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HUG (Hinanjo Un-ei Game), an evacuation shelter simulation game developed by Shizuoka Prefecture, was adopted as the base for promoting cross-organizational and multidisciplinary collaboration in local communities. HUG is a simulation game in which participants place the cards containing evacuees personal information such as their age, gender, citizenship, and special circumstances into the floor plans assuming the gym and classrooms in the evacuation shelter. Participants experience finding solutions to various events occurring in the evacuation center. The game experience gives participants the opportunity to determine how to assign evacuees to individual rooms while considering the needs of evacuees requiring special assistance. The program also allows public health nurses, disaster prevention managers, and other government employees to gain experience in dealing with more than 100 issues that must be considered in improving the environment and safety of pregnant and nursing women and children. This experience will be useful especially for training voluntary disaster relief organizations that play a central role in operating evacuation shelters.

International audience; It is increasingly emphasized that the innovative performance of regions depends on the right balance between local development and external openness. The paper contributes to this discussion by exploring how regional gatekeepers contribute to inventive performance through their intermediation role as they establish extra-local linkages in addition to their local embeddedness. More specifically, we investigate whether firms benefit from the gatekeeping position of their inventors. To do so, we identify corporate inventors with a gatekeeper position, and study whether their presence in inventor teams affects the quality of inventions and differs when gatekeepers cross organizational (intrafirm, interfirm versus science-industry) and/or regional boundaries (one or multiple regions). Our results show that gatekeepers have a higher impact on the quality of inventions when they work for firms involved in inter-firm collaborations unlike external stars who have either no effect or a negative impact on inventive quality.

We report the first cross-cultural and cross-organizational evidence for an evolved hazing motivation. Using experiments performed in the United States, Japan, and among members of a hazing and a nonhazing organization, we demonstrate an invariant set of core hazing predictors. In particular, we show that the perception of near-term group benefits, which would have been ancestrally exploitable by new group members, substantially increases desired hazing severity in all samples. Results are discussed in light of human organizational psychology and the difficulty of reliably suppressing hazing behavior.

Recent history of Central and Eastern Europe charts multiple occupations, liberations and re-occupations by a variety of states and regimes. Museums of recent history, located across the region, strive to both constitute a memorial shaping narratives of national identity, and to represent the past in a way both recognizable and persuasive for their predominantly international tourist visitors. These visitors come with their own preconceptions and aims towards building both a historical narrative of the past and a personal identity narrative of a cultured, engaged tourist. In this paper, we chart how the historical past is used in contemporary sensemaking processes in the museums, and how tourist interpretations cross organizational and national barriers that the museum-curated historical narratives attempt to create.

Nowadays, the focus of project management is no longer limited to the three traditional elements – time, quality, and cost, whereas project stakeholder management has received more and more attention. Based on an extensive review of the domestic and international literature on the project stakeholder management, this study identifies 16 factors that affect the effective management of cross organizational research and development (R&D) project stakeholders. Factors were derived from interviews of Cross organizational R&D project managers from different industries, and a questionnaire was designed based on the interview results. Finally, a management framework for inter-organizational R&D project stakeholders was established based on the result of the principal component analysis. This study integrates the findings with relevant theoretical knowledge of stakeholder management and provides some suggestions for cross-organization management of R&D project stakeholders.

This paper portrays cross-organizational collaboration in service networks as a new challenging context for service design. The paper reflects on the role of cross-organizational service networks in a Finnish municipality-initiated research and development project. The project sought to develop new practices for supporting independent living for the elderly involving diverse organizations across public, private and third sectors. The intent was to apply collaborative and customer-centred service development. For this paper, interviews were reviewed from 16 project participants to find out how they perceived cross-organizational collaboration and the role of service design in this project. From these findings, we identified barriers to collaborations that originated in tensions between different organizations and structural and situational barriers that sometimes could be traced to specific mindsets on an organizational level. Based on the insights from these interviews, we explain how service desi...

Proposals to re-empower the U.S. labor movement emphasize the importance of unions to work in coalition with community nonprofits at the local level. An extensive literature analyzes how such cross-organizational collaborations have benefitted unions, such as in their fights to prevent plant closures, to establish or renew union contracts, to organize the unorganized, and to pass living wage policies. This article instead emphasizes the experience of nonprofit organizations that work with unions in local policy coalitions that seek to promote the labor rights of immigrants and other low-wage workers. Drawing on case study material of San Francisco's living and minimum wage campaigns, this article argues that differences in organizational resources, tax-exempt status, and community connections affect nonprofits' role as public policy advocates relative to unions, but not uniformly in the same way across different stages of the policymaking process. While these differences in advocacy assets give unions the means to crowd nonprofits out of the policy enactment process, they enable nonprofits to hold their own in the initial agenda-setting process and even to outshine unions in the final policy implementation process.

The paper presents intrinsic properties of cross-organizational collaboration in shared information spaces and motivates the concept of ambient communities with particular reference to the tourism sector. Our approach is informed by an ethnographic analysis of assembling innovative information-based products for tourists. Qualitative data collection methods combined with online 'tells' reveal that in cross-organizational settings togetherness stems from ambient affiliates' recurrent co-engagement in computer-mediated distributed collective practices. Intriguing aspects of such practices are its boundary function, an underlying emergent knowledge process and its entanglement with socio-material realities of partners.

Establishing a new organization is becoming more difficult day by day due to the extremely competitive business environment. A new organization may not have enough experience to survive in the competitive market; which in turn may push down the reputation of the organization and the trust of the investors. The goal of this research project work is to design a framework for the cross-organizational information system for assessment and decision making using machine learning with the emphasis on the educational sector. In the proposed framework, organizations share information (even raw data) with each other and machine learning tool will be utilized for shared data analysis for decision making for a particular organization. A framework like this can help new organizations to get benefit from the experience of other ‘older’ organizations and institutions. Such knowledge-based machine learning system helps to improve the organizational capability of newly established institutions. As an implementation of the framework, we build a fuzzy system that can effectively work as a cross-platform system for educational entities.

In the cloud manufacturing systems, both manufacturing tasks and manufacturing services are in a dynamic environment. How could cloud manufacturing platform optimizes manufacturing cloud services based on QoS, matching an optimal service composition for manufacturing tasks has become an urgent problem at present. In view of this problem, we study the matching of manufacturing tasks and manufacturing services from the perspective of complex network theory. On the basis of manufacturing task network and manufacturing service network, a dynamic matching network theory model of manufacturing task-service is constructed. And then, we take a dynamic assessment of QoS. Finally, we use load and dynamic QoS as the optimization objectivities, transform the optimal manufacturing service composition problem into the shortest path problem, and the dynamic scheduling of manufacturing services is realized.

The article presents the results of research on the relationship between age diversity in the workplace and corporate performance. It focuses on perceptions of ageism in the workplace. An overview of related previous studies is provided, along with details of the research protocol, which involved a survey of over 18,000 employees and executives. It was found that increased age diversity correlated with higher levels of perceived age-based discrimination. Perceived age discrimination was also negatively correlated with performance.

This article has the objectives to discuss the background for the two special issues of International Journal of e-Collaboration on electronic collaboration in organizations, examine four theoretical frameworks with particular regard to their relevance to the content in the articles in the special issues, and summarize each of the nine articles in these issues. The articles in the special issues are diverse in conceptual theory, units of analysis, research methods, and levels of collaboration. Units of analysis span from the individual, virtual team, company to the dyadic relationship between firms. Electronic collaboration is studied in locales including Austria, Korea, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States. The diversity extends knowledge within varied realms of the electronic collaboration field. This introductory article offers an overall framework for these two special issues to help readers and potential authors see how the studies relate to one another and to the overall body of knowledge.

This article uses an examination of the changing nature of organization in the UK television industry to reflect on the impact of liminality on learning. We take as our starting point Garsten’s (1999) use of the term ‘liminality’ (being situated ‘betwixt and between’) to examine individual and organizational learning in the context of organizational recomposition, where learning increasingly occurs at the limits of organizations within networks and teams that cross organizational divides. Garsten argues that the contractualization of work can be seen to challenge the old boundaries of organization and that it suggests new ways of organizing and experiencing work. By extending liminality to the concept of learning, we suggest that as more industries adopt temporary project teams as a way of organizing work, this not only challenges the concept of organization as an enduring social artefact, but also raises issues about how learning and knowledge development takes place. We examine the effects of liminal episodes on learning, both for organizations and individuals, in a context where the old limits of organization are being redefined while new ways of organizing are throwing up their own learning challenges. We suggest that it is crucial to explore how, in a more transient organizational context arising from the greater use of temporary teams, individualized careers, fashioned out of liminality, impact upon organizational learning.

The global expansion of human rights has shifted modes of political engagement in significant ways. This article analyzes this shift as one towards "judicial agency," where an increasingly dense web of legal rights mediated by judicial and administrative bodies enables the individual to bypass traditional democratic forms of political mobilization. Through this new mode of political engagement, litigants challenge legislative and executive authority as they cross organizational and even national boundaries through a "nesting process," seeking judicial ways through which they can restructure rules and norms over a range of issues. This development is particularly marked in the European Union.

Visualizations are a common means to perform analyses of business processes. In a collaborating environment these visualizations are based on an underlying organizationspecific information model reflecting the most important entities and their interrelationships. For dynamic business processes with changing participants existing solutions apply ontologies to create an integrated information model at runtime. However, these solutions do not provide any guidance with regards to the generation of cross-organizational process visualizations originating from a dynamically integrated information model. To overcome this challenge, this paper applies pattern matching techniques between the integrated information model and abstract view models which capture the information demands for generating a specific visualization. After having motivated the topic, a conceptual model enabling the generation of ad-hoc inter-enterprise visualizations is presented. By means of an example, we further show how a pattern matching approach can be applied to create visualizations which are based on integrated arbitrary information models.

In the following literature review, the main focus is organizational communities. In other words, communities that cross organizational boundaries, such as online communities, open source communities, and virtual communities, are (for the most part) excluded from the presentation of contents in this chapter. Because findings related to boundary-less communities are relevant, especially for the design of the IT artifact, a summary of contents is provided in Annex B and a discussion of this stream of literature is provided at the end of this part. Key findings and gaps in research for these communities are summarized at the end of this part and contribute to the motivation to conduct three empirical studies.

The thesis of this chapter is that the Health in All Policy innovation process is only complete when national intentions have linked up with, and made a change to, ‘practice’ at the local level. Much is known about the way bureaucratic hierarchies attempt, but often fail, to make this happen, but much less so in relation to networks. For the latter, evidence is presented showing their superiority when policies are complex, requiring cross organizational action, and when the potential effort directed to their achievement is fragmented.

Current investments in IS/IT are increasingly being deployed across multiple countries and world regions. In this connected global economy, crosssystem integration and collaboration technologies play essential roles and often determine the success or failure of IS/IT systems and projects. The intensive investigation for two decades of different aspects of IS/IT collaboration sets the context of this minitrack. The theme is the integration of people, systems, processes and infrastructure across organizations, borders, nations and world regions to enable productive teamwork toward accomplishing mutual goals. Until now, studies have been almost entirely focused on a single country or region.

Business Processes for Web Services (BPEL4WS) are the new paradigms for lightweight enterprise integration. They cross organizational boundaries and are provided by entities that see each other just as business partners. Web services require shift in the access control mechanism: from identity-based access control to trust management and negotiation, but this is not enough for cross organizational business processes. For many businesses no partner may guess a priori what kind of credentials will be sent by clients and clients may not know a priori which credentials are required for completing a business process.

The executive career development literature holds as a strong premise that executives learn from career experiences and job assignments to be prepared for increasingly complex organizational positions. The temporal aspect of a career, namely the sequence of career experiences and events, however, is yet to be fully explored. This study utilizes the complete career paths of 49 high-level executives in a Fortune 100 company and examines the time sequence of their managerial transitions, to identify critical patterns in relation to career outcomes. Based on optimal matching cross organizational levels and role types, four typical career paths were found. Most significantly, a positive effect of “career misfit” was found to affect promotion rate, and this effect was moderated by executives’ competencies. Findings from this empirical study provide theoretical and practical implications for executive career development.