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The assertion by the troubled teacher Patrick Doyle – “I just tell the bloody truth, as I see it” (p. 112) – in James Kelman’s novel A Disaffection goes to the heart of Kelman’s own aesthetic of showing things as they are. However, the qualifying clause – “as I see it” – also suggests that truth is not evidentially absolute and immediate but provisional or situated. Of course the very concept of truth would seem to require of itself a totalised fulfilment of its own promise. That is, truth sh...

This essay examines continuities between Franklin’s electrical science and his moralist arguments in order to propose that Franklinist natural philosophy was teleological, calling upon hypothetical purposes in nature, and that this teleology can explain its extraordinary popularity in France.

This essay examines a conflict about language that penetrated to the core of French Enlightenment science and revolutionary politics. The conflict involved two conceptions of language that the essay proposes to characterize as "cultural" and "social." This rivalry of idioms was at the center of two of the major disputes of the period: the controversy surrounding Lavoisier's and his collaborators' new chemical nomenclature of 1787 and the concurrent debate over a revolutionary system of civic education. The first of these disputes is scientific and the second political, so historians have tended to treat them separately. But they centrally involved some of the same people and many of the same arguments. Moreover, their major protagonists agreed that the projects of natural and moral science, philosophy and governing, were united by an underlying action of language in the shaping of ideas. At the same time, they disagreed, sometimes violently, about the nature of this action. The competition between cultural and social conceptions of language, moving between the controversies over the function of language in chemistry and in public instruction, dramatizes an often-overlooked interaction between science and politics, not through established fact or proven principle, but through shared disagreements.

This article began as a contribution to a panel on the significance of James Hillman at the 2006 meeting of the international Association for Jungian Studies. The author describes the impact on his own thinking of the encounter with Hillman's ideas over three decades. He suggests that Hillman's thinking represents the evolution of an intellectual tradition which has been called the 'radical enlightenment', in contrast to the 'conventional enlightenment' from which scientific materialism emerged. As the limitations of scientific materialism become more evident, the contributions of radical thinkers such as Jung, Whitehead and Hillman become critically significant.

The relevance of the article is due to the authors attempt to apply some of the philosophical concepts of F.M. Dostoevsky to the comprehension of contemporary sociocultural reality. The purpose of this study is to clarify the reasons for the historically unfriendly attitude of Europe towards Russia by analyzing the works of F.M. Dostoevsky dedicated to this problem. In the process of writing the article, the published Diaries of the writer were used; diary entries unpublished during the writer's life; philosophical reflections contained in works of art, as well as applied modern scientific and popular science literature dedicated to the work of F.M. Dostoevsky. In the course of the analysis, it was found that the writer considered historical, confessional and moral reasons to be the main factors in the rejection of Russia by Europe, while he especially singled out disinterestedness incomprehensible to Europe as a characteristic of the Russian people. The authors draws attention to the fact that all the reasons for Europe's "remarkable dislike" for Russia, about which F.M. Dostoevsky, directly or indirectly associated with the Orthodox faith. Therefore, an attempt to actualize the worldview heritage of the great writer will certainly lead us to a dilemma: either to move from thoughts and words to actions, to religiously enlighten both ourselves and Europe; or to enclose our Orthodox heritage in a historical and cultural framework, eliminating the source of the reasons for our rejection by the European public, with all the ensuing consequences.

Mansour Fahmy (1886-1959), one of the dramatic figures in modern Arab philosophical and social thought. He was the reformist and enlightenment figure in modern Arab history. He is also the owner of a notable current that was subjected to a violent attack that silenced him for a long time and forced him to "hide" physically. However, this did not eliminate the new opinions and positions that came at the beginning of the twentieth century towards the issue of women. He is the first to write with a scientific methodology - from the point of view of sociology - on Islamic discourse and its dealings with women. he sought to differentiate between religion and the religious establishment, between the personality of the Prophet Muhammad and what later prevailed in the books of jurisprudence and others. When he discussed the headscarf issue, he concluded that it was the product of traditions and customs that the Hijab is not from the Islamic religion. Islamic law has nothing to do with the Hijab. Mansour Fahmy's creativity was at one of the sensitive stages in Egypt's modern history in which the political, social, national, cultural, and revolution clashed in each one. All this, in turn, identified the problem of Mansour Fahmy's intellectual personality in the battles of thought and politics. This research's main task is to redraw the features of his actual personality and the reality of his intellectual, social, and political positions. Besides, this study seeks to uncover the effect of philosophy on crystallizing Mansour Fahmy's critical personality and its role in laying the foundations of the critical vision with its practical, reformist, and enlightening dimensions.

Historian with multiple interests, librarian, musician, man of culture and great modernist, scholar, in particular, of Eighteenth-Century Italy, Calogero Farinella prematurely left us in June 2019, at just over sixty years old. His publications on eighteenth-century Genoa and Enlightenment science (Verona especially: Francesco Bianchini, Anton Mario Lorgna and the Accademia dei Quaranta) make and will always give in the studies of history of culture. A student of salvatore Rotta (1926-2001), from whom he muttered his passion for the 18th century in particular, Farinella graduated under his guidance on William Godwin (1756-1836), father of Mary Shelley, radical philosopher and political writer of the libertarian area, who, with his fundamental work, marks the passage, in Britain, from the Enlightenment to Romanticism. On Godwin’s figure and writings, obtaining them from his dissertation of his degree, Farinella extracted and published in the Eighties of the last century two articles, appeared in the volume of the Miscellanea storica ligure containing many studies in honor of the Professor Francesco Cataluccio (William Godwin ed il suo Journal all’epoca della Rivoluzione Francese, xv, 1984) and later on Studi settecenteschi (Il governo più semplice. Il mito democratico-repubblicano in William Godwin, viii, 1987). A third article, which contains really interesting ideas about Godwin’s utopian novel, remained unpublished, to this day, despite the objective and relevant value of Farinella’s contribution. We therefore believe that we are doing something that is pleasing to the memory of our friend and scholar by publishing it here for the first time., Storico dai molteplici interessi, bibliotecario, musicista, uomo di cultura e grande modernista, studioso, in particolare, dell’Italia settecentesca, Calogero Farinella ci ha prematuramente lasciati nel giugno del 2019, a poco più di sessanta anni. Le sue pubblicazioni sulla Genova del Settecento e sulla scienza illuminista (veronese specialmente: Francesco Bianchini, Anton Mario Lorgna e l’Accademia dei Quaranta) fanno e faranno sempre data negli studi di storia della cultura. Allievo tra i più brillanti di Salvatore Rotta (1926-2001), dal quale mutuò la passione per il XVIII secolo in particolare, Farinella si laureò sotto la sua guida su William Godwin (1756-1836), padre di Mary Shelley, filosofo e scrittore politico di area libertaria, che, con la sua fondamentale opera, marchia a fuoco il passaggio, in Gran Bretagna, dai Lumi al Romanticismo. Sulla figura e gli scritti di Godwin, ricavandoli dalla propria dissertazione di laurea, Farinella estrasse e pubblicò, negli anni Ottanta del secolo scorso, due articoli, apparsi nel volume della «Miscellanea storica ligure» contenente gli Studi in onore di Francesco Cataluccio (William Godwin ed il suo Journal all’epoca della Rivoluzione Francese, xv, 1984), e poi su Studi settecenteschi (Il governo più semplice. Il mito democratico-repubblicano in William Godwin, viii, 1987). Un terzo ampio articolo, che contiene spunti davvero interessanti sul romanzo utopistico di Godwin, rimase inedito, sino a oggi, malgrado l’oggettivo e rilevante valore del contributo di Farinella. Crediamo, pertanto, di fare cosa gradita alla memoria dell’amico e dello studioso pubblicandolo per la prima volta, in questa sede.

The construction of railways in Russia, as well as throughout the world, contributed to the emergence of numerous new areas of social life, including stimulating the emergence of previously unknown new sectors of the economy. On the basis of a historical review, the mission of the railways in improving the Russian society is considered, the spheres of influence on public life, aesthetic education and enrichment of the appearance of the landscape, the development of the sphere of enlightenment and education, missionary work, and service are listed. Examples of solving the problem of long-distance year-round communication, regardless of the climate, main communication across the vastness of Russia, the creation of a special tradition of transportation, which determined the still living everyday style of life of Russian railways, are given.Having spawned a new tradition of messages, people have created a different system of relationships with the world. The railway has played a leading role in this and has a long and honorable history, it is a great chronicle of heroism, labor, scientific thought and culture.The study is devoted to the initial stage of development of railways and aspects of their impact on the life of Russians. The following will describe the historical events that predetermined the current state of domestic railways in the context of the everyday life of compatriots.

PurposeThis paper aims to strengthen the cultural communication and educational function of the library, bringing newspirits and vitality into the development of the librarianship.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, the practical research on the living book service in university libraries has given concrete cases, the existing problems are analyzed in detail and some suggestions for improvement are extracted when putting forward, which can be used as the reference and be corrected by colleagues and related scholars in the same field.FindingsThere have been many research results on the topic of living book service, but there are few ones with promotional function. Living book service not only satisfies the readers' curiosity and enables them to obtain knowledge and experience they need, but also establishes a good relationship of communication and understanding between “Real Person Books” and readers. It resonates by face-to-face discussion of different life experiences, living experiences or beliefs, and it is also an innovation of the traditional library service mode.Originality/valueBrand activities are taken as examples, and some thoughts and enlightenment on the living book service in the university library are put forward, helping us to better understand and evaluate the library activities.

This article brings out some aspects of the Cordilleran primal spirituality of the northern Philippines and two vital lessons for Evangelicals influenced by the Enlightenment worldview. Evangelicals in the West tend to dichotomize the supernatural realm and the natural world. Their propositional spirituality and individualistic lens have shaped many Filipino Evangelicals. In this essay, I use a hermeneutic of appreciation of culture since it is a vital interlocutor of Christian theology. I argue that Cordilleran spirituality has something to contribute to evangelical Christianity. Of particular interest are the Cordilleran view of the existence of spirits and their hermeneutical community.

In this paper we set out to explore the claims that corporate social responsibility (CSR) itself is little more than a complementary extension of the project of coloniality initiated by the Enlightenment (e.g. Banerjee 2019). We will not dispute that claim. Rather we will develop three points. First, we will apply a non-linear, systems approach to demonstrate how we all, of any color, ethnic origin or historical location are all part of an interconnected interrelated sets of systems—what some thinkers call a complex adaptive system or systems (e.g., Miller and Page 2007) so that dismissing or degrading any particular ethnic, gender, or racial group is dismissing part of our history and origin. Secondly, we will argue that Enlightenment, coloniality, as well as neo-coloniality, and decoloniality sprung up from the Enlightenment projects themselves. Thus, the very critiques of Enlightenment, accurate as they may be, evolved from that perspective and have to be taken into account even in those critiques. Third, what appears to be an “either-or” – that is, that commerce should stick to business and not engage in political activities (forms of neocolonialism) or accept these business-political activities despite critiques – is not a simple choice. Rather, conceding that commerce and political systems cannot be nicely separated, we will provide some principles or ways to evaluate these activities, seemingly ubiquitous particularly in emerging economies.

A raça negra no Brasil é historicamente marcada pela discriminação, desvalorização e desrespeito. Tal realidade é reforçada por produtos culturais midiáticos que definem os estereótipos que depreciam o negro e o seu lugar na sociedade. Na literatura, é possível perceber que se por um lado existem autores que tentam dar voz a esses sujeitos, por outro reforçam e reverberam preconceitos. Compreendendo a possibilidade da utilização da literatura para se promover discussões de temas sensíveis, em especial no campo dos Estudos Organizacionais, o objetivo deste artigo é compreender como a obra de Monteiro Lobato, O Presidente Negro, contribui para a construção de imaginários sociodiscursivos e interdiscursivos racistas, que ainda hoje reverberam dentro das organizações. Para tanto, recorremos à Análise do Discurso, particularmente ao arcabouço teórico-metodológico dos linguistas franceses Charaudeau e Maingueneau, com os conceitos da Semiolinguística de Imaginários Sociais e de Interdiscurso, respectivamente. Conforme apresentado na análise, os imaginários e interdiscursos aqui analisados se apresentam como representações que permeiam a memória coletiva e acabam por evidenciar uma problemática estrutural. Além disso, foi possível observar que a obra é marcada por outros discursos como a filosofia iluminista, teorias racistas e teoria do darwinismo social que reforçam a ideia dos posicionamentos preconceituosos com relação à raça.

The principle of evolution applies to every creature in the world and permits us to understand the various stages through which progress is achieved. The emancipation of the human race portrays an evolutionary process through which the human intellect is uplifted above and beyond the realms of ignorance and naivety. It is a project of enlightenment, and just like any other project, the results we obtain are directly derived from the actions that precede them. In fact, we only achieve the objects of our desires. Our quest for a proper understanding of the human race goes through the various domains that characterize our educational systems around the world. Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Economics etc., all permit us to perceive the human intellect from different perspectives. But it would appear that technological evolution, which has also played a key role in the emergence of the human society, has not been properly appraised; at least, this is the accusation put forward against human culture by French Philosopher, Gilbert Simondon. (Simondon: 1958). He thinks that technic has suffered prejudicial judgment from human culture, which has condemned it even before understanding its true mode of existence.[1] From his view point, the conflict that has emerged between man and the machine, or better still, between culture and technic is caused by a misunderstanding of the technical being. The goal of this paper is to find a point of agreement between man and the machines that characterize his daily life, in view of a better world.

Jinan City, Shandong Province, is one of the important cities in modern industrial production and development in China. It plays an important role in the industrial history of modern China and has a very rich industrial cultural heritage. Hefei City, Anhui Province, from a small city, through reform and innovation, has become a rising star of Chinese cities, with per capita GDP approaching Jinan. In this paper, the single variable time series prediction model based on LSTM is used to fit the Area GDP of Jinan and Hefei in 31 years from 1990 to 2020, and the Area GDP data of the two cities in the next three years is predicted. Finally, combined with the development of foreign old industrial cities, this paper puts forward some suggestions for the future development of Jinan.

This article focuses on the genesis of liberal Catholicism in England from 1822 to roughly 1848, with particular reference to Cardinal Newman’s Apologia Pro Vita Sua (1864). Newman’s reflections re...

Based on the concept adopted by the Russian legislator in the field of bioethics, the articleanalyzes aspects of the formation of moral and ethical regulations as a subject of legal regulation, a historical review of the features of the perception by the individual and society of ethical norms as criteria for self-restraint of the possibility of choosing options for lawful or unlawful behavioris given. The transformation of law from the age of enlightenment to the era of return to ethical institutions is shown both in the historical periods of the outgoing era and in the examples of negative law-making of contemporaries, in order to leave the norms of ethics outside the national order.The traditional explanation of the dominance of such an approach to the legal regulation of ethical institutions is reduced to the absence of objects of legal support due to the fact that ethics is not a legal, but a moral one. De facto ethical norms are introduced into the modern legal order of the Russian Federation at the level of law enforcement activities, for example, through the adoption of Codes of Professional Ethics. The expediency of formation in Russia of the National Council on Bioethics and Biosafety is substantiated.

The main aim of this paper is to capture the essence of a Polish historian Joachim Lelewel’s methodological ideas and their philosophical underpinning. For this purpose, I analyse his publication entitled History: Its Branching and What It Is Based On, which has thus far been overlooked in research. I propose a new perspective on Lelewel’s work, taking into account his European inspirations in the field of historical theory and his tendency to combine the contradictory research approaches of the Enlightenment and Romanticism. I address topics related mainly to the theory of historical cognition, the subject of historical study, source criticism, the concept of truth, historical interpretation, methods of historical analysis and selected rhetorical principles.

In recent years, with the continuous improvement of China’s economic level and the accelerating social transformation, the social demand for grass-roots public services has begun to diversify and refine. As an important part of grass-roots public services, tax service is also facing the transformation of service demand. However, the traditional grass roots working mechanism of tax departments has limited effect under the new situation, it is difficult to meet the increasingly refined service needs of taxpayers, and there is a gap between the fragmented working mechanism at the grass- roots level and diversified service demands. It is urgent to respond to social needs and deliver services accurately through institutional reform and innovation. Firstly, this paper analyzes the problems existing in the grass-roots working mechanism of tax departments in China. Then, by introducing a series of measures for the reform and innovation of grass-roots working mechanism based on precise supply service in Shunde District Taxation Bureau of Foshan City, State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as “Shunde Taxation Bureau”), and based on analyzing the achievements of its reform and innovation, this paper summarizes the reference and enlightenment of its reform experience to the innovation of grass roots working mechanism of tax departments in China.

Students’ populace serves as a key stakeholder in education which cannot be disregarded in decision making. Also, education impacts students with knowledge, skills and empowerment to be active in developing the society, part of the educational structure in higher education is student activism movement. Students Activism movement in higher institution of learning performs these activities to the student’s populace and the society - Student Welfare, Academic development, Social Activities, Community Service, Infrastructural Development and others. Moreover, the benefits students derive in this movement are – Confidence booster, enables the student to get involved in reformation, building new connections, discovery of hidden talents and developing ability to move out of comfort zone. However, the movement is faced with diverse challenges that combat its original intention. Such challenges are – Cultism, Examination malpractice, Indiscipline, Insecurity, Frequent harassment and others. Furthermore, nostrum to the challenges of this movement is the intervention of the faith-based organization like the Church. The church is therefore, saddled with the responsibilities of constant enlightenment to the prospective students on the activity of the movement. The writer thus recommends the following to combat the challenges of student activism movement in the Nigerian higher Institution of learning - Student Activism movement should return to its original purpose of existence as enumerated by its founder, government should create enabling school climate for the students of higher institutions in Nigeria, the church should give proper enlightenment to the prospective students on the activities of student in the higher institution of learning. KEYWORDS: Student Activism, Church, Education.

El derecho natural racionalista brindo una nueva filosofia al pensamiento etico, politico y juridico de los siglos XVII y XVIII. En este trabajo examino la incidencia del iusracionalismo en la codificacion. Los principios y metodos del derecho natural, tomados de las ciencias naturales, marcaran la nueva ciencia de la legislacion. Se desplaza la atencion del voluntarismo politico medieval al ilustrado individualismo juridico. Reviso las contribuciones de los principales representantes de la escuela del derecho natural a la elaboracion de los codigos. El encuentro entre el iusnaturalismo, basado en la confianza en la razon humana para conocer, y el programa politico de la Ilustracion legaron una forma de hacer y pensar el derecho de la que hoy seguimos siendo herederos.

From the 1670s Stoic philosophy had been closely associated with atheism and the philosophy of Baruch Spinoza. However, in 1771 the historian Christoph Meiners published a short essay on the concept of apatheia that revived interest in Stoic philosophy within the German lands. Over the following years, he and his colleague Dieterich Tiedemann developed a novel interpretation claiming that Stoicism closely prefigured the philosophy of John Locke and represented a source of valuable philosophical ideas. Immanuel Kant, his allies, and later Idealists such as Hegel adopted this empiricist interpretation, despite their otherwise deep philosophical disagreements with Meiners and Tiedemann. Tracing eighteenth-century German debates around Stoicism reveals how it came to be considered a form of empiricism. As well as contributing to recent scholarship on the reception of Stoicism, the article suggests a major point of intersection between currents of the Enlightenment usually only treated separately.

The Enlightenment shaped and transformed European society in many ways. This paper illustrates how thinkers like Martin Luther and Jean Jacques Rousseau proposed their thoughts on education, which then played an important role in the educational reform of Prussia and France respectively. It further analyzes how geographical and cultural differences led to distinctively different education systems and goals.

O haicai japonês é uma forma poética que tem como temática principal a experiência com as coisas. O apontar das coisas no haicai está relacionado ao contexto zen em que teve origem, sendo uma representação da experiência de satori, iluminação súbita. Roland Barthes sistematiza no haicai três importantes operações semióticas: isso foi, é isso! e o apenas isso. Cada uma dessas operações apontam as coisas, sendo a primeira uma operação de autoridade, a segunda de insight e a terceira de naturalidade. Este artigo, parte dessas reflexões em torno do haicai em busca de termos que permitam abordar poemas que expressam experiência religiosa que se dão no contato com as coisas, no que proponho chamar de mística literária das coisas. Uma expressão que pretende reunir impulsos religiosos dentro da literatura que tenham semelhanças eletivas com aquilo que é expresso no haicai e que tenha autoridade, insight e que busque naturalidade nas coisas.

This essay reflects on queer politics in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) through the examples of Poland and Hungary, using the Derridean concept of “supplement” to expose the inherently unstable and somewhat queer nature of populist nationalisms. I suggest that both populist and LGBTQ+ politics are the legacy of the Enlightenment, consolidating the negative effects of the ongoing dominance (or, more precisely, coloniality) of a European-defined “modernity.” In response, I ponder whether the “in-betweenness” of CEE may accelerate the realization of new possibilities for queer politics beyond the heteronormative and racialized present of “Europe.”

Culture today is experiencing a state defined by most researchers as “critical”, “threshold”, “moral or spiritual apocalypse”. One of the main problems is the devaluation of spiritual values, which leads to the destruction of the connection between society and academic culture.The multi-channel and all-consuming system of mass communications (media) has begun to play an increasingly decisive role in modern society. As an alternative to spontaneous dissemination of information flows, the concepts of “media culture” and “media art” arise, which makes it possible to combine aesthetic searches with modern media, the best opportunities of which should be used in the field of academic culture dissemination. That is why the issues of artistic enlightenment, professional dissemination of academic culture in the new information space, the focus of spiritual, moral and aesthetic guidelines, as well as the training of potential musical educators within the initial professional stage are so relevant today. The proposed experimental model of children’s musical enlightenment is aimed at teaching the popularization of academic music, disseminating acquired knowledge about music in the context of related arts, on the basis of a unified three-stage educational music enlightening system.The purpose of the presented project is to develop and implement the model on the basis of the existing primary state music education (of preschool, school and post-school professionally-oriented levels) using the achievements of media technologies. The presented model will contribute to the most harmonious development of individual creative abilities of students, the formation of their active life position, and the provision of their primary professional and activity competencies in the field of musical enlightenment, which can help optimize primary art education.

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), there are new requirements for the development of education in China. In view of this, the Party and the State have proposed new opinions on the development of education around the idea of developing education with people-centered approach. In the new era, adhering to the new exposition of education to guide the reform and development of China’s education enlightens us to ensure the modernization of education, serve the major development direction of the country, and assume people’s satisfaction as the yardstick.

The rise of global terrorism or nationalist populism in our world of today are worrying developments in our world of today and raise questions about how to live together in a global world or how identity and universalism should be related to each other. Pankaj Mishra’s book Age of Anger offers important insights into the deeper roots of the current crisis. He partly engages with René Girard’s mimetic theory to explain why envy and resentment increasingly are causing anger all over the world. Also, a new take on religious traditions is emphasized in his call for a new enlightenment.

In the era of science and information technology, various We-Media have come into being. We-Media is becoming an important part of people’s life. It directly affects people’s lifestyles and mindsets, which is particularly obvious in the process of education and teaching reform in colleges. There is no doubt that college students are the impelling force behind We-Media and have made great contributions to promoting the development of We-Media in China. However, consolidated with relevant practical investigations, it has been found that in the mixed We-Media environment, improper behaviors have surfaced among students, such as internet addiction, cyberbullying, and money worship, due to various inducements, thus affecting their physical and mental health. Jiang Hengyuan, a founder of vocational education development in modern China, proposed that it is not only necessary to pay attention to the training of production professions in terms of knowledge and skills, but also to the cultivation of civic morality, service morality, and national spirit while advocating the talent training mode of “double cultivation of spirit and flesh,” which points out the direction for today’s youth education management.

This paper examines how digital technologies might be used to improve ethical attitudes towards nonhuman animals, by exploring the case study of nonhuman apes kept in modern zoos. The paper describes and employs a socio-ethical framework for undermining anti-ape prejudice advanced by philosopher Edouard Machery which draws on classic anti-racism strategies from the social sciences. We also discuss how digital technologies might be designed and deployed to enable and enhance rather than impede the three anti-prejudice strategies of contact and interaction, enlightenment, and individualization. In doing so, the paper illuminates the broad potential and limitations of digital technology to both harm and benefit animals via its effects on human ethical attitudes. This examination provides guidance for future projects and empirical work on using digital technologies to promote moral respect for a range of nonhuman animals in different settings.

Benefits arising from meditation practice gamification are not overtly obvious. Desires to achieve and progress to higher levels, which are common to gaming, seem diametrically opposed to the ethos underlying traditional meditation practice. We propose, however, that a motivation to gain greater wellbeing and enlightenment via mindfulness meditation practice shares more with the motivation to progress through a game than is initially apparent. We begin by explaining how gamification techniques may be employed in meditation practice with a focus on mitigating the five hindrances to successful practice as described in the Theravada tradition. We then highlight the utility of employing virtual reality as a medium for such simulations. We discuss the potential for beneficial therapeutic applications in patients with mental health disorders and prison populations. We conclude by summarising our position and urging increased attention in this increasingly relevant area of research.

The actual problem of modern times – anthropocentrism as the basics of Kazakh social philosophy, is considered in this article. It is the basic element and a complicated systematic education which touches upon the problem of philosophy – «man and the world». Ideas of anthropocentrism are reflected in national social philosophy and contains man’s integral consciousness. Specificity of this problem is defined by its actuality in the first place, by common values – in the second place, by national-historical traditions, which are fundamentally based on man’s being. Problem of man is mainly a social-philosophical problem, because solving of this problem gives us a vision of social and natural reality and social orientation of man and other communities and groups. Value of anthropocentrism consists of adequate formation and exposure of the meaning of human’s life. Many generations of philosophers of Kazakhstan spent their effort to do this. The problem of the meaning of man’s being was put not only as the problem of spiritual development but also as the problem of spiritual formation of the nation with the help of enlightenment, moral self-determination and social justice. Man was and is the highest value of society. All the progressive ideologists of the past turned their mind and knowledge to man and his nature, trying to find ways of changing the essence of man and acquire a real meaning of life.

Outside the field of animal studies, Humphrey Primatt’s Duty of Mercy has received little attention. This article offers a new perspective on his work by contextualizing Primatt’s ecological worldview within Enlightenment debates about the “essence of mankind.” I argue that Primatt’s call to extend “rights” to all creatures was a deliberate attempt to redraw the contested borders between humans and animals by privileging morality over other characteristics of humanity. The article shows how Primatt, an Anglican vicar, incorporated contemporary ideologies and knowledge into Christian teachings in order to formulate his anthropocentric argument and transform the nature of human-animal interactions.

Ushbu maqolada bo‘lajak o‘qituvchilarda ma’naviy-ma’rifiy faoliyatga aksiologik munosabatni rivojlantirishning zaruriyati, mazmuni va xalqaro tajribalarda ijtimoiy-gumanitar fanlar orqali qadriyatlarni yetkazishning turli yondashuvlari, shuningdek bo‘lg‘usi o‘qituvchilarda ma’naviy-ma’rifiy faoliyatga aksiologik munosabatni rivojlantirish bosqichlari xususida fikr yuritiladi.

The article analyzes the enlightenment and translation work of the Bashkir poet Safuan Yakshigulov. World perception, political activity, civic position of the poet is revealed through the analysis of works. The scientific text compares the works of Russian poets with the translator's Bashkir fables. Thoughts, open statements of writers have also been translated into Russian by the educator. Examples of new poetic images, with the help of which poets revealed the spirit of the times, and the spiritual world, and the problems of the people, are given. This is the first work in Bashkir literary criticism, where the poet-educator S. Yakshigulov reveals himself as a translator, a carrier of new cultural information for his people. If in his works the author acts as the successor of oriental poetry, then in translations he appears before the reader as the creator of a bridge between cultures. The article also describes the fact that the poet turned to fable creativity.

International audience; Les origines historiques du clivage progressistes/conservateurs sont appréhendées à travers l’opposition entre Nicolas de Condorcet, pour les Lumières, et les réactions conservatrices d’Edmund Burke, Joseph de Maistre et Louis de Bonald. Puis un saut est fait dans les enjeux du présent : la dynamique ultraconservatrice actuelle (le couple Alain Soral-Éric Zemmour) et les bricolages confusionnistes (la triade Jacques Julliard-Frédéric Lordon-Mathieu Bock-Côté et Emmanuel Macron) dont elle bénéficie dans le contexte d’un recul du clivage droite/gauche d’abord. Ensuite est explorée la possibilité d’un rebond du progressisme par l’intégration de certains questionnements conservateurs.

It has become a recurrent theme in public debate in Greece, at least for the past few decades, to evoke the cultural and socio-political lag due to the lack of an Enlightenment process similar to t...

The traditional Mormon apostasy narrative tends to associate apostasy at least in part with the influence of Greek philosophy on early church doctrine. This paper considers the possibility that apostasy is more readily identified with the philosophical materialism of the Enlightenment and explores how such a narrative might fit within Mormon thought.

This research attempts to have an empirical analysis on the relationship between the acquisition of language and the cultural identity among modern Chinese minority college students，and try to show an empirical view of how the acquisition of language matters with the cultural identity from one side as well as the mutual influences reflected from the relationship between language acquisition and cultural identity from the other side. The research employs mainly three analytical methods including method of theoretical analysis, method of comparative analysis and method of questionnaire to acquire a full understanding of the relationship between the acquisition of language and the cultural identity among modern Chinese minority college students. The current study data shows that compared with the local language, modern Chinese minority college students use Mandarin more in most of the time and occasions. At the same time, while acknowledging the importance of their local language, modern Chinese minority students also strongly advocate the promotion of Mandarin and English. Conclusion: Language acquisition and cultural identity are closely related. This is mainly reflected in the fact that language acquisition deeply reflects the elements of cultural identity, while cultural identity deeply reciprocally affects the way of language acquisition. The cultural identity of modern Chinese minority college students has determined the series of characteristics and methods they exhibit in the process of their language acquisition. The close relationship between language acquisition and cultural identity has provided great support and enlightenment both theoretically and practically for the majority of language educators.