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Policy makers’ main interest is to avoid the problems resulting from the economic crisis. One way to avoid these problems is to stimulate economic growth as well as the necessary economic activity to reduce unemployment and to increase welfare. Specialized recent literature shows entrepreneurship as a key factor to enhance economic growth. Consequently, determining which economic policies could stimulate entrepreneurial activity and, indirectly, economic growth is relevant. This article's main goal is to analyze some of these policies’ effects on entrepreneurship and economic growth. To achieve this goal, the study performs an empirical analysis of 13 European Union countries, divided in two complementary methods: Partial Least Squares (PLS) estimation and fsQCA. fsQCA allows completing the results obtained by PLS estimation, by allowing to obtain causal recipes or sufficient conditions that help to determine the relevant relation between economic variables.

ResumenLos economistas han estado tradicionalmente interesados en analizar los factores que estimulan el crecimiento económico y uno de los que se han contemplado es el papel desempeñado por los emprendedores. Ahora bien, en este análisis es necesario también contemplar cómo se ve afectado el progreso económico y también la justicia distributiva. Habitualmente se ha considerado que crecimiento y progreso eran sinónimos, pero siguiendo a Holcombe (2007) cabe distinguirlos ya que el primero está relacionado con la cantidad de producto mientras que el progreso económico lo está con la calidad del producto. Ello es importante porque algunas de las medidas de política económica diseñadas para favorecer el crecimiento pueden generar problemas, por ejemplo, desigualdad, que habrá que solucionar, por ejemplo a través de un «principio de compensación» para evitar que la justicia distributiva y el progreso se vean perjudicados. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar estas cuestiones. Para ello comenzaremos refiriéndonos a la relación que existe entre crecimiento y progreso económicos, para pasar después a centrarnos en los aspectos de la justicia distributiva y a exponer algunas medidas a llevar a cabo para favorecer a ambos desde el ámbito de la política económica.AbstractEconomists have traditionally been interest in analyzing economic growth enhancing factors. Entrepreneurship is one of factors considered by economists. However, in this analysis is also necessary to be considered how economic progress and distributive justice are affected. Usually economic growth and progress have been considered as synonymous, but following Holcombe (2007) it is possible to distinguish them since the former is related to the amount of product while economic progress is related to the quality of the product. This is important because some of the economic policy measures designed to promote economic growth can generate problems, for example, inequality. These problems could be solved, for example through a “compensation principle” to avoid that distributive justice and progress will be harmed. The aim of this article is to analyze these issues. We will begin considering the relationship between economic growth and progress in order to focus on the aspects of distributive justice and to design some economic policy measures to enhance economic growth and progress.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effects of some political measures on entrepreneurship to promote economic growth and employment, specifically, R & D policies, training, elimination of administrative barriers, access to finance support and promotion of entrepreneurial culture. Design/methodology/approach – Seven hypotheses are tested developing a latent variables model with data from 13 European countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and UK) in 2012, using partial least squares estimation method. Findings – Greater expenditure on R & D by governments and universities, public investment in education and measures to stimulate entrepreneurial culture have a positive effect on entrepreneurship. Furthermore, countries with complex legal systems which regulate the start-up of an economic activity and where access to credit is complicated, present lower levels of entrepreneurship. Societies with a greater number of innovative entrepreneurs present higher levels of entrepreneurial activity and economic performance. Finally, human capital and entrepreneurial activity positively affect economic performance in the case of the European countries studied in the sample. Practical implications – The results obtained in the paper would facilitate the design of measures to stimulate to entrepreneurs and improve economic performance. Originality/value – Several factors, qualitative and quantitative, have been considered in the analysis that they have not traditionally included in the analysis of the entrepreneurship behaviour taking into account the role played by the policy makers measures to improve such behaviour.

Current economic downturn encourages extensive research into economic growth engines, with entrepreneurship as one of the key drivers of growth. Although crucial, determining which variables stimulate entrepreneurial activity constitutes a difficult task due to interrelated factors. This study analyzes three groups of factors affecting entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs' perceptions of opportunity: social, cultural, and economic variables. Therefore, this study employs the partial least squares method for two groups of countries: (1) European countries, and (2) Latin-American and Caribbean countries. This approach identifies how these factors' effects differ across different countries.

En este artículo el autor expone la peculiar trayectoria histórica de la libertad religiosa en la Doctrina Social de la Iglesia. Da inicio a su exposición con la enseñanza del Papa León XIII hasta llegar a la que es considerada como la «carta magna» de la Iglesia sobre la libertad religiosa, esto es, la Declaración Dignitatis humanae del Concilio Vaticano II. Así también se expone brevemente el desarrollo posterior o la aplicación concreta del pensamiento conciliar sobre la libertad religiosa en el magisterio de Pablo VI, Juan Pablo II y Benedicto XVI. In this article the author explains the peculiar historical development of religious freedom in the Social Doctrine of the Church. Begins his exposition with the teaching of Pope Leo XIII to reach what is considered as the «Magna Carta» of the Church on religious freedom, ie Dignitatis Humanae Declaration of Vatican II. This also outlines the further development and practical implementation of the conciliar thinking about religious freedom in the teaching of Paul VI, John Paul II and Benedict XVI.

Working within the framework of anthropology and ecclesiology, the author reflects on the relationship which the Church has with democratic politics. The Church is considered as one reality which continues to develop in the world alongside other religions and cultures, considering the great institutions of Church-State-Society as historical and subject to change. The author, after looking at the private dimension of faith, goes into one of the fundamental aspects of the public dimension of faith, the autonomy of public life and the «foundation of this public dimension». He concludes his contribution with an original proposal for Christian commitment in the context of democracy: on the basis of previous conditions, the Christian bring a style of presence which is characterised by Christocentrism, rationality and political charity.

The article highlights the key concepts of the encyclical Caritas in Veritate as well as one of the reasons for writing it, namely, to resituate the place of the Social Doctrine of the Church (SDC) within Moral Theology, also relating it to Fundamental Theology, so that it can respond as a pastoral instrument of evangelization, as had already been intimated in the Compendium of the Social Teaching of the Church of which Pope Benedict XVI has, in a sense, been 'its soul'. The author takes as the starting point charity, the basic concept in SDC. Later on he reflects on SDC as a body of doctrine and as an instrument in overcoming the fragmentation of knowledge. Next is examined the logic of gift in market relationships, since the economy needs ethics. There then follows reflections on the presence of Christianity in public life and SDC, from its anthropocentric dimension, as the answer to the pastoral challenge of evangelization.

The author considers the field of the Media, analyzing some of its structural aspects; especially the socioeconomics. He begins with the democratic horizon and concludes his analysis of the «telework», showing clearly its evolution and the liberation of the new technologies market. He also shows the positive influences of the Mass Media and the risks to which it is exposed