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This research is aimed at studying the two-phase flow pattern of a top heat mode closed loop oscillating heat pipe with check valves. The working fluids used are ethanol and R141b and R11 coolants with a filling ratio of 50% of the total volume. It is found that the maximum heat flux occurs for the R11 coolant used as the working fluid in the case with the inner diameter of 1.8 mm, inclination angle of −90◦, evaporator temperature of 125◦C, and evaporator length of 50 mm. The internal flow patterns are found to be slug flow/disperse bubble flow/annular flow, slug flow/disperse bubble flow/churn flow, slug flow/bubble flow/annular flow, slug flow/disperse bubble flow, bubble flow/annular flow, and slug flow/annular flow.

This research aims to study the internal flow visualization of a miniature loop thermosyphon for several ratios of the internal diameter of the condenser section to the internal diameter of the evaporator section and temperature. The miniature loop thermosyphon will separate gas and condensed liquid, which flow in opposite directions. This not only prevents flooding and drying out, it also increases heat transfer efficiency. The miniature loop thermosyphon consists of three sections, namely evaporator, adiabatic, and condenser sections. The return liquid channel is connected between the condenser and evaporator to convey the condensed liquid. The miniature loop thermosyphons are designed at three internal diameters of the condenser section to the internal diameters of the evaporator section ratios, which are 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8. The evaporator section consists of a copper tube with an internal diameter of 14 mm and a length of 135 mm. The adiabatic section consists of a glass tube with an internal diameter ...

This research was to study the internal flow patterns on heat transfer rates of the Horizontal Heat Mode Closed Loop Oscillating Heat Pipe with Check Valves (HHMCLOHP/CV). The HHMCLOHP/CV was made from a Pyrex glass capillary tube with a 2.4 mm inside diameter. There were 10 meandering turns with 2 check valves. Ethanol and a silver nano-ethanol mixture were used as working fluid. Experimental results found that if working fluid varies from ethanol to a silver nano-ethanol mixture and the evaporator temperature increases the main flow patterns were Slug flow + Annular flow. The main regime of each flow pattern can be determined from the flow pattern map.

The aim of this research was to investigate the flow patterns and heat transfer of a top heat mode closed-loop oscillating heat pipe with check valves (THMCLOHP/CV). In this study, the heat pipe was made of a high-quality glass capillary tube with an inner diameter of 2.4 mm bent into 10 meandering turns. The number of check valves was 2 and the tube was filled with R141b at a filling ratio of 50% of internal volume of the tube. The combined lengths of the evaporator, adiabatic and condenser sections were equal to 50 mm. The pipe was operated at the top heat mode, and the angles of inclination were 20°, 40°, 60°, 80°, and 90°. The heat applied at the evaporator section was controlled at 85°Cto 105°C, and 125°C. The results show that in the evaporator section, bubbles are produced and grow as a result of the continuous nucleate boiling. They coalesced and their volume expanded. Similarly, in the condenser section the vapor plug condensate caused the bubbles to collapse and accumulate as a liquid mass at the lower section of the U-bend tube. A new slug then developed and the bubbles coalesced in an upward flow. Heat flux increased when the evaporator temperature and inclination angle increased causing the average length of the vapor plug to decrease and the average velocity of vapor plug to increase. The maximum heat flux occurred at an evaporator temperature of 125°C and an inclination angle of minus 90°.

The aim of this study is to investigate the heat-transfer characteristics of a top heat mode closed-loop oscillating heat pipe with a check valve (THMCLOHP/CV). Water and ethanol are used as the working fluids at various working temperatures. The results show that the specific heat flux increases significantly when the working temperature increases and when the aspect ratio of the evaporator length Le to the pipe diameter d decreases for the pipe filling ratio varying from 30 to 80%. The maximum specific heat flux equal to 786.34 W/m2 is reached with the use of ethanol as the working fluid at Le/d = 25, angle of inclination to the horizontal axis 90°, and filling ratio of 80%.

This article presents the experimental results of an evaluation of the influence of internal flow patterns on the heat transfer performance of a closed-loop oscillating heat pipe with check valves. It was found that the internal flow patterns could be classified according to four flow patterns: dispersed bubble flow, bubble flow, slug flow, and annular flow, respectively. The main regime of each flow pattern can be determined from a flow pattern map. The map can be used to predict the trend of the heat transfer rate in the closed-loop oscillating heat pipe with check valves.

Experiments are conducted to determine the effect of dimensionless parameters on heat-transfer characteristics of a vertical flat thermosyphon (VFT). The VFT used in this study employed a copper tube with an inner diameter of 8.6 mm. The cross-sectional areas of the tube were reduced by pressing them into a mold at pressed thicknesses of 6.6, 4.6 and 2.6 mm. The evaporator, adiabatic and condenser were similar in lengths of 0.13, 0.23 and 0.33 m, respectively. The working fluids used were R123, ethanol and water with filling ratios of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of the total volume. The evaporator section was heated with hot water while the condenser section was cooled with water. When the system reached an appropriate flow rate volume, the temperatures of the cooling water were recorded in order to calculate the heat-transfer rate of the VFT. After this, the dimensionless parameter relationships were analyzed from the experimental results. After the study processes were completed, a correlation of the dimensionless parameters for predicting VFT heat-transfer rate was established.

The aim of this research was to investigate the internal flow patterns and heat transfer characteristics of a closed-loop oscillating heat-pipe with check valves (CLOHP/CV). The ratio of number of check valves to meandering turns was 0.2. Ethanol and a silver nano-ethanol mixture were used as working fluids with a filling ratio of 50% by total volume of tube. The CLOHP/CV was made of a glass tube with an inside diameter of 2.4 mm. The evaporator section was 50 mm and 100 mm in length and there were 10 meandering turns. An inclination angle of 90° from horizontal axis was established. The evaporator section was heated by an electric heater and the condenser section was cooled by distilled water. Temperature at the evaporator section was controlled at 85 °C, 105 °C and 125 °C. The inlet and outlet temperatures were measured. A digital camera and video camera were used to observe the flow patterns at the evaporator. The silver nano-ethanol mixture gave higher heat flux than ethanol. When the temperature at the evaporator section was increased from 85 °C to 105 °C and 125 °C. It was found that, the flow patterns occurred as annular flow + slug flow, slug flow + bubble flow and dispersed bubble flow + bubble flow respectively. The main regime of each flow pattern can be determined from the flow pattern map ethanol and a silver nano-ethanol mixture. Each of the two working fluids gave corresponding flow patterns.

This research investigated the thermal performance of various horizontal closed-loop oscillating heat-pipe systems with check valves (HCLOHPs/CVs). Numerous test systems were constructed using copper capillary tubes with assorted inner diameters, evaporator lengths, and check valves. The test systems were evaluated under normal operating conditions using ethanol, R123, and distilled water as working fluids. The system’s evaporator sections were heated by hot water from a hot bath, and the heat was removed from the condenser sections by cold water from a cool bath. The adiabatic sections were well insulated with foam insulators. The heat-transfer performance of the various systems was evaluated in terms of the rate of heat transferred to the cold water at the condenser. The results showed that the heat-transfer performance of an HCLOHP/CV system could be improved by decreasing the evaporator length. The highest performance of all tested systems was obtained when the maximum number of system check valves was 2. The maximum heat flux occurred with a 2 mm inner diameter tube, and R123 was determined to be the most suitable working fluid.

This paper describes the performance of a circular glass tube solar collector with a set of closed-loop oscillating heat-pipes with check valves (CLOHP/CV). The assembly was divided into three sections, i.e. circular glass tube, adiabatic gap and condenser water tank. A circular 10-set glass tube solar collector of 0.058 m diameter and 1.50 m length was housed on a collecting plate. The inside circular glass tube consisted of a CLOHP/CV and collecting plate. The adiabatic gap was 0.05 m. The condenser water tank was made from a 0.03 × 0.05 m 2 zinc sheet. The CLOHP/CV consisted of the collecting plate cover with inner diameter of 0.003 m and 26.40 m total length per set, and it contained two check valves with evaporator 1.50 m long, adiabatic gap 0.05 m and condenser 0.30 m long. R-134a was used as the working fluid with filling ratio of 50%. The CLOHP/CV arrangement was aligned at an inclination angle of 18 degrees from the horizontal plane, with 6 turns per set. A 0.001 m thick aluminum sheet was used to make a collecting plate with 0.10 × 1.50 m 2 test area. Efficiency evaluations were conducted during daylight hours over a 2-month period and included extensive monitoring and recording of temperatures with type-K thermocouples placed at key locations throughout the system. The results confirmed the anticipated fluctuation in collector efficiency dependent on the time of day, solar energy irradiation, ambient temperature and circular tube surface mean temperature. An efficiency of approximately 76% was achieved, which correlates with the efficiency of the more expensive heat-pipe system. The CLOHP/CV system offers the additional benefits of corrosion-free operation and absence of freezing during winter months.

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the heat transfer characteristics of a vertical flat thermosyphon (VFT). Several tests were performed to assess the effects of filling ratios, hydraulic radius, working fluid, and aspect ratio (Le/4HR) at a vertical orientation on the heat transfer characteristics of the VFT. It was found that the filling ratios and hydraulic radius affect heat flux; while the aspect ratios of VFT increased, the heat flux decreased. In addition, the working fluid changed from water and ethanol to R123 as the heat flux increases.

This research aims to the effect of evaporator section lengths and working fluids on operational limit of closed loop oscillating heat pipes with check valves (CLOHP/CV) with R123 Ethanol and Water were used as the working fluids. A set of CLOHP/CV was made of copper tubes in combination of following dimension: 1.77 mm inside diameter: 10 turns: 5, 10 and 15 cm equal lengths for evaporator, adiabatic and condenser sections. The working fluid was filled in the tube at the filling ratio of 50%. The evaporator section was given heat by heater while the condenser section was cooled by volume water in a cold bath. The adiabatic section was properly insulated. In the test operation. Which the temperature at the adiabatic section was controlled at 60°C in steady-state condition. From The obtained results obtained, it could be concluded as follows. When the evaporator lengths increased from 5 cm to 10 and 15 cm the critical heat transfer flux decreased. There was working fluids change from R123 to Ethanol and water the critical heat flux decreased.

A visualization study of the internal flow patterns of a closed–loop oscillating heat-pipe with check valves (CLOHP/CV) at normal operating condition for several evaporator lengths (Le), and ratio of check valves to number of turns (Rcv) has been conducted. This article describes the effects of varying Le, and Rcv on flow patterns. The CLOHP/CV used a Pyrex glass tube with inside diameter of 2.4 mm. The evaporator length of 50 and 150 mm. (the lengths of evaporator, adiabatic and condenser were equal) were employed with 10 turns, with Rcv of 0.2 and 1. R123 was used as the working fluid with filling ratio of 50% of internal volume of tube. It was found that the internal flow patterns could be classified according to the Le and Rcv as follows: At the high heat source when the Le decreases the main flow changes from the bubble flow with slug flow to disperse bubble flow. The Rcv decreases the main flow changes from the disperse bubble flow with bubble flow to disperse bubble When the velocity of slug increases, the length of vapor bubbles rapidly decreases and the heat flux rapidly increases.

This study aims to design, construct and test the waste heat recovery by closed-loop oscillating heat pipe with check valve from pottery kilns for energy thrift, were used the working fluids with a filling ratio of 50%. The (CLOHO/CV) was made of copper capillary tube with inside diameter of 2.03 mm. The lengths of evaporator and condenser section were 20 cm. The lengths of adiabatic section 10 cm. The number of turn was 40 meandering turns. The ratio of number of check valves was 0.04. The evaporator section was heated by hot gas, while the condenser section was cooled by fresh air. From the experiment, it indicated that the working fluid changes form water to R123, the heat transfer rate increased to 4,800 and 7,900 Watts and the effectiveness increased from 0.32 to 0.44. The CLOHP/CV heat exchanger can reduce the quantity of using gas in pottery kilns and achieve energy thrift.

This research was to study the effect of inner diameter and inclination angles on operation limit of a closed loop oscillating heat pipes with check valves (CLOHP/CV). A set of CLOHP/CV was made of copper tubes in combination of following dimension: 1.77 and 2.03 mm inside diameter: 10 turn, with R123 was used as the working fluid. The working fluid was filled in the tube at the filling ratio of 50%. The inclination angles were 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 90° with 5 equal lengths for evaporator, adiabatic and condenser sections. The evaporator section was given heat by heater while the condenser section was cooled by volume water in a cold bath. The adiabatic section was properly insulated. In the test operation, it could be concluded as follows. It indicated that when the inner diameter changed from 1.77-2.03 mm the critical temperature increased. And when increase the inclination angles from 0 until to 90° the critical temperature increased.

This research was to study the comparisons of heat transfer performance of closed-looped oscillating heat pipe and closed-looped oscillating heat pipe with check valves heat exchangers with R134a, Ethanol and water were used as the working fluids. A set of heat pipe heat exchanger (CLOHP and CLOHP/CV) were made of copper tubes in combination of following dimension: 2.03 mm inside diameter: 40 turns, with 20, 10 and 20 cm for evaporator, adiabatic and condenser sections lengths. The working fluid was filled in the tube at the filling ratio of 50%. The evaporator section was given heat by heater while the condenser section was cooled by air. The adiabatic section was properly insulated. In the test operation, it could be concluded as follows. It indicated that the heat transfer performance of closed-looped oscillating heat pipe with check valves heat exchanger better than closed-looped oscillating heat exchanger.

This article describes the effects of varying bond numbers (Bo) and aspect ratios (Le/d) on flow pattern of a close-end oscillating heat-pipe (CEOHP). The CEOHPs used employed a glass tube with inside diameter of 3 mm. The length of evaporator of 100 and 150 mm (the lengths of evaporator adiabatic and condenser section were equal) were employed with 10 turns. Observation of the flow pattern was conducted at 90° from the horizontal plane, with bond numbers of 1.8 and 2.6 with aspect ratios of 33.3 and 50. R141b and ethanol were used as the working fluids with filling ratio of 50% of internal volume of tube. The evaporator section was heated by heater and the condenser section was cooled by distilled water. The working temperature was controlled at 50°C. The temperature at adiabatic section and the inlet-outlet of distilled water at condenser section were recorded. The photographs of flow patterns at specific times were recorded at evaporator section by a digital camera and video camera were used to observe the flow patterns at evaporator section condenser together with adiabatic section and total part of CEOHP. It was found that the maximum heat flux occurred with Le/d 33 and Bo 2.6 an inside phenomena occurred is a dispersed bubble flow and slug flow.

An experimental flat plate solar collector operating in conjunction with a closed-end oscillating heat pipe (CEOHP) offers a reasonably efficient and cost effective alternative to conventional solar collector system that use heat pipes. The CEOHP system described in this study relies on the natural forces of gravity and capillary action and dose not require an external power source. The flat plate collector consisted of a 1 mm thick sheet of black zinc covered by a glass enclosure with a collecting area of 2.00 × 0.97 m 2 , an evaporator located on the collecting plate, and a condenser inserted into a water tank. A length of 0.003 ID copper tubing was bent into multiple turns at critical points along its path and used to channel the working fluid throughout the system. R134a was used as the working fluid. Efficiency evaluations were conducted during daylight hours over a two month period and included extensive monitoring and recording of temperatures with type-K thermocouples placed at key locations throughout the system. The results confirmed the anticipated fluctuation in collector efficiency dependant on the time of day, solar energy irradiation, ambient temperature and flat plate mean temperature. An efficiency of approximately 62% was achieved, which correlates with the efficiency of the more expensive heat pipe system. The CEOHP system offers the additional benefits of corrosion free operation and absence of freezing during winter months.

This heat transfer characteristics of a closed-end oscillating heat-pipe (CEOHP) depend on a number of parameters. They are the number of turns, inner diameter of the tube, aspect ratio and the dimensionless parameters of heat transfer. The CEOHPs used to employ a copper tube with inner diameter of 0.66, 1.09 and 2.03 mm. The lengths of the evaporator, adiabatic and condenser sections were equal and changed to 50,100 and 150 mm. R141b was used as the working fluids with filling ratio of 50% by total volume. The meandering turns of 10, 20 and 40.The evaporator section was heated by hot water and the condenser section was cooled by distilled water. The experimental inclination angles were 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 90 degree from the horizontal plane. The controlled temperature at the adiabatic section of 50°C. When the system reached the steady state, the temperature and the flow rate of the cooling substance was recorded in order to calculate the heat transfer rate of the CEOHPs. The experimental results showed that the heat flux decreases with an increasing number of turns and decreases with an increasing aspect ratio. The heat flux increases with an increasing inner diameter. A correlation to predict the heat transfer rate at vertical position can be established.

The CEOHP air-preheater consisted of two main parts, i.e. the rectangular house casing and the CEOHP. The house casing was designed to be suitable for the CEOHP. The inside house casing divided the CEOHP into three parts, i.e. the evaporator, the adiabatic section and condenser section. The CEOHP air-preheater design employed copper tubes: thirty-two sets of capillary tubes with an inner diameter of 0.002 m, an evaporator and a condenser length of 0.19 m, and each of which has eight meandering turns. The evaporator section was heated by hot-gas, while the condenser section was cooled by fresh air. In the experiment, the hot-gas temperature was 60, 70 or 80 °C with the hot-gas velocity of 3.3 m/s. The fresh-air temperature was 30 °C. Water and R123 was used as the working fluid with a filling ratio of 50%. It was found that, as the hot-gas temperature increases from 60 to 80 °C, the thermal effectiveness slightly increases. If the working fluid changes from water to R123, the thermal effectiveness slightly increases. The designed CEOHP air-preheater achieves energy thrift.

A three-dimensional model was developed to simulate the heat transfer rate on a heat pipe in a transient condition. This article presents the details of a calculation domain consisting of a wall, a wick, and a vapor core. The governing equation based on the shape of the pipe was numerically simulated using the finite element method. The developed three-dimensional model attempted to predict the transient temperature, the velocity, and the heat transfer rate profiles at any domain. The values obtained from the model calculation were then compared with the actual results from the experiments. The experiment showed that the time required to attain a steady state (where transient temperature is constant) was reasonably consistent with the model. The working fluid r134a (tetrafluoroethane) was the quickest to reach the steady state and transferred the greatest amount of heat.

This research aims to study the effect of evaporator temperature, pitch distance, and working fluid on the internal flow pattern and the heat transfer characteristics of the helical oscillating heat pipe. A Pyrex tube with an inner diameter of 2.4 mm was used to study the flow pattern in the evaporator section. The pitch distance varied at 1, 1.5, and 2 cm. Water and R-123 were used as working fluid with a filling ratio of 80% by total volume. In the evaporator section, the water temperature varied at 60, 75, and 90°C to supply heat to the heat pipe. In the condenser section, air with a temperature of 25°C was used as heat sink. From the results, it was found that 4 internal flow patterns, bubble flow, slug flow, annular flow, and stratified wavy flow, were observed in the evaporator section for both working fluids. The heat transfer rate decreased when the pitch distance was increased from 1 to 2 cm. The maximum heat flux was 2,132.6 and 1,773.4 W/m2 for the working fluid of R-123 and water, respectively. Both occurred at a pitch distance of 1 cm and an evaporator temperature of 90°C.

An experimental study of the internal flow patterns of a top heat mode closed-loop oscillating heat pipe with check valves (THMCLOHP/CV) was carried out. In this study, the heat pipe was made of a Pyrex tube with an inner diameter of 2.4 mm which was bent into 10 meandering turns and filled with ethanol, R141b and R123 at a filling ratio of 50% by total volume. The number of check valves was 2 sets. The length of evaporator, adiabatic and condenser sections was 50 mm. The pipe was operated at the top heat mode, and the heat applied at the evaporator section was controlled at 85, 105 and 125°C. The detailed flow patterns were recorded with a digital camera and a video camera. The experimental results showed that the operation of the THMCLOHP/CV included three main phenomena:Energy storage, movement of slug-train and restoration. At an evaporator section length of 50 mm, the maximum heat flux occurred with R123 as the working fluid at the evaporator temperature of 125°C. The total internal flow patterns occurred as slug flow/dispersed bubble flow/churn flow. In addition, the evaporator temperature increased from 85 to 105°C and 125°C with ethanol, R141b and R123 as working fluids. The average length of the vapor slug decreased and the average velocity of the vapor slug increased, respectively. Key words: Flow patterns, closed-loop oscillating heat pipe, top heat mode.

This research presents a case study of the rating heat transfer of a loop thermosyphon with a vapour chamber (LTVC). The dimensions of the evaporator chamber were 200 × 200 × 55, 200 × 200 × 65 and 200 × 200 × 75 mm ( W × L × H). The adiabatic and condenser section had an 8-loops thermosyphon. The length of the adiabatic and condenser section in each loop was 824 and 800 mm, respectively. The air velocity was 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 m/s with the heat input being 600, 900, and 1,200 W. The three working fluids were: water, ethanol, and R-11 with filling ratios of 20, 40, and 60% with respect to the chamber volume. The experimental data showed that the LTVC yielded the value of the relative thermal efficiency of about 1 at R-11, a filling ratio of 60%, a velocity of 0.5 m/s, and an aspect ratio of 2.5 in the study conditions. It was further found that the larger vapour chamber was superior in the rating of the heat transfer over other vapour chambers in all experimental conditions in this study.