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To improve the heat transfer efficiency of the reactor fuel assembly, it is necessary to accurately calculate the two-phase flow boiling characteristics and the critical heat flux (CHF) in the fuel assembly. In this paper, a Eulerian two-fluid model combined with the extended wall boiling model was used to numerically simulate the 5 × 5 fuel rod bundle with spacer grids (four sets of mixing vane grids and four sets of simple support grids without mixing vanes). We calculated and analyzed 11 experimental conditions under different pressure, inlet temperature, and mass flux. After comparing the CHF and the location of departure from the nucleate boiling obtained by the numerical simulation with the experimental results, we confirmed the reliability of computational fluid dynamic analysis for the prediction of the CHF of the rod bundle and the boiling characteristics of the two-phase flow. Subsequently, we analyzed the influence of the spacer grid and mixing vanes on the void fraction, liquid temperature, and secondary flow distribution. The research in this article provides theoretical support for the design of fuel assemblies.

In this work, supercritical n-decane flowing in ducts with different orientations is thoroughly investigated in terms of secondary flow, wall shear stress, and thermal acceleration. It is known tha...

According to environmental and energy issues, renewable energy has been vigorously promoted. Now solar power is widely used in many areas but it is limited by the weather conditions and cannot work continuously. Heat storage is a considerable solution for this problem and thermochemical energy storage is the most promising way because of its great energy density and stability. However, this technology is not mature enough to be applied to the industry. The reactor is an important component in the thermochemical energy storage system where the charging and discharging process happens. In this paper, a spiral coil is proposed and used as a reactor in the thermochemical energy storage system. The advantages of the spiral coil include simple structure, small volume, and so on. To investigate the flow characteristics, the simulation was carried out based on Energy-Minimization Multi-Scale model (EMMS) and Eulerian two-phase model. CaCO3 particles were chosen as the reactants. Particle distribution was shown in the results. The gas initial velocity was set to 2 m·s-1, 3 m·s-1, and 4 m·s-1. When the particles flowed in the coil, gravity, centrifugal force and drag force influenced their flow. With the Reynold numbers increasing, centrifugal and drag force got larger. Accumulation phenomenon existed in the coil and results showed with the gas velocity increasing, accumulation moved from the bottom to the outer wall of the coil. Besides, the accumulation phenomenon was stabilized when φ>720°. Also due to the centrifugal force, a secondary flow formed, which means solid particles moved from the inside wall to the outside wall. This secondary flow could promote turbulence and mixing of particles and gas. In addition, when the particle volume fraction is reduced from 0.2 to 0.1, the accumulation at the bottom of the coil decreases, and the unevenness of the velocity distribution becomes larger.

An experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study is carried out to investigate the impact of secondary flow strengthening the thermo-hydraulic performance of discrete multiple inclined baffles in a flat plate solar air heater (SAH) with semi-cylindrical sidewalls. Initially, for a fixed relative baffle height (Rh = 0.1), the relative baffle pitch (Rp) for continuous baffles is varied in the range of 0.6–1 to obtain the optimum baffle pitch for 6000

The working fluid of the hydrogen recirculation ejector in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems is humid hydrogen containing water vapour. However, previous studies on the hydrogen recirculation ejector using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were based on the single-phase flow model without considering the phase change of water vapour. In this study, the characteristics of the phase change and its effect on the ejector performance are analysed according to a two-phase CFD model. The model is established based on a non-equilibrium condensation phase change. The results show that the average deviation of the entrainment ratio predicted by a single-phase flow model is 25.8% compared with experiments involving a hydrogen recirculation ejector, which is higher than the 15.1% predicted by the two-phase flow model. It can be determined that droplet nucleation occurs at the junction of the primary and secondary flow, with the maximum nucleation rate reaching 4.0 × 1020 m−3s−1 at a primary flow pressure of 5.0 bar. The higher temperature, lower velocity, and higher pressure of the gas phase can be found in the mixing region due to condensation, resulting in a lower entrainment performance. The nucleation rate, droplet number, and liquid mass fraction increase remarkably with an increasing primary flow pressure. This study provides a meaningful reference for understanding phase change characteristics and two-phase flow behaviour in hydrogen recirculation ejectors for PEMFC systems.

In modern gas turbines, the High Pressure Turbine (HPT) is exposed to an extreme thermal environment due to the burned gases leaving the combustor. The burned gases are characterized by flow and temperature distortions that effect the aerodynamics and heat transfer of the turbine. The purpose of this paper is to investigate numerically the effect of the intensity of the swirling flow combined with the temperature non-uniformity “Hot-Streak” (H-S) on the aerothermal performances of a HPT Nozzle Guide Vane (NGV). The investigations are conducted on the solid untwisted NGV annular cascade developed in NASA Lewis Research Center. Four swirl intensities (|Sn| = 0, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5), two swirl orientations (positive and negative) and two hot-streaks (rounded and radial) at the NGV inlet are considered. The simulations are done by solving the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations using ANSYS-CFX software. The results show that the H-S with swirl undergoes twisting following the orientation of the swirl. The H-S twist is aggressive under positive swirl compared to the negative swirl case. The inlet swirl generates a new secondary flow structure, so called Swirl Vortex (SV), which induces more aerodynamic losses. The aerodynamic efficiency under negative swirl found to be higher than that under positive swirl. The maximum temperature on the vane surface is controlled by the radial transport of the SV towards the endwalls.

A comprehensive entrainment performance evaluation system of the ejector was built including four indexes. An ejector's Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was established, and the sensitivity analysis of the entrainment performance to four key geometry parameters of the ejector, namely, the nozzle diameter (Dn), the primary nozzle exit position (NXP), the mixing tube diameter (Dm), and the secondary flow inlet diameter (Ds) was performed. Based on the quantified boundary conditions obtained by the Simulink simulation, the ejector structure was optimized with a new method. It is found that the total recirculation ratio increases but the hydrogen recirculation ratio decreases with the increase of the relative humidity of the secondary flow. The hydrogen recirculation ratio shows a unidirectional increase tendency with the increase of Ds and the decrease of Dn and NXP. The hydrogen recirculation ratio increases firstly and then decreases with the increase of Dm. High hydrogen recirculation ratio with low primary hydrogen flow rate, corresponding to low current operation point of fuel cell system and low sensitiveness to the changing relative humidity are usually incompatible. The hydrogen recirculation ratio with low primary flow rate degrades significantly when Dn increases and Dm is larger than a certain value. The ejector with smaller Ds shows lower sensitiveness to the changes of relative humidity, while the hydrogen recirculation ratio with low primary hydrogen flow rate is not affected badly. When matching with a specific system, it is necessary to balance the ejection performance at low current density operating points and the sensitiveness to the changes of relative humidity in combination with the anodic gas state at each operating point, so as to find the optimal structural parameters. The optimization sequence of structural parameters should follow: Dn is selected firstly, then NXP and Ds are optimized, and finally Dm is chosen.

The present paper numerically investigates viscoelastic fluid flow in the developing flow regime through both straight and 90-degree curve ducts. The aim is to investigate the effects of the first and second normal-stress differences (N1 and N2) as well as the curvature ratio ( $$\kappa = D/R$$ , where R and D are the curvature radius and channel side, respectively) and Reynolds number on the secondary flow patterns. Simulations were carried out in developing flow conditions in curved ducts using the finite volume method. The Reynolds numbers were 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 100, and the curvature ratios were 0.05, 0.066, 0.1, and 0.2. The Giesekus constitutive equation was utilized to model the non-linear rheological behavior of a 5.0 wt.% solution of polyisobutylene (PIB) in tetradecane (C14H30). The results reveal that a secondary flow with eight corner vortices is generated in a fully developed flow of viscoelastic fluid through a straight duct. This behavior is attributed to the difference in the second normal stress in the flow field. The results of the current study confirm that the second normal stress difference and change in the sign of N2 around the cross section’s corners trigger these corner vortices. Furthermore, the effects of the curvature ratio on the distributions of first and second normal-stress differences in the developing Dean flow were studied for the first time. The vorticity vector method was used for mixing-enhancement assessment. The results show that the intensity of secondary flows was significantly higher in viscoelastic fluid at all curvature ratios and at all considered Reynolds numbers than in Newtonian fluid flow.

The kinetic energy loss and the secondary loss downstream of a high turning nozzle cascade were investigated. Influence of the incidence angle (i= −25°, 0° and 25°) and Reynolds number (Re2,is =0.8×105, 1.2×105, 2.5×105 and 4.5×105) were studied on two cascade configurations defined by different pitch to chord ratio (t/c=0.6 and 0.9), respectively. Measurements at the cascade inlet were performed by means of Preston tube, while at the cascade outlet by means of miniature pyramid five-hole pressure probe. An effect of studied parameters on the flow field at the cascade outlet was shown by the distribution of the kinetic energy loss, secondary loss, mix-out loss and streamwise vorticity.

In this study, the flow rate, velocity, head, and power in a designed and manufactured centrifugal water pump were studied and determined experimentally. The effect of the impeller with different blades on the centrifugal pump performance has been investigated. Three different impellers with 4, 5, and 6 blades are tested to determine the number of the optimum blades. The experimental results showed that the flow rate, velocity, heat, and power are higher for the case of the impeller with 6 blades than that for the two cases of 4 and 5 blades. The losses decrease by increasing the number of the blades due to the reduction of the secondary flow for a certain limit. The experimental results showed better centrifugal water pump performance when an impeller with 6 blades is used.

The flow dynamics and attrition characteristics of three air reactor designs are investigated using an Eulerian-Eulerian kinetic theory model. The hydrodynamics of these reactor designs are analyzed to identify the flow regimes in which the particles evolve. The investigated designs, which differ in the configuration of the secondary flow ports, exhibit bubbling and turbulent fluidization regimes in similar spatial regions. The most substantial differences in the hydrodynamics was in the turbulent fluidized regions near the secondary inlets. The mechanical stressing environments undergone by the particles were analyzed using the collision energy spectra, reconstructed using the local flow field properties (i.e. granular temperature and particle number density). The spectra show that the increase in the specific collision power is associated with the regions near the secondary injector ports, which are in a turbulent fluidization regime. A simple analysis relying upon a partitioning of the energy spectrum, showed that attrition rate may be reduced by about 34% over the original design.

Shock/turbulent-boundary-layer interactions (STBLIs) are ubiquitous in high-speed flight and propulsion applications. Experimental and computational investigations of swept, three-dimensional (3-D) interactions, which exhibit quasi-conical mean-flow symmetry in the limit of infinite span, have demonstrated key differences in unsteadiness from their analogous, two-dimensional (2-D), spanwise-homogeneous counterparts. For swept interactions, represented by the swept–fin-on-plate and swept–compression–ramp-on-plate configurations, differences associated with the separated shear layers may be traced to the intermixing of 2-D (spanwise independent) and 3-D (spanwise dependent) scaling laws for the separated mean flow. This results in a broader spectrum of unsteadiness that includes relatively lower frequencies associated with the separated shear layers in 3-D interactions. However, lower frequency ranges associated with the global “breathing” of strongly separated 2-D interactions are significantly less prominent in these simple, swept 3-D interactions. A logical extension of 3-D interaction complexity is the compound interaction formed by the merging of two simple interactions. The first objective of this work is therefore to analyze the more complex picture of the dynamics of such interactions, by considering as an exemplar, wall-resolved simulations of the double-fin-on-plate configuration. We show that in the region of interaction merging, new flow scales, changes in separation topology, and the emergence of lower-frequency phenomena are observed, whereas the dynamics of the interaction near the fin leading edges are similar to those of the simple, swept interactions. The second objective is to evolve a unified understanding of the dynamics of STBLIs associated with complex configurations relevant to actual propulsion systems, which involve the coupling between multiple shock systems and multiple flow separation and attachment events. For this, we revisit the salient aspects of scaling phenomena in a manner that aids in assimilating the double-fin flow with simpler swept interactions. The emphasis is on the influence of the underlying structure of the separated flow on the dynamics. The distinct features of the compound interactions manifest in a centerline symmetry pattern that replaces the quasi-conical symmetry of simple interactions. The primary separation displays topological closure to reveal new length scales, associated unsteadiness bands, and secondary flow separation.

In terms of the importance of reducing the influences of curvature induced circulation secondary flow, several counteracting techniques/measures have been studied. Although the previous techniques have obtained good results yet, they involve fixed and permanent construction works in the channel. Most of the techniques have a negative impact on navigation, and may be damaged under extreme flow conditions. Therefore, the use of new technique has become very significant and must be studied. The aim of this paper to study a new technique as an indirect tool to counteract the impact of the secondary flow on the banks and bed at channel bends by re-distribution of the main flow velocity in the curved section through water jets. In a previous experiment, air bubbles are induced as a bubble screen (air media) with an appropriate velocity, through a porous tube placed near the outer bank in the sharply open channel bend 193°. In this paper, one of the previous experiments is modeled with the same shape and conditions, however, the induced air bubbles from the porous tube in the experiment are replaced by a water screen to act as a source of momentum. A numerical model FLUENT was implemented and a realizable K-e turbulent model was used to scrutinize and predict the velocity pattern in the channel bend. The impact of the change in lateral water jets flow from the porous tube was also investigated and results presented and compared. The results revealed that the water screen technique contributes in reducing the downward movement of the secondary circulation, dragging the flow upward, leading to the distribution of the secondary circulation, and shifting the core of maximum downstream velocities away from the outer bank towards the inner bank at the junction of generated circulation. The results also showed that the water screen is able to counteract the effect of the main flow circulation cells provided that this secondary flow is not less than 20% of the main flow and the corresponding velocity is also not less than 40% of the main flow velocity.

The two-stage ejector has been suggested to replace the single-stage ejector geometrical configuration better to utilize the discharge flow’s redundant momentum to induce secondary flow. In this study, the one-dimensional gas dynamic constant rate of momentum change theory has been utilized to model a two-stage ejector along with a single-stage ejector. The proposed theory has been utilized in the computation of geometry and flow parameters of both the ejectors. The commercial computational fluid dynamics tool ANSYS-Fluent 14.0 has been utilized to predict performance and visualize the flow. The performance in terms of entrainment ratio has been compared under on- design and off-design conditions. The result shows that the two-stage ejector configuration has improved (≈57%) entrainment capacity than the single-stage ejector under the on-design condition.

The influences of different emergent and rigid vegetation distributions on hydrodynamic characteristics in a 180° curved open channel are experimentally investigated in this study. Experimental res...

The flow field in a semi-circular duct is simulated by Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and its particle field is simulated by Lagrange particle tracking method. Reynolds number Reb (based on bulk velocity and hydraulic diameter) is 80,000 and Reτ (based on friction velocity and hydraulic diameter) is 3528. Particle diameter dp is chosen as 10, 50, 100, 500 μm corresponding to St as 0.10, 2.43, 9.72, 243.05. The results show that the intensity of the secondary flow near the ceiling is less than that near the floor because the ceiling is curved and able to inhibit the secondary flow. It is found that the difference between the semi-circular duct and the square duct is that the secondary flow in a corner of the semi-circular duct is not symmetrical along the diagonal although they have the same generation mechanism. Regarding the particles, small particles (dp ≤ 10 μm) are found to uniformly distribute in the duct, while large particles (dp ≥ 50 μm) preferentially distribute in the corner and floor center. The maximum particles (dp = 500 μm) fall on the floor quickly and their dispersion mainly depends on the secondary flow near the floor. Particle deposition in the corner depends on particle size due to the effect of secondary flow and gravity. The effect of lift force on particles becomes more significant for 50 and 100 μm particles in comparison with other smaller particles. In the end, the effect of secondary flow is found to be more significant to dominate particle behavior than that of flow fluctuation.

Effect of eccentricity on jets delivered from a primary nozzle surrounded by secondary flow is studied experimentally. The eccentricity is achieved by offsetting the annular spacing of the co-flow passage, surrounding the center nozzle generating the primary jet. This is achieved by making a base plate with its center which is offset by 2 mm in the downward direction with the center of inner nozzle. The studies have been carried out in possible flow regimes of jet exiting from a convergent nozzle like subsonic and correctly and underexpanded sonic conditions. The experiments were carried out for primary nozzle exit Mach numbers of 0.3, 0.5, 0.8 and 1.0 at correct expansion. The studies in underexpanded regime were conducted for nozzle pressure ratios (NPR) of 3 and 4. The eccentricity in the co-flow jet leads to 38% reduction in the supersonic core length at NPR 3 and 60% at NPR 4 in comparison with concentric co-flow configuration. The eccentricity also leads to early mixing of co-flowing jet.

In the present paper, the steady RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) simulations based on our independently developed CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) solver NUAA-Turbo 2.0, are carried out to investigate the shock wave/tip leakage vortex (SW/TLV) interaction in two representative transonic axial fan rotors, NASA Rotor 67 and NASA Rotor 37. The intent of this study is mainly to verify if an identification method derived from relevant theories is suitable for shock-induced vortex stability in the real engineering environment. As the additional findings, a universal tip vortex model is established and the characteristics of vortex breakdown or not are also summarized under different load levels. To ensure the prediction accuracy of all numerical methods selected in this research, detailed comparisons are made between computational and experimental results before flow analysis. The excellent agreement between the both indicates that the current code is capable of capturing the dominant secondary flow structures and aerodynamic phenomenon, especially the vortex system in tip region and SW/TLV interaction. It is found that three vortical structures such as tip leakage vortex (TLV), shock-induced vortex (SIV), tip separation vortex (TSV) in addition the tip leakage vortex-induced vortex (TLV-IV, which only occurs when the TLV strength increases to a certain extent) frequently exist near the blade tip and then abstracted as a tip vortex model. A stable TLV after passing through the passage shock is commonly characterized by tight rolling-up, slow deceleration and slight expansion. Conversely, the vortex behaves in a breakdown state. The final verification results show that the above two vortex states can be satisfactorily detected by the theoretical discriminant introduced in this work.

The transport of gravel bedload in river bend is one of the basic problems of river dynamics. However, both the complicated bend flow structure and the stochastic bedload transport make explaining the problem theoretically difficult. Flow is the power of the bedload transport, so obtaining the precise theoretical flow structure is fundamental. Through considering the velocity-dip phenomenon and giving the matched boundary conditions, we have obtained the completed three-dimensional bend flow structure in the previous study. Combining the flow structure and the influences of the two-way exposure, we did further research on the incipient motion of the gravel bedload in bend in this paper. It turns out that, because of the existence of the secondary flow, the particle in bend forced by both the longitude and the transverse velocities in the plane. The two-way velocities form an intersection angle which influences the incipient velocity and direction of the particle movement. Moreover, the non-uniform distribution of the bend flow structure along the cross-section decides the differences of the intersection angle, incipient velocity, transport speed of the bedload in the bed surface. Then, the above differences result in the change of the sediment gradation and partition behaviour of the bedload transport.

An analytical model was developed to predict the boundary shear stress and the depth-averaged streamwise velocity in the breach. A more general expression of the depth-integrated form of the streamwise Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation was rewritten by considering the secondary flow effects. It accounts for secondary flow effects via the dimensionless secondary flow parameters k1 and k2. The averaged lateral shear stress, the bottom shear stress and the depth-averaged streamwise velocity of the breach was obtained. According to sensitivity analysis of parameters, it is obtained that the secondary flow parameter k2 has a great influence on the averaged lateral shear stress, but few influences on the bottom shear stress and the depth-averaged streamwise velocity. The dimensionless streamwise velocity variation parameter c1 has great influences on the averaged lateral shear stress, bottom shear stress and the depth-averaged streamwise velocity. Comparison of the analytical results with experimental data shows that the proposed model predicts the averaged lateral shear stress and the bottom shear stress well.

This contribution describes experimental and numerical research of an unsteady behaviour of a flow in an end-wall region of a linear nozzle cascade. Effects of compressibility ($$M_\mathrm {2,is}$$ M 2 , is ) and inlet flow angle ($$\alpha _1$$ α 1 ) were investigated. Reynolds number ($$Re_\mathrm {2,is}$$ R e 2 , is $$=8.5\times 10^5$$ = 8.5 × 10 5 ) was held constant for all tested cases. Unsteady pressure measurement was performed at the blade mid-span in the identical position $${\mathfrak {s}}$$ s to obtain reference data. Surface flow visualizations were performed as well as the steady pressure measurement to support conclusions obtained from the unsteady measurements. Comparison of the surface Mach number distributions obtained from the experiments and from the numerical simulations are presented. Flow visualizations are then compared with calculated limiting streamlines on the blade suction surface. It was shown, that the flow structures in the end-wall region were not affected by the primary flow at the blade mid-span, even when the shock wave formed. This conclusion was made from the experimental, numerical, steady as well as unsteady points of view. Three significant frequencies in the power spectra suggested that there was a periodical interaction between the vortex structures in the end-wall region. Based on the data analyses, anisotropic turbulence was observed in the cascade.

The shock wave phenomenon is a phenomenon in a steam ejector that caused when the working fluid has high pressure, and suddenly it turns into low pressure and high speed. The shock wave effect will be investigated to the different convergent length in the mixing chamber to find the highest entrainment ratio as the performance of steam ejector. Operating pressure in the primary flow was in the range 0.68 MPa - 1.39 MPa, and the secondary flow was set 0.38 MPa to 0.65 MPa. The result of this study demonstrated that the highest entrainment ratio occurred in the convergent length of 69 mm.

Abstract— The occurrence of turbulent pulsations in straight pipes of noncircular cross-section leads to the situation, when the average velocity field includes not only the longitudinal component but also transverse components that form a secondary flow. This hydrodynamic phenomenon discovered at the twenties of the last century (J. Nikuradse, L. Prandtl) has been the object of active research to the present day. The intensity of the turbulent secondary flows is not high; usually, it is not greater than 2–3% of the characteristic flow velocity. Nevertheless, their contribution to the processes of transverse transfer of momentum and heat is comparable to that of turbulent pulsations. In this paper, a review of experimental, theoretical, and numerical studies of secondary flows in straight pipes and channels is given. Emphasis is placed on the issues of revealing the physical mechanisms of secondary flow formation and developing the models of the apriori assessment of their forms. The specific features of the secondary flow development in open channels and channels with inhomogeneously rough walls are touched upon. The approaches of semiempirical simulation of turbulent flows in the presence of secondary flows are discussed.

By solving the three-dimensional incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, numerical simulations of the viscous flow within a flush type intake duct of a waterjet under different motion conditions are carried out. Therein, the effects of the steering and reversing unit as well as the impeller shaft on the flow field are taken into account. The numerical results show that the static pressure under backward conditions with the reversing jet flow is the lowest, and the cavitations are most likely to occur within the intake duct. The flow field under forward conditions is less uniform because of the shaft, while the velocity uniformity under backward conditions is improved. The shaft rotation causes an asymmetric secondary flow above the shaft under all conditions. The pressure contours under backward conditions with the reversing jet flow are sensitive to the presence of the shaft. This study can provide some references for the design optimization of waterjet propulsion system.

Theoretical investigation on the interaction between conducting and non-conducting walls on hydromagnetic natural convection flow of viscous incompressible and electrically conducting fluid through a vertical micro-channel taking into account the effects of induced magnetic field in presence of Hall current is presented. Governing coupled equations responsible for the flow are obtained when either the micro-channel walls are electrically conducting or are electrically non-conducting. Using the method of undetermined coefficients, exact solution are obtained and presented in dimensionless form subject to relevant boundary conditions. Expressions for fluid velocity, induced magnetic field, skin friction, volume flow rate and induced current density in both primary and secondary flow directions are also obtained. Effects of some governing parameters like Hall current parameter, rarefaction parameter and Hartmann number on the different flow situations are given using the aid of line graphs and Tables. The main conclusion of the present analysis is that, in the existence of rarefaction parameter, primary fluid velocity could be enhanced with the increase in Hall parameter when the micro-channel walls are either insulated or when the left micro-channel wall is electrically conducting. Results obtained in this work are relevant in many magnetically controlled devices and could also be used as a benchmark in checking the accuracies of result obtained in some empirical experiments.

As an effective method to influence end wall flow field, non-axisymmetric profiled end wall can improve the aerodynamic performance of compressor cascades. For a highly loaded low pressure compressor cascade, called V103, the study found the optimal non-axisymmetric profiled end wall decreases total pressure loss coefficient by 4.57%, 5.48% and 3.04% under incidences of −3°, 0°, and 3°, respectively, compared with those of the planar end wall. The optimal non-axisymmetric profiled end wall changes the structure of secondary flow in hub region, generating a corner vortex near suction surface, inhibiting the development of the passage vortex towards suction surface and reducing flow separation. When the inlet Mach numbers are 0.62 and 0.72, the total pressure loss coefficient decreases by 3.19% and 4.58% for optimal non-axisymmetric profiled end wall compared with those of the planar end wall. Though optimal non-axisymmetric profiled end wall increases total pressure loss near hub region in blade passage under different inlet Mach numbers, the peak value and region of high loss coefficient above 10% span in blade passage significantly decrease. In addition, different incidences affect the secondary flow streamlines and vortex structure near the cascade hub region, however, different inlet Mach numbers hardly change the secondary flow streamlines and vortex structure. In short, the optimal non-axisymmetric profiled end wall shows better aerodynamic performance than the planar end wall for the highly loaded compressor cascade in multi-conditions.

Fluid flow analysis through a bend pipe is extensively conducted in practical and cell separation operations. It is observed that flow behaviors in the bend pipe are influenced by some parameters such as curvature, aspect ratio, etc. As a result, various phenomena, steady solution branches, unsteady solutions, energy transfer are changed. In this paper, the acts of flows are performed together for fixed curvature, δ = 0.2, and Prandtl number, Pr = 7.0 (water). Here, for a wide variety of Dean numbers (100 ≤ Dn ≤ 1000) and three fixed Grashof numbers, Gr = 100, 500, and 1000; time-independent solutions with linear stabilities are investigated first where only the first steady branch exhibits linear stability out of two steady solution branches obtained. Then, different flow transitions between the required range of Dean numbers (Dn) and several Grashof numbers (Gr) are investigated using time-dependent solutions. Power spectrum density (PSD) is further revealed in order to gain a deeper understanding of periodic and multi-periodic flows. Flow velocity contours including axial flow (AF) and secondary flow (SF) and their temperature profiles (TP) are also exposed. The SFs reveal that two- to four-vortex flows are produced due to the turning of steady branch and the flow instabilities. Furthermore, the energy transfer between the cooled and heated sidewalls of the pipe is calculated. Finally, a link between centrifugal and body force with the energy transfer has been shown in this research which reveals that the fluid has merged that certainly rises the overall energy transfer.

An improved wave-plate demister equipped with vortex generators (VGs) has been proposed for wet flue gas desulfurization systems (WFGD) in this work. Numerical and experimental methods were used to evaluate the effect of VGs on the separation of small droplets. Five types of wave-plate demister with different VGs were analyzed. The vortex generators in question included rectangular plates, semi-elliptical plates, square tubes, round tubes, and triangular tubes, respectively. In order to explain the strengthening mechanism, the distribution of flow field, secondary flow, and droplet trajectory were shown, and the effect of VGs on the flow field in the demister was discussed in depth. The simulation results show that the separation performances of the demisters with VGs were significantly improved over that of the initial demister, and the accompanying pressure drop was small. For the vortex generators studied, the rectangular plate fully demonstrated its superior separation performance, followed by semi-elliptical plate. The strengthening effect of VGs was tested through experiments. Experimental data reveal that the average droplet diameter (D50) at the outlet of the demister with a vortex generator can be reduced to 23.13 μm, whereas this value for the initial demister can be maintained at 32.07 μm. Moreover, compared with the original demister 0.81, the overall separation efficiency of the improved demister was improved to 0.92.

Flow profiles are frequently engineered in microfluidic channels for enhanced mixing, reaction control, and material synthesis. Conventionally, flow profiles are engineered by inducing inertial secondary flow to redistribute the streams, which can hardly be reproduced in microfluidic environments with negligible inertial flow. The employed symmetric channel structures also limit the variety of achievable flow profiles. Moreover, each of the flow profiles specifically corresponds to a strictly defined flow condition and cannot be generalized to other flow environments. To address these issues, we present a systematic method to engineer the flow profile using inertialess secondary flow. The flow is manipulated in the Stokes regime by deploying a cascaded series of microsteps with various morphologies inside a microchannel to shape the flow profile. By tuning the shapes of the microsteps, arbitrary outflow profiles can be customized. A numerical profile-transformation program is developed for rapid prediction of the output profiles of arbitrary sequences of predefined microsteps. The proposed method allows the engineering of stable flow profiles, including asymmetric ones, over a wide range of flow conditions for complex microfluidic environmental prediction and design.

The aerothermal performance of interrupted slot and film holes was numerically investigated. Previous study indicates that the interrupted slot performs better compared to the conventional slot. In the meanwhile, the step formed along with the interrupted slot affects the film cooling characteristics. In this article, a row of film holes is arranged downstream of the step, and the mass flow rate for the interrupted slot is constant at 1%. Blowing ratio (BR) from 0.5 to 1.5 and density ratio from 1 to 2 were studied for the film holes. Endwall film cooling effectiveness distribution indicates that film cooling is easily affected by the secondary flow inside passage and the upstream step. Coolant traces are split into two parts due to the effects of step vortex and transverse flow. For different density ratios, increasing BR shows a different trend of film cooling effectiveness due to the variation of coolant momentum. The coolant jet is easily affected by the secondary flow when its momentum is low, but tends to liftoff when its momentum is too high. As a result, it is better to position the film holes far away from the upstream step. The total pressure loss coefficient distribution at the passage exit indicates that the coolant injection increases the total pressure loss. But density ratio has smaller effect on the loss variation. Besides, two axial positions of cooling holes were studied to improve the endwall cooling performance. Without the effect of step vortex, the film effectiveness of cooling holes is improved.

This study aimed to determine the split ratio, flow-field structure, and effect of different shaped channels to sudden pollution accidents in a generalized complex canal system of a wetland park, both experimentally and numerically. The three-dimensional instantaneous velocities at a typical section of each channel in the generalized model were measured experimentally using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. The results showed that the split ratio calculation formula of three parallel channels could be derived under the condition of considering the frictional head and the local head losses. The water depth, velocities, and pollutant diffusion were widely influenced by changes in the cross-sectional shape and channel plane shape. The pollutants were trapped by stable vortices and transverse circulation due to shear force and secondary flow, thus delaying the diffusion of pollutants. The research results reported herein can help provide technical support for the normal operation of complex canal systems.

In this study, the preferential concentration and clustering of inertial particles in fully developed turbulent square duct flows are studied using large eddy simulations combined with Lagrangian approach, where the Reynolds number is equal to Reτ = 600 (based on the mean friction velocity and duct full height), and the particle Stokes number ranges from 0.0007 to 1.16. The results obtained for duct flows are compared with those for channel flows under the same working conditions. Then, the effect of the secondary flow on the particle concentration in duct flows is investigated. The equation of particle motion is governed by the drag force, lift force, added mass force, pressure gradient force, and gravity. The inter-phase interaction that was considered includes one-way and two-way coupling. The simulations of a single phase are verified and in good agreement with the available literature data. For the discrete phase, particles in the duct flow are found to be more dispersed in the vertical direction compared with the channel flow. In near-wall regions, a small fraction of particles tends to accumulate in duct corners, forming stable particle streaks under the effect of the secondary flow. Meanwhile, most particles are likely to reside preferentially in the low-speed flow regions and form elongated particle streaks steadily in the middle region of duct or channel floors. The Voronoi diagram analysis shows that the near-wall secondary flows in the square duct could cause particle clusters to transfer from regions of high to low concentration, and this trend increases with particle size. In addition, two-way coupling is found to enhance the near-wall particle accumulation and to promote particles to form more elongated streaks than one-way coupling. Finally, the mechanism responsible for the particle preferential concentration in turbulent square duct flows is determined.

A spectral-based computational algorithm is presented, showing the effects of rotation and curvature on a fluid flow with natural and forced convective heat transfer (CHT) in a rotating curved rectangular channel with an aspect ratio of 3 and curvature ratio ranging from 0.001 to 0.5. The bottom wall of the channel is heated, with cooling from the ceiling; the vertical walls are thermally insulated. The system is rotated about the vertical axis in the positive and negative directions with the Taylor number $$-2500\le Tr \le 2500$$ due to a constant pressure gradient force applied in the stream-wise direction. With the numerical computation presented, five branches of asymmetric steady solution curves comprising single-pair to 11-pair vortices are found. The change in the flow state is then evaluated by means of time-evolution computation, and sketching of the phase space of the solutions enables good prediction of the flow transition. It is found that in the case of co-rotation, a chaotic flow turns into a steady-state flow via a periodic or multi-periodic flow. In the counter-rotation case, however, irregular oscillations change directly to a multi-periodic flow. The study shows appearance of maximum 6-pair vortices at a small curvature, 11-pair vortices at a moderate curvature, and maximum 2-pair vortices at strong curvature. It is also observed that the number of secondary vortices reduces as Tr increases. The vortex structure of secondary flows is also shown in bar diagrams for easy visualization of the effect of curvature on the flow evolution. The study shows that the CHT is significantly enhanced by the secondary flow and a chaotic flow boosts the heat transfer more effectively than other physically realizable solutions. Finally, a comparison between the simulated and experimental results is performed and reasonable matching between the two solutions is observed.

This paper studies the performance of the primary and secondary flow paths of the Heat Exchangers (HEXs) in the Nuclear Power Plants (NPP). Explicit solutions for the wall temperature, primary and secondary wall temperatures of the HEX are presented. Therefore, closed form expressions for wall temperature, primary and secondary wall temperature are proposed. Moreover, performance analysis of HEX is investigated. Curves for the HEX wall temperature are introduced with special emphasis on the initial wall temperature. The various effects of pipe wall heat capacities, perimeter, fluid Heat Transfer (HT) coefficient and wall HT coefficient on the HEX are evaluated. The obtained results confirm that the surface contact between the two fluid passes reduces the temperature to some extent at 5 seconds. Furthermore, it is limited to the pipe length and contact time. As a final point of observation, the distributed temperature through the HEX structure increases with the decrease of perimeter. Since, the wall area decreases with the decrease of perimeter. The proposed work allows more control of the HT process within the HEX. Consequently, the performance of NPPs can be improved.

Pipe flow is a classic hydrodynamic issue. Most pipelines contain bends, and bends cause energy loss and distort the flow because of secondary flow. Deflectors are often used to adjust the flow quality in a bend. In this study, a numerical simulation using ANSYS Fluent 19.0 is used to analyze the effects of the deflector number, location and angle on the flow characteristics of a square pipe with a 90° bend. The velocity non-uniformity and the head loss are analyzed quantitatively. The secondary flow is presented visually, and its evolution characteristics are assessed. An optimized installation scheme for the deflectors is discussed, and a reference is provided for controlling the flow quality in bends via deflectors.

Tangential leakage loss reduction has great significance on improving the performance of scroll compressors. In this study, the flow field of a scroll compressor working with CO2 was numerically investigated. The development characteristics of the tangential leakage flow in different working chambers were carried out, which was obtained by analyzing the field quantities distributions. The impacts of the radial clearances and sidewall roughness on the tangential leakage were also taken into consideration, in order to explore the feasible method of the flow control for the tangential leakage in scroll compressors. Results showed that the tangential leakage flow had various characteristics in the suction and compression chambers due to the different interactions between the tangential leakage flow and mainstream. Owing to little reverse pressure gradient, the tangential leakage flow maintained the typical jet form in the suction chambers. By contrast, the mixing of the tangential leakage flow and mainstream induced the passage vortex and secondary flows in the compression chamber. The secondary flow was the primary factor that results in the occurrence of localized high temperature region rather than the tangential leakage. With the increase of the radial clearance, the volumetric efficiency declined and the discharge temperature increased rapidly. In terms of flow control of the tangential leakage, the increase of sidewall roughness by 2 µm could achieve the same effect as the decrease of the radial clearance by 4 µm, while the volumetric efficiency increased by almost 5% and average discharge temperature decreased by 5 K.

In order to maximize the thermal efficiency of shell and coil heat exchangers, substantial research has been done and geometrical modification is one way to improve the exchange of thermal energy between two or more fluids. One of the peculiar features of coiled geometry is that the temperature distribution is highly variable along the circumferential section due to the centrifugal force induced in the fluid. Moreover, most researchers are concentrated on using a shell and single helical coil heat exchanger to enhance the heat transfer rate and thermal efficiency at different operating parameters. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate temperature variation ((T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4) across a shell and single/double coil heat exchanger at different coil pitches, hot water flow rate, and cold-water flow rate along the outer surface of the coil using experimental and numerical analysis. For single and double coil heat exchangers, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is carried out using pure water with a hot water flow rate ranging between 1-2 l/min for the coil side heat exchanger. For single coil heat exchangers, the numerical analysis findings showed a good agreement with experimental four-temperature measurement results (T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4) with an error rate of 1.80%, 3.05%, 5.34% and 2.17% respectively. Moreover, in the current double coil analysis, the hot outlet temperature decreased by 3.07% compared to a single coil (baseline case) at a 2.5L/min hot water flow rate. In addition, increasing the coil pitch will increase the contact between the hot fluid and the coil at a constant hot water flow rate and thereby decrease the hot fluid outlet temperature. Finally, a computational analysis was carried out to examine the flow structure inside single and double coil heat exchangers, and the findings indicated that the effect of centrifugal forces in double coil heat exchangers at various coil pitches caused the secondary flow to be substantially reduced. Conclusions An experimental validation and numerical investigation are provided in the present study for a shell and single/double coil heat exchanger and the effect of operating parameters (hot and cold flow rate) on the hot outlet temperature and temperature distributed along coil surface (T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4) has studied. The experimental and numerical findings showed that the four temperatures (T-1, T-2, T-3, and T-4) were in good agreement. According to the findings of this study, when a single coil is converted into a double coil, the hot outlet temperature and the temperature distributed along the coil surface decreases at high hot water flow rate (2.5 L/min). Also, the results showed that the influence of coil pitch 30, 60 and 90 mm on a double coil heat exchanger was found to have a minimum temperature of 4.80% at p= 90 mm compared to the other two pitch numbers. In addition, the coil parameters (coil pitch and curvature diameter) have a significant impact on secondary flow within the coil. Future research can quantify LMTD and NTU to evaluate shell and double coil heat exchangers.

Aeration in slug and associated secondary flow leads to surging of pressure and erosion corrosion in pipe. Surging of pressure develops high mechanical impact on the pipe, and erosion corrosion reduces the thickness of internal wall, thereby resulting in pipe failure. To explore the phenomena of aeration in slug, flow visualization analysis is reported in this paper for intermittent flow sub-regimes and their transition. Analysis is reported for onset of slug, transition of plug to slug flow and development of aeration at the slug front. The visualized images and the motion pictures captured using high-speed photography in the present experiments are used to depict the process of air entrapment during the transition of wavy-stratified flow to slug flow as well as plug flow to slug flow. It is depicted for the first time through our visualization analysis that gas bubble entrapment in slug happens due to plunging kind of wave breaking mechanism. The captured images are also analyzed to describe the phenomena of augmentation of aeration in slug leading to the formation of highly aerated slug flow. Thorough understanding of aeration in slug will help in avoiding the chances of pipe failure.

For the structural integrity evaluation of pressurized water reactor (PWR) steam generator (SG) tubes subjected to transient hydraulic loading, determination of the tube-to-tube gap velocity and static pressure distributions along the tubes is prerequisite. This paper addresses both computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and analytical approaches for predicting the tube-to-tube gap velocity and static pressure distributions during blowdown following a feedwater line break (FWLB) accident at a PWR SG. First of all, a comparative study on CFD calculations of the transient velocity and pressure distributions in the SG secondary sides for two different models having 30 or no tubes is performed. The result shows that the velocities of sub-cooled water flowing between any adjacent two tubes of a tubed SG model during blowdown can be roughly estimated by applying the specified SG secondary side porosity to those of the no-tubed SG model. Secondly, simplified analytical approximate solutions for the steady two-dimensional SG secondary flow velocity and pressure distributions under a given discharge flowrate are derived using a line sink model. The simplified analytical solutions are validated by comparing them to the CFD calculations.

Purpose The heat transfer within a heat exchanger is highly influenced by geometry of the components especially those with hollow structures like tubes. This paper aims to intend toward the study of efficient and optimized heat transfer in the bends of superheater tubes, with different curvature ratio at constant Reynolds Number. Design/methodology/approach The effect of changing curvature ratio on enthalpy of the fluid passing through the superheater tubes for multi-pass system has been studied with the aid of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using ANSYS 14.0. Initially a superheater tube with two pass system has been examined with different curvature ratios of 1.425, 1.56, 1.71, 1.85 and 1.99. An industry specified curvature ratio of 1.71 with two pass is investigated, and a comparative assessment has been carried out. This is intended toward obtaining an optimized radius of curvature of the bend for enhancement of heat transfer. Findings The results obtained from software simulation revealed that the curvature ratio of 1.85 provides maximum heat transfer to the fluid flowing through the tube with two pass. This result has been found to be consistent with higher number of passes as well. The effect of secondary flow in bends of curvature has also been illustrated in the present work. Research limitations/implications The study of heat transfer in thermodynamic systems is a never-ending process and has to be continued for the upliftment of power plant performances. This study has been conducted on steady flow behavior of the fluid which may be upgraded by carrying out the same in transient mode. The impact of different curvature ratios on some important parameters such as heat transfer coefficients will certainly upgrade the value of research. Originality/value This computational study provided comprehensive information on fluid flow behavior and its effect on heat transfer in bends of curvature of superheater tubes inside the boiler. It also provides information on optimized bend of curvature for efficient heat transfer process.

In current attempt, swirl generator and four-lobed pipe were installed in a solar collector to achieve higher performance not only in view of cooling rate but also available energy. In outputs, components of irreversibility were illustrated for different values of revolution (N), pumping power (Re (Reynolds number)) and width of tapes (D∗(diameter ratio)). Four functions were scrutinized namely; Xd (exergy loss); Sgen,th (thermal irreversibility); Sgen,f (frictional irreversibility); Φ s (Augmented irreversibility). Experimental articles were utilized to not only verify the nanofluid modeling but also the correctness of selecting k-ϵ turbulent model. Sgen,th declines with rise of active parameters because of reduction in temperature gradient and highest impact belongs to Re. Although increasing revolution provides stronger secondary flow as well as trend of Re, the influence of N on Sgen,th is lower than that of Re. At lowest values of other factors, Be (Bejan number) declines about 0.016%, 0.004% and 8.2% with enhance of diameter ratio, N and Re. Revolution of tape has lowest impact on Be in comparison to other factors. Be decreases about 1.67% with rise of N at Re = 20000, D∗ = 0.045. The component of ∇T reduces as greater secondary vortex appears. So, augment of inlet velocity, width and revolution of tape makes exergy loss to decline.

A new impeller configuration with innovatively-designed shrouds is introduced, and its impact on the pressure head and efficiency of the semi-open centrifugal pump is explored using experimental and numerical approaches. The proposed design includes attaching specific plates called bladelets to a semi-open impeller to limit the secondary flows over the blades resulting in an increase in the pump head and efficiency. Hydraulic performance of a centrifugal pump with three different bladelets at angles of 30°, 60°, and 90° is investigated experimentally, and the results are compared to semi-open and closed impellers. The values of pressure head and efficiency of the proposed centrifugal pump are determined through numerical analysis and then compared to the experimental data in which an acceptable agreement between the results is observed. Both numerical and experimental results show the proposed impeller design promisingly improves the pressure head and efficiency of semi-open centrifugal pumps. Additionally, the flow analysis demonstrates that the impellers with 90° bladelets enhance the hydraulic performance of a semi-open centrifugal pump nearly to a closed impeller configuration. The loss reduction due to the secondary flow and the eddy generation leads to an improvement in the hydraulic performance of the proposed design.

Numerical simulations have been carried out for a supersonic three-dimensional rectangular arc nozzle, where a secondary flow toward the center of the curvature occurs due to the shape of the nozzle. It is known that secondary flow causes longitudinal vortices to form near the wall of the nozzle corner, making the nozzle outlet flow unstable and induces loss of transport energy. When the working fluid is a condensable gas with relatively large latent heat such as moist air or steam, rapid accelerated expansion in the nozzle causes non-equilibrium condensation due to supersaturation. After the release of latent heat during phase transition, nozzle flow continues expanding at an equilibrium saturation condition. In the absence of foreign particles, e.g. ions or dust particles, condensation nuclei are formed in the gas itself causing non-equilibrium homogeneous condensation. Supersonic nozzle flow properties vary considerably due to the occurrence of condensation phenomenon. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of non-equilibrium homogeneous condensation on the longitudinal vortices which form in the range close to the corner of rectangular arc nozzle numerically.

Mixing in microscale flows, where turbulence is inherently difficult to generate, has been a challenging issue owing to its laminar flow characteristics. Either the diffusion-based mixing process, or the convective mixing based on the cross-stream secondary flow, has been exploited as a passive mixing scheme that does not require any external force field. However, these techniques suffer from insufficient mixing or complicated channel design step. In this study, we propose an efficient mixing scheme by combining inertio-elastic flow instability in a viscoelastic dilute polymer solution and a modified serpentine channel, termed a gear-shape channel, which has side wells along the serpentine channel. We achieved highly efficient mixing in the gear-shaped channel for a significantly wider range of flow rates than in a conventional serpentine channel. Further, we applied our novel mixing scheme to the continuous synthesis of silica nanoparticles, which demonstrated the synthesis of nanoparticles with more uniform size distribution and regular shape, than those in a Newtonian fluid. In addition, the adsorption of inorganic materials on the channel walls was significantly suppressed by the flow instability of the viscoelastic dilute polymer solution in the gear-shaped channel.

Due to the special structure, helical coil once-through steam generators (HCOTSGs) can withstand greater thermal expansion stress, have a larger heat exchange area, and cause the secondary flow phenomenon to improve the heat transfer capacity. Thus, it is inevitable to further study the thermal-hydraulic characteristics of the HCOTSG, a vital component of reactors. The optimal physical models were selected for different heat transfer areas by detailed investigation and comparison, to adopt in the TACS, a self-developed thermal-hydraulic analysis code that is accurate and widely-used in HCOTSG simulation. After verification with experiments of Santini, taking the IRIS reactor as the object, the TACS was employed to briefly study the thermal-hydraulic performances of the HCOTSG system at first, and then discuss the influences of thermal and geometric parameters on the HCOTSG. The analysis results showed that: the variation of the primary flow rate greatly affects the heat transfer coefficient of the primary side, while the maximum value of the heat transfer coefficient of the secondary side only changes drastically with the secondary flow rate; when the primary side flow drops to 70%, superheated steam is not generated on the secondary side; when the secondary mass flow rate decreases to a certain extent, the steam superheat degree increases by a small amplitude; the primary side inlet temperature has a little influence on the primary temperature difference, but significant influence on the two-phase zone length of the secondary side; the secondary inlet temperature has very little influence on the HCOTSG system; the inner diameter and the outer diameter of helical tubes have obvious influences, while the helical diameter has not.

In this article, nanoparticle turbulent transportation was analyzed with install of helical tape within a solar system. Increasing radial turbulent fluctuation is main concept of utilizing the turbulator. So, install of such device generates secondary flow and produce thinner boundary layer. So, better mixing happens and consequently, cooling rate augments. With growth of secondary flow with rise of Re (Reynolds number), N (number of revolution) and NT (number of tapes), temperature gradient reduces which is the main factor in calculation of exergy drop. So, useful energy augments and greater values ofηII(second law performance) have been achieved. With growth of Re, N and NT, ηIIaugments about 490%, 56.04% and 26.99%, with employing greater values of other parameters. In case of lowest values of other factors, augmenting N, NT and Re causes 2.72%, 5.65% and 49.5% decrement in exergy loss. Nu can enhance about 4.07% with augment of NT.

In this paper, the effects of shroud movement on transonic flow and heat transfer in the vicinity of turbine tip was studied by using 3-D simulation of GE-E3 first-stage high pressure turbine. Aerothermal performance and flow structure were analyzed with and without turbine shroud moving, respectively. Based on the distribution of limiting streamlines and the vortex structures, the influential characteristics between the leakage flow and the secondary flow generated by shroud movement were studied. Moreover, the coefficient of heat transfer at the wall was investigated. Results show that the flow structure is changing with the movement of turbine shroud, and the location of the separation-line changes significantly by the influence of the secondary flow. The leakage vortex initial location delayed in axial direction and its breakdown point located at 65% cross-section. This accelerates the mixing loss and increase the perturbation. In addition, it is observed that the coefficient of average heat transfer is increased obviously by 54.8% in the region of shroud surface. However, this coefficient in the region of suction surface decreased by 11.9%.

In this study, the research aims to eliminate the presence of eddies and non-uniformity in the flow distribution and temperature variation of molten steel in the casting cavity by imposing the external magnetic field on the casting cavity. The numerical analysis is performed to analyze the flow and temperature variation in the presence of a magnetic field. The numerical flow solver is developed in the OpenFOAM CFD platform. The governing equations consist of the Navier-Stokes equation coupled with Maxwell’s equations along with the energy equation. The flow of molten steel in the cavity is kept at a fixed Reynolds number of Re = 2000. The magnetic field strength is calculated by Hartmann number (Ha) and is varied in the range of Ha = 0, 100, 300, and 500. A numerical study shows that the presence of the magnetic field assists in the reduction of secondary flow in the cavity and allows the fluid to occupy the entire area, which subsequently causes the uniform distribution of temperature in the cavity.