy, an important point in occupational safety management at all levels is to resolve the compromise between the economic feasibility of economic activity and social responsibility of the state in a way that reduces production risk, namely - maintaining human-centric economic development. Finding such a compromise is difficult and problematic, as it is difficult to compare in commensurate units the economic performance of economic activities with social losses due to accidents and occupational diseases at work. In the conditions of decentralization, when the role of supervisory bodies over the state of labor protection is reduced, it is very important to form elements of labor protection culture in employees and managers. Improving public and cultural education on occupational safety remains a priority of our country's public policy, in particular through higher education, which trains highly qualified workers and senior managers who are personally responsible for occupational safety at each workplace.

The main aim of the article is to identify unintended consequences of economic policies to combat climate change, in the short and long run, using the example of the Czech economy. The short term impacts are assessed by world input-output analysis in order to capture direct and indirect channels affecting the Czech automotive industry. Optimistic, realistic and pessimistic scenarios of decrease in demand for cars due to the imposition of environmental taxes in the European Union and the rest of the world are presented. The results show adverse impacts on Czech gross domestic product from 1.6 to 4.9 percentage points. The economy is expected to change its structure and reallocate factors of production to an alternative use, but there is a risk of suboptimal allocation, which might reveal losses from less efficient allocation of labor and capital. Therefore, the analysis of the relationship between economic welfare and the quality of the environment is conducted. Data on the Czech economy confirm the hypothesis of an environmental Kuznets curve and point to unintended consequences of overly ambitious policies to mitigate global climate change. If economic welfare excessively declines, there would be a significant risk of undermining people's will to invest into environmental protection.

Aiming at the quality problems of the land cover classification data, such as missing update of changed spots, overrun of spot collection accuracy, incorrect spot classification, and inconsistencies between the filling of the change types of map spots and technical regulations, had been found during the quality inspection of the national geographic condition monitoring in China. This paper analyzed the key production factors, processes and causes that affect the process quality of the land cover classification data, and proposed the concept of the whole production quality control, and discussed the quality control measures to improve the land cover classification product. The research based on the new requirements of the whole-process quality control system in order to solve the quality problem-oriented production quality control method, could improve the quality of land cover classification product and provided reference for the quality control of the production process of related engineering projects in the future.

This short paper is a demonstration of the difficulty with the textbook production function which uses the notion of capital as a factor of production. Because, this notion is logically incompatible with the other notion of the money value of capital needed for distribution theory. Theories of production and distribution become incompatible. Outside a one commodity world, this leads to insurmountable circular reasoning. The value of capital cannot be measured without first knowing its distributional parameters (e.g. real wage or the profit rate) and if they are known the marginal productivity theory based on the notion of the relative scarcity of capital as a factor of production is not only superfluous but meaningless. The scarcity of something which cannot be measured even in theory cannot be defined.

GESTÃO DA PRODUÇÃO COMO FATOR CONDICIONANTE DA COMPETITIVIDADE DO CAFÉ NO CERRADO MINEIRO LUÍSA PASETO1, MARCO TÚLIO OSPINA PATINO2 1Doutora em Sistemas de Gestão para o desenvolvimento Sustentável - NIEAR – Núcleo Interno de Engenharia e Administração Rural, FEAGRI-UNICAMP, Rua Mayrink, 154, Sousas, 13104-130, Campinas, SP, Brasil. e-mail: lu.paseto@uol.com.br. 2 Prof. Doutor – Orientador - Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola - FEAGRI-UNICAMP, Rua Mayrink, 154, Sousas, 13104-130, Campinas, SP, Brasil. e-mail: marco.ospina@feagri.unicamp.br. RESUMO: O conhecimento de boas práticas agrícolas para inovação e uso de tecnologia na gestão da produção de café permite avançar no posicionamento competitivo das empresas. Este estudo envolveu propriedades rurais do cerrado mineiro com sistemas de produção convencional e buscou evidenciar as oportunidades para melhoria da competitividade na produção de café. Para tanto, a revisão de literatura abordou temas que incluem o conhecimento como fator de produção com valor agregado, inovação, uso de tecnologia e empreendedorismo. Os gestores de quatro propriedades produtoras de café em grande escala foram entrevistados utilizando um questionário composto de 51 questões que refletem a gestão da produção desses produtores. Os resultados indicam que a gestão da produção nas fazendas investigadas apresenta iniciativas que auxiliam na promoção da inovação e tecnologia na produção, porém ainda precisam adotar práticas de aperfeiçoamento do capital social, representado na preocupação com treinamentos e colheita seletiva que levem ao aproveitamento da oportunidade de venda da produção com valor agregado. Palavras-chaves: Capital Social, Conhecimento, Gestão, Produção. PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT AS CONDITIONING FACTOR OF COMPETITIVENESS OF COFFEE IN THE MINAS GERAIS CERRADO ABSTRACT: Knowledge of good agricultural practices for innovation and use of technology in the management of coffee production allows us to advance in the competitive positioning of companies. This study involved rural properties of the Cerrado of Minas Gerais with conventional production systems and sought to highlight the opportunities to improve competitiveness in the coffee production. A literature review addressed topics that include knowledge as a factor of production with added value, innovation, use of technology and entrepreneurship. The managers of four large-scale coffee producing properties were interviewed using a questionnaire composed of 51 questions that reflect the production management of these producers. The results indicate that the management of production in the farms investigated presents initiatives that help in the promotion of innovation and technology in the production, but still need to adopt practices of improvement of social capital represented in the concern with training and selective harvest that lead to the use of the opportunity to sell of value-added production. Keywords: Social Capital, Knowledge, Management, Production

Changes in the world require a company to make innovations that are necessary in order to survive the onslaught of other companies' innovations, especially similar companies. a new economic concept that focuses on information and creativity that relies on creative ideas and knowledge from human resources for the main production factors. Creative economynowadays it is increasingly being carried out by the people, especially the younger generation in country because they feel this is a profession that is suitable to be done. Information technology is also needed in the distribution, promotion and sales transaction processes so that the process runs more effectively and efficiently. The potential for the development of this industry is due to several factors, namely the development of information technology as the main factor develops rapidly, access to information centers via the internet is much easier, the social innovation process runs smoothly, each region has a unique local cultural potential and the openness of society to modern culture, there are sources of knowledge such as many campuses that are a source of quality human resources, have high creativity and innovation.

The Ricardian comparative advantage is one key cornerstone in the international trade theory. There is no shortage of textbooks supposing that Ricardo used solely labour as a factor of production. This approach originates with Haberler in the 1930s, who wrote that Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage is robust, but not the labor-cost doctrine, which, Haberler assumed, Ricardo applied. This paper summarizes why Haberler’s perspective emerged, essaying an explanation of his way of interpreting Ricardo. To do this, we considered the new research on Ricardo, whose facets to be known seem to renew over time and never end.

Economic growth is a function of the interactions between the different productive factors framed in the economic policy of an economy, in particular, it can be expressed in terms of labour force, productive resources (land, capital) and technology, among others. The present work pretends to approximate a model to explain the economic growth in developing economies, for which a model is proposed that explains this growth in function of the referred factors; then production is proposed in function of capital and work and two models are adjusted, one with exogenous technological change and the other that involves technological change in an endogenous manner. The model is developed with a production function with constant substitution elasticity so that it is applicable to both developed and developing economies, since it is to be expected that in developed economies the substitution elasticity is unitary, which would lead to a Cobb-Douglas-type production function, but it is very probable that in incipient economies the function with constant substitution elasticity better reflects the relationship between production factors and economic growth. The research allows the development of the corresponding mathematical model in each case, the economic and mathematical foundations of each model are presented and validated according to economic theories. The behaviour of variables such as savings, investment, income, consumption, capital and their relationships in each model is analysed. El crecimiento económico es una función de las interacciones entre los diferentes factores productivos enmarcados en la política económica de una economía, en particular, puede expresarse en términos de mano de obra, recursos productivos (tierra, capital) y tecnología, entre otros. El presente trabajo pretende aproximarse a un modelo para explicar el crecimiento económico en las economías en desarrollo, para lo cual se propone un modelo que explica este crecimiento en función de los factores referidos; luego se propone la producción en función del capital y el trabajo y se ajustan dos modelos, uno con el cambio tecnológico exógeno y otro que implica el cambio tecnológico de manera endógena. El modelo se desarrolla con una función de producción con elasticidad de sustitución constante de manera que es aplicable tanto a economías desarrolladas como en desarrollo, ya que es de esperar que en las economías desarrolladas la elasticidad de sustitución sea unitaria, lo que llevaría a una función de producción tipo Cobb-Douglas, pero es muy probable que en economías incipientes la función con elasticidad de sustitución constante refleje mejor la relación entre los factores de producción y el crecimiento económico. La investigación permite desarrollar el correspondiente modelo matemático en cada caso, se presentan y validan los fundamentos económicos y matemáticos de cada modelo según las teorías económicas. Se analiza el comportamiento de variables como el ahorro, la inversión, la renta, el consumo, el capital y sus relaciones en cada modelo.

PurposeThis paper aims to examine how input from the digital restructuring of the workplace and productivity affects the risk of job loss and unemployment.Design/methodology/approachRelying on the concepts of technological unemployment and the productivity paradox as well as the theory of skills-biased technological change, the analysis incorporated micro-level individual determinants of job loss, macro-level economic determinants of input and the contribution from traditional (machinery and equipment) vs innovative (ICT) factors of production. The model has been also controlled for “traditional” indicators of “outsiderness” in the labour market. The Quality of Work Life Survey, which is a broad-based national interview survey produced by Statistics Finland, for 2018, the latest year available (N = 4,110) has been used in the analysis. Binomial logistic regression has been applied in order to estimate the effects of individual- and macro-level factors on the risk of job loss.FindingsThe results support arguments for the divergence between effects from labour- vs total-factor productivity on the risks of job loss, as well as the divergence between effects for temporary (layoff) vs permanent job loss (dismissal or unemployment). While the contribution from “traditional” factors of production to labour productivity potentially decreases the risk of permanent job loss, input from “innovative” factors of production on total-factor productivity potentially causes adverse effects (e.g. growing risks of permanent job loss).Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the theoretical discussion about technological unemployment and productivity by means of including two different concepts into a single econometric model, thus enabling examination of the research problem in an innovative way.

Oil palm is the most efficient crop in producing oil than other crops, such as soybean, rapeseed, and sunflower. However, the oil palm plantation of independent smallholders faced low productivity in terms of input used. This study aims to determine the production factors that influence independent oil palm smallholders in Kumpeh Sub-district, Muaro Jambi District. This research was conducted in three villages in Kumpeh, namely Mekarsari, Betung, and Seponjen. Samples consisted of 63 smallholders and were taken using the Simple Random Sampling method. The data were analyzed descriptively and subjected to statistical tests of multiple linear regression analysis. The results show an R2 of 0.888, indicating that the model variables can explain 88.8 percent of the oil palm production variation. The F test resulted in a value of 115.299, showing that the production variables together have a real effect on production. Partially, the independent variables that have a real and significant impact on oil palm production at a realistic level (α) of 5 percent are land area, fertilizer, and pesticides. At the same time, labor does not significantly affect palm oil production.

The article highlights the key problems of effective cost management at the agro-industrial complex enterprises. The conceptual model of effective interaction between elements of the cost management system is provided and the algorithm of implementation of the cost management system at the agro-industrial complex enterprises is justified. The article unfolds the specifics of the arrangement of management accounting as a key element of the cost management system at the agricultural enterprises and presents the optimal system of accounts of management accounting and their interaction with the accounts of classical management accounting. The issues of development of internal standards of the cost management system at the agricultural enterprises and the concept of cost accounting by responsibility centres are highlighted. The task of such accounting is rather assistance in the arrangement of self-control of managers than control itself. Therefore, the main purpose of accounting for the responsibility centres is to assist management staff at various levels in compiling reports on the implementation of budgets (plans, programs, projects) and evaluation of performance. The article draws attention to the importance of classifying the costs of agroindustrial complex enterprises both for the assessment of stocks and determination of the financial result, as well as for management decisions and control. A large focus is concentrated on the peculiarities of calculating the cost price of agricultural products as one of the factors of production efficiency. The importance of establishing a system of budgeting and monitoring the implementation of budgets is emphasized. Finally, it is noted that the cost management process is reduced to such basic types of analytical work as the allocation of responsibility centres, cost classification, arrangement of accounting, cost planning and costing.

It is proved that for effective state regulation of industry it is necessary to pursue a clear, high-quality and purposeful state industrial policy. To do this, we should use the full range of available mechanisms and tools. In the course of the research it was established that industrial policy means a set of measures of state regulation of economic processes at the sectoral and corporate levels, aimed at stimulating innovation activity, structural adjustment of the economy and economic growth. The necessity of pursuing the new industrial policy, which can be defined as a policy of maintaining competitiveness, is substantiated. It is determined that the process of state regulation of industry is a set of actions of the state as an institution used to influence the activities of economic entities (enterprises, corporations, entrepreneurs, etc.), as well as certain aspects of this activity related to acquisition of factors of production, organization of production, distribution and sale of goods and services in all phases of the life cycle of the business entity and the life cycle of its products. State regulation based on industrial policy has both positive and critical statements, the essence of which depends on the subject under discussion, namely, policy as a set of state measures and policy as a means to achieve political goals. It is proposed to allocate a list of new conditions for the implementation of effective state regulation of industry on the basis of state industrial policy, which form the conceptual basis of the new industrial policy. The main (basic) characteristics of state regulation of industry on the basis of traditional and new industrial policy are given, where the scenarios of traditional (vertical) policy and new (horizontal) policy are based. Based on the analysis of the practice of state regulation of industry in the European Union, priority areas of regulation have been identified, namely: increasing competitiveness through the development of new markets; strengthening of innovative activity, development of knowledge-intensive businesses; accelerating the process of restructuring companies and industries; improving the institutional and legislative environment; protection of intellectual and property rights; improving the quality and skills of the workforce.

The article analyzes production functions, investigates the features of the Cobb-Douglas function in its multiple variations. On the basis of the analysis carried out, as well as the practical needs of modeling the production systems, the necessity of modeling the production function with the account for the change in the output of production factors over time, is substantiated. As well as with the account for the factor of the modern industrial revolution, characterized by the digitalization of manufacturing. An approach to the development of a function is proposed, which takes into account the change in the output of production factors over time in the context of digitalization. The corresponding production function was modeled based on the example of the manufacturing industry over 2000-2019 in Germany, which is a country that is among the first to introduce modern technologies, including digital ones. The results of modeling the value added using the production function with and without the account for the change in the weight coefficients of the factors over time are presented. It was found that adding the correction factors that define the change in weight coefficients for the factors of the production function over time increased the accuracy of the calculations. Also, a decrease in the resulting (after taking into account the coefficient change over time) exponent coefficient was revealed in the digitalization factor and its increase in the factor of fixed assets involved in the production process (the cost of machinery and equipment) – the output on fixed assets increases annually, and the output of the digitalization factor decreases by about the same extent. It was found that since the relative output of digitalization decreases over time, if there is a need to achieve growth in output through digitalization, it has to be carried out at a growing pace, that is, investments should increase over time. In addition, the earlier investments are introduced, the greater the effect they will give. When modeling the sectors of the Ukrainian economy, it’s advisable to use correction coefficients calculated based on the German data, rather than calculate them based on past periods on the basis of Ukrainian data. From the point of view of practical calculations, this is justified not only by the belated repetition of the technological development processes of developed countries by developing ones (that is, Ukrainian enterprises are introducing the same technologies, but with a delay of 5-10 years or more), but also by the greater relevance of German statistics to the needs of modeling.

The current economic crisis has shaken the positions of labour unions within the EU. The underlying trend of globalization that also weakens Western trade unions was reinforced by the recession. The power of trade unions typically tends to grow during eco-nomic booms and to fall during economic recessions. In order to explain this trend we first have to understand the phenomenon of the business cycle.1 Artificial booms are triggered by the credit expansion of the banking system. Artificially low interest rates induce entrepreneurs to start more and longer investment projects than cannot be sustained by the available amount of real savings. There is a distortion between the behaviour of savers and that of investors. Entrepreneurs start more projects than savers are willing to sustain. Particularly, capital-intensive sectors are expanded during the boom due to the artificially low interest rates. Resources are shifted into these expanding sectors. At some point it becomes obvious that the boom is only financed by newly created money and is not sustained by real savings. The erroneously started investment projects have to be liquidated or restructured. Factors of production have to be shifted into the sectors where consumers really want them. In the recent cycle there was an overexpansion of highly capital-intensive sectors such as the construction sector and the automotive sector that attracted factors of production including workers. Workers are employed in jobs that produce goods that consumers do not want as urgently as other goods. Thus, the workers must be transferred into sectors that are in line with consumer preferences for the economy to recover. In order to achieve this, it is of the utmost importance for factor markets to be flexible. If factor markets are not flexible, factors of production such as labour will remain unemployed. Thereby, consumption is reduced, harming other companies that have to reduce costs and release workers, making the recession longer and harder than necessary.

This work investigates the impacts of the 2012 Emilia-Romagna earthquake and looks at the capacity of the regional economic system to adapt to the shock generated by the seismic event. We contribute to the literature by distinguishing two different effects: direct (i.e. damages to production factors of the focal firm) and indirect effects (e.g. disruptions that affected industrial and business partners). The original dataset used and the chronological sequence of the information allow us to provide insightful evidence. The analysis of the two related effects generated by the same shock provides insights on the overall capacity of a regional system to adapt. Namely, the indirect damages appear as relevant as the direct damages, especially when looking at indicators of firm performance. In addition, indirect impacts are also relevant in shaping firm strategies and thus firm resilience.

The aim of the paper is to analyze the productivity of production factors of Polish and selected EU farms from 2004 to 2017, taking into account the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) payments, based on the literature. In the postaccession period, there was a marked increase in the efficiency of production factors on Polish farms. The average land, labor, and capital productivity indices from 2004 to 2017 were EUR 442.89/ha, EUR 4,774.35/AWU, and EUR 0.25/ EUR 1, respectively. In 2014, land productivity increased to EUR 1,591.3/ha and labor productivity to EUR 11,800/AWU, amounting to 68.8% and 28.6% of the EU-28 average, respectively, while capital productivity was higher (EUR 1.41/EUR 1) compared to the EU-28 average (EUR 1.29/EUR 1). The share of CAP payments in the income of the Polish farms in 2014 increased to 49.5%; however, this was still below the EU-28 average (61.1%). Regardless of the fact that the total factor productivity (TFP) remains lower in comparison to other EU countries, the increased efficiency of Polish farms in the post-accession period should be considered as significant.

Entrepreneurship plays an essential role in the economic growth of a country. These roles include creating jobs, reducing unemployment, increasing people's income, combining production factors (nature, labor, capital, and expertise), and increasing national productivity. For the economy to thrive and healthy, it requires at least 4% of the population who work as entrepreneurs. Due to this vital role, entrepreneurial growth must be maintained. One of the efforts to do this is by monitoring growth directly and continuously. Besides that, another way is to do a simulation. By knowing the condition of entrepreneurship at one time and all the factors that affect entrepreneurial growth, simulations can be carried out to determine or predict future conditions. Based on this simulation, essential steps can be taken, or policies can be made to maintain profitable entrepreneurial growth. This paper presents a mathematical model that can simulate and visualize entrepreneurship's growth in six provinces of Sumatra Island, Indonesia. This mathematical model uses cellular automata as its basis and is called Entrepreneurial Cellular Automata (ECA). One of the advantages of Cellular Automata is that it is easy to visualize. The entrepreneurial model used as a reference is a model from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring (GEM). This mathematical model has been implemented in a simulator program. This paper describes the simulator development and the use of simulator to simulate and visualize the entrepreneurial growth of the six provinces.

Purpose: Rural women play an essential role in the four pillars related to food security: availability, accessibility, utilization and stability. However, there is a gender gap in access to resources such as: land, energy, technology, credit, pesticides and fertilizers. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of rural women education levels to food security in Likuyani sub county, Kakamega County, Kenya. Methodology: This study was carried out in Kakamega County, Likuyani sub-county. This study used cross-cultural research design. The study population consisted of 30,685 respondents. The study sampled 395 using simple respondents using random sampling. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and focused group discussion guides. Content validity was tested by experts while reliability was tested at 0.7. Data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 24 and presented using APA tables. Findings: The research hypothesis posited H1: the level of education of rural women has no significant influence on food security in Likuyani sub-county was rejected using both r and R2. From the results, the level of education of rural women had significant positive effect on food security. Therefore, the hypothesis was rejected. In general, it was revealed that educational empowerment of rural women had largest unique significant contribution to the model. Recommendations: The researcher recommends that Government and other stakeholders should endeavor to put in place deliberate measures to empower women and girls especially on agriculture as a livelihood to foster food security through Women empowerment projects like women fund. Health organizations should sensitize women on the importance of family planning since larger families put a strain on the available resources. Women should be empowered to have access and control and even ownership of factors of production in partnership with men to enhance their efforts towards household food production and security.

The Heckscher-Ohlin (HO) model regarde as a modern theory of trade, dominant for more than a quarter of a century had to face more and more challenges in the second half of the 20th century. It seemed that the 2*2*2 (product-factor-country) model, which assumed perfect competition, constant return to scale and homgeneous products and whose elegance was rooted in its simplicity, could not offer appropriate answers for the explanation of empirical facts in two significant areas. The conclusion of the model, namely that countries will have a comparatvie advantage in the productions of goods for which they use factors of production relatively abundant in the country, was first questioned by the Leontief paradox and later by the empirical facts of intraindustrial trade. The study focuses on this latter phenomenon. In the first part it presents and classifies the major theoretical models of the phenomenon, and in the second it discusses, on the basis of empirical surveys in this field, the most important factors influencing intraindustrial trade.

This article discusses the Economic Reflections of Asean countries in facing the Covid-19 Pandemic in several Asean countries, namely Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia. Vietnam's economic growth was victorious, the economies of various countries in other Southeast Asian regions were battered by the corona virus. The process of economic growth is influenced by two kinds of factors, namely economic factors and non-economic factors. Economic factors, which are none other than production factors, are the main force affecting economic growth. Malaysia has proven to the world community that its country is capable of managing its economy even in challenging circumstances. He quoted the IMF as global economy recorded negative growth and in Indonesia it seems that contraction in income activities in some income classes is affected. In the second quarter there is a slowdown, then in the third quarter the savings are enormous. It could be that consumption, which has been a factor in economic growth, will be a challenge. In an effort to maintain economic stability during the Covid-19 pandemic. This reflects that the economies of ASEAN countries, even in the world, are currently under the same pressure due to the Covid-19 virus pandemic, the world economy this year will experience a recession.

The study investigates the relative efficiency and productivity change of upper secondary schools in the region of Central Greece during the period 2015–2018. It measures the technical and scale efficiencies and productivity change by using input-oriented data envelopment and Malmquist analysis. Empirical analysis reveals that few are efficient and most are inefficient, which causes a significant waste of resources. The efficiency under constant returns to scale varies in interval [0.64–1.000] and under variable returns to scale in interval [0.78–1.000], with average efficiency score being 0.852 (85.2%) and 0.936 (93.6%), respectively. These show that schools could produce on average the same quantity of outputs with 14.8% or 6.4% less quantity of inputs. The scale efficiency varies in the interval [0.64–1.000] and the average is 0.908 (90.8%). This finding suggests that schools on average refrain 9.2% from the optimal scale. The results show that average values of efficiency are moving around the average performance of upper secondary schools of other countries in the world and the European Union. The total factor productivity change, of production factors, has risen by an annual average of 6.8% relative to the base year 2015. To further improve performance, it is proposed to set up an observatory that will measure performance annually and indicate schools with lower performance (e.g. 80%), to be taught by benchmarking schools to improve their performance and reduce the waste of valuable resources. These results can be used by the administration and political institutions to reduce the waste of resources, to improve the achievements of schools.

The article represents in a world-system retrospect the European mercantilist discourse versus William Petty’s “Political Arithmetic”. It is revealed that the elevation of the Dutch Republic (the United Provinces of the Northern Netherlands) as the first hegemonic power of the emerging capitalist world-system during 17th century, made this land the “reference area” of the balance-of-trade doctrine. It is demonstrated that W. Petty gave the most insightful and profound explanations of the commercial success and industrial competitiveness of Holland, including various structural and institutional aspects. It is exposed that, unlike other proponents of the doctrine of an active trade balance, Petty did not limit himself to characterizing the Dutch leadership in shipbuilding and navigation and transit trade. He recorded the advanced development in Holland of diversified agriculture (rotation of crops, dairy farming and industrial crops), energy (wind mechanization) and the manufacturing industry (especially on far-delivered raw materials). It is explained in the context of world-systems approach that Petty reflected the core–peripheral structure of the emerging system of the international division of labor and noted that the fastening of the specialization of European countries East of the Elbe in laborious agriculture was the seamy side of the Dutch domination in oversea trade and their specialization in highly profitable industries. In comparison with M. Porter’s “diamond of national competitive advantages”, it was explicated that W. Petty in “Political Arithmetic”, using the example of Holland, actually analyzed three of the four main elements of national competitiveness: 1) parameters of production factors; 2) segment structure and other demand conditions; 3) the presence in the country of related or supporting industries that are competitive in the international market. The foresight of Petty as a forecaster is noted, which allowed him to discern the essential signs of the rise of England as a new hegemonic power in the next systemic cycle of capitalist accumulation. The distinctive features of England as the reference area of Physiocracy and classical political economy are briefly characterized, in contrast to the Dutch reference area of the trade balance doctrine.

Construction is one of the most dangerous industries, which is in fourth place in terms of industrial injuries. Various harmful industrial factors of the industry cause both occupational diseases and diseases with temporary disability. In this regard, economic losses are — lost profit, payment of sick leave, medical care, rehabilitation measures, as well as loss of efficiency, calculated in millions of person-days per year. Thus, due to the impact of a set of unfavorable factors on workers, on the one hand, there is a decrease in working capacity, a shortening of the terms of full-fledged labor activity, an increase in occupational diseases and injuries, on the other hand, significant economic damage to both the individual organization and the industry as a whole. The specifics of construction activity is that working conditions are usually constantly changing, so the data of a special assessment of working conditions, which is carried out every five years, lose their reliability. It is proposed to conduct continuous monitoring of working conditions at each workplace in order to identify and rank production factors that have the most adverse impact on the health of the employee and further develop appropriate measures to normalize working conditions.

In recent years, research has been carried out to study the problems of improving the organization of dental care for both the General population and individual categories of industrial workers4,6. However, to date not carried out in-depth studies on the problems of improvement of dental care to employees of the chemical industry in the new socio-economic conditions of development of industrial complex and reform of the health system, there is no comprehensive study of the current status of dental service medical-sanitary unit (MSCH) large enterprises, comparison of availability and quality of dental care to employees at the place of residence and place of work. The purpose of this review is to study the dental morbidity of chemical workers, develop measures to improve their dental health and improve the quality of life. At the present stage of development of the industrial complex of our country, a number of large enterprises have the opportunity to organize dental care for employees, primarily with harmful working conditions, at a higher level. At the same time, the implementation of the preventive orientation in dental care for the working population remains an unsolved problem2,3. The successful functioning of any medical service in modern conditions is possible only with the optimal interaction of all parts, all elements of the health system depends largely on the level of organization and management of medical institutions to optimize their work7,8. Keywords: Condition of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, the hard tissues of teeth and paradontium, taste analyzer, unfavorable factors of production. Material And Methods Of Research: It is planned to conduct a study of 120 workers of JSC "samarkandkime" - the main group, as well as 115 patients who applied to polyclinic No. 10 and are not related to the chemical industry - the control group. The data that was received was subjected to statistical processing using the Microsoft Excel application package. The reliability of the difference in parameters was determined by the student's criterion. Results and discussion.Currently, the issues of dental health for workers in various industries are relevant. Various harmful factors of production can have a negative impact on human health, including on the tissues of the teeth, periodontal, oral and lip mucosa.

Este artigo tem por intuito analisar os efeitos da tecnologia de informação (TICs) sobre a funcionalidade no sistema financeiro brasileiro baseando-se na abordagem Pós-Keynesiana e Neo-Schumpeteriana. A partir da abordagem Pós Keynesiana, buscou-se identificar as contribuições das TICs nos fatores de produção no sistema bancário, como a seleção de variáveis estratégicas dos bancos brasileiros no período de recessão. Por intermédio da metodologia de análise de dados em painel , durante os anos de 2001 a 2016, obteve-se resultados que captaram os efeitos e a repercussão da crise de 2008 sob o sistema bancário brasileiro. A partir dos principais resultados da estimação observou-se que o valor da sensibilidade das inovações financeiras foi superior ao fator de produção trabalho e, durante o período, a criação de inovações financeiras representou maior relevância quanto aos aspectos da redução de custos pelas instituições financeiras brasileiras sob análise.

The determinant factors of the growth of calf cattle production in NTT Province (both technical/technological, economic, socio-cultural, investment, and related institutions) have not been specifically identified and measured. This is very important for the purpose of formulating and implementing related policies. The objectives of this study were to analyze the main factors affecting the level of calf production, and to formulate policy interventions to increase calf production. A research survey was carried out on parties related to the planning and development of cattle business. The quantitative approach is in the form of regression analysis of time series data. The economic phenomenon of calf production in Kupang Regency has been simplified into a mathematical model (response function). The result reported that the estimated value of the parameters in the total calf production equation model in NTT was: TPRAS= – 20434.1 + 0.2262 LTTSIP* – 0.0032 TLPRAns + 0.2147 TLLTP* + 0.1036 TPTRU* + 0.1877 TRKUT** + 0.2067TRDIB** + 0.1057 TRDVT** + 0.3647 LTPRAS* + 811.7645 TREND**. In conclusionl, the increased production of calves was dependent on the increase in support for the main production factors [number of productive cows, number of farmers, amount of feed, and amount of cement/vaccine] adequatly. Policy investment (through interest rates and realization farming loans), policy of productive cows control (through postponement of slaughter and the provision cash incentives), and policy of technology support (through realization AI doses of semen and livestock vaccines) significantly affect to production of calves.

In classical economics, labour is one of the three factors of production, along with capital and land. The word welfare has historically been related to happiness and prosperity. Labour welfare implies the adoption of measures to promote the physical, social, psychological and general well-being of the working population. Welfare work in any industry aims, or should aim, at improving the working and living conditions of workers and their families. Adequate levels of earnings, safe and humane conditions of work and access to some minimum social security benefits are the major qualitative dimensions of employment which enhance quality of life of workers and their productivity. Constitution of India, national and internal labour bodies, labour laws, especially the factories act, 1948 and contract labour (Regulation and abolition) Act, 1970 strive to make the working conditions more humane with a view to make workers not only satisfied but also productive. The paper studies the statutory welfare facilities and the provision of leaves as enumerated under Factories Act and contract labour act and social security provisions under different acts. The study was conducted in engineering companies to know the perception of workers about the different dimensions of welfare i.e. statutory welfare measures, social security measures and leaves provided and also to know the impact of worker’s status (permanent/contractual) on such measures. The sample comprised of 97 workers employed with different engineering companies. These companies can be categorised as light and heavy engineering companies employing varying strength of workers. The results indicated that though significant workers were satisfied with the welfare facilities, some workers perceive welfare facilities to be inadequate and there is impact of worker’s status on the perception of workers. Keywords: Labour, Welfare, Engineering, Permanent worker, Contractual worker.

In rural areas, agriculture is the primary source of income, and the income depends on the primary factor of production, land. The higher the productivity of the land, the higher the income and general prosperity and lower the levels of poverty. However, it may not always be true if the benefit from the higher productivity accrues to a certain section of large farmers, bypassing the small ones. The study found that, the introduction of irrigation in a poverty-stricken region has promoted advanced capitalist farming and raised the level of output per unit of land. On the other hand, it has led to greater landlessness and inequality among various farm size groups. The benefit is concentrated among few farmers. In this process, there is greater ‘proletarianisation’, which needs to be stopped from worsening the situation further.

Constant Elasticity of Transformation (CET) functions are widely used to allocate land across uses in Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models. These models fail to maintain the physical area of land in balance. This paper examines this issue. It shows that heterogeneity in land prices (rents) is the main source of imbalance in land area, not the curvature of the CET function. It also shows that the available approaches that restore balance to physical area either introduce ad hoc adjustments in land allocation or undermine the conventional welfare assessments of the CET results. An alternative approach involves implementing stochastic productivity distribution functions (e.g. Frechet) to allocate land among uses maintain area of land in balance, thereby respecting conventional welfare assessments. A particular feature of these models is that the aggregate production functions of the land using sectors exhibit decreasing returns to scale even if land is the only factor of production. This approach also requires equalization of land rents across uses. This is not consistent with empirical observation. Both the CET and stochastic methods consider the implicit opportunity costs of moving land across uses but fail to take into account preparation costs associated with land use conversion.

The use of the latest production technologies by industrial enterprises requires availability of a high quality workforce that matches their level of complexity and uniqueness of the equipment and materials used. Therefore, for any enterprise a very urgent task is to manage the quality of the workforce, the solution of which will allow it to maintain an infallible balance between the level of development of material and personal factors of production. The article presents the results of the research of the dynamics of the labor force quality at a number of industrial enterprises having different types of production organization. The paper carries out the analysis of the revealed dynamics. The study proposes the author’s method for determining the need to improve the level of quality of labor force. The article shows the possibility of automatization of labor force quality assessment by means of a computer program developed by the authors. The paper makes a conclusion that the most effective method of labor force quality management is the organization of intra-company training, which allows you to form special knowledge and skills of workers, which are most in demand at this enterprise. The study offers methodical recommendations for building a system of intracompany labor quality improvement, determines its principal differences from the existing ones.

The development of the creative home industry in the art sector in Indonesia shows promising growth for those who do it. In its development, many art home industries have grown and developed in the community that have been able to show their independence in supporting the nation's economy. Home Art industries that are currently developing in society include: traditional crafts, traditional musical instrument craftsmen, fashion and dance accessories craftsmen, and so on. The purpose of this study was to determine the model of the art home industry through training programs for making clothes and traditional dance accessories in an effort to empower the potential of housewives as the main actors to help support the family's economic independence. The concept of the art home industry is one of the approaches to the creative industry program in the arts developed by the government. The creative industry is an economic concept in the new era that intensifies information and creativity by relying on ideas and stock of knowledge from human resources (HR) as the main production factors. This training program is carried out in three stages of activity, namely the preparation stage, implementation stage and evaluation stage. Training activity data were obtained from unstructured interviews, observation and activity evaluation questionnaires to measure the accuracy of the training program. The data were analyzed based on a qualitative approach. The results showed that there is a strategic role of dance clothing training activities in an effort to develop the art home industry to empower the potential of housewives in strengthening the resilience of family economic independence.

This study aims to analyze: (1) the effect of production factors on competitiveness; (2) the effect of demand conditions on daylight power (3) the effect of related and supporting industries on competitiveness (4) the effect of production factors, demand conditions and related and supporting industries on competitiveness. Respondents in this study were 90 micro and small businesses that became partners of Pusat Layanan Usaha Terpadu (PLUT) in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The variables used in this research are related and supporting industrial cooperation as independent variables, production factors, demand conditions, competitiveness as the dependent variable. Data collection using questionnaires and data analysis using multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the research are showed that, production factors have an effect on MSE competitiveness of 6.05%, demand conditions of 11.28% and related and supporting industries of 8.58%.

This study aims to the meaning of legal aspects in a business feasibility study. The studies discussee about the legal aspects in the Business Feasibility Study, the forms of the legal body, the types of business licenses and the government regulations and laws in establishing a business. The form of a business entity is often confused with a company, although in reality it is different. The main difference is that a business entity is an institution, while a company is a place where the business entity manages the factors of production. There are various types of business permits that many business people need to complete their legal business legality documents.Among the various types of business licenses are: Principle License (SIP), Building Permit (IMB), Disturbance Permit (HO), Trading Business License (SIUP), Business Place Permit, Taxpayer Identification Number.

To understand the effects of automation and other types of technological changes on European labor demand, we use an empirical decomposition of observed changes in the total wage bill in the economy developed by Acemoglu and Restrepo (2019). The decomposition is derived from a task-based model that allows us to study the effects of different technologies on labor demand. At the center of this framework is the task content of production|measuring the allocation of tasks to factors of production. Automation, by creating a displacement effect, shifts the task content of production against labor, while the introduction of new tasks in which labor has a comparative advantage improves it via the reinstatement effect. Overall effects are country- and time-specific and call for an empirical exploration. We apply the decomposition to 15 European countries with good data coverage in the EU KLEMS database.

Three basic economic activities are production, distribution, and consumption. Economic growth can be realized quickly, by maximizing one of the three. Economic growth that can create prosperity can be done in two ways: growth in production factors, both labor, and capital. Economic activities are concentrated in businesses in the form of production, partnerships, sales. The results of this study are there are several roles of the Indonesian Tobacco Farmers Association that were found, in the form of mediator, facilitator, advocacy. And there are also findings in the form of increased taxes and the distribution of tobacco excise revenue sharing funds that are not evenly distributed. There are also several findings, they are: the occurrence of economic activities in the form of partnerships carried out by tobacco farmers and entrepreneurs. The difference lies in the end that there is a transaction of buying and selling witnesses between tobacco farmers and entrepreneurs. So when partnering, the agreement must sell farmers' crops to partners, namely tobacco entrepreneurs. Of course, the transaction has met the provisions of Sharia Economic Law, when the conditions have been fulfilled, the transaction will be considered valid.

The task of the research is to display modern method of applied mathematics - factor analysis, which allows to determine the interdependent and interdependent phenomena and processes of agricultural activity. Some of them are directly related to each other, others are indirectly. Hence it follows that important methodological aspect is the study of factors and their influence on the value of economic indicators under study. The factor analysis method is illustrated by the example of agro-industrial complex of Zhambyl region of Kazakhstan. Its performance indicators in the conditions of irrigated agriculture are presented. The results of forecasting the yield of agricultural crops are given, economic and mathematical models of the development of agricultural production are developed. A system for managing the marketing activities of agricultural enterprise and schemes of information interaction, principles and methods of modeling are proposed. The relationship between the numbers obtained as a result of processing the investigated mathematical phenomena is determined, some of them are fundamental and underlie all procedures of factor analysis. Significant elements are shown that create correlation matrix model between variables. Averaging was performed in order to smooth out fluctuations in production factors in dynamics. As a result, multivariate statistical methods are promising. The authors state that the use of factor analysis objectively and comprehensively reflects the current situation in agriculture of the region under study.

Manufacturing agglomerations are among the most important urban economic activities. The spatial agglomeration of production factors not only drives the growth of urban economy, but also affects its ecological environment. This study investigates the mechanism through which manufacturing agglomerations affect urban smog pollution from the aspects of economies of scale, technology spillovers, and spatial spillover effects. Based on an STIRPAT model, we employ panel data from 2003 to 2013 of 283 Chinese cities to estimate the impact of manufacturing agglomerations on smog pollution. We find that manufacturing agglomerations decrease smog pollution in local city as well as in neighboring cities, due to technology spillovers. Furthermore, cities with different scales witness different improvement effects—only when the city scale is within a certain range can smog pollution be improved by manufacturing agglomerations. Additionally, the larger the scale of the city, the greater the improvement.

We build a variation of the neoclassical growth model in which households increased desire to save generate recessions. Our economy features three departures from the standard model: (1) goods markets (for nontradables) require active search from households wherein increases in consumption expenditures increase measured productivity; (2) adjustment costs make it difficult to expand the tradable goods sector by reallocating factors of production from nontradables to tradables; (3) labor markets have Nash bargaining wage setting and Mortensen-Pissarides search and matching frictions labor markets. These departures provide a novel quantitative theory to explain recessions like those in southern Europe without relying on technology shocks.