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Using a firm-level dataset of more than 500,000 domestic and cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) for 95 countries during the period 1995–2015, we measure the level and evolution of the border effect on M&As. We find that the number and value of M&As between same-country firms are five times larger than between firms of different countries. We show that the border effect on the number and value of M&As remained constant during the period. The border effect on M&As in the European Union is substantially lower than elsewhere. We find that the border effect is lower for large investors and firms operating in the primary industry and utilities.

O objetivo deste trabalho é explicar o quanto o efeito-fronteira interferiu nas negociações comerciais goianas no ano de 2009. Esse efeito foi estimado empiricamente por meio do estimador Poisson Pseudo-Maximum-Likelihood (PPML), utilizando dados de corte seccional para os 20 principais parceiros comerciais internacionais do Estado de Goiás, mais 26 Unidades Federativas brasileiras. Mesmo que Goiás venha expandindo os produtos comercializados por meio dos incentivos de políticas públicas e por meio da capacidade empreendedora dos agentes econômicos, os resultados encontrados no estudo indicam que os produtos comercializados por Goiás são, em sua maioria, da agroindústria e que o comércio goiano com as Unidades Federativas brasileiras é significativamente maior do que o comércio com regiões internacionais, apontando assim um forte viés doméstico. Para as Unidades Federativas brasileiras que dividem fronteiras com Goiás, os resultados dão pistas de que o comércio é, em média, maior do que com as demais.

In this paper, we document border effects in the award of public contracts in the European single market. We use a dataset of 1.8 million contract awards, which we match to geolocations to estimate a gravity model of procurement flows between European NUTS3 region pairs. We find very sizable cross-national border effects for all types of goods and services, even after controlling for physical distance, currency, cultural differences and other variables. For example, ‘local’ bidders for IT services contracts are almost 250 times more likely to be awarded a contract than ‘foreign’ bidders. More surprisingly, we find substantial cross-regional border effects within countries. While we document that firms’ bidding decisions are subject to border effects, we cannot exclude a home bias of contracting authorities in the award of public contracts.

Cross-border regions are the laboratories of European integration. Daily interactions across European borders let citizens experience the benefits of the European Union (EU) internal market. Still, many border barriers continue to prevent individuals and organisations from exploiting the full-potential of European border regions and the benefits of a more integrated European territory. Amongst these barriers are the absence or inappropriate supply of cross-border public transport services. In this context, this paper presents potential policy tools to increase border permeability related to cross-border public transport as well as practical results from a few case-studies implemented across Europe. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This paper analyses the determinants of inter-regional innovation cooperation in European knowledge networks. Our main goal is to assess whether structural heterogeneity in the context of the “urban-rural dichotomy” and international borders can explain differences in the regions’ engagement in inter-regional innovation cooperation. We estimate a gravity equation to model innovation cooperation, proxied by inter-regional co-patent applications, as a function of region-specific context conditions as well as technological and geographical distance. Our data comprise dyadic information on 203 NUTS2 regions in 15 European countries (EU-15) for the year 2010. The empirical results show that the basic gravity mechanisms drive the direction and strength of innovation cooperation between EU regions; i.e., geographical distance acts as an impediment to inter-regional co-patent applications. Regarding the importance of structural heterogeneity, we find that pairs of rural regions have lower levels of innovation cooperation compared to urban regions. Similarly, border regions are generally disadvantaged compared to non-border regions in terms of the intensity of innovation cooperation. However, while the latter result points to a negative border effect, our gravity model estimates also show that pairs of border regions are more active in terms of close geographical innovation cooperation (e.g., through international cross-border cooperation), which partly compensates for the negative border effect. This finding not only holds for urban but also rural border regions and may reflect policy attempts to support border regions, e.g., by strengthening the level of international cross-border cooperation within the EU.

We create two novel datasets—the starting dates of Roll-On Roll-Off Terminal System (RRTS) service by route, and interprovincial land trade—to evaluate the effects of the RRTS on agricultural trade costs within the Philippines as measured by border effects. We find province border effects to be substantial in the Philippines, with a typical province trading 28–53 times more with itself than with other provinces. The RRTS reduced this by a factor of 0.65. This is confirmed by increased trade flows, with RRTS province pairs trading 36%–42% more on average compared to similar unconnected province pairs. However, the border effect reduction is unevenly distributed and tends to be limited to provinces near the biggest demand center.

Using a representative sample of rural migrants in cities, this paper investigates where the migrants in urban China come from, paying close attention to intra-provincial vs. inter-provincial migrants, and examining the differences in their personal attributes. We find that migrants who have come from within the province differ significantly from those who have come from outside of the province. Using a nested logit model, we find that overall, higher wage differentials, larger population size, higher GDP per capita, and faster employment growth rate are the attributes of a city that attract rural-to-urban migrants. In addition, moving beyond one's home province has a strong deterrent effect on migration, analogous to the “border effect” identified in international migration studies. We also explore the role of culture, institutional barriers, and dialect in explaining such a pronounced “border effect”.

This paper presents a new methodology to measure border effects from a different perspective with respect to the standard gravitational approach. The methodology proposed measures supply-side border effects by identifying two types of limits produced by the border to the productive system: inefficiency in exploiting local resources (efficiency needs) and scarce endowment of resources (endowment needs), the former calling for intervention on resource governance, the latter requiring new investment. The methodology, applied to the European Union’s Cross Border Cooperation Program regions, suggests a stronger presence of efficiency needs with respect to endowment ones.

Summary This paper measures the effect of political integration, such as sharing a national state or economic union, on the degree of trade integration. Consistently with previous work, we find large border effects. However, such estimates may be biased and overestimate the effects of borders because of endogeneity: selection into sharing a political space is correlated with affinities for trade. We propose a method to address this and we produce estimates which are closer to the causal effect. We then conduct speculative exercises showing the costs and benefits of the changing levels of integration associated with: the independence of Scotland, Catalonia and the Basque Country from the United Kingdom and Spain [but remaining within the European Union (EU)]; the United Kingdom’s exit from the EU; the break-up of the EU itself and closer integration within the EU so that its internal borders appear similar to the internal borders of individual countries (as opposed to its current state of being simply a closely integrated group of countries). We find that the border effect between countries is an order of magnitude larger than the border effect associated with the EU.

The concept of resilience is gaining increasing traction in economic studies. In framing economic resilience, surprisingly little consideration has been given to the role played by the geographical positioning of a region, particularly those that lie on the external borders of a political and trading bloc such as the European Union. Drawing on empirical research, this chapter considers evidence for the possible adverse effects of some forms of positionality for resilience outcomes. The results of our analysis indicate that there is an external border effect that can adversely affect resilience outcomes. However, the effect is not uniform, suggesting that it is one factor amongst a number of others that can affect the economic resilience of a region. Our results confirm the importance of considering both policy dimensions and the structural characteristics of regions.

A significant body of empirical studies demonstrates sizable national border effects in foreign trade of Canadian provinces throughout the 1980s and 1990s. This paper revisits and expands the scope of the border effects analysis by estimating the border effect in trade with U.S. states as well as countries in the European Union (EU) and the G 20 using more recent data from 2001–10. Furthermore, we perform the Blinder-Oaxaca nonlinear decomposition (Bauer and Sinning, 2008) to decompose the border effects into various components, including the transaction costs, the tariff and non-tariff measures, and the unexplained component. Results from the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood model show that, compared to existing estimates from the 1980s and 1990s, the size of the border effect in trade between Canadian provinces and U.S. states has declined. The border effects for Canada–EU and Canada–G 20 bilateral trade flows sit at somewhat elevated levels. About a third of the border effects in overall trade with EU and G-20 countries can be attributed to the variables related to transaction costs in foreign trade. While the significance of tariffs has declined, the prevalence of non-tariff measures seems to be on a rise. That said, we find that the welfare-changing measures combined—tariff and non-tariff measures—play a limited role in explaining the border effects in comparison with the role of transaction costs and the unexplained component., Un important corpus de travaux empiriques fait ressortir la présence d’effets frontière considérables qui ont influé sur le commerce extérieur des provinces canadiennes tout au long des années 1980 et 1990. Dans la présente étude, l’auteur réexamine l’analyse de ces effets, et en élargit la portée, en estimant, à partir de données plus récentes (2001-2010), les effets frontière dans le cas des échanges avec des États américains ainsi qu’avec des pays de l’Union européenne (EU) et du G20. L’auteur procède en outre à une décomposition non linéaire de Blinder-Oaxaca (Bauer et Sinning, 2008) afin de dissocier différentes composantes des effets frontière, notamment les coûts de transaction, les tarifs douaniers et les mesures non tarifaires, ainsi que la composante inexpliquée. Les résultats obtenus en estimant un modèle de Poisson par la méthode du pseudo-maximum de vraisemblance montrent que, comparativement aux estimations antérieures fondées sur les données des années 1980 et 1990, la taille des effets frontière sur le commerce entre les provinces canadiennes et les États américains a diminué. Pour ce qui est des échanges bilatéraux entre le Canada et les pays de l’UE, d’une part, et les pays du iv G20, d’autre part, les effets frontière se situent à des niveaux relativement élevés. Les variables relatives aux coûts des transactions transfrontières peuvent expliquer environ le tiers des effets frontière touchant l’ensemble des échanges avec les pays de l’UE et du G20. Bien que l’importance des tarifs douaniers ait diminué, celle des mesures non tarifaires semble s’accroître. Cela dit, l’auteur constate que les mesures ayant une incidence sur le bien-être (les mesures tarifaires combinées aux mesures non tarifaires) jouent un rôle limité pour expliquer les effets frontière comparativement aux coûts de transaction et à la composante inexpliquée.

Article 115 of the Mexican Constitution was modified to grant Mexican municipalities prerogatives in order to improve their financial position through own-source revenue collection. This reform made it possible for the municipalities in the same state to face a different institutional fiscal framework without contradicting the corresponding legal framework. This paper relates the institutional framework and the municipal geographic location to property tax collection. Mexican northern border municipalities have experienced higher economic and demographic growth compared with non-border municipalities. This has resulted in a higher demand for public services and infrastructure. In the face of this pressure, and given that they are allowed to modify their institutional framework, the central hypothesis in this article is to test whether the border effect helps to explain the differences in property tax revenue across municipalities, and if that effect results in higher property tax collection. These...

The existence of large border effects is one of the main puzzles of international macroeconomics. The seminal paper by McCallum found that trade between any two Canadian provinces was (on average) 22 times greater than trade between any Canadian province and any United State (US). Although various authors have estimated internal and external border effects for the whole European Union and some specific European countries, none has done so in the manner that McCallum's seminal paper, stymied by lack of data on region-to-region international trade flows. This study uses a novel data set that captures intra- and international truck shipments between Spanish regions and regions in seven European countries during the period 2004–11. It computes internal and external border effects, offering novel results for aggregate flows and the importing countries, and estimates several specifications of the gravity equation, so as to tackle such issues as the multilateral resistance term, heteroskedasticity, and zero flows and non-linear relation between trade and distance. The paper also adds a detailed analysis on the external border effect for each Spanish exporting region and each of the seven European countries considered. By means of this analysis, we shed new light on the relative integration between regions of these seven countries and Spanish exporting regions. Finally, we conduct an extrapolation exercise, computing the ‘trade potentials’ that would be expected in a fully integrated Europe and estimating how long full integration would take to achieve between each Spanish exporting region and each European importing country. To this regard, two alternative scenarios are considered: one using the growth rates of the Spanish exports before the crisis (2001–08) and other considering the postcrisis growth rates (2011–13).

Boundary environmental pollution and pollution spillovers are important issues for improving the water quality of trans-boundary rivers. This paper explores the empirical effects of the evolution of the pollution reduction mandates on boundary pollution by studying the change of water pollution levels (as proxied by pH, BOD, COD and NH3-N) of key state monitoring stations from 2004 to 2014. The empirical findings support the existence of boundary pollution and indicate the association between environmental policy and boundary pollution levels using propensity score matching, although the relation is conditional on which water pollution measure is considered. The pollution levels of monitoring stations on provincial borders are significantly higher than those of interior monitoring stations. The pollution of tributaries is more serious than that of the main stream, which was quickly reversed after the pollution reduction mandates changed. The improvement of the water environment showed great differences with the change of policy when we compare the water quality of monitoring stations in the upper reaches of provincial borders with the water quality downstream of provincial borders. Our empirical analysis finds strong evidence of strategic polluting across provincial borders. Local officials may manipulate pollution within their jurisdictions, and the overall pollution reduction target will exacerbate border pollution, whereas water quality inspection can reduce marginal pollution. Finally, we further validate the net impact of the policies on boundary pollution using a difference in difference (DID) approach.

Using new data on citations to university patents and scientific publications, we study how geography affects university knowledge spillovers. Citations to patents decline sharply with distance up to about 150 miles and are strongly constrained by state borders. Distance also constrains citations to scientific publications, but the impact is less sharp and persists over greater distances. The state border effect for publications is significant only for lower quality public universities. We show that the state border effect is heterogeneous, and is strongly influenced by university and state characteristics and policies. It is larger for public universities and those with strong local development policies. The border effect is larger in states with strong non-compete laws that facilitate intrastate labor mobility, states with greater reliance on in-state educated scientists and engineers, and states with lower rates of interstate scientific labor mobility. We also confirm the impact of non-compete statutes by studying a policy reform in Michigan.

According to the Treaty of Frankfurt (1871) France lost Alsace and Lorraine. In the paper I estimate how the new border affected a growth of nearby towns. Applying difference-in-differences methodology to census data for 1831-1911, I obtain paradoxical result. The new border boosted the growth of nearby towns. Extra urban growth in a 70 km border region reached 4.23 per cent p.a. in 1872-6, and was smaller, but still significantly positive, later. Point estimate of the total border effect in 1872-1911 is 134 per cent. This effect survives in more homogeneous subsamples and is robust to a number of specification changes. Both immigration of Alsatians, garrison growth and fort construction have sizable and significant positive effect on urban growth; however, the border effect remains significantly positive after accounting for these factors.

Reasoning that life in the U.S.–Mexico border region is sufficiently different from life in non-border regions this paper asks whether proximity to the border has a significant impact on presidential voting. County level data from four border states, California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, over five presidential elections, 1992–2008, are examined using a both cross-sectional and panel data analysis. The authors conclude that there is a border effect that favors Democratic candidates and that fades as distance from the border increases.

The abolition of the artificial impediments of cross-border interaction inside the European Union, has released dynamics that have influenced significantly the economic space at the frontiers. In contrast, at the European Union external borders, the constraints concerning cross-border interaction with third countries have become more tangible in the sphere of reality. Under this framework, a new mix of opportunities and the threats seems to come forth together with a new political, social and economic map that redefines the notion of vicinity. In the present article, the study of the 'border effect' in Europe is attempted through the investigation of the basic determinants of the spatial dynamics of cross-border interaction. The findings of the article contribute to the better understanding of the 'border effect' with significant implications for both theory and policy.

Neste artigo, analisou-se, para o mercado brasileiro, o efeito-fronteira, que indica o viés do comércio doméstico em comparação com o comércio internacional. Esse efeito foi estimado empiricamente, utilizando-se dados de corte seccional, em um modelo de gravidade com os 26 estados brasileiros mais o Distrito Federal e 46 países. Apesar de o Brasil estar reduzindo as barreiras ao comércio internacional, o efeito-fronteira calculado mostrou-se ainda muito alto para os padrões conhecidos. O valor encontrado para o viés entre os estados brasileiros foi igual a 33, evidenciando-se que eles comercializam 33 vezes mais entre si do que com os países estrangeiros. Em um país em desenvolvimento como o Brasil, as conseqüências desse viés, em termos de bem-estar, provavelmente sejam muito grandes. A magnitude do efeito-fronteira pode ser explicada pelo baixo grau de substituição entre os produtos domésticos e estrangeiros e, também, pelas grandes barreiras ao comércio internacional. This paper analyses the border effect on the Brazilian goods market, which indicates how biased intranational trade is compared to international trade. We quantify the border effect empirically using a cross-sectional gravity equation for twenty six Brazilian states plus the Federal District and forty-six countries, and find that although Brazil has been lowering its trade barriers, the border effect is still very high by any standards. The bias in a typical Brazilian state relative to other countries was found to be around 33, suggesting that trade among Brazilian states is thirty-three times as high as trade with a foreign country. The welfare consequences of a bias of this magnitude are likely to be very large for a developing country such as Brazil. It can be explained both by the low degree of substitutability among goods produced in Brazilian states and foreign countries, as well as by the large barriers to international trade.

Should trade economists account for hysteresis when estimating gravity models, as [Eichengreen, B., & Irwin, D. A. (1998). The role of history in bilateral trade flows. In J. A. Frankel (Ed.), Regionalization of the world economy . Chicago: University of Chicago/NBER] recommend? Are the effects on trade of key variables, such as a national border, mismeasured when hysteresis is not accounted for? Using a unique panel data set on Canada's international trade over 1988–1996, and building on recent advances in fixed effects approaches to gravity estimation, we find strong evidence that history does matter in determining trade. But exporter and importer fixed effects, as opposed to lagged dependent variables, appear adequate to capture history. Omitting lagged dependent variables matters little to measured parameters like the border effect. After accounting for history we find Canada's overall border effect to be large with little evidence of diminishment in this period.

Empirical evidence of the impact of borders on international trade flows using the gravity equation approach abounds. This paper examines the empirical relevance of state borders in U.S. interstate trade for various specifications of the gravity equation. We find a large and economically significant subnational border effect for some specifications. However, two model specifications drastically reduce (if not eliminate) the border effect: (i) dynamic panel specifications controlling for past levels of trade and (ii) models conditioning on internal migration. Les resultats empiriques de l'analyse des impacts des frontieres sur les flux de commerce international en utilisant les modeles de gravite sont devenus monnaie courante. Ce texte examine l'impact des frontieres entre etats a l'aide de cette technique. Il s'avere que les effets de frontieres infranationales sont grands et significatifs pour certaines specifications du modele. Cependant, deux specifications du modele reduisent dramatiquement (s'ils n'eliminent pas) l'effet de frontiere: (i) des specifications qui prennent en compte les niveaux anterieurs de commerce, et (ii) des specifications qui dependent de la migration interne.

Gil-Pareja S., Llorca-Vivero R. and Martinez-Serrano J. A. (2006) The border effect in Spain: the Basque Country case, Regional Studies 40, 335–345. This paper investigates the border effect on the Basque Country's trade, using a sample of 28 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries between 1995 and 2001. The results indicate that after controlling for market size and distance, the Basque Country trades between 12 and 16 times more with the rest of Spain than it does with any other country. The Spanish bias is lower in the case of the Basque Country's exports than in the case of imports. With respect to the time evolution, the results show a downward trend. The analysis by trading partners reveals important differences even in the context of European Union countries. Gil-Pareja S., Llorca-Vivero R. et Martinez-Serrano J. A. (2006) L'effet frontiere en Espagne: etude de cas du pays Basque, Regional Studies 40, 335–345. A partir d'un echantillon de 28 pays-membres de l'OCDE, c...

The first objective of this paper is to estimate border effects among European Union countries. In this context, the specification of the gravity equation, together with the choice of the distance measure, are shown to be crucial for assessing the size of the border effect. The second objective is to evaluate the determinants of the cross-commodity variation in national border effects. Contrary to previous findings reported in the literature, we show that trade barriers do provide an explanation. In particular, technical barriers to trade, together with product-specific information costs, increase border effects, whereas non-tariff barriers are not significant. Our results further suggest that these barriers are not the only cause since the spatial clustering of firms is also found to matter.

To address the economic significance of national border effects, this paper provides evidence on two fundamental questions: (1) Do large border effects arise because of high perceived-price wedges between foreign and domestic products, or because imports and domestic goods are very close substitutes?; and (2) If price wedges are important, do they reflect distortionary barriers to trade or do they arise from nondistortionary factors, such as differences in transactions costs or product characteristics? I conclude that, while border effects may imply barriers, welfare costs, and a role for policy, distortions are probably not as substantial as initial border results suggested.

This paper analyses determinants of trade among Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) negotiating countries with focus on the border effect. An extended gravity model has been fitted to RCEP trade data. The empirical findings are generally consistent with the theory. We find evidence on the existence of the border effects within RCEP negotiating countries. The paper also shows that being a member of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) does improve trade flows of trading partners that may reinforce the central role of ASEAN in regional negotiation process of not only RCEP but also in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP).

A number of recent studies have found intranational trade to be excessive compared to international trade, based on a gravity specification. The preferred explanation for this finding has been the presence of formal and informal trade barriers, with associated welfare consequences. If such barriers were indeed the sole culprit, home bias should not exist on the subnational level. We find, however, that home bias is present within U.S. states, suggesting the presence of other causes of excessive home trade. © 2000 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The ease in mobility of people across the U.S.-Mexico border region provides a natural setting for analyzing the role of economic interdependency on consumer credit outcomes. Since the U.S. and Mexican economies are not entirely synchronized and have different growth rates, the growing Mexican border economy is likely to increase the consumption of U.S. goods and services in the region, and provide additional job opportunities to the U.S. border residents. Thus, the effect of being located at the border (‘border effect’) might reduce default and bankruptcy in the U.S. However, if both economies are nearly perfectly correlated, then the ‘border effect’ is likely to be insignificant. Our results are consistent with the border effect lowering the rate of bankruptcies and mortgage defaults in the U.S. counties that share a border with Mexico. An increase in the level of economic interdependency, as measured by the differential economic growth between Mexican municipalities and their sister U.S. county, decreases the bankruptcy rates in the U.S. border region. Overall, this research helps understand credit risk issues in the U.S.-Mexico border region.

Tornio River Valley is situated in the north parts of Finland and Norway on both sides of Tornio River which is marking the border of the two countries. The archeological findings have proved that there were inhabitants in the Tornio River Valley already 11.000 years ago. The first inhabitants in the area were the Sami people but they either moved further on or assimilated with the Swedish and the Finns.

A coordinated series of experiments aimed to estimate border effect and intergenotypic competition was carried out on bread wheat and barley in Italy and Germany. The performance of the varieties grown in alternate rows 14–17 cm apart proved to be strictly dependent on the bordering variety. The varieties grown in adjacent plots consisting of eight rows showed significant border effects: the two external rows yielded up to 40% more than the two innermost, and the two 30 cm end hills facing the alleys yielded 29% more than the central part of the plot. Is has been suggested that in variety trials the first 30–40 cm at both ends of each plot should be removed mechanically. In spite of the border effect detected in the outer rows of the plots, the varieties similarly exploited the extra space available at the borders, and the space of 30 cm left between adjacent plots seems to be sufficient to dilute the intergenotypic competition at plot level to an extent only marginally affecting variety performance.

Many studies have found that international borders represent large barriers to trade. But how do international borders compare to domestic border barriers? We investigate international and domestic border barriers in a unified framework. We consider a unique data set of exports from individual U.S. states to foreign countries and combine it with trade flows within and between U.S. states. After controlling for distance and country size, we find that relative to state-to-state trade, crossing an individual U.S. state's domestic border entails a larger trade barrier than crossing the international U.S. border. This finding highlights the concentration of trade flows at the local level and the importance of factors such as informational barriers and transportation costs even for the relatively short distances associated with state-to-state trade.

This paper assesses the evolution of the EU15 market access for the agri-food products, originating from CEECs. A gravity model technique has been used to reveal the overall trade resistance (border effect), and to weight its various components such as tariff and non-tariff measures (sanitary and phytosanitary standards, other quality measures) in the pre-accession period (1999-2004). The findings reveal, despite the undertaken integration and trade liberalization processes, a persisting and significant trade resistance for the CEEC agri-food exports to the EU market, even just prior their accession in 2004. Still present difficulties in market access at the time are partially explained by tariff and non-tariff measures, while a large part of border effect remains in the domain of other, presumably non-trade policy related factors (home bias, consumer preferences, etc.). These results indicate that despite the accession process (customs union and adoption of the EU standards), the trade integration of the enlarged EU market was not yet completed in 2004., Ce papier traite de l’évolution de l’accès au marché européen (UE 15) pour les produits agricoles et agroalimentaires en provenance des PECOs. Un modèle de gravité permet de révéler l’ensemble des résistances aux échanges (effet frontière) et de quantifier certaines de leurs composantes : tarifs, mesures non tarifaires (sanitaires, phytosanitaires, ou qualité) durant la période de pré-adhésion (1999-2004). Les résultats montrent que malgré les processus d’intégration et de libéralisation des échanges, il persiste des résistances aux échanges significatives pour les exportations agricoles et agroalimentaires en provenance des PECOS à destination du marché européen à cette période. Les difficultés d’accès au marché sont en partie dues aux tarifs et aux mesures non tarifaires. Mais une part de ces résistances reste inexpliquée. D’autres facteurs (biais domestique, préférence des consommateurs) peuvent être mis en cause. Ainsi malgré le processus d’adhésion (union douanière et adoption des standards de l’UE), l’intégration commerciale du marché européen élargi n’était pas encore achevée en 2004.

n this paper, we measure market access between the United States, the EU, and Japan (the Triad), using the effect of national borders on trade patterns. We investigate overall and industry‐level trends of bilateral trade openness and provide explanations for those using proxies for bilateral observed protection (tariffs and NTBs), home bias of consumers, product differentiation, and levels of FDI. The explanations related to actual protection, home bias and substitutability of goods put together explain a large part of the border effect between blocs of the Triad, although they do not explain the whole of the border effect puzzle.; Commerce dans la Triade : jusqu'à quel point l'accès aux grands marchés est il facile? Cet article mesure le niveau d'intégration commerciale entre les pays de l'UE, le Japon et les Etats‐Unis (la Triade) en utilisant l'effet des frontières nationales sur le commerce international. Nous étudions le niveau et l'évolution du degré d'ouverture bilatéral ainsi que les différentes explications possibles des effets frontière estimés qui sont testées à l'aide de variables capturant la protection (tarifs et BNTs), le biais domestique des consommateurs, le degré de différenciation des produits et les niveaux d'IDE bilatéraux. Les explications liées à la protection, au biais domestique et à la substituabilité entre produits, considérées ensemble, expliquent une bonne partie de l'effet frontière entre pays de la Triade, même si elles n'expliquent pas la totalité de l'énigme.

This paper first provides a brief overview of the literature on market segmentation and then presents an empirical exercise that sheds more light on the significance of border effects across European countries. The literature suggests that integration in the EU goods and financial markets is typically more advanced than among the other OECD countries. On the other hand, integration in Europe remains significantly lower than that observed between regions within countries. The empirical exercise is based on a set of comparable price data of tradeable goods collected just before the launch of the single currency. The paper finds that for a given distance, crossing national borders adds significantly to the price differential across European cities. However, this border effect is substantially smaller than the one found in previous estimates focusing on European and North American cities, which were based on the comparison of much broader price indices such as the consumer price index ...

This paper exploits a three-dimensional panel data set of prices on 27 traded goods, over 88 quarters, across 96 cities in the US and Japan. We show that a simple average of good-level real exchange rates tracks the nominal exchange rate well, suggesting strong evidence of sticky prices. Focusing on dispersion in prices between city-pairs, we find that crossing the US-Japan 'Border' is equivalent to adding as much as 43 000 trillion miles to the cross-country volatility of relative prices. We turn next to economic explanations for this so-called border effect and to its dynamics. Distance, unit-shipping costs, and exchange rate variability, collectively explain a substantial portion of the observed international market segmentation. Relative wage variability, on the other hand, has little independent impact on segmentation. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

There is a well-established literature finding that the Canada-U.S. border has a large dampening effect on trade, is asymmetric, and differs across provinces. In this paper, I demonstrate that the standard gravity model used to obtain these results provides biased estimates of the volume of trade. I attribute this to heterogeneity bias and reestimate the effects of the border using a gravity model that allows for heterogeneous gravity equations. Doing so does not alter the general results of existing studies, although it does yield a border effect that is 40 percent larger, reverses the border's asymmetry, and indicates very different provincial effects.

Boundaries mark the edges or the periphery of all kinds of territories. Restricted to the political perspective, they represent the end of a state’s or a government’s sphere of direct influence: all public efforts take place within the state’s territory, but in some cases, the border is the place where specific measures become effective towards the neighbouring countries (e.g. immigration control). In such cases, boundaries are a means of defence and segregation, the centripetal role prevailing over the centrifugal one. In this way, politics can be distinguished from the economy (Figure 10.1).

We document that business cycles of U.S. Census regions are substantially more synchronized than those of European Union countries, both over the past four decades and the past two decades. Data from regions within the four largest European countries confirm the presence of a European border effect – within-country correlations are substantially larger than cross-country correlations. These results continue to hold after controlling for exogenous factors such as distance and size. We consider the role of four factors that have received a lot of attention in the debate about EMU: sectoral specialization, the level of trade, monetary policy and fiscal policy. We find that the lower level of trade between European countries, and to a lesser extent the higher degree of sectoral specialization, can explain most of the observed border effect.

We document that business cycles of U.S. Census regions are substantially more synchronized than those of European Union countries, both over the past four decades and the past two decades. Data from regions within the four largest European countries confirm the presence of a European border effect—within-country correlations are substantially larger than cross-country correlations. These results continue to hold after controlling for exogenous factors such as distance and size. We consider the role of four factors that have received a lot of attention in the debate about EMU: sectoral specialization, the level of trade, monetary policy and fiscal policy. We find that the lower level of trade between European countries, and to a lesser extent the higher degree of sectoral specialization, can explain most of the observed border effect.

SUMMARYMinimal competition was observed between adjacent plots of climbing bean varieties and maize in association, but there was a large head border effect which was not uniform among varieties. Head borders of 1 m at each end of the plot are recommended and a net plot size of 11 m2 with 3 replications for climbing bean varieties associated with maize was found to be adequate to detect significant differences in yield of beans of 24% of the mean. For climbing beans in monoculture a somewhat smaller plot (8 m2) would achieve the same level of precision. Larger plot sizes in general were needed for maize comparisons, especially in association.

A non-random design was proposed for studying competition effects from neighboring plots. In order to minimize the number of plots, the design utilizes every plot as a test plot as well as a border plot. When the number of cultivars is odd, the number of plots required for one replication equals the number of competition treatments (i.e. the number of distinct triplets of cultivars) plus two. The proposed competition model enables the scientist to investigate the additive and non-additive competition effects. The former can be further investigated for complementarity of the effect between test and competitor cultivars. For the latter, qualitative (different cultivars on both sides) and quantitative (the same cultivar on both sides) aspects of competition can be investigated. An experiment employing the proposed design with soybean cultivars was analyzed.Key words: Non-random design, border effect, competition effect