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Overall, people want to behave ethically. In some cases, temptation steers them away from ethical behavior. In other cases, purely ethical behavior is not possible, because the same behavior entails both ethical and unethical consequences. For example, collaboration with others may require people to be dishonest. We suggest that to justify their choices in such cases, people engage in a moral calculus in which they consider ethical values and behaviors as moral currencies, which can be traded for each other. This view is consistent with previous accounts that highlight the licensing effect that ethical actions can have on subsequent unethical actions when ethical and unethical actions are temporally distant and independent from each other, and also with cases where the same action has both positive and negative ethical value. We highlight the case of corrupt collaboration, where people often forgo honesty in favor of self- and group-serving collaboration, as one where moral currencies provide a useful framework for analysis and generation of research questions.

Nowadays, the proliferation done on information systems had led to an alarming increase in security breaches. This security trend is now viewed as an essential foundation in the success of the information systems platforms planning, development and administration stages. The ideal way to protect the integrity and ownership of information within the transmission are performed via watermarking. It generally embeds secret data in the intended e-text media for the user’s integrity proof purposes afterwards. The challenge comes in full verification as if parts of this watermarking data are corrupted. This work presents Arabic e-text watermarking supporting partial dishonesty situations benefiting from counting-based secret sharing. In this paper, we are utilizing the extension Arabic character "“Kashida” to serve for hiding the watermarking data. The process of hiding watermarking bits is considering full security, which is not to hide the secrets directly as previous references. This work uses the password to ignite counting-based secret sharing to generate the stream shares of watermarking hidden bits to be embedded. The research tests our proposed Arabic e-text watermarking approach using four existing methods of data hiding. The comparisons have been run on the Arabic benchmark of Imam Nawawi’s forty hadeeth as standard text statements (40 Prophet Hadiths) indicating interesting remarkable results and promising research contributions.

We develop a general measure of stigmatization based on an evolutionary analysis of social exclusion (Kurzban & Leary, 2001)—the General Evolutionary Motives for Stigmatization (GEMS) scale. The measure includes subscales for contagion, dangerousness, dishonesty, lack of mental resources, and lack of material resources. Study 1 provided initial validity information in the form of “stigma profiles” for different disparaged groups. Study 2 replicated and extended those findings and highlighted the utility of including an “average person” baseline. Studies 1 and 2 further demonstrated that the GEMS, together with a humanitarianism-egalitarianism measure (Katz & Hass, 1988), can predict ambivalent feelings about stigmatized groups. Limitations and potential uses of the measure are discussed.

To break the chain of transmission of covid-19 outbreak, the public is expected to be honest in explaining chronological physical contact when treating to health facilities, especially if the patient experiences symptoms of covid-19. Honesty of patients indicated by COVID-19 is very important so that the chain of transmission of covid-19 does not expand and facilitate health workers in data collection. Denial, lies, even like the refusal of covid-19 corpses if it continues to be left, does not mean the countermeasures of covid-19 are increasingly stretched. This article tries to review the transparency of informed consent in relation to patient dishonesty, where transparent communication is expected by the patient to be honest and not to cover the perceived symptoms or various things related to covid-19. This research is normative juridical research. In normative legal research, library material is the basic data that in research science is classified as secondary data.

Globalization has resulted in a shift in human morals, marked by the many cases of moral deviations that are rife in various parts of Indonesia so that the application of spiritual attitudes has not been maximized. The attitude of dishonesty is shown by the number of students who cheat on the test, and the attitude of indiscipline is shown by the number of students who are late so that the application of social attitudes does not seem to be visible. The role of PAI teachers is considered quite important for the development of these two attitudes. At SMPN 1 Darussalam, PAI teachers have played a role in fostering spiritual and social attitudes. Big. This research was conducted with a field study using a qualitative descriptive method. Data collection techniques were carried out through interviews and documentation. The results showed the role of PAI teachers in fostering spiritual attitudes by praying before and after lessons, praying in congregation, doing charity activities every Friday, and religious activities. The role of PAI teachers in fostering social attitudes is carried out through social service activities, visiting the Disabled Foundation and nursing homes, getting used to the 3S (smile, greeting, greeting), reporting to the teacher what items are found, punishing students who are late. Factors supporting the role of Islamic Education teachers in fostering spiritual and social attitudes are seen from adequate school facilities in the form of female/male prayer rooms, learning media such as LCD, the use of active methods. While the inhibiting factors include the lack of adequate facilities, especially LCDs, the lack of interest in teachers and knowledge, and the lack of interest in students to improve themselves.

Cognitive control is crucially involved in making (dis)honest decisions. However, the precise nature of this role has been hotly debated. Is honesty an intuitive response, or is will power needed to override an intuitive inclination to cheat? A reconciliation of these conflicting views proposes that cognitive control enables dishonest participants to be honest, whereas it allows those who are generally honest to cheat. Thus, cognitive control does not promote (dis)honesty per se; it depends on one's moral default. In the present study, we tested this proposal using electroencephalograms in humans (males and females) in combination with an independent localizer (Stroop task) to mitigate the problem of reverse inference. Our analysis revealed that the neural signature evoked by cognitive control demands in the Stroop task can be used to estimate (dis)honest choices in an independent cheating task, providing converging evidence that cognitive control can indeed help honest participants to cheat, whereas it facilitates honesty for cheaters.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDishonesty causes enormous economic losses. To target dishonesty with interventions, a rigorous understanding of the underlying cognitive mechanisms is required. A recent study found that cognitive control enables honest participants to cheat, whereas it helps cheaters to be honest. However, it is evident that a single study does not suffice as support for a novel hypothesis. Therefore, we tested the replicability of this finding using a different modality (EEG instead of fMRI) together with an independent localizer task to avoid reverse inference. We find that the same neural signature evoked by cognitive control demands in the localizer task can be used to estimate (dis)honesty in an independent cheating task, establishing converging evidence that the effect of cognitive control indeed depends on a person's moral default.

Women veterans experience disproportionately high rates of military sexual trauma (MST). Nonetheless, many MST survivors delay or forgo health care, particularly within Veterans Health Administration (VHA) settings. Institutional betrayal (IB) has been posited as a potential explanation for this. Objective The current study examined if IB was associated with women veterans' willingness to seek VHA and non-VHA mental health and medical care, prior use of VHA care, past year use of VHA care, and use of VHA and non-VHA MST-related care. Method Participants were 242 women veterans who screened positive for MST and completed self-report measures of IB and willingness to seek VHA and non-VHA mental health and medical care. Use of VHA care was assessed through VA Corporate Data Warehouse data. Results IB was associated with lower willingness to use VHA medical care and higher willingness to use non-VHA mental health care. Although IB was not significantly associated with prior use of VHA care, participants who reported more IB were more likely to have used VHA care in the past year and to have used both VHA and non-VHA MST-related care. Conclusion These findings illuminate the relationship between the institutional response to MST with women's help-seeking willingness and use. Addressing IB may be important for increasing women MST survivors' willingness to use VHA medical care. Additionally, as IB was associated with greater willingness to use non-VHA mental health care, non-VHA institutions and providers should be prepared to serve women veterans who have experienced MST-related IB. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Self-report research indicates that dishonesty decreases across adulthood; however, behavioral measures of dishonesty have yet to be examined across younger and older adults. The present study examined younger and older adults’ cheating behaviors in relation to their self-reported honesty–humility. Younger ( N = 112) and older adults ( N = 85) completed a matrix task where they had the opportunity to falsely inflate their performance. Participants also completed the self-report measure of honesty–humility from the HEXACO-PI-R. Older adults were significantly less likely to cheat and had higher ratings of honesty–humility compared to younger adults. Greater honesty–humility predicted lower cheating behavior. These results demonstrate that older adults show greater rates of honesty and humility compared to younger adults using both behavioral and self-report methods.

Employee reporting dishonesty is a significant area of concern for firms. In this study, we investigate how providing information about their prosocial actions, such as organizational citizenship behaviors, affects the extent of employee reporting dishonesty. We distinguish prosocial actions whose welfare effects are mutually beneficial (i.e., that help others and the employee), which are common in business practice, from those that are selfless in nature (i.e., that help others at a personal cost to the employee). In addition to examining the effect of the type of prosocial action on the extent of employee reporting dishonesty, we also examine the effect of construal (the manner in which individuals perceive and interpret the action). Using an experiment, we find that participants with high moral identity are less dishonest when they describe their selfless prosocial actions than when they describe their mutually beneficial prosocial actions, but only when they abstractly construe this information. However, we do not find evidence that the reporting dishonesty of participants with low moral identity is influenced by the type of prosocial action they provide information about or the construal of that information. We discuss implications of these results for theory and practice.

Although a ubiquitous social behavior, little is known about bullshitting (i.e., communicating with no regard for truth and/or evidence) and its effects on social perception and influence. Although bullshit and lies are viewed as undesirable, the distinction may have important implications for social influence. Frankfurt’s (1986) insidious bullshit hypothesis (i.e., bullshitting is evaluated less negatively, but more insidious, than lying) is examined in light of social perception (i.e., evaluation and perceived motives; Experiment 1) and social influence (Experiment 2). Results suggest bullshitting is evaluated less negatively than lying and identifies ignorance, dishonesty, and opinion expression as mediators of a bullshit/lie-evaluation link. Furthermore, relative to lies, bullshit appears to have a more potent impact on that which is perceived to be true as well as attitudes formed for novel attitude objects.

We examine key aspects of data quality for online behavioral research between selected platforms (Amazon Mechanical Turk, CloudResearch, and Prolific) and panels (Qualtrics and Dynata). To identify the key aspects of data quality, we first engaged with the behavioral research community to discover which aspects are most critical to researchers and found that these include attention, comprehension, honesty, and reliability. We then explored differences in these data quality aspects in two studies (N ~ 4000), with or without data quality filters (approval ratings). We found considerable differences between the sites, especially in comprehension, attention, and dishonesty. In Study 1 (without filters), we found that only Prolific provided high data quality on all measures. In Study 2 (with filters), we found high data quality among CloudResearch and Prolific. MTurk showed alarmingly low data quality even with data quality filters. We also found that while reputation (approval rating) did not predict data quality, frequency and purpose of usage did, especially on MTurk: the lowest data quality came from MTurk participants who report using the site as their main source of income but spend few hours on it per week. We provide a framework for future investigation into the ever-changing nature of data quality in online research, and how the evolving set of platforms and panels performs on these key aspects.

In nursing, expectations of honesty and integrity are clearly stipulated throughout professional standards and codes of conduct, thus the concept of academic integrity has even more impetus in preparing students for graduate practice. However, a disparity between policy and practice misses the opportunity to instil the principles of academic integrity, and at its core honesty, a pivotal trait in the nursing profession. This study draws upon the experience of the nursing faculty to explore how academic integrity policy of deterrence operate in nursing education.While participants deplored cheating behaviours, they expressed frustration in having to ‘police’ large numbers of students who had little awareness of the academic standards to meet policy requirements. In addition, they were cynical because of a perceived lack of severity in sanctions for students who repeatedly breached integrity. Participants expressed a moral obligation as educators to meet student learning needs and preferred to engage with students in a more meaningful way to uphold academic integrity. The ambivalence to detect and report breaches in integrity undermines the effectiveness of policy. Therefore, faculty must recognise the importance of their role in detecting and escalating cases of dishonesty and execute deterrence in a more consistent way. To do this, greater support at an institutional level, such as smaller class sizes, inclusion in decision making around sanctions and recognition of additional workload, will enable faculty to uphold policy. Although policing was not their preferred approach, the role of faculty in detecting and reporting cases of misconduct is crucial to increase the certainty of students getting caught, which is essential if policy is to be effective in deterring dishonest behaviour.

The aim of this article was to analyze academic dishonesty in stricto sensu postgraduate courses in accounting from the perspective of students, teachers, and teaching institutions. There is a gap in the research on academic dishonesty in stricto sensu postgraduate programs in accounting, especially from the analysis perspective of this study, which considers hypothetical situations classified into five categories of dishonesty: fraud/cheating, helping other students, plagiarism, fabricating information, and self-plagiarism/similarities. The study is important due to the role of stricto sensu postgraduate courses not only in training professionals who work or will work in public and private institutions, but also and primarily in training teachers and researchers. Dishonest behaviors can influence the professional lives of those involved, who are predominantly motivated by opportunistic interests that cause damage to the image of professionals in the area and to society. The data were collected through applying two questionnaires adapted from the studies of Braun and Stallworth (2009) and Oliveira and Chacarolli (2013). Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon statistical tests were used to analyze the data. The findings indicated the existence of an expectations gap between teachers and students regarding academic dishonesty in stricto sensu postgraduate programs in accounting. The significant differences found in perceptions regarding cases of dishonesty underline the difficulty for students and teachers to evaluate what is dishonest or not in situations of fraud/cheating and helping other students to engage in academic dishonesty. The differences in students’ and teachers’ perceptions may occur due to a lack of clear rules in the teaching institutions. Therefore, universities could undertake actions to address/prevent dishonest behaviors by establishing internal regulations and promoting discussions involving the whole academic community. RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar a desonestidade acadêmica em cursos de pós-graduação stricto sensu em ciências contábeis na perspectiva de discentes, docentes e instituições de ensino. Há uma lacuna no que se refere ao estudo da desonestidade acadêmica na pós-graduação stricto sensu em ciências contábeis, principalmente na perspectiva de análise deste estudo, que considera situações hipotéticas classificadas em cinco categorias de desonestidade: fraude/cola, auxílio a outros estudantes, plágio, fabricação de informações, autoplágio/similaridades. O estudo é relevante pela função da pós-graduação stricto sensu como formadora de profissionais que atuam ou atuarão em instituições públicas e privadas, mas, principalmente, pela formação de docentes e pesquisadores. Os comportamentos desonestos podem influenciar a vida profissional dos envolvidos motivados, principalmente, por interesses oportunistas que causam danos à imagem do profissional da área e à sociedade. Os dados foram coletados pela aplicação de dois questionários adaptados dos estudos de Braun e Stallworth (2009) e Oliveira e Chacarolli (2013). Na análise dos dados foram utilizados os testes estatísticos de Mann-Whitney U e de Wilcoxon. Os achados indicaram a existência de um gap de expectativas entre docentes e discentes quanto à desonestidade acadêmica na pós-graduação stricto sensu em ciências contábeis. As diferenças significativas encontradas nas percepções relativas a casos desonestos denotam a dificuldade dos discentes e dos docentes em avaliar o que é desonesto ou não em situações de fraude/cola e auxílio a outros estudantes na prática de desonestidade acadêmica. É possível que as diferenças entre as percepções de discentes e de docentes ocorram pela falta de regras claras nas instituições de ensino. Nesse sentido, as universidades poderão empreender ações para dirimir/evitar condutas desonestas, podendo implantar regulamentos internos e promover discussões que envolvam toda a comunidade acadêmica.

The impact of watching eyes cues and descriptive social norm messages on fare evasion was studied in two experiments that were conducted in two railway stations in France. In Study 1, a natural field experiment, passengers were exposed for a two-week period to either a control eye-cues poster or to an experimental eye-cues with a social norm messaging campaign. In Study 2, an artefactual experiment in the field, participants in the experimental train station were asked to participate in a lying task before and after they were exposed to the messaging campaign. The results from both studies suggest that although watching eye cues alone are not effective in a crowded train station, exposing passengers to watching eye cues together with a descriptive social norm messaging campaign reduced the fare evasion rates observed by standard inspection operations, and eliminated lying behavior measured by the die-under-cup paradigm. These results strengthen the external validity of laboratory experiments that have documented small scale cheating behavior and highlight the potential benefits of internal enforcement techniques to fight dishonesty in the field. In addition, they stress the advantage of combining visibility cues and social norms when orienting people toward more moral behavior.

Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) is a government program that aims to improve the welfare of the community. However, the facts on the ground show that many people do not use it properly, so this has an impact on dishonesty which has an effect on the religiosity of the beneficiaries. Therefore, this study aims to measure the effectiveness of the Family Hope Program and review the impact of religiosity. This type of research is field research, with quantitative methods. The data in this study comes from primary data in the form of assistance data from the Family Hope Program in Solok district and secondary data from data from the Central Statistics Agency and the Ministry of Social Affairs. Two models of analytical tools used are simple mathematics to measure the level of effectiveness and product moment correlation from Pearson. The results of the study prove that the impact of the Family Hope Program assistance in poverty alleviation in Solok Regency with a predicate of 81% and is in the very effective category. However, the output indicators on the items of responsibility in the religious sector are still less effective because awareness for increasing faith is still lacking.

Understanding how Public Service Motivation (PSM) is tied to ethical or unethical conduct is critically important, given that civil servants and other public-sector employees throughout the world have been shown to exhibit high PSM levels. However, empirical evidence about the relationship between PSM and ethical or unethical behavior remains limited, due in part to the challenges of observing unethical conduct and overcoming social desirability bias in self-reported measures. We address these challenges by employing incentivized experimental games to study the relationships between PSM and two types of unethical behavior—corruption and dishonesty—as well as one type of ethical behavior: altruism. Based on data from approximately 1,870 university students at three research sites in Russia and Ukraine, we find evidence of a robust negative association between PSM and willingness to engage in corruption and a positive association between PSM and altruistic behavior. Results concerning dishonesty are more mixed. Our findings indicate that corruption and dishonesty are related yet fundamentally distinct concepts, particularly with respect to their compatibility with PSM. The findings additionally demonstrate that hypotheses about PSM and behavioral ethics generated in the Western context generalize well to the starkly different institutional context of the former Soviet Union.

This research aimed at investigating whether watching Brazilian advertising pieces that portray a sociocultural behavioral pattern called Brazilian jeitinho would influence participant’s subsequent behavior. One carried out an experiment in which 200 subjects watched and assessed three advertisement pieces. Upon recruitment, participants were informed that they would be taking part in a raffle for a gift card. The number of tickets received per participant was defined by a die-under-cup task. The more tickets they obtained, the higher the chance to receive the prize, providing an incentive to cheat. Afterwards, respondents took part in a task that defined the number of tickets that each would receive to participate in the raffle. Independent variables consisted in the manipulation of priming of jeitinho (video content: jeitinho or neutral) and privacy of the task (with or without privacy). On the other hand, the dependent variable consisted in the result obtained when participants rolled the dices that defined the number of tickets. One found a significant difference between the groups in which privacy was manipulated, indicating that the groups that performed the task aimed at measuring dishonesty with privacy actually tended to report lower values than the ones actually obtained, entailing an effect of contrast. This finding suggests that the implementation of public policies that utilize propaganda that portrays Brazilian jeitinho could reduce engagement in dishonest behavior among Brazilians.

We contribute to the pressing question of how organizational design influences corporate wrongdoing by studying different decision structures — simultaneous vs. sequential — in experimental coordination games. Participants can report private information honestly, or lie to increase their own, as well as the group’s, payoff. In simultaneous decision structures, all group members report at the same time, without information about the reports of others, whereas in sequential decision structures there is a first mover who decides first. We find that the presence of a first mover decreases dishonesty levels in repeated interactions (but not in one-shot settings). We argue that this effect is primarily driven by image concerns of decision leaders.

The cognitive processes underlying dishonesty, especially the inhibition of automatic honest response tendencies, are reflected in response times and other behavioral measures. Here we suggest that explicit false alibis might have a considerable impact on these cognitive operations. We tested this hypothesis in a controlled experimental setup. Participants first performed several tasks in a preexperimental mission (akin to common mock crime procedures) and received a false alibi afterward. The false alibi stated alternative actions that the participants had to pretend to have performed instead of the actually performed actions. In a computer-based inquiry, the false alibi did not only reduce, but it even reversed the typical behavioral effects of dishonesty on response initiation (Experiment1) and response execution (Experiment 2). Follow-up investigations of response activation via distractor stimuli suggest that false alibis automatize either dishonest response retrieval, the inhibition of the honest response, or both (Experiments 3 and 4). This profound impact suggests that false alibis can override actually performed activities entirely and, thus, documents a severe limitation for cognitive approaches to lie detection. (PsycINFO Database Record

Psychological accounts of dishonesty propose that lying incurs subjective costs due to threatening individuals’ moral self-image. However, evidence is restricted to indirect tests of such costs, thus limiting strong conclusions about corresponding theories. We present a more direct test of the costs of lying. Specifically, if lying is psychologically costly, individuals should feel entitled to gains they obtained through dishonesty – similar to those they actually earned through getting lucky or even investing effort. Correspondingly, in three experiments, we compared individuals’ willingness to share in the dictator game, with varying mechanisms generating the to-be-shared endowment: getting lucky, exerting (cognitive) effort, and lying. We consistently found that individuals were at least as unwilling to share an endowment obtained through dishonesty as an endowment obtained through individual effort or true luck. This suggests that individuals perceived gains obtained through dishonesty as “hard-earned”, thus directly supporting the theory that lying involves psychological costs.

Increasing the share of women in politics is regularly promoted as a means of reducing corruption. In this paper, we look for evidence of a gender gap in dishonesty among elected representatives, as well as how this changes with time in office. Based on a sample of 356 inexperienced and experienced local politicians in West Bengal, India, we combine survey data on attitudes towards corruption with data from incentivized experiments. While we find little evidence of a gender gap in the attitudes of inexperienced politicians, a lower faith in political institutions and a greater distaste for corruption can be seen among experienced politicians, particularly women. However, this seeming hardening in attitudes among female politicians also coincides with more dishonest behavior in our experiments. Exploring mechanisms for this difference, we find it to be strongly associated with lower risk aversion. Our study indicates that gender gaps in politics should be theorized as dynamic and changing, rather than static.

Procedures from the company to provide competency certification for and as official evidence that the news from the journalist is credible. In the practice of implementing the Competency Test, cheating is still found during the exam, various ways / forms of cheating that occur include cooperation between journalists (test participants). These problems are overcome by integrating the competency test system, using mobile technology and web applications that have been integrated so that they are more accessible. The Fisher Yates shuffle algorithm functions as a randomization of exam questions. Each test taker always has different exam questions, both from the numbering of questions and the order of answer choices. With the implementation of the Fisher Yates Suffle Algorithm, it can reduce acts of fraud or dishonesty by journalists. In addition, with the application of the Fisher Yates shuffle algorithm, it can make it easier for agencies to provide competent employee competencies. The results of the randomization test on the first 3 questions that appeared to the respondents resulted in the conclusion that the Fisher-Yates shuffle algorithm had a 100% success rate in randomizing the order of questions that were displayed to respondents

The debate about the two-pronged Ghosh test for dishonesty has troubled academics and practitioners alike for some time. Concerns were raised about the jury’s ability to determine both the objective honesty standard and the defendant’s personal compliance with it, which might result in non-meritorious personal views allowing her to escape a dishonesty verdict. In Ivey, followed by Barton and Booth, the subjective test was abandoned altogether. The change has brought no doctrinal improvement, but instead unacceptably broadened criminal liability. Leaving the determination of a nebulous moral concept such as dishonesty to the jury is misguided, as it means determining a normative rule in the first place, which is not the jury’s role. Looking at the German law on theft and fraud as a comparator system, the paper argues that dishonesty should be abandoned and replaced by a lawfulness element to which the rules on mistake of civil law can then be applied.

Academic frauds, dishonesty and cheating are pervasive in Pakistan, but thus far less systematic research has been undertaken on the effectiveness of the policies designed for countering academic dishonesty. Generally, the success of a policy depends on a good design and appropriate implementation. The design aspect of the policies to counter academic dishonesty in Pakistan is studied elsewhere, the purpose of this article is to empirically examine the implementation stages of the same policies. In doing so, the study utilizes a panel data set comprising of 60 cross-sections and 06 time series observations (2012–2017). Results of the rigorous panel regression models shows that leniency in the prescribed punishments and an exhaustive belief on the efficacy of traditional examination surveillance methods are counterproductive. The study however failed to substantiate the direct relationship of discrimination and academic dishonesty in the sample. It is therefore concluded that prescribed punishments must be awarded in letter and spirit and that there is need for coordination at different stages of the implementation. Further, the study also recommends that traditional forms of examination surveillance must be augmented using modern technology.

The character of the nation's children is increasingly eroded by the spread of various problems related to moral degradation, such as: corruption, nepotism, and dishonesty. PAUD institutions in this case certainly play an important role in building the initial foundation in children in order to minimize moral degradation. Therefore, character education becomes a solution to overcome this problem. One of the programs launched at TK Masyithoh 25 Sokaraja, Banyumas is integrity education based on school culture through the habituation program. Methodologically, type of this research is field research, while the approach used is qualitative approach. The data are obtained from observations, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study found four types of habituation used in integrity character education, namely routine habituation, spontaneous habituation (giving reward, punishments, and advice), habituation by exemplary, and habituation with conditioning. Each habituation includes stimulus, response, and reinforcement. Reinforcement is an important element in integrity character education through habituation in early childhood. The reinforcement that is mostly used by teachers is positive reinforcement in the form of non-material rewards. These four habituation are the basic way to instill the character of integrity (honesty, exemplary, and politeness) in children at TK Masyithoh 25 Sokaraja as a kindergarten piloting project for integrity education. Keywords: Integrity Character Education, Child Moral, Habituation.

Stephen Gill Composed The Flame in eight parts and T.V. Reddy has gone for seven sections or cantos in his longer poem Quest for Peace. Vices such as dishonesty, too much of greed and selfishness prevailing in the society are exposed and the poet (T.V. Reddy) skillfully attempts to attack particularly the present day politics, cleverness and disloyalty to the society and to the country at large. Gill in his master-piece creation, reveals his ambition for the quest of peace, destroyed by the maniac messiahs, with the eternal light of his divine flame he determines to dispel the darkness of the human souls. His flame has an inexhaustible, an undying and unending power, with which he is on his mission – peace. He invokes the flame thus

In any state where the rule of law is applied, criminal justice serves to guarantee the efficiency and legitimacy of liability and all legally sanctioned coercive measures. Its purpose is also to eliminate, insofar as is possible, any arbitrariness and dishonesty arising in the course of criminal prosecution. Thus, the rules underpinning criminal law and procedure, formulated precisely, harmonized, and based on the principles of law, are the theoretical basis for the attainment of those objectives. In reality, however, the activity of the legislator in drafting new laws and slowed progress in eliminating outdated and unjustified norms creates a situation where the wording of legal codes gradually loses their systematic and consistent character. In recent years, the phenomenon of over-criminalization and statutory ambiguity has attracted an enormous amount of research interest in criminal science. A number of legal concepts and principles are used to discipline the legislature, and thereby allow the courts to apply the law prudently and with great caution, within the limits of their constitutional powers, and in accordance with local legal traditions. This paper presents those legal principles followed by the Lithuanian courts to ensure the proportionate application of substantive criminal law and special investigative techniques, inter alia secret surveillance, thereby offsetting the impact of poorly drafted laws on human rights.

We conducted focus groups with participants of a laboratory experiment on cheating with the aim to describe and structure participants’ lived experience with the experiment and to compare their per...

There has been heated debate over the test of dishonesty since it was first laid down in Royal Brunei Airlines v Tan. This paper argues that the essence of ‘dishonest’ assistance is willing participation in a breach of trust, that is, assistants endorse or accept their causal role in bringing it about. Three implications follow. First, the mental element should be fixed at the minimum level necessary to reflect endorsement rather than varying by the degree of causal contribution to the primary wrong. Second, the test of neither dishonesty nor knowledge fully captures the requisite mental element for endorsement. Third, a test framed in terms of intention and belief concerning the core elements of a breach would better identify the mental element of accessory liability in equity. This reformulated test would add much-needed transparency to mental element determination for equitable accessory liability.

Identifying true motivation for Pareto lies, which are mutually beneficial for both the liar and others, can be challenging because different covert motivations can lead to identical overt behavior. In this study, we adopted a brain-fingerprinting approach, combining both univariate and multivariate analyses to estimate individual measures of selfish motivation in Pareto lies by the degree of multivoxel neural representation in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) for Pareto lies conforms with those for selfish vs. altruistic lies in human participants of either sex. An increase in selfish motivation for Pareto lies was associated with higher mean-level activity in both ventral and rostral MPFC. The former showed an increased pattern similarity to selfish lies and the latter showed a decreased pattern similarity to altruistic lies. Higher ventral MPFC pattern similarity predicted faster response time in Pareto lies. Our findings demonstrated that hidden selfish motivation in white lies can be revealed by neural representation in the MPFC.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT:True motivation for dishonesty serving both self and others cannot be accurately discerned from observed behaviors. Here we showed that fMRI combining both univariate and multivariate analyses can be effectively used to reveal hidden selfish motivation of Pareto lies serving both self and others. The present study suggests that selfish motivation for prosocial dishonesty is encoded primarily by increased activity of the ventromedial and the rostromedial prefrontal cortex, representing intuitive self-serving valuation and strategic switching of motivation depending on beneficiary of dishonesty, respectively.

PurposeThis paper investigates the effects of advising strength of a recommendation agent on users' trust and distrust beliefs and how the effects are moderated by perceived brand familiarity.Design/methodology/approachA research model is evaluated using a laboratory experiment with 149 participants.FindingsResults reveal that a strong advising tone leads to higher trust in terms of users' credibility and benevolence beliefs and lower distrust in terms of their discredibility beliefs (the trustor's concerns regarding the trustee's dishonesty and competence in engaging in harmful behavior) when perceived brand familiarity is high. By contrast, when brand familiarity is low, strong advising tone results in low trust in terms of users' credibility belief and high distrust in terms of their beliefs in discredibility and malevolence (concerns regarding the trustee's conduct in terms of a malicious intention that can hurt the trustor's welfare).Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the trust and distrust literature by studying how each of the dimensions of trust and distrust can be affected by an RA's design feature. It extends the attribution theory to the RA context by studying the moderating role of brand familiarity in determining the effects of the advising strength of an RA. It provides actionable guidelines for practitioners regarding the adoption of an RA's appropriate advising strength to promote different types of products.

Cheating and immorality are highly researched phenomena, likely due to their great impact. However, little research has examined the real-time cognitive mechanisms that are involved in cheating and conflict management. Much of the cheating research to date concentrates on binary cheating; however, in more prevalent real-world scenarios, people often engage in more ambiguous self-serving mistakes. To execute such self-serving decisions, one may make use of conflict-management strategies to help balance an internal struggle between gain and self-concept. We propose that to enact such strategies one must employ sufficient cognitive resources. To test this, we employed a simple effortful control task that allows for comparisons of gain and no-gain errors, isolating self-serving mistakes while recording gaze and response-time measures. Findings revealed that individuals can make use of conflict management strategies that mimicked errors made inadvertently. Two strategies included gaze avert and quick response times during gain blocks, whereby participants simulated out-of-control-like behaviors while engaging in self-serving mistakes, plausibly as a method of self-justification. Strategy use was dependent upon individuals' cognitive abilities. Participants reporting high inhibitory control abilities were able to use gaze aversion to engage in self-serving mistakes, while those reporting high attention resources were able to employ faster response times when making more profitable errors. Taken together, this paper contributes to (1) the debate on whether honesty/dishonesty is the dominant response, (2) the debate on self-control and inhibition on cheating, and (3) the understudied area of cognitive justifications to maintain a positive self-concept.

We study the effect of entitlement on the willingness to lie. We set up a model of lying where individuals feel more or less entitled to their endowment depending on how they earned it. When given the opportunity to lie to keep their endowment, individuals who feel more entitled are encouraged to lie while others are discouraged. To test the model predictions we use a laboratory experiment where we compare the lying behavior of participants endowed with a high endowment and participants endowed with a low endowment. In one treatment, the allocation of the endowment is decided by participants’ performance, and in the other, it is determined by a random draw. Our study shows that deservingness influences lying in an intuitive direction: when participants performance determines income, those who earn less money lie less than those who earn more. We do not find differences in lying when participants perform the same task but lie to keep windfall endowments.

We experimentally investigate whether using a foreign language affects social and personal norms on dishonesty, and whether language dependent norms explain lying behaviour. Participants can inflate their relative performance in a real effort task, and thereby increase their own payoff at a cost to another. As our main treatment manipulation, we vary the language of the experiment, that is conducted either in one's native or a foreign language. We find that dishonesty is generally perceived as more socially inappropriate in one's native language. However, we do not find a systematic foreign language effect on lying behaviour.

Universities and colleges worldwide have been closed following the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), and online learning has become an educational practice at once. Previous research showed many problems, including time management difficulties, technological devices, communication, engagement and assessment of students for both educators and students in online education. This research was formulated to understand whether online microbiology courses from different Saudi Universities are appropriate. It was a nationwide cross-sectional study among educators from multiple Saudi Arabian Universities during the whole month of June 2020. We distributed the survey link electronically through messages on the phone. A total of 134 Saudis participated in the study, and the majority of the respondents, i.e., 106 (79.10%) are between 36 to 55 years old, 17 (12.69%) are 56 years and above. A total of 65 (48.51%) respondents responded that shifting from in-classroom to online setup has impacted the teaching-learning process negatively, while 43 (32.09%) responded with a positive impact. The majority of the respondents (82%) disagreed that practical learning outcomes such as laboratory-based microbiology courses can be achieved online at the same level as regular-campus classes.Furthermore, more than half of the participants think that students' dishonesty or violation of academic integrity threatens institutions from offering online courses. Technology tools have brought a positive impact on the effectiveness of online microbiology education. This study illustrated that the shift to online microbiology classes has a positive impact on attention to academic integrity. However, in-person labs are still considered the optimal lab design. While pandemics have historically generated difficulties, recognizing these difficulties is the first step in turning them into possibilities.

In an academic institution, the plagiarism is a major part and important issue among the Graduate students. Plagiarism can be a serious crime and danger afflicting publication of research work worldwide. Similarly, Academic integrity (AI) contraventions of plagiarism also increased nowadays among the students, research scholars and academicians. Due to this reason, this study aims to concentrate to relate Academic Integrity related to plagiarism and the seriousness of these issues. The proposed study reveals about the quantitative and qualitative analysis of Academic Integrity and Plagiarism among the Post Graduate student from various Deemed Universities of Chennai City. This study provides the review on AI and Plagiarism based on the category of gender. It is hoped that the outcomes of this analysis may be wont to perceive the problems of educational dishonesty and the ways of development in Plagiarism developed which supports the scholars so as to scale back its occurrences.

The article is devoted to the research of perspective directions of formation and improvement of legal regulation of counteraction to abuse of rights in the sphere of mediation. The Institute of Mediation still encounters many obstacles on the way to its formation in Ukrainian society. Abuse of procedural rights is a negative phenomenon that occurs in all types of proceedings. Given the legal nature of mediation, the risks of abuse in its implementation are quite high. The purpose of the study is a scientific analysis of the main directions of formation and improvement of legal regulation of combating abuse of rights in the field of mediation. The scientific novelty of the article is to determine the best ways to combat abuse of rights in the field of mediation in Ukraine. Scientific views on the term «abuse of rights» are analyzed. The types of abuses that occur during dispute resolution through mediation are considered. A critical analysis of the provisions of the draft law on mediation was made. The main ways to counteract the abuse of rights in the field of mediation, which require further legislative implementation, have been identified. The emergence of mediation as an effective way to resolve conflicts peacefully continues throughout the world. In accordance with the processes of adaptation of the new instrument of protection of the interests of the subjects to the peculiarities of a particular society and modern challenges, the legal regulation of such an instrument is formed and improved. The shortcomings of the legal definition of mediation and the low level of education regarding its purpose lead to a large number of abuses, which in turn hinder the promotion of the procedure. It is determined that the abuse of rights is a negative trend, which consists in the exercise of a person’s rights contrary to their purpose, harming the interests of third parties. The author substantiates that mediation is a flexible and informal process, which leads to a large number of types of abuse of rights. It has been established that the abuse of rights in the mediation process is non-compliance with the principle of good faith, which can be carried out by all participants in the process, so there is a need for a legislative definition of good faith as one of the principles of mediation. Manifestations of the mediator’s dishonesty, including violations of the requirements of neutrality, impartiality and independence, including those related to corruption, and intentional procrastination in order to obtain remuneration, have been identified. Counteraction to abuse of rights in the field of mediation should include certain measures, including establishing guarantees for the actual implementation of the principle of self-determination by the parties to the mediation, defining the institution of responsibility of the mediator and the parties to disputed legal relations. It is concluded that the draft law «On Mediation» needs significant changes and additions in order to ensure the effectiveness of legal regulation in combating the abuse of rights in the field of mediation.

The effective practising of dentistry requires that dentists and dental technicians work hand in hand, having mutual respect for each other, while maintaining the highest standards in each of their respective disciplines. From a limited survey of dentists and dental technicians it seems that a small portion of our profession have misinterpreted the concept of “hand in hand” to be one of gross perverse incentives, corruption, collusion and dishonesty. This article may come as a shock to some and a revelation of what is known to be true to others. The issues discussed have generally been kept as “Dental family secrets”, however, the authors believe that these practices need to be uncovered if we want to put an end to this behaviour.

The present study firstly, aimed to investigate pre-service teachers’ perceptions of general self-efficacy (GSE hereafter) and academic integrity (AI hereafter). Secondly examined whether there was a relationship between general self-efficacy and academic integrity in the Turkish pre-service teacher education context through descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. The study was conducted at an English Language Teaching (ELT) Department at a state university with the participation of 63 4th year students. The analysis of data revealed that the group of pre-service teachers have a moderate mean value related to GSE. As for AI the group scores revealed that mostly tendency to dishonesty in references took place. Positive low correlation was found between GSE and tendency to dishonesty in references. The study was carried out with a small number of participants. Further studies may be carried out with number of participants to make generalizations. Findings of the study reflect the case at a state university ELT department. The study may be repeated with qualitative study to enhance the findings of the quantitative data.

Dishonesty evolved under natural selection among species. Whether or not individuals become dishonest for self-benefit when they experience distress by thinking about their own death is crucial and unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between death anxiety (i.e., individuals’ anxiety about their own death) and individuals’ tendencies to be dishonest, and whether individuals’ social dominance orientation (SDO) moderated the relationship between death anxiety and tendency for self-benefit dishonesty behaviors. Using two large-scale samples (Studies 1 and 3) and one undergraduate sample (Study 2), three studies (N = 3511) were conducted; all studies supported our hypothesis that death anxiety was positively associated with self-benefit dishonesty. Additionally, results showed that the relationship between death anxiety and tendency to be dishonest only occurred when individuals had a high SDO. These findings inform research on death anxiety by revealing its evolutionary functions regarding the promotion of resource-seeking behaviors (e.g., self-benefit dishonesty).

The 2008 global economic and financial crisis hit hard in Iceland. During the crisis its three largest banks all collapsed in just a few days with severe consequences for the economy and the people. Prior to the crisis, Iceland, a high income OECD country, had experienced strong growth and unprecedented expansion in overseas investments and activities, especially in the financial sector. This article focuses on the actions of the international community when the Icelandic authorities, during a period of great uncertainty, sought assistance to protect the Icelandic economy before the banking system fell. The methodology used in this article is the case study method. Compared to other research methods, a case study enables the researcher to examine the issues involved in greater depth. Arguably, the governments of the Netherlands and the UK tried to fake reality by suggesting that the Icelandic government, i.e. Icelandic taxpayers, should be made responsible for paying the debts of private banks. The EFTA Court ruling confirms that Iceland did not have this responsibility. In retrospect one can argue that the EU showed dishonesty by supporting the Netherlands and the UK in demanding a sovereign guarantee for failed private banks. The Icelandic banking expansion exposed weaknesses in EU integration and may also confirm a certain incompetence within the EU in designing an EU-wide banking system. KEYWORDS: Economic and financial crisis, economic policy, international expansion of firms, risk management.

We introduce the concept of fraud tolerance, validate the conceptualization using prior studies in economics and criminology as well as our own independent tests, and explore the relationship of fraud tolerance with numerous cultural attributes using data from the World Values Survey. Applying partial least squares path modeling, we find that people with stronger self-enhancing (self-transcending) values exhibit higher (lower) fraud tolerance. Further, respondents who believe in the importance of hard work exhibit lower fraud tolerance, and such beliefs mediate the relationship between locus of control and fraud tolerance. Finally, we find that people prone to traditional gender stereotypes demonstrate higher fraud tolerance and document subtle differences in the influence of these cultural attributes across age, religiosity, and gender groups. Our study contributes to research on corporate governance, ethics, and the antecedents of work-place dishonesty.

Background Since the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), distance education has been extensively implemented in all educational institutes and remote electronic exams (E-exams) have been adopted as a primary mode of assessment. Objectives This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the experience of students at faculties of Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmacy, Nursing and Applied Medical Sciences at Jordan University of Science and Technology regarding remote E-exams preferences and academic dishonesty during the pandemic. Materials and methods The survey composed of 16 questions, prepared using Google forms and distributed through students' E-learning platforms. The survey explored factors affecting students' preference for remote E-exams, methods for course assessment/evaluation, factors related to students’ exam dishonesty/misconduct during remote E-exams and measures that can be considered to reduce this behavior. Data were analyzed using descriptive, cross tabulation and Chi-square tests. Results Among 730 students, approximately only one third preferred remote E-exams. This was significantly (P, Highlights • Remote E-exams are only preferred in approximately one third of students from faculties of medical sciences. • Less preference was related to Efforts/time needed for exam preparation, inappropriate questions, and academic achievements. • Exam dishonesty appears as one of the major challenges with remote E-exams.

Travel blogs can be considered as alternative literature. Travel blogs are the digitised version of travelogues or travel narratives. The blogs give impressive, cost effective and immediate impressions of travel. Earlier, the traveller prepares notes during the travel and writes it after reaching his native place. It involves revisualising the entire trip and jotting down the entire memories. The narration adds the real and the images he visualized. The narration will be a mix of myths and personal perspectives. The blogs are live reports of the travel. The rationale of the study understands the digital space and the awareness of “truth”. In the post truth era frontiers are blurred between truth and lie, honesty and dishonesty, fiction and non fiction.

Doctors and paramedics as health resources are the main component of health care providers to the public to achieve health development goals by national goals. Doctors and paramedics are the vanguard of treating Covid-19 patients with a very high risk of transmission of the virus. Legal protections for Doctors and paramedics are often overlooked as if society is apathetic and opinionated that it is already a duty and responsibility as medical personnel. Legal protections for the safety of Doctors and paramedics are less noticed, even though medical personnel are the vanguard in the handling of the Covid-19 pandemic. Speaking of legal protections certainly cannot be released from rights and obligations. Unprotected health workers, in this case, the profession of health workers. Violation of the rights of Doctors and paramedics related to covid-19 patient services that often occur is that the patient does not provide honest information on his condition as a Person in supervision or Patient In Supervision, so the more prone to the transmission of the Covid-19 virus that certainly has a domino effect on both doctors, Doctors and paramedics, other patients and also their families. Legal protection of Doctors and paramedics should be a serious concern of governments and hospitals. The patient must need and trained to be honest with what he feels and does. Legal protections that will surely make Doctors and paramedics feel protected in carrying out their humanitarian duties. All good measures of the assessment until evaluation will be carried out properly. Synergy together is the way to be done for all to realize quality health care.

This research aims to clarify the relationship between creativity and dishonesty. Study 1 (N = 74) examined whether creativity primed by the scrambled sentence test could influence dishonesty. The ...

The phenomenon of dishonesty among Indonesian students is severe and frequent. The conventional lecture model to teach principles of ethics, morality and honesty is less reliable. A new and more effective model is needed. Sufism is a discipline of Islamic science that studies the inner dimension of man as an effort to approach God as closely as possible. In Sufism there are several core characteristics such as God is always felt to be present, zuhud, uzlah, and qana`ah. The research aims to produce a model of Islamic education based on Sufism to increase students’ honesty. The research took place in two universities in the city of Bandung, Indonesia. In each university, three experimental classes (200 students) used the Sufism-based education model, while the other three classes (control class) used the conventional model (200 students). The study material as well as number of sessions (six times face to face) on honesty for the two classes was the same. The difference was that the experimental class was taught honesty through Sufism based principles, while the control class studied through the conventional method different from Sufism. The research method was quasi-experimental as before and after six lectures, we tested both classes with a pre-test and a post-test. The result was an increase in scores in both groups but the experimental group scored much higher than the control one. The implication is that the Islamic education model based on Sufism is proven to be more effective than the conventional education model in increasing students’ honesty.

The article deals with the image of the prominent Moscow lawyer Victor Komarovsky, one of the most negative characters in the novel by Boris Pasternak Doctor Zhivago. We study this character in the aspect of his professional activity, within the system of characters-lawyers and characters-doubles, in terms of the textual component. Being the character present throughout the novel, driving the plot, knowing all the subtleties of Russian legislation and entrepreneurship, Komarovsky is shown primarily in relations with Lara and Yuri, whose moral superiority is unbearable for him. Two motifs – the ‘enslavement of the girl’ and the rivalry with Zhivago, which permeate the entire narrative concerning Komarovsky, are framed by episodes where other characters of lawyers reveal dishonesty of the legal adviser.In creating the character of Komarovsky, Pasternak employs a whole range of techniques such as prospection, assimilation, aposiopesis, recognition, changing points of view, the principle of juxtaposition, speech portrait, reminiscences with the character of Fyodor Dostoevsky, and anthroponyms. All these techniques are intended to unmask Komarovsky as a person who uses the image of a human rights defender in achieving personal goals not only in relations with his principals and their relatives but also with colleagues; these devices expose the professional dishonesty of Komarovsky, who was inaccessible even to higher legal bodies. Another technique that contributes to deheroization of the character is a system of duality. It allows the writer not only to demonstrate the lawyer’s conformism, paucity of his interests, non-involvement in the fate of Russia but also to show activity of Kologrivov and Samdevyatov. Scrupulous work on the character of the lawyer exposes the methods he uses: without revealing himself in any transaction, he ruins a number of largest manufacturers, contributes to the death of their families, adapts in search for ways to wield power.