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The current study examines the impact of leverage on earning management in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. It selects a list of 159 non-financial firms listed at Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSE) for a period of 7 years. The study has used Modified Jones Model 1995 as proxy of earning management. Independent variable is leverage while the three control variables are growth, firm size and Return on Assets (ROA). The findings reveal that a significant positive relationship exists between leverage and earning management activities while other variables ROA and firm size are also found to be significant. However, no significant relationship is found between growth and earning management activities. Moreover, this study has discussed the relationship between earning management and discretionary accruals. The implications of the study for different stakeholders have been discussed also.

In social sciences “compassion” is considered as an impactful attribute of employees’ satisfaction and wellbeing. People demonstrate compassion for others in socially interacting environments like an organization. As organizational people interact with each other therefore they show compassion towards each other. In such a manner compassion becomes an attribute of organizational culture if organizations themselves promote and support compassion at workplace. Compassion being a source of employee satisfaction may increase his/her performance or may divert employee’s attention from task accomplishment. This possibility has inspired this study to empirically test the effect of compassion at workplace on employees’ performance. Moreover, an indirect effect of compassion through intrinsic motivation on performance is also tested in this study to elaborate how compassion at workplace intrinsically motivates employees to enhance their performance. To test these relationships, data from 94 respondents have been analyzed quantitatively. The findings of the study supported that compassion enhances employee-performance, specifically the contextualperformance. Moreover, intrinsic motivation also moderates compassion-performance relationship. Compassion at workplace even enhances employees’ task-performance when moderated by intrinsic motivation. This study provided empirical evidence that compassion at workplace can enhance employee-performance; contextual as well as task-performance.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is two folds: first, to analyze the long-run relationship between terrorism and key macroeconomic indicators (GDP growth, GDP per capita, inflation and unemployment) and second, to determine the direction of causality between these variables in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach – The relationship between terrorism and various macroeconomic indicators is analyzed by applying Johansen cointegration analysis. Furthermore, the causality between terrorism and macroeconomic indicators is tested by applying Toda Yamamoto Granger causality test. Findings – The results show that there exists a long-run relationship between terrorism and key macroeconomic indicators. Furthermore, the results suggest that there exists a bi-directional causality between terrorism and inflation. The causality between GDP per capita, unemployment, GDP growth and terrorism is unidirectional. Originality/value – There is a lack of research work conducted to analyze the long-run relationship and direction of causation between terrorism and various macroeconomic indicators specifically for Pakistan. The current paper fills the gap in the literature by using sophisticated econometric techniques and recent data set to provide the evidence of the relationship between terrorism and various macroeconomic indicators.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of terrorism in the context of Pakistan. The determinants of terrorism include various socio-economic variables like GDP per capita, unemployment, political rights, inflation, poverty, inequality and literacy level. A long-run relationship between the variables is analyzed by applying Johansen co-integration technique. The Error Correction Model (ECM) is applied to determine the stability of the long run relationship between terrorism and various variables and also to streamline the short-run and long run impacts of the variables on terrorism. In general, the results revealed that there exists a long run relationship between various social and economic variables and terrorism while the results of ECM revealed that about 89% convergence towards equilibrium takes place every year. Similarly, important results are obtained by short run and long run elasticities estimated under the Error Correction Model. Impulse response analysis reveals that the impacts of one standard deviation shock given to random disturbances on the systems of variables have mixed results. Some variables have increasing trend over the time period, some have decreasing trends, while some have fluctuating and cyclical trends.

The purpose of this study is two folds: firstly, to analyze the direction of causality between corruption and political instability directly and secondly, to determine the causality between corruption and political instability indirectly through judicial inefficiency in Pakistan. The causality between corruption, political instability and judicial inefficiency is tested by applying Toda–Yamamoto Granger causality test. The results show that there is a lack of direct causal relationship between corruption and political instability. However, political instability and corruption cause each other indirectly through judicial inefficiency. The study highlights the critical role of judicial inefficiency leading to an important policy implication.